The implantable ingredients application in medical sectors [1, 2, 3, 4, 15].
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3403",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks",title:"Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Climate scenarios suggest that current forest stands will face radically different temperature and precipitation conditions in the future. Developing future strategies for forest management in the face of uncertain and highly variable forecasts of future site conditions is a great challenge. Here we have analyzed transnational case studies dealing with different manifestations of climate change effects. We intend to stimulate the discussion on management strategies to adapt forests in the Alps to climate change risks.\nThe presented results are derived from the INTERREG project "Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks" that was implemented within the framework of the European Territorial Cooperation "Alpine Space Programme" 2007-2013.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1194-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4240-9",doi:"10.5772/56933",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"management-strategies-to-adapt-alpine-space-forests-to-climate-change-risks",numberOfPages:396,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"b560c2950b8adbadfb2cfa9de3958030",bookSignature:"Gillian Ann Cerbu, Marc Hanewinkel, Giacomo Gerosa and Robert Jandl",publishedDate:"August 28th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3403.jpg",numberOfDownloads:44136,numberOfWosCitations:63,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:72,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:161,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 30th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 31st 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 31st 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 31st 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 23rd 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"157359",title:"Dr.",name:"Gillian",middleName:null,surname:"Cerbu",slug:"gillian-cerbu",fullName:"Gillian Cerbu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/157359/images/5397_n.jpg",biography:"Gillian Ann Cerbu is currently employed as a Forestry & Climate \nChange consultant. Prior to this, as part of her role as MANFRED \nproject manager, Gillian coordinated the implementation of deliverables the results of which are included in this publication. She is currently working on her Ph.D. on climate change mitigation in tropical forests \n(REDD+) as part of the Graduate School, ‘Environment, Society and Global Change’ at the University of Freiburg in Germany.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"164924",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Hanewinkel",slug:"marc-hanewinkel",fullName:"Marc Hanewinkel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/164924/images/system/164924.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"43539",title:"Dr.",name:"Giacomo",middleName:"Al.",surname:"Gerosa",slug:"giacomo-gerosa",fullName:"Giacomo Gerosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43539/images/115_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Giacomo A. Gerosa, MD in Environmental Sciences (1997), PhD in Agricultural Ecology (2002); is ecologist and ecophysiologist with main research interests on the characterization of the exchange processes between atmosphere and biosphere, and on the effects of air pollutants on agricultural and forest ecosystems, with special regards to ozone. He is a researcher at the Department of Mathematics and Physics of the Catholic University of the Scared Heart of Brescia, Italy and professor of Ecology, Chemistry, Biology and Micrometeorology at the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural sciences of the same University. Formerly he was a professor of Ecotoxycology, Pollutants Control in Agricultural Environment, and Use and Recycle of Biomasses in Agriculture. He is a Scientific Director of CRINES (Center of Research on Air Pollution and Ecosystems) at Curno (Bergamo); Chair of the Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Environmental Physics of the Department of Mathematics and Physics at the Catholic University of SC of Brescia and President of Ecometrics Ltd., a Spin-Off company of the Catholic University of SC of Brescia. He is currently involved in many national and European research projects as a scientific reference for the Catholic University. He is the author of more than 60 papers in international peer reviewed journals and books, and referee for about 10 journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Catholic University of the Sacred Heart",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"129604",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Jandl",slug:"robert-jandl",fullName:"Robert Jandl",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/129604/images/5463_n.jpg",biography:"Robert Jandl is a Research Coordinator for Climate Change Issues at the Austrian Forest Research Center (BFW). He has received his training as a soil scientist and forest ecologist from the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU). His research interests cover the ecology of mountain forests, biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in forests, and the provision of ecosystem services by forests. A particular research emphasis is on climate manipulation experiments.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Austrian Research Centre for Forests",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"874",title:"Climate Change",slug:"environmental-sciences-forestry-science-climate-change"}],chapters:[{id:"45371",title:"Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks – An Introduction to the Manfred Project",doi:"10.5772/56267",slug:"management-strategies-to-adapt-alpine-space-forests-to-climate-change-risks-an-introduction-to-the-m",totalDownloads:2696,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Robert Jandl, Gillian Cerbu, Marc Hanewinkel, Fred Berger,\nGiacomo Gerosa and Silvio Schüler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45371",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45371",authors:[{id:"157359",title:"Dr.",name:"Gillian",surname:"Cerbu",slug:"gillian-cerbu",fullName:"Gillian Cerbu"},{id:"164924",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",surname:"Hanewinkel",slug:"marc-hanewinkel",fullName:"Marc Hanewinkel"},{id:"43539",title:"Dr.",name:"Giacomo",surname:"Gerosa",slug:"giacomo-gerosa",fullName:"Giacomo Gerosa"},{id:"129604",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Jandl",slug:"robert-jandl",fullName:"Robert Jandl"},{id:"160243",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvio",surname:"Schueler",slug:"silvio-schueler",fullName:"Silvio Schueler"},{id:"165100",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédéric",surname:"Berger",slug:"frederic-berger",fullName:"Frédéric Berger"}],corrections:null},{id:"44073",title:"Developing a Background for Forest Adaptation Strategies in the Alps: A Perspective for Policy Building",doi:"10.5772/56274",slug:"developing-a-background-for-forest-adaptation-strategies-in-the-alps-a-perspective-for-policy-buildi",totalDownloads:1815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Luca Cetara and Federico Mannoni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44073",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44073",authors:[{id:"159989",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Cetara",slug:"luca-cetara",fullName:"Luca Cetara"},{id:"165433",title:"MSc.",name:"Federico",surname:"Mannoni",slug:"federico-mannoni",fullName:"Federico Mannoni"}],corrections:null},{id:"45271",title:"Future Climate of the European Alps",doi:"10.5772/56278",slug:"future-climate-of-the-european-alps",totalDownloads:2934,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Ernst Gebetsroither, Johann Züger, Dirk\nSchmatz and Achilleas Psomas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45271",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45271",authors:[{id:"160720",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernst",surname:"Gebetsroither",slug:"ernst-gebetsroither",fullName:"Ernst Gebetsroither"},{id:"165202",title:"Prof.",name:"Niklaus",surname:"Zimmermann",slug:"niklaus-zimmermann",fullName:"Niklaus Zimmermann"},{id:"165461",title:"Dr.",name:"Achilleas",surname:"Psomas",slug:"achilleas-psomas",fullName:"Achilleas Psomas"},{id:"165462",title:"Dr.",name:"Johann",surname:"Zueger",slug:"johann-zueger",fullName:"Johann Zueger"}],corrections:null},{id:"45219",title:"Potential Future Ranges of Tree Species in the Alps",doi:"10.5772/56279",slug:"potential-future-ranges-of-tree-species-in-the-alps",totalDownloads:4933,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Robert Jandl, Marc Hanewinkel, Georges\nKunstler, Christian Kölling, Patrizia Gasparini, Andrej Breznikar,\nEliane S. Meier, Signe Normand, Ulrich Ulmer, Thomas\nGschwandtner, Holger Veit, Maria Naumann, Wolfgang Falk, Karl\nMellert, Maria Rizzo, Mitja Skudnik and Achilleas Psomas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45219",authors:[{id:"165202",title:"Prof.",name:"Niklaus",surname:"Zimmermann",slug:"niklaus-zimmermann",fullName:"Niklaus Zimmermann"}],corrections:null},{id:"45243",title:"Risk Assessment for Biotic Pests Under Prospective Climate Conditions",doi:"10.5772/56410",slug:"risk-assessment-for-biotic-pests-under-prospective-climate-conditions",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Holger Griess, Holger Veit and Ralf Petercord",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45243",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45243",authors:[{id:"165597",title:"Mr.",name:"Holger",surname:"Griess",slug:"holger-griess",fullName:"Holger Griess"}],corrections:null},{id:"45221",title:"Abiotic Stressors – Fire Hazard",doi:"10.5772/56273",slug:"abiotic-stressors-fire-hazard",totalDownloads:2141,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bruna Comini, Giampaolo Cocca, Elena Gagliazzi, Paolo Nastasio,\nEnrico Calvo, Roberto Colombo, B. 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You"},{id:"161852",title:"Mr.",name:"Mitja",surname:"Skudnik",slug:"mitja-skudnik",fullName:"Mitja Skudnik"}],corrections:null},{id:"45216",title:"Ozone Fluxes to a Larch Forest Ecosystem at the Timberline in the Italian Alps",doi:"10.5772/56280",slug:"ozone-fluxes-to-a-larch-forest-ecosystem-at-the-timberline-in-the-italian-alps",totalDownloads:2053,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Giacomo Gerosa, Angelo Finco, Antonio Negri, Riccardo Marzuoli\nand Gerhard Wieser",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45216",authors:[{id:"45009",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Finco",slug:"angelo-finco",fullName:"Angelo Finco"}],corrections:null},{id:"45259",title:"Assessing Present and Future Ozone Hazards to Natural Forests in the Alpine Area — Comparison of a Wide Scale Mapping Technique with Local Passive Sampler Measurements",doi:"10.5772/56282",slug:"assessing-present-and-future-ozone-hazards-to-natural-forests-in-the-alpine-area-comparison-of-a-wid",totalDownloads:2013,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Angelo Finco, Stefano Oliveri, Giacomo Gerosa, Wilfried\nWiniwarter, Johann Züger and Ernst Gebetsroither",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45259",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45259",authors:[{id:"43539",title:"Dr.",name:"Giacomo",surname:"Gerosa",slug:"giacomo-gerosa",fullName:"Giacomo Gerosa"}],corrections:null},{id:"44207",title:"A New webGIS Platform Dedicated to Forest Extreme Events in the Alps: Aims and Functionalities",doi:"10.5772/56269",slug:"a-new-webgis-platform-dedicated-to-forest-extreme-events-in-the-alps-aims-and-functionalities",totalDownloads:1734,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Stefano Oliveri, Marco Pregnolato and Giacomo 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Some desirable properties of medical fibers include non-toxicity strength ability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, good absorbability, softness and freedom from additives and contaminates. The textile material and scientification technics has used generally in medical, surgical application like strength, flexibility, comfort and antimicrobial performances. The basically medical material products are made to multifilament and monofilament yarn, these are made by knitted, nonwoven, woven, braided fabrics and composite structures [1]. The term medical textile literally means textile used for medical purposes. Newsday around the world in textile industries are more growing part of the medical sectors and hygiene products. Medical textiles represent one of the maximum dynamic studies fields` features of technical textiles and its variety of applications. They constitute systems designed and done for a scientific application (intra body/greater body, implantable and non-implantable) textiles utilized in organic structures to estimate, treat, growth or regenerate a tissue, organ or characteristic of the body (plaster, dressings, bandages, strain garments) [2].
Absorbency, high flexibility, softness, high strength, non-toxicity and biocompatibility of textile materials are the key factors which has fuelled the growth of the textiles for its use in implantable, non-implantable, extracorporeal and hygienic products1. Although the natural way to replace a defective body part is the transplantation method, however owing to a number of incentives counting availability this is not always possible thus implantable textiles in the form of fiber and fabric are used in effective repair to the body. Sutures, soft tissue implants, orthopedic and cardiovascular grafting are the implantable textiles which has helped medical science in achieving unparalleled success in recent times [3, 4]. Non-implantable substances are utilized in outside packages, which can also additionally or might not keep in touch with the skin. The substances used must be nonallergenic, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, permeable to air have a very good capacity to take in liquids, excessive capillarity and wettability, permit moisture shipping and feature the capacity to be sterilized. The foremost packages of those substances confer with wound care and bandages. These materials can be classified into two separated and specialization areas of application. Implantable materials: sutures or wound closure, vascular grafts, artificial ligaments, artificial joints. Non-implantable materials: wound dressing, bandages, plasters, pressure garments, orthopedic belts etc.
These are used for replacing diseased organ or tissue within the body. These replacements must be non-toxic and biocompatible. The implants are normally used for replacing arteries, heart valves, joints etc. Two types of fibers are used for implantable textile.
These are the fibers which are degraded by biological conditions within 2–3 months and mostly used inside the body. These include collagen, alginate, polyactide, polyglycolide, polyamine and some polyurethane [5, 6].
These are the fibers which are not degraded by biological condition for a long time and mostly used for external purposes. These include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyester, polypropylene, carbon and others.
Factors which are important for implantable textiles are:
Biocompatibility and biostability
The properties of polyester will influence the success of implantation in terms of biodegradability (Tables 1 and 2).
Parameters | Fiber type | Fabric type |
---|---|---|
Cardiovascular implants, vascular grafts, heart valves | Polyester, PTFE | Knitted, woven |
Artificial tendons, artificial ligaments, artificial skin, artificial lumen, eye contact lenses etc. | PTFE, polyester, polyamide, silk, carbon, etc. | Woven, braided |
Sutures thread | Collagen, polylactide, polyglycolide, polyester, polyamide, PTFE, polypropylene, polyethylene | Mono-filament, braided |
Orthopedic implants, artificial joints, artificial bones etc. | Silicone, polyacetal, polyethylene, polysulphone, carbon, polyester, glass, ceramic | Composite |
Application | Implant |
---|---|
Abdominal wall, hernia | Meshes, patches |
Blood vessel | Tubular prostheses (woven, knitted, nonwoven), stents, stent graft coatings |
Dura | Patches (nonwoven) |
Heart | Patches, occluder, suturing ring of valves |
Osteosynthesis | Fiber reinforced devices, cords for fixation |
Tendon/ligament | Reinforcement |
Trachea, esophagus | Prostheses |
Suture is a generic term for all materials used to bring the served body tissue together and to hold these tissues in their normal position until healing takes place. Sutures are threads that are used as the way of repairing damaged tissues, cut vessels and surgical incisions by uniting the basic edges of the wounds in their required sites. It provides the necessary strength and a temporary barrier to prevent the unwanted infection. The key qualities stimulating the suture design are universal applicability, easy to handle, no kinks, coiling, twisting, or levitating, biocompatibility, inertness, uniformity in tensile strength in terms of suture type and size, frictionless surface to glide through tissue high friction for secure knotting, sterilizable without composition changes, complete absorption i.e. no residue after healing. A suture is a thread that both approximated and maintains tissues until the natural healing process has provided a sufficient level of wound strength or compresses blood vessels in order to stop bleeding. Sutures for wound closure are either monofilament or multifilament threads twisted, spun together or braided. They can also be dyed, undyed, coated or uncoated [7]. Patients’ safety is major factor for application of a suture. An incision into the lung would need to be closed using a suture with a high elasticity level, slow degradation rate and high tensile strength level. So, a surgery is never successful if the wound is not sutured or closed in a proper manner as to promote healing in a timely and safe fashion also if the suture of a rough morphology (e.g. braided) the tissue will swell more and more susceptible to infection than if a smooth suture (e.g. monofilament) is used [8].
The classification of the sutures may be done as follows into two types depending on their nature and structure:
Assimilated type of sutures is intended to be absorbed by the body i.e. to be broken down in the body and a second surgery for their removal is not desired. e.g. catgut, collagen and poly glycolic acid. Catgut is one of the most commonly used materials for the manufacture of sutures and is extracted from the ox bone. Being highly absorbable it can also be implanted in the human body even in the case of an infection however its strength deteriorates to half after a week in the body, regardless of the fact that 3 weeks are required for the recovery of an incision after surgery [9].
Non-assimilated types of sutures are considered to be implanted for long term and need to be removed latter. (E.g. cotton, silk, polyester, polyamide and polyethylene.) Cotton sutures necessitate meticulous aseptic technique during use. The main benefit of such sutures is that they are not irritant and the shortcoming is that it is the weakest suture material. Despite the possession of necessary physical form, compatibility and mechanical properties, the very slow biodegradation of the silk filament and the need for the surgical removal is the main draw back in many applications (Figure 1) [10].
Nylon monofilament suture [
The different types of suture include monofilament suture, a braided suture, a pseudo monofilament suture and a twisted strand suture each having its own positive and negative points. Monofilament sutures are made of a single filament of polyester, polyamide, polypropylene or polydioxanone and offer smooth suture drag and low tissue drag. Using such sutures, it is easy to make or place a knot in the depth of the body although the security and the flexibility of the knot are low. In braided type of sutures 8–16 polyester, polyamide or silk monofilaments are braided and coated with a lubricant to increase the flexibility and handle of the sutures. A pseudo monofilament sutures have a core of several twisted materials coated with an extrusion of the same material. It offers low tissue drag, good knottability, low knot security and fair flexibility.
The basically are used sutures in the surgical operation and other injuries. The basically are used suture thread length to tie blood vessels or sew tissues part of body. The many types of suture threads are used as absorbable performance characteristics. All this absorbable intelligent materials technique in sutures are very good working and this is doing better performance in medical sectors. This types all material are used biodegradable and biocompatible polymer. The generally many types of absorbable suture are used made from synthetic polymers.
The soft tissues are utilization in biomedical materials application like artificial tender, artificial corners and artificial prosthness etc. There are two main thrust of tissue engineering research. They are (i) the in vivo route and (ii) the in vitro approach. The objective of in vivo route is to initiate tissue engineering therapies inside the body for the repair and regeneration of damaged or diseased tissue. This approach can be successful for blood cell and nerve regeneration (both peripherial and spiral cord), skin repair, remodeling of defective bone, cornea and retina and for repairing damaged myocardium (heart muscle) following a myocardial infarction (heart attack). Not all diseases and injuries can be controlled by in vivo therapies. For example use in complex tissue cultures for the production of enzymes, drug and growth factors and for toxicological and pharmacological assays. It is depending on the medical sectors application. Ligament implants are carried out to provide autologous transplant reinforcement in construction or to cure the functional residual instabilities. These implants are either made by the braiding process or by the special flat knitting process and high tenacity polyethylene terephthalate or high tenacity polypropylene multifilament are used in making the implants for the artificial ligaments (Figure 2) [11].
Woven ligament structure [
Hard tissue compatible materials must have excellent mechanical properties compatible to hard tissue. Textile structural composites are used for implants. Typical characteristics of polymer related to hard tissue replacement are good processability, chemical stability and biocompatibility. Applications include artificial bone, bone cement and artificial joints. The current practice is to combine bioactive ceramics with polymers or metals to improve interfacial properties. Fiber reinforced composite material may be designed with the required high structure strength and biocompatibility properties needed for these application and are now replacing metal implants for artificial joints and bones.
Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders with the bones, joints and associated muscles. Orthopedic implants generally serve two purposes, as hard tissue to replace bones and joints, and as fixation plates to stabilize fractured bones. The first orthopedic implants were mainly metal structures. Fracture fixation devices include, spinal fixation devices, fracture plates, wires, pins and screws, adhesives while joint replacement hip, knee, elbow, wrist and finger (Figure 3).
Hip bone implants [
The fiber types used for orthopedic implants include polyacetal, polypropylene, and silicone. Composite structures composed of poly (d, l-lactide urethane) and reinforced with polyglycolic acid have excellent physical properties. This sensor principle is designed to allow for a relative strain resolution as small as 10-4–10-5.
Due to a steadily growing number of patients and considerable diagnostic and therapeutic advances, vascular diseases are becoming more and more important in general and clinical practices thus the vascular grafts are the need of the hour. Vascular grafts are used in surgery to replace damaged thick arteries or veins. The implantation of synthetic and biological grafts in the circulatory system yield several types of complications ranging from infection to wall rupture. Dilation, suture line failure, structural defects (holes, perforations, rents, and slits), bleeding and infection are some of the main problems caused due to the failure of the grafts. Textile structures are usually the materials used for arterial replacement; however, they do not always meet all the requirements. Gel weave is a true zero-porosity twill woven polyester graft. It is manufactured using an advanced technique of weaving fully texturized polyester on modern looms (Figure 4) [12].
Knitted structure for a cardiovascular implant [
The most important aspects of an arterial graft include porosity, compliance, and biodegradability and the design considerations for the graft are selection of the right type of polymer, the type of the yarn, fabric and the crimping. Polyester (e.g. Dacron) or PTFE (e.g. Teflon) and polyurethane are the most commonly. Commercial prostheses contain either single- or two-ply yarns. On one hand these yarns usually have a round cross-section and on the other hand trilobal yarns have been used for the reason it provides the advantage of offering a large surface area making the preclott easier and faster, but they are more prone to fatigue and mechanical damage [13, 14].
These are the materials which are used for external applications on the body and may or may not make contact with skin. This includes:
Wound care
Plasters
Orthopedic belts
Wadding
Protective eye pads
Absorbent, wicking performance, non-toxic, breathability, soft, elasticity, non-allergic, ability to be sterilize etc (Table 3).
Application | Fiber types | Fabric structure |
---|---|---|
Absorbent pads | Cotton, viscose, lyocell | Non-woven |
Wound contact layer | Alginate fiber, chitosan, silk, lyocell, cotton, viscose | Non-woven, woven knitted |
Base layer | Viscose, lyocell, plastic film | Non-woven, woven |
Simple non-elastic and non-elastic bandages | Cotton, viscose, lyocell, polyamide fiber, elastomeric fiber yarns | Non-woven, woven |
High–support bandages | Cotton, viscose, lyocell, elastomeric fiber yarns | Non-woven, woven knitted |
Compression bandages | Cotton, viscose, lyocell, elastomeric fiber yarns | Non-woven, woven knitted |
Orthopedic bandages | Cotton, viscose, lyocell, PET, PP, polyurethane form | Woven, knitted |
Plaster | Cotton, viscose, lyocell, PET, PP, glass fiber | Non-woven, woven knitted |
Gauges | Alginate fiber, chitosan, lyocell, cotton, viscose | Non-woven, woven knitted |
Wadding | Viscose, cotton linter, wood pulp | Nonwoven |
Lint | Cotton | Woven |
Different types of dressings are available for a variety of medical and surgical applications.
Functions of wound dressings:
Protection against infection
Absorb blood and exudate
Promote healing
To keep the wound smooth and pliable
Medication to the wound
The wound contact layer should prevent adherence of the dressing to the wound and be easily removed without disturbing new tissue growth. Gauge and paraffin coated gauge are the most common dressings used. Most gauges are made from cotton in the form of a loose plain weave. The burns and skin graft sites must have their dressing changed frequency. When the dressing is removed, it is not only painful, but it can also destroy the regenerating tissues. This can delay the healing process because scarring and reopen the wounds for possible bacteria entrance. The paraffin coated gauge which is usually multilayered is a little easier to remove than dry gauge. Gauge may be impregnated with plaster sterilization is required. Finishing agents such as wetting agents and optical whiteners are not added to gauge fabrics because of the possibility of irritation and possible carcinogenic effects [15, 16].
Nonwoven fabrics can be used for the following advantages:
Better sterilization
Smooth and lint free (allows for a lesser change for debris to be left in the wound)
Can be made softer and more absorbent by latex or thermal calendering
For port operative dressing, sophisticated nonwoven structure is possible. Nonwoven fabrics made of atelocollagen filaments are used as wound dressing for burns.
Polypropylene fabric/carbonized rayon fabric would transmit liquid to the absorbent material and enable to keep the skin dry.
Wound dressings act as physical barrier for wounds and are found to have some distinguished Properties like fluid control, odor management, and microbial control and wound healing acceleration (Table 4).
Types | Properties |
---|---|
Passive products | Traditional dressing that provide cover over the wound |
Interactive products | Polymeric film to permeable to oxygen but not bacteria |
Bioactive products | Dressing that deliver substance active in healing, e.g. alginate, chitogan |
The basically raw material for the product of this fiber is alginic acid, an emulsion attained from the marine brown algae. It possesses a variety of parcels, including the capability to stabilize thick suspense, to form film layers, and to turn into gels. When the dressing made of this fiber is applied to crack, the rear ion exchange take place and this fiber is placed on the crack in dry state and begin to absorb the exudates.
It is a supple, non-woven dressing made from high quality calcium alginate fiber with excellent gel forming properties A Sorbalgon dressing absorbs approximately 10 ml exudates per gram dry weight (Figure 5).
Sorbalgon wound dressing [
Thin film has very superior absorbent properties and outer surface thin film give better comfort behavior. This thin layer film has basically working of the easily absorb body fluid and proper safe keep it to the dressing leakage and wound maceration.
Acticoat dressing is give better protection against fungal infection performance as compared to traditional antimicrobial dressing materials. This dressing is better kill rate and more effective fungal species.
The bandage has generally essential properties should be like breathable, stretchable, non-slip, non-stick to more comfort help during injuries time of human body. Bandages are designed to perform a whole variety of specific functions depending upon the final medical requirement. The basically bandages are used in injuries and wound place to keep it dressing. Such bandages are in form of light-weight knitted fabrics or open-weave woven fabrics, made from either cotton or viscose. Their primary function is to hold the healing wound dressings firmly in place. They themselves do not have healing functions to play [17, 18].
Orthopedic cushion bandages are used under plaster casts and compression bandages to prove padding and prevent discomfort.
Different types of bandages can be classified.
It provides necessary support to circumscribe movement and speed up the mending process Compression tapes are used for the treatment and forestallment of deep tone thrombosis, leg ulceration, and swollen modes and are designed to ply a needed quantum of contraction on the leg when applied at a constant pressure. Compression tapes are classified by the quantum of contraction they can play at the ankle and include extra-high, high, moderate, and light contraction and can be either woven and contain cotton and elastomeric yarns or underpinning and weft knitted in both tubular or completely-fashioned forms.
Compression hosiery can be used as an alternative to compression bandaging for the treatment of active ulcers.
Compression hosiery is classified according to the pressure level applied at the ankle.
Compression hosiery is made from a number of different fibers including nylon, cotton yarn and elastane.
A cloth girth saturated with cataplasm of Paris is dipped into water and also wrapped around the broken branch thereby creating an establishment- fitting yet fluently removed flake in the shape of a tube or cylinder. This type of operation of cataplasm in the form of a broken branch is generally known as an orthopedic cast. The modern plaster fabric is made from spun bonded nonwovens of cotton, viscose, polyester or glass fiber (Figure 6) [19].
Orthopedic bandages [
Pressure garments play a vital role in the proper healing of wounds and reduce the effects of scaring, but for the garments to perform their job properly, they need to be in good condition. The continuous wearing of pressure garments prevents the thickening, buckling, and nodular formations seen in hypertrophic scars [20].
Medical textiles have visible speedy improvement over the previous couple of decades. Nowadays, new biodegradable fibers have enabled the improvement of novel sorts of implants, and contemporary-day fabric machines can produce third-dimensional spacer fabric that supply advanced overall performance over conventional fabric materials.
These and lots of different advances have made clinical textiles a crucial detail in contemporary-day ailment management, and they are turning into increasingly critical with the growing quantity of aged humans with inside the populations of evolved countries.
The more significance of medical textiles in human life, healthful residing and development is immense.
The improvement of latest technology and new gadgets will assist sufferers to conquer the hardships that they used to go through with inside the past.
There are many extra unknown regions of medical textiles; we must do studies on the ones issues. We must pay extra interest to the manufacturing of healthful and nice clinical fabric materials. In addition to technology, we want to hold a watch at the rate of our products.
Through this it is going to be viable to supply nice whole and easily to be had contemporary-day medical textiles.
Textile substances preserve to serve a critical feature with inside the improvement of number clinical and surgical products.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
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\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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Weisberg",authors:[{id:"13936",title:"Dr.",name:"Yonggang",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"yonggang-liu",fullName:"Yonggang Liu"},{id:"17043",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert H.",middleName:null,surname:"Weisberg",slug:"robert-h.-weisberg",fullName:"Robert H. Weisberg"}]},{id:"14890",doi:"10.5772/14945",title:"Artificial Neural Networks Technology to Model and Predict Plant Biology Process",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-technology-to-model-and-predict-plant-biology-process",totalDownloads:4804,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:null,book:{id:"117",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications"},signatures:"Pedro P. Gallego, Jorge Gago and Mariana Landín",authors:[{id:"19226",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:"Pablo",surname:"Gallego",slug:"pedro-gallego",fullName:"Pedro Gallego"},{id:"23361",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Landín",slug:"mariana-landin",fullName:"Mariana Landín"},{id:"23362",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Gago",slug:"jorge-gago",fullName:"Jorge Gago"}]},{id:"63920",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80258",title:"Applications of General Regression Neural Networks in Dynamic Systems",slug:"applications-of-general-regression-neural-networks-in-dynamic-systems",totalDownloads:1701,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Nowadays, computational intelligence (CI) receives much attention in academic and industry due to a plethora of possible applications. CI includes fuzzy logic (FL), evolutionary algorithms (EA), expert systems (ES) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Many CI components have applications in modeling and control of dynamic systems. FL mimics the human reasoning by converting linguistic variables into a set of rules. EA are metaheuristic population-based algorithms which use evolutionary operations such as mutation, crossover, and selection to find an optimal solution for a given problem. ES are programmed based on an expert knowledge to make informed decisions in complex tasks. ANN models how the neurons are connected in animal nervous systems. ANN have learning abilities and they are trained using data to make intelligent decisions. Since ANN have universal approximation abilities, they can be used to solve regression, classification, and forecasting problems. ANNs are made of interconnected layers where every layer is made of neurons and these neurons have connections with other neurons. These layers consist of an input layer, hidden layer/layers, and an output layer.",book:{id:"7324",slug:"digital-systems",title:"Digital Systems",fullTitle:"Digital Systems"},signatures:"Ahmad Jobran Al-Mahasneh, Sreenatha Anavatti, Matthew Garratt\nand Mahardhika Pratama",authors:[{id:"262892",title:"Dr",name:"Sreenatha",middleName:null,surname:"Anavatti",slug:"sreenatha-anavatti",fullName:"Sreenatha Anavatti"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63920",title:"Applications of General Regression Neural Networks in Dynamic Systems",slug:"applications-of-general-regression-neural-networks-in-dynamic-systems",totalDownloads:1701,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Nowadays, computational intelligence (CI) receives much attention in academic and industry due to a plethora of possible applications. CI includes fuzzy logic (FL), evolutionary algorithms (EA), expert systems (ES) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Many CI components have applications in modeling and control of dynamic systems. FL mimics the human reasoning by converting linguistic variables into a set of rules. EA are metaheuristic population-based algorithms which use evolutionary operations such as mutation, crossover, and selection to find an optimal solution for a given problem. ES are programmed based on an expert knowledge to make informed decisions in complex tasks. ANN models how the neurons are connected in animal nervous systems. ANN have learning abilities and they are trained using data to make intelligent decisions. Since ANN have universal approximation abilities, they can be used to solve regression, classification, and forecasting problems. ANNs are made of interconnected layers where every layer is made of neurons and these neurons have connections with other neurons. These layers consist of an input layer, hidden layer/layers, and an output layer.",book:{id:"7324",slug:"digital-systems",title:"Digital Systems",fullTitle:"Digital Systems"},signatures:"Ahmad Jobran Al-Mahasneh, Sreenatha Anavatti, Matthew Garratt\nand Mahardhika Pratama",authors:[{id:"262892",title:"Dr",name:"Sreenatha",middleName:null,surname:"Anavatti",slug:"sreenatha-anavatti",fullName:"Sreenatha Anavatti"}]},{id:"14881",title:"Introduction to the Artificial Neural Networks",slug:"introduction-to-the-artificial-neural-networks",totalDownloads:26540,totalCrossrefCites:73,totalDimensionsCites:134,abstract:null,book:{id:"117",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications"},signatures:"Andrej Krenker, Janez Bešter and Andrej Kos",authors:[{id:"21859",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrej",middleName:null,surname:"Kos",slug:"andrej-kos",fullName:"Andrej Kos"},{id:"62151",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrej",middleName:null,surname:"Krenker",slug:"andrej-krenker",fullName:"Andrej Krenker"}]},{id:"56580",title:"Memristor Neural Network Design",slug:"memristor-neural-network-design",totalDownloads:2121,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Neural network, a powerful learning model, has archived amazing results. However, the current Von Neumann computing system–based implementations of neural networks are suffering from memory wall and communication bottleneck problems ascribing to the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology scaling down and communication gap. Memristor, a two terminal nanosolid state nonvolatile resistive switching, can provide energy‐efficient neuromorphic computing with its synaptic behavior. Crossbar architecture can be used to perform neural computations because of its high density and parallel computation. Thus, neural networks based on memristor crossbar will perform better in real world applications. In this chapter, the design of different neural network architectures based on memristor is introduced, including spiking neural networks, multilayer neural networks, convolution neural networks, and recurrent neural networks. And the brief introduction, the architecture, the computing circuits, and the training algorithm of each kind of neural networks are presented by instances. The potential applications and the prospects of memristor‐based neural network system are discussed.",book:{id:"5973",slug:"memristor-and-memristive-neural-networks",title:"Memristor and Memristive Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Memristor and Memristive Neural Networks"},signatures:"Anping Huang, Xinjiang Zhang, Runmiao Li and Yu Chi",authors:[{id:"8452",title:"Dr.",name:"Huang",middleName:null,surname:"Anping",slug:"huang-anping",fullName:"Huang Anping"},{id:"201453",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinjiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"xinjiang-zhang",fullName:"Xinjiang Zhang"},{id:"207144",title:"MSc.",name:"Runmiao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"runmiao-li",fullName:"Runmiao Li"},{id:"207628",title:"MSc.",name:"Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chi",slug:"yu-chi",fullName:"Yu Chi"}]},{id:"69955",title:"Object Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Networks",slug:"object-recognition-using-convolutional-neural-networks",totalDownloads:1437,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter intends to present the main techniques for detecting objects within images. In recent years there have been remarkable advances in areas such as machine learning and pattern recognition, both using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). It is mainly due to the increased parallel processing power provided by graphics processing units (GPUs). In this chapter, the reader will understand the details of the state-of-the-art algorithms for object detection in images, namely, faster region convolutional neural network (Faster RCNN), you only look once (YOLO), and single shot multibox detector (SSD). We will present the advantages and disadvantages of each technique from a series of comparative tests. For this, we will use metrics such as accuracy, training difficulty, and characteristics to implement the algorithms. In this chapter, we intend to contribute to a better understanding of the state of the art in machine learning and convolutional networks for solving problems involving computational vision and object detection.",book:{id:"7607",slug:"recent-trends-in-artificial-neural-networks-from-training-to-prediction",title:"Recent Trends in Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Artificial Neural Networks - from Training to Prediction"},signatures:"Richardson Santiago Teles de Menezes, Rafael Marrocos Magalhaes and Helton Maia",authors:null},{id:"14746",title:"Intelligent Vibration Signal Diagnostic System Using Artificial Neural Network",slug:"intelligent-vibration-signal-diagnostic-system-using-artificial-neural-network",totalDownloads:3671,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1586",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-industrial-and-control-engineering-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Industrial and Control Engineering Applications"},signatures:"Chang-Ching Lin",authors:[{id:"20925",title:"Dr.",name:"Chang-Ching",middleName:"David",surname:"Lin",slug:"chang-ching-lin",fullName:"Chang-Ching Lin"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"609",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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