\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5690",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Dynamics of Arc Migration and Amalgamation - Architectural Examples from the NW Pacific Margin",title:"Dynamics of Arc Migration and Amalgamation",subtitle:"Architectural Examples from the NW Pacific Margin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is devoted to the dynamics of arc migration and amalgamation on active plate margins, and we focus on the architectural examples from the NW Pacific margin. Multidisciplinary approach pursuing the complicated tectonic processes is based on stratigraphy, sedimentology, geochemistry, and geophysics. The first chapter is dedicated to the genetic analysis of sedimentary basins in and around arc-trench systems. The following block of chapters deals with the petrological, geochemical, and rock magnetic properties of arc constituents, which inform us of the migration history of crustal blocks on oceanic plates, and spatiotemporal fluctuation in modes of subduction and stress regimes upon the Eurasian convergent margins. Our vision is finally presented as a reconstruction model of plate motion around the study area since the Cretaceous (100 Ma). Diverse contents of this book surely provide the audience with the present accomplishments of tectonic researches for active margins by Earth scientists.",isbn:"978-953-51-3222-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3221-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4824-1",doi:"10.5772/64579",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"dynamics-of-arc-migration-and-amalgamation-architectural-examples-from-the-nw-pacific-margin",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"fd5d7ea19c6bceff9299bb14d167d3a8",bookSignature:"Yasuto Itoh, Osamu Takano, Reishi Takashima, Hiroshi Nishi and Takeyoshi Yoshida",publishedDate:"May 31st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5690.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8674,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:26,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 10th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 1st 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 27th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 26th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 24th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Authored by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/46893/images/system/46893.jpg",biography:"Yasuto Itoh was born in Osaka. He received his PhD degree in Kyoto University. Now, he is a professor of the Graduate School of Science of Osaka Prefecture University. He conducts wide-range research into tectonics, stratigraphy, and paleomagnetism and has published more than 100 papers in the field of back-arc opening process, deformation mode of convergent plate margins, quantitative assessment of active faults, paleoenvironment of East Asia, and geochemical modeling of burial history of sedimentary basins. His professional memberships include the American Geophysical Union, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Japan Geoscience Union, and Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology. He is also a member of the Integrated Research Project for Active Fault Systems by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.",institutionString:"Osaka Prefecture University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"12",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Osaka Prefecture University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"668",title:"Sedimentary Basin",slug:"sedimentary-basin"}],chapters:[{id:"54964",title:"Intermittent Formation, Sedimentation and Deformation History of Cenozoic Forearc Basins along the Northwestern Pacific Margins as an Indicator of Tectonic Scenarios",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68290",slug:"intermittent-formation-sedimentation-and-deformation-history-of-cenozoic-forearc-basins-along-the-no",totalDownloads:3132,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter examines the basin-filling stratigraphy and major unconformity events of the Cenozoic forearc basins in the NE Japan, SW Japan, Ryukyu and Izu-Bonin forearc territories along the northwestern Pacific margins to obtain information on the background tectonic scenarios along the plate subduction zones. The forearc basin type and tectonic history are characteristic for each forearc territory, reflecting the differences in plate tectonic processes. Several major unconformity events seem to be synchronous for a forearc territory or whole forearc territories around Japan, suggesting that these events originated from more or less wider scale plate tectonic events. In the NE Japan forearc territory, the Oligocene unconformity can be the largest events, which transformed the forearc basin styles from the trench slope break-uplifted, fluvial system-dominated type to the tensional, deeper marine sloped type. In the SW Japan and Ryukyu forearc territories, the latest Oligocene to Middle Miocene gap was the transformation phase from the Palaeogene Shimanto-type forearc and accretionary complex, to the Neogene compressive, sloped to ridged forearc basins, developments of which have been interrupted by several unconformity events possibly related to changes in plate tectonic condition. These transformations of the forearc basin styles may reflect the changes in plate tectonic conditions in the northwestern Pacific region.",signatures:"Osamu Takano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54964",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54964",authors:[{id:"161720",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",surname:"Takano",slug:"osamu-takano",fullName:"Osamu Takano"}],corrections:null},{id:"54054",title:"Cretaceous Research: Paleolatitudes and Northward Migration of Crustal Fragments in the NW Pacific Inferred from Paleomagnetic Studies",doi:"10.5772/67359",slug:"cretaceous-research-paleolatitudes-and-northward-migration-of-crustal-fragments-in-the-nw-pacific-in",totalDownloads:1411,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lateral migration of the Oshima and Sorachi-Yezo Belts within south central Hokkaido was quantitatively evaluated by means of paleomagnetic analyses in order to identify allochthonous blocks on the northwestern Pacific margin. The remanence stability of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous voluminous igneous succession of the Kumaneshiri and Sorachi Groups and the overlying forearc sediments of the Cretaceous Yezo Group was evaluated through rock magnetic experiments. Twelve of the sites yielded characteristic primary components residing in mixtures of titanomagnetite and hematite having various mixing ratios. After an appropriate correction of inclinations’ shallowing of the post-depositional detrital remanent magnetization (pDRM) based on anisotropic acquisition experiments of the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), we confirmed significantly shallow inclinations even for the flattening-corrected data set, implying northward transportation after the emplacement. Based on comparisons to expected paleomagnetic directions calculated from contemporaneous reference poles, we conclude that the allochthonous blocks, including south central Hokkaido, migrated northerly during the Early Cretaceous. Previous investigations of paleomagnetism and numerical modeling of burial processes of sedimentary basins indicate that some crustal blocks in Hokkaido and NE Japan experienced delayed transportation and eventually amalgamated with the mother continent by the end of the Paleogene.",signatures:"Yasuto Itoh and Reishi Takashima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54054",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54054",authors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"}],corrections:null},{id:"54960",title:"Stratigraphic and Petrological Insights into the Late Jurassic– Early Cretaceous Tectonic Framework of the Northwest Pacific Margin",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68289",slug:"stratigraphic-and-petrological-insights-into-the-late-jurassic-early-cretaceous-tectonic-framework-o",totalDownloads:1454,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous volcano‐sedimentary sequences in the Sorachi, Kumaneshiri, and Yezo groups are exposed in central Hokkaido. The sequences are considered to reflect the Late Mesozoic tectonic history of the northwest Pacific continental margin. Based on the stratigraphic and petrological characteristics of igneous and volcaniclastic rocks of the Sorachi, Yezo, and Kabato groups, Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous tectonics in central Hokkaido can be divided into six stages. Stage I (Tithonian) is characterized by extensive eruption of tholeiitic basalt accompanied with andesitic volcaniclastic rocks and terrigenous deposits. Seafloor spreading or large igneous province formation occurred near an island arc and/or continent during this stage. In Stage II, island arc volcanic islands were constructed on the basaltic rocks formed during Stage I. Stage III (latest Berriasian‐Valanginian) is characterized by the formation of pull‐apart basins accompanied by seafloor spreading. Widespread upwelling of the asthenosphere below central Hokkaido may have occurred during this stage. After the cessation of in situ volcanism in Stage IV (Hauterivian), submarine island arc volcanism reoccurred in Stage V (Barremian). In Stage VI (Aptian–Campanian), typical active continental margin volcanism occurred and voluminous granitic batholiths were formed in western Hokkaido.",signatures:"Reishi Takashima, Hiroshi Nishi and Takeyoshi Yoshida",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54960",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54960",authors:[{id:"195212",title:"Dr.",name:"Reishi",surname:"Takashima",slug:"reishi-takashima",fullName:"Reishi Takashima"}],corrections:null},{id:"54106",title:"Cretaceous Research: A New Constraint on the Paleostress Regime of Southwest Japan Based on Microfabric Analysis of a Granitic Pluton",doi:"10.5772/67357",slug:"cretaceous-research-a-new-constraint-on-the-paleostress-regime-of-southwest-japan-based-on-microfabr",totalDownloads:1192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Origin of a conspicuous microscopic fabric of a granitic pluton in the eastern part of southwest Japan, which has been an autochthonous component of the East Asian margin since the late Mesozoic, was elucidated through well-organized rock magnetic and geochronological investigations. The voluminous Late Cretaceous Toki Granite suffered a thermochemical event succeeding to its emplacement, which resulted in tightly grouped principal axes of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). The magnetic fabrics originate from ferromagnetic and paramagnetic minerals precipitated upon the surface of fractures developed under regional tectonic stress. Together with previous studies of three-dimensional microcrack generation and intrusion sequence of dike swarms in the Toki Granite, temporal changes in the azimuths of AMS principal axes delineate a drastic shift in tectonic stress regime along the Asian continental margin from the Late Cretaceous to the Paleocene. This remarkable event is probably linked to a regional unconformity contemporaneously formed on the convergent margin.",signatures:"Yasuto Itoh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54106",authors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"}],corrections:null},{id:"54408",title:"Tectonic Synthesis: A Plate Reconstruction Model of the NW Pacific Region Since 100 Ma",doi:"10.5772/67358",slug:"tectonic-synthesis-a-plate-reconstruction-model-of-the-nw-pacific-region-since-100-ma",totalDownloads:1486,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Based on the results of interdisciplinary study from Chapters 1–4, a plate tectonic model of the northwestern Pacific region since 100 Ma is presented in this chapter. The evolution of the Pacific margin is viewed as a longstanding history of migration/amalgamation of allochthonous blocks onto the subduction zone. Such a process inevitably provoked diverse tectonic events, spatiotemporal positions of which have been discussed in this book. In order to reconcile paradoxical discrepancies in the docking process of arc fragments, the authors introduce a marginal sea plate with a spreading center that was alive in the Cretaceous. Oblique subduction of the ridge caused specific migratory igneous activity along the rim of the overriding plates, together with flips of shearing direction. Arc-trench systems on the eastern and western sides of the marginal sea plate developed following different timelines and were eventually mixed up during the plate’s closure that prompted formation of a coincident Oligocene clinounconformity widespread on the Eurasian margin. Since the demise of the hypothetical plate, the tectonic regime of the northwestern Pacific margin has been controlled by the growth, namely, the rotational history and modes of convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate.",signatures:"Yasuto Itoh, Osamu Takano and Reishi Takashima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54408",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54408",authors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3500",title:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation",subtitle:"Multidisciplinary Approach on Active Plate Margins",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fd3f21dd336e27a0dd0eb68d6165921",slug:"mechanism-of-sedimentary-basin-formation-multidisciplinary-approach-on-active-plate-margins",bookSignature:"Yasuto Itoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5615",title:"Evolutionary Models of Convergent Margins",subtitle:"Origin of Their Diversity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"315039e7d089e246a15380d9be8faab2",slug:"evolutionary-models-of-convergent-margins-origin-of-their-diversity",bookSignature:"Yasuto Itoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{},chapter:{},book:{}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8722",leadTitle:null,title:"E. Coli Infections",subtitle:"Importance of Early Diagnosis and Efficient Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are the most numerous commensal aerobic germs located in the human colon. Diarrhea caused by E. coli pathogenic strains is a major cause of death in developing countries, especially the sub-Saharan and South Asian areas. Some strains cause diarrhea, and all of them may produce an infectious disease. This book includes ten chapters covering the main aspects of infections related to E. coli, their pathogenic mechanisms, treatments, and resistance to diverse antibiotics.",isbn:"978-1-83962-524-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-523-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-525-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80139",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"e-coli-infections-importance-of-early-diagnosis-and-efficient-treatment",numberOfPages:234,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f52bd5b65bec376ebb9b8a97f44f4945",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",publishedDate:"September 30th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8722.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:8545,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,numberOfTotalCitations:33,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 6th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 5th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 24th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Rodrigo, MD, is a Professor Emeritus of Medicine, at the University of Oviedo, Spain. He has been Chief of Gastroenterology Service at HUCA Hospital, Oviedo, for more than forty years. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1975 and has developed a long teaching and research career. Dr. Rodrigo has published 716 scientific papers, 435 written in English and the rest in Spanish. He has participated as the main investigator in forty-five clinical trials and has directed forty doctoral theses. He has contributed actively to the formation of around 100 specialists in gastroenterology working in his hospital and other hospitals in Spain and abroad. He has written around thirty-five book chapters and edited twenty-six books in his specialty and related diseases.",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"17",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"71420",title:"Fast Detection of Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Chicken Meats",slug:"fast-detection-of-pathogenic-escherichia-coli-from-chicken-meats",totalDownloads:752,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"313149",title:"Dr.",name:"Saloua",surname:"Helali",slug:"saloua-helali",fullName:"Saloua Helali"},{id:"317437",title:"Prof.",name:"Adnane",surname:"Abdelghani",slug:"adnane-abdelghani",fullName:"Adnane Abdelghani"}]},{id:"71010",title:"Dietary Intervention to Reduce E. coli Infectious Diarrhea in Young Pigs",slug:"dietary-intervention-to-reduce-e-coli-infectious-diarrhea-in-young-pigs",totalDownloads:820,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"313005",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanhong",surname:"Liu",slug:"yanhong-liu",fullName:"Yanhong Liu"},{id:"316971",title:"Dr.",name:"Peng",surname:"Ji",slug:"peng-ji",fullName:"Peng Ji"},{id:"316972",title:"Dr.",name:"Xunde",surname:"Li",slug:"xunde-li",fullName:"Xunde Li"}]},{id:"72002",title:"Safety Aspect of Recombinant Protein Produced by Escherichia coli: Toxin Evaluation with Strain and Genomic Approach",slug:"safety-aspect-of-recombinant-protein-produced-by-escherichia-coli-toxin-evaluation-with-strain-and-g",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"209308",title:"MSc.",name:"Safri",surname:"Ishmayana",slug:"safri-ishmayana",fullName:"Safri Ishmayana"},{id:"317650",title:"Prof.",name:"Ukun",surname:"Soedjanaatmadja",slug:"ukun-soedjanaatmadja",fullName:"Ukun Soedjanaatmadja"},{id:"317654",title:"Prof.",name:"Iman",surname:"P. Maksum",slug:"iman-p.-maksum",fullName:"Iman P. Maksum"},{id:"317663",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Nabiel",slug:"ahmad-nabiel",fullName:"Ahmad Nabiel"}]},{id:"67766",title:"Aptamers for Infectious Disease Diagnosis",slug:"aptamers-for-infectious-disease-diagnosis",totalDownloads:1197,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"272326",title:"Prof.",name:"Marit",surname:"Nilsen-Hamilton",slug:"marit-nilsen-hamilton",fullName:"Marit Nilsen-Hamilton"},{id:"284468",title:"Dr.",name:"Soma",surname:"Banerjee",slug:"soma-banerjee",fullName:"Soma Banerjee"}]},{id:"71365",title:"Systematic Deletion of Type III Secretion System Effectors in Enteropathogenic E. coli Unveils the Role of Non-LEE Effectors in A/E Lesion Formation",slug:"systematic-deletion-of-type-iii-secretion-system-effectors-in-enteropathogenic-e-coli-unveils-the-ro",totalDownloads:813,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"313717",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Ángel",surname:"Fernández",slug:"luis-angel-fernandez",fullName:"Luis Ángel Fernández"},{id:"313718",title:"Dr.",name:"Massiel",surname:"Cepeda-Molero",slug:"massiel-cepeda-molero",fullName:"Massiel Cepeda-Molero"},{id:"313719",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephanie",surname:"Schüller",slug:"stephanie-schuller",fullName:"Stephanie Schüller"},{id:"313720",title:"Prof.",name:"Gad",surname:"Frankel",slug:"gad-frankel",fullName:"Gad Frankel"}]},{id:"72979",title:"Management of E. coli\ufeff Sepsis",slug:"management-of-e-coli-sepsis",totalDownloads:887,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"320940",title:"M.D.",name:"Akshay",surname:"Kumar",slug:"akshay-kumar",fullName:"Akshay Kumar"},{id:"321764",title:"Dr.",name:"Nimisha",surname:"Shiwalkar",slug:"nimisha-shiwalkar",fullName:"Nimisha Shiwalkar"},{id:"321765",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Francesca Vommaro Leite",slug:"ana-francesca-vommaro-leite",fullName:"Ana Francesca Vommaro Leite"},{id:"321766",title:"Dr.",name:"Lais",surname:"Sanches Maekewa",slug:"lais-sanches-maekewa",fullName:"Lais Sanches Maekewa"},{id:"321767",title:"Dr.",name:"Silas",surname:"Jose Braz Filho",slug:"silas-jose-braz-filho",fullName:"Silas Jose Braz Filho"},{id:"321768",title:null,name:"Purnadeo",surname:"Persaud",slug:"purnadeo-persaud",fullName:"Purnadeo Persaud"},{id:"323418",title:"Dr.",name:"Roopvir",surname:"Kaur",slug:"roopvir-kaur",fullName:"Roopvir Kaur"},{id:"323419",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",surname:"Kichloo",slug:"asim-kichloo",fullName:"Asim Kichloo"},{id:"327610",title:"Dr.",name:"Juber Dastagir",surname:"Shaikh",slug:"juber-dastagir-shaikh",fullName:"Juber Dastagir Shaikh"}]},{id:"73139",title:"Computational Studies of Drug Repurposing Targeting P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug-Resistance Phenotypes in Agents of Neglected Tropical Diseases",slug:"computational-studies-of-drug-repurposing-targeting-p-glycoprotein-mediated-multidrug-resistance-p-1",totalDownloads:594,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"309489",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",surname:"Palaniappan",slug:"ashok-palaniappan",fullName:"Ashok Palaniappan"},{id:"315702",title:"Ms.",name:"Nivedita",surname:"Jaishankar",slug:"nivedita-jaishankar",fullName:"Nivedita Jaishankar"},{id:"315703",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sangeetha",surname:"Muthamilselvan",slug:"sangeetha-muthamilselvan",fullName:"Sangeetha Muthamilselvan"}]},{id:"70977",title:"Effects of UV-LED Irradiation on E. coli in Water Disinfection",slug:"effects-of-uv-led-irradiation-on-e-coli-in-water-disinfection",totalDownloads:626,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"312896",title:"Prof.",name:"Baoping",surname:"Zhang",slug:"baoping-zhang",fullName:"Baoping Zhang"},{id:"316724",title:"Mr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Nyangaresi",slug:"paul-nyangaresi",fullName:"Paul Nyangaresi"},{id:"317091",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang",surname:"Shen",slug:"liang-shen",fullName:"Liang Shen"}]},{id:"72615",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-in-escherichia-coli",totalDownloads:1651,totalCrossrefCites:6,authors:[{id:"319149",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mario",surname:"Galindo-Méndez",slug:"mario-galindo-mendez",fullName:"Mario Galindo-Méndez"}]},{id:"71853",title:"Antibiotic Resistance among Iraqi Local E. coli Isolates",slug:"antibiotic-resistance-among-iraqi-local-e-coli-isolates",totalDownloads:641,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"250698",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",surname:"O. M. Al-Dahmoshi",slug:"hussein-o.-m.-al-dahmoshi",fullName:"Hussein O. M. Al-Dahmoshi"},{id:"272591",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor S.K",surname:"Al-Khafaji",slug:"noor-s.k-al-khafaji",fullName:"Noor S.K Al-Khafaji"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5388",title:"Human Helminthiasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2002f4cb6e246a51ed8688e076db4d",slug:"human-helminthiasis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5388.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"932",title:"Acute Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9e4aebaf0e8a2dd617fe38a5d3b2bff",slug:"acute-pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/932.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5752",title:"Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"47dfc5b8378b01d915127fa3c1169a90",slug:"celiac-disease-and-non-celiac-gluten-sensitivity",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5752.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5122",title:"Colorectal Cancer",subtitle:"From Pathogenesis to Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ab8ff026cf9fbd8e3b0097d7f11fe2c",slug:"colorectal-cancer-from-pathogenesis-to-treatment",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5122.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"983",title:"Pancreatitis",subtitle:"Treatment and Complications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"062521454256bb4a388ce6fd638dbf1a",slug:"pancreatitis-treatment-and-complications",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo Saez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4478",title:"Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e7a1b71b21315524a24e78819fb7dd3",slug:"acute-and-chronic-pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6740",title:"Advances in Pancreatic Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"500360b038bf8561a30993b0ccb6de91",slug:"advances-in-pancreatic-cancer",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6740.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6440",title:"Liver Research and Clinical Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4bbd66ccead286ab737f23feb053cf8",slug:"liver-research-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7125",title:"Iron Deficiency Anemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25d82a6ea6c9d80b195bb40aad06be49",slug:"iron-deficiency-anemia",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7125.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6061",title:"Ascites",subtitle:"Physiopathology, Treatment, Complications and Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ead9b3e5c36413f9ff2c3129fbc57574",slug:"ascites-physiopathology-treatment-complications-and-prognosis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"22589",title:"Stress Hormone and Skin Disease",doi:"10.5772/22424",slug:"stress-hormone-and-skin-disease",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/22589.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/22589",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/22589",totalDownloads:3397,totalViews:105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:69,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 19th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 14th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 2nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/22589",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/22589",book:{id:"310",slug:"skin-biopsy-perspectives"},signatures:"Jung Eun Kim and Hyun Jeong Park",authors:[{id:"47695",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyun Jeong",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Hyun Jeong Park",slug:"hyun-jeong-park",email:"hjpark@catholic.ac.kr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Catholic University of Korea",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"50471",title:"Dr.",name:"Jung Eun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jung Eun Kim",slug:"jung-eun-kim",email:"mdkjeun@naver.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"310",type:"book",title:"Skin Biopsy",subtitle:"Perspectives",fullTitle:"Skin Biopsy - Perspectives",slug:"skin-biopsy-perspectives",publishedDate:"November 2nd 2011",bookSignature:"Uday Khopkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/310.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-290-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6543-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:47,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"83801",title:"Dr.",name:"Uday",middleName:null,surname:"Khopkar",slug:"uday-khopkar",fullName:"Uday Khopkar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1002"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"22579",type:"chapter",title:"Skin Biopsy Procedures: How and Where to Perform a Proper Biopsy",slug:"skin-biopsy-procedures-how-and-where-to-perform-a-proper-biopsy",totalDownloads:22704,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Z. Seia, L. Musso, Stefania Palazzini and M. Bertero",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62817",title:"Dr.",name:"Zelda",middleName:null,surname:"Seia",fullName:"Zelda Seia",slug:"zelda-seia"},{id:"101115",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Musso",fullName:"Luca Musso",slug:"luca-musso"},{id:"101116",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Bertero",fullName:"Michele Bertero",slug:"michele-bertero"},{id:"129618",title:"Dr.",name:"Steania",middleName:null,surname:"Palazzini",fullName:"Steania Palazzini",slug:"steania-palazzini"}]},{id:"22580",type:"chapter",title:"General Methods in Preparation of Skin Biopsies for Haematoxylin & Eosin Stain and Immunohistochemistry",slug:"general-methods-in-preparation-of-skin-biopsies-for-haematoxylin-eosin-stain-and-immunohistochemistr",totalDownloads:6598,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Khitam Al-Refu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51233",title:"Dr.",name:"Khitam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Refu",fullName:"Khitam Al-Refu",slug:"khitam-al-refu"}]},{id:"22581",type:"chapter",title:"Types and Selection Criteria for Various Skin Biopsy Procedures",slug:"types-and-selection-criteria-for-various-skin-biopsy-procedures",totalDownloads:9123,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Divey Manocha, Nidhi Bansal and Ramsay S. Farah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42935",title:"Dr.",name:"Divey",middleName:null,surname:"Manocha",fullName:"Divey Manocha",slug:"divey-manocha"},{id:"55324",title:"Dr.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Bansal",fullName:"Nidhi Bansal",slug:"nidhi-bansal"},{id:"55403",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramsay",middleName:null,surname:"Farah",fullName:"Ramsay Farah",slug:"ramsay-farah"}]},{id:"22582",type:"chapter",title:"New Diagnostic Applications in Sporotrichosis",slug:"new-diagnostic-applications-in-sporotrichosis",totalDownloads:3700,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Rosely Maria Zancope-Oliveira, Rodrigo de Almeida-Paes, Manoel Marques Evangelista de Oliveira, Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas and Maria Clara Gutierrez Galhardo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52688",title:"Dr",name:"Rosely",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Zancope-Oliveira",fullName:"Rosely Zancope-Oliveira",slug:"rosely-zancope-oliveira"},{id:"60613",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo de",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida-Paes",fullName:"Rodrigo de Almeida-Paes",slug:"rodrigo-de-almeida-paes"},{id:"60614",title:"Prof.",name:"Manoel Marques Evangelista de",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Manoel Marques Evangelista de Oliveira",slug:"manoel-marques-evangelista-de-oliveira"},{id:"60615",title:"MSc.",name:"Dayvison Francis Saraiva",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",fullName:"Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas",slug:"dayvison-francis-saraiva-freitas"},{id:"60616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Clara",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez-Galhardo",fullName:"Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo",slug:"maria-clara-gutierrez-galhardo"}]},{id:"22583",type:"chapter",title:"Skin Biopsy in Leprosy",slug:"skin-biopsy-in-leprosy",totalDownloads:8434,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Avninder Singh, Xiaoman Weng and Indira Nath",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46851",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoman",middleName:null,surname:"Weng",fullName:"Xiaoman Weng",slug:"xiaoman-weng"},{id:"62845",title:"Prof.",name:"Indira",middleName:null,surname:"Nath",fullName:"Indira Nath",slug:"indira-nath"},{id:"89251",title:"Dr.",name:"Avninder",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Avninder Singh",slug:"avninder-singh"}]},{id:"22584",type:"chapter",title:"Severe Drug-Induced Skin Reactions: Clinical Pattern, Diagnostics and Therapy",slug:"severe-drug-induced-skin-reactions-clinical-pattern-diagnostics-and-therapy",totalDownloads:7450,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Mirjana Ziemer and Maja Mockenhaupt",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47304",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Mockenhaupt",fullName:"Maja Mockenhaupt",slug:"maja-mockenhaupt"},{id:"47333",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirjana",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemer",fullName:"Mirjana Ziemer",slug:"mirjana-ziemer"}]},{id:"22585",type:"chapter",title:"Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions",slug:"severe-cutaneous-adverse-reactions",totalDownloads:2860,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Suran Fernando",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56562",title:"Prof.",name:"Suran",middleName:null,surname:"Fernando",fullName:"Suran Fernando",slug:"suran-fernando"}]},{id:"22586",type:"chapter",title:"Mechanisms Regulating Epidermal Innervation in Pruritus of Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"mechanisms-regulating-epidermal-innervation-in-pruritus-of-atopic-dermatitis",totalDownloads:3039,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mitsutoshi Tominaga and Kenji Takamori",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47748",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Takamori",fullName:"Kenji Takamori",slug:"kenji-takamori"},{id:"51938",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tominaga",fullName:"Mitsutoshi Tominaga",slug:"mitsutoshi-tominaga"}]},{id:"22587",type:"chapter",title:"Diagnosing Vascular Dementia by Skin Biopsy - Uniqueness of CADASIL",slug:"diagnosing-vascular-dementia-by-skin-biopsy-uniqueness-of-cadasil",totalDownloads:3720,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Saara Tikka, Kati Mykkänen, Maija Junna, Robert Bergholm, Minna Pöyhönen, Marc Baumann, Matti Viitanen and Hannu Kalimo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"59014",title:"Dr.",name:"Saara",middleName:null,surname:"Tikka",fullName:"Saara Tikka",slug:"saara-tikka"},{id:"60884",title:"Prof.",name:"Hannu",middleName:null,surname:"Kalimo",fullName:"Hannu Kalimo",slug:"hannu-kalimo"},{id:"60885",title:"Dr.",name:"Kati",middleName:null,surname:"Mykkanen",fullName:"Kati Mykkanen",slug:"kati-mykkanen"},{id:"60886",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Bergholm",fullName:"Robert Bergholm",slug:"robert-bergholm"},{id:"60887",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Baumann",fullName:"Marc Baumann",slug:"marc-baumann"},{id:"60888",title:"Dr.",name:"Minna",middleName:null,surname:"Poyhonen",fullName:"Minna Poyhonen",slug:"minna-poyhonen"}]},{id:"22588",type:"chapter",title:"The Clinicopathologic and Molecular Aspects of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer",slug:"the-clinicopathologic-and-molecular-aspects-of-non-melanoma-skin-cancer",totalDownloads:1932,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anthony P. Tufaro, Nijaguna B. Prasad, Anne C. Fischer and Allan D. Hess",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36061",title:"Dr.",name:"Allan",middleName:"D.",surname:"Hess",fullName:"Allan Hess",slug:"allan-hess"},{id:"57956",title:"Dr.",name:"Nijaguna",middleName:null,surname:"Prasad",fullName:"Nijaguna Prasad",slug:"nijaguna-prasad"},{id:"57957",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Tufaro",fullName:"Anthony Tufaro",slug:"anthony-tufaro"},{id:"57958",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",fullName:"Anne Fischer",slug:"anne-fischer"}]},{id:"22589",type:"chapter",title:"Stress Hormone and Skin Disease",slug:"stress-hormone-and-skin-disease",totalDownloads:3397,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jung Eun Kim and Hyun Jeong Park",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47695",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyun Jeong",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Hyun Jeong Park",slug:"hyun-jeong-park"},{id:"50471",title:"Dr.",name:"Jung Eun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jung Eun Kim",slug:"jung-eun-kim"}]},{id:"22590",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Reconstructed Skin Specimens to Analyze Stratum corneum Remodeling and Epidermal Modifications",slug:"use-of-reconstructed-skin-specimens-to-analyze-stratum-corneum-remodeling-and-epidermal-modification",totalDownloads:3856,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paolo U. Giacomoni, Kelly Dong, Donald Collins, Nadine Pernodet and Daniel Yarosh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50241",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Giacomoni",fullName:"Paolo Giacomoni",slug:"paolo-giacomoni"},{id:"92390",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Yarosh",fullName:"Daniel Yarosh",slug:"daniel-yarosh"}]},{id:"22591",type:"chapter",title:"Keratinocyte Culture Techniques in Medical and Scientific Applications",slug:"keratinocyte-culture-techniques-in-medical-and-scientific-applications",totalDownloads:8884,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Stefanie Kuhn, Christine Radtke, Christina Allmeling, Peter M. Vogt and Kerstin Reimers",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52032",title:"Dr.",name:"Kerstin",middleName:null,surname:"Reimers",fullName:"Kerstin Reimers",slug:"kerstin-reimers"},{id:"55114",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Radtke",fullName:"Christine Radtke",slug:"christine-radtke"},{id:"55115",title:"Mrs.",name:"Stefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Kuhn",fullName:"Stefanie Kuhn",slug:"stefanie-kuhn"},{id:"55116",title:"Ms.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Allmeling",fullName:"Christina Allmeling",slug:"christina-allmeling"},{id:"55117",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Vogt",fullName:"Peter Vogt",slug:"peter-vogt"}]},{id:"22592",type:"chapter",title:"Bioengineered Skin",slug:"bioengineered-skin",totalDownloads:2956,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"María José Escámez, Lucía Martínez-Santamaría, Marta García, Sara Guerrero-Aspizua, Marta Carretero, Fernando Larcher, Álvaro Meana and Marcela Del Río",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52675",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Del Rio",fullName:"Marcela Del Rio",slug:"marcela-del-rio"},{id:"52676",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Santamaria",fullName:"Lucia Martinez-Santamaria",slug:"lucia-martinez-santamaria"},{id:"52680",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Meana",fullName:"Alvaro Meana",slug:"alvaro-meana"},{id:"52681",title:"Dr.",name:"Larcher",middleName:null,surname:"Fernando",fullName:"Larcher Fernando",slug:"larcher-fernando"},{id:"52682",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Aspizua",fullName:"Sara Guerrero-Aspizua",slug:"sara-guerrero-aspizua"},{id:"52683",title:"Dr.",name:"Carretero",middleName:null,surname:"Marta",fullName:"Carretero Marta",slug:"carretero-marta"},{id:"52684",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Escamez",fullName:"Maria Jose Escamez",slug:"maria-jose-escamez"}]},{id:"22593",type:"chapter",title:"Skin Biopsies as Tools to Measure Fish Coloration and Colour Change",slug:"skin-biopsies-as-tools-to-measure-fish-coloration-and-colour-change",totalDownloads:3658,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"P. Andreas Svensson and Helen Nilsson Sköld",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36761",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen Nilsson",middleName:null,surname:"Sköld",fullName:"Helen Nilsson Sköld",slug:"helen-nilsson-skold"},{id:"47938",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Svensson",fullName:"P. Andreas Svensson",slug:"p.-andreas-svensson"}]},{id:"22594",type:"chapter",title:"Multi-Trial Ecotoxicological Diagnostic Tool in Cetacean Skin Biopsies",slug:"multi-trial-ecotoxicological-diagnostic-tool-in-cetacean-skin-biopsies",totalDownloads:2244,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Maria Cristina Fossi and Letizia Marsili",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36885",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Fossi",fullName:"Christina Fossi",slug:"christina-fossi"},{id:"117461",title:"Dr.",name:"Letizia",middleName:null,surname:"Marsili",fullName:"Letizia Marsili",slug:"letizia-marsili"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"941",title:"Atopic Dermatitis",subtitle:"Disease Etiology and Clinical Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f671d417bb039062e15c3f0f9e89061c",slug:"atopic-dermatitis-disease-etiology-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo and Itaru Dekio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65301",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Esparza-Gordillo",slug:"jorge-esparza-gordillo",fullName:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29025",title:"Flaky Tail Mouse as a Novel Animal Model of Atopic Dermatitis: Possible Roles of Filaggrin in the Development of Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"flaky-tail-mouse-as-a-novel-animal-model-of-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Catharina Sagita Moniaga and Kenji Kabashima",authors:[{id:"63904",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Kabashima",fullName:"Kenji Kabashima",slug:"kenji-kabashima"}]},{id:"29026",title:"Mouse Models for Atopic Dermatitis Developed in Japan",slug:"mouse-models-for-atopic-dermatitis-developed-in-japan",signatures:"Hiromichi Yonekawa, Toyoyuki Takada, Hiroshi Shitara, Choji Taya, Yoshibumi Matsushima, Kunie Matsuoka and Yoshiaki Kikkawa",authors:[{id:"65484",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiromichi",middleName:null,surname:"Yonekawa",fullName:"Hiromichi Yonekawa",slug:"hiromichi-yonekawa"},{id:"65540",title:"Dr.",name:"Toyoyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",fullName:"Toyoyuki Takada",slug:"toyoyuki-takada"},{id:"65541",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kikkawa",fullName:"Yoshiaki Kikkawa",slug:"yoshiaki-kikkawa"},{id:"65542",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshibumi",middleName:null,surname:"Matsushima",fullName:"Yoshibumi Matsushima",slug:"yoshibumi-matsushima"},{id:"65543",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunie",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuoka",fullName:"Kunie Matsuoka",slug:"kunie-matsuoka"},{id:"65544",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Shitara",fullName:"Hiroshi Shitara",slug:"hiroshi-shitara"},{id:"65545",title:"Dr.",name:"Choji",middleName:null,surname:"Taya",fullName:"Choji Taya",slug:"choji-taya"}]},{id:"29027",title:"The Roles of Th2-Type Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"the-role-of-th2-cytokines-in-the-pathogenesis-of-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Kenji Izuhara, Hiroshi Shiraishi, Shoichiro Ohta, Kazuhiko Arima and Shoichi Suzuki",authors:[{id:"75326",title:"Dr",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Izuhara",fullName:"Kenji Izuhara",slug:"kenji-izuhara"},{id:"137306",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Shiraishi",fullName:"Hiroshi Shiraishi",slug:"hiroshi-shiraishi"},{id:"137307",title:"Dr.",name:"Shoichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ohta",fullName:"Shoichiro Ohta",slug:"shoichiro-ohta"}]},{id:"29028",title:"Epidermal Serine Proteases and Their Inhibitors in Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"epidermal-serine-proteases-and-their-inhibitors-in-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Ulf Meyer-Hoffert",authors:[{id:"64235",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulf",middleName:null,surname:"Meyer-Hoffert",fullName:"Ulf Meyer-Hoffert",slug:"ulf-meyer-hoffert"}]},{id:"29029",title:"The Role of Prostanoids in Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"the-role-of-prostanoids-in-the-development-of-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Tetsuya Honda and Kenji Kabashima",authors:[{id:"63905",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Kabashima",fullName:"Kenji Kabashima",slug:"kenji-kabashima"}]},{id:"29030",title:"Expression and Function of CCL17 in Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"expression-and-function-of-ccl17-in-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Susanne Stutte, Nancy Gerbitzki, Natalija Novak and Irmgard Förster",authors:[{id:"64238",title:"Prof.",name:"Irmgard",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",fullName:"Irmgard Forster",slug:"irmgard-forster"},{id:"68314",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanne",middleName:null,surname:"Stutte",fullName:"Susanne Stutte",slug:"susanne-stutte"},{id:"68318",title:"MSc.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Gerbitzky",fullName:"Nancy Gerbitzky",slug:"nancy-gerbitzky"},{id:"68320",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Novak",fullName:"Natalija Novak",slug:"natalija-novak"}]},{id:"29031",title:"Microorganisms and Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"microorganisms-and-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Itaru Dekio",authors:[{id:"63123",title:"Dr.",name:"Itaru",middleName:null,surname:"Dekio",fullName:"Itaru Dekio",slug:"itaru-dekio"}]},{id:"29032",title:"Atopic Dermatitis and Skin Fungal Microorganisms",slug:"atopic-dermatitis-and-skin-fungal-microorganisms",signatures:"Takashi Sugita, Enshi Zhang, Takafumi Tanaka, Mami Tajima, Ryoji Tsuboi, Yoshio Ishibashi, Akemi Nishikawa",authors:[{id:"63949",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Sugita",fullName:"Takashi Sugita",slug:"takashi-sugita"},{id:"120905",title:"Dr.",name:"Enshi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Enshi Zhang",slug:"enshi-zhang"},{id:"120907",title:"Mr.",name:"Takafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Takafumi Tanaka",slug:"takafumi-tanaka"},{id:"120908",title:"Dr.",name:"Mami",middleName:null,surname:"Tajima",fullName:"Mami Tajima",slug:"mami-tajima"},{id:"120909",title:"Prof.",name:"Ryoji",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuboi",fullName:"Ryoji Tsuboi",slug:"ryoji-tsuboi"},{id:"120910",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshio",middleName:null,surname:"Ishibashi",fullName:"Yoshio Ishibashi",slug:"yoshio-ishibashi"},{id:"120912",title:"Prof.",name:"Akemi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishikawa",fullName:"Akemi Nishikawa",slug:"akemi-nishikawa"}]},{id:"29033",title:"Fungus as an Exacerbating Factor of Atopic Dermatitis, and Control of Fungi for the Remission of the Disease",slug:"fungus-as-an-exacerbating-factor-of-atopic-dermatitis-and-control-of-fungi-for-the-remission-of-the-",signatures:"Takuji Nakashima and Yoshimi Niwano",authors:[{id:"66534",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuji",middleName:null,surname:"Nakashima",fullName:"Takuji Nakashima",slug:"takuji-nakashima"},{id:"129333",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshimi",middleName:null,surname:"Niwano",fullName:"Yoshimi Niwano",slug:"yoshimi-niwano"}]},{id:"29034",title:"Atopic Dermatitis: From Pathophysiology to Diagnostic Approach",slug:"atopic-dermatitis-from-pathophysiology-to-diagnostic-approach",signatures:"Nicola Fuiano and Cristoforo Incorvaia",authors:[{id:"63124",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",middleName:"Oscar",surname:"Fuiano",fullName:"Nicola Fuiano",slug:"nicola-fuiano"}]},{id:"29035",title:"Advances in Assessing the Severity of Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"advances-in-assessing-the-severity-of-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Zheng-Hong Di, Li Zhang, Ya-Ni Lv, Li-Ping Zhao, Hong-Duo Chen and Xing-Hua Gao",authors:[{id:"63861",title:"Prof.",name:"Xing-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Xing-Hua Gao",slug:"xing-hua-gao"}]},{id:"29036",title:"Physical and Chemical Factors that Improve Epidermal Permeability Barrier Homeostasis",slug:"chemical-and-physical-factors-that-improve-epidermal-permeability-barrier-homeostasis",signatures:"Mitsuhiro Denda",authors:[{id:"64480",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Denda",fullName:"Mitsuhiro Denda",slug:"mitsuhiro-denda"}]},{id:"29037",title:"Trigger Factors, Allergens and Allergy Testing in Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"trigger-factors-allergens-and-allergy-testing-in-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Evmorfia Ladoyanni",authors:[{id:"68722",title:"Dr.",name:"Evmorfia",middleName:null,surname:"Ladoyanni",fullName:"Evmorfia Ladoyanni",slug:"evmorfia-ladoyanni"}]},{id:"29038",title:"Food Allergy in Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"food-allergy-in-atopic-dermatitis-diagnosis-and-treatment",signatures:"Geunwoong Noh and Jae Ho Lee",authors:[{id:"63118",title:"Dr.",name:"Geunwoong",middleName:null,surname:"Noh",fullName:"Geunwoong Noh",slug:"geunwoong-noh"},{id:"71602",title:"Prof.",name:"Jae Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jae Ho Lee",slug:"jae-ho-lee"}]},{id:"29039",title:"Clinical Management of Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"clinical-management-of-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Soheyla Mahdavian, Patty Ghazvini, Luis Pagan, Angela Singh and Todd Woodard",authors:[{id:"66508",title:"Dr.",name:"Patty",middleName:null,surname:"Ghazvini",fullName:"Patty Ghazvini",slug:"patty-ghazvini"},{id:"70593",title:"Dr.",name:"Soheyla",middleName:null,surname:"Mahdavian",fullName:"Soheyla Mahdavian",slug:"soheyla-mahdavian"},{id:"70597",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Angela Singh",slug:"angela-singh"},{id:"98908",title:"Dr.",name:"Todd",middleName:null,surname:"Woodard",fullName:"Todd Woodard",slug:"todd-woodard"}]},{id:"29040",title:"Occlusive Therapy in Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"occlusive-therapy-in-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Misha M. Heller, Eric S. Lee, Faranak Kamangar, Wilson Liao and John Y. M. Koo",authors:[{id:"67601",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Koo",fullName:"John Koo",slug:"john-koo"},{id:"68211",title:"Ms.",name:"Misha",middleName:null,surname:"Heller",fullName:"Misha Heller",slug:"misha-heller"},{id:"68213",title:"Mr.",name:"Eric",middleName:"S",surname:"Lee",fullName:"Eric Lee",slug:"eric-lee"},{id:"68214",title:"Ms.",name:"Faranak",middleName:null,surname:"Kamangar",fullName:"Faranak Kamangar",slug:"faranak-kamangar"},{id:"68917",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",fullName:"Wilson Liao",slug:"wilson-liao"}]},{id:"29041",title:"Suplatast Tosilate for Prophylaxis of Pediatric Atopy",slug:"suplatast-tosilate-for-prophylaxis-of-pediatric-atopy",signatures:"S. Yoshihara, M. Ono, Y. Yamada, H. Fukuda, T. Abe and O. Arisaka",authors:[{id:"65917",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigemi",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshihara",fullName:"Shigemi Yoshihara",slug:"shigemi-yoshihara"}]},{id:"29042",title:"Thinking Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Differently: Specific Immunotherapy as an Option",slug:"thinking-atopic-dermatitis-treatment-differently-specific-immunotherapy-as-an-option",signatures:"Massimo Milani",authors:[{id:"62920",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Milani",fullName:"Massimo Milani",slug:"massimo-milani"}]},{id:"29043",title:"Improvement of Atopic Dermatitis by Human Sebaceous Fatty Acids and Related Lipids",slug:"improvement-of-atopic-dermatitis-by-human-sebaceous-fatty-acids-and-related-lipids",signatures:"Hiroyuki Araki, Yoshiya Sugai and Hirofumi Takigawa",authors:[{id:"68054",title:"Mr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Araki",fullName:"Hiroyuki Araki",slug:"hiroyuki-araki"},{id:"94915",title:"Mr.",name:"Hirofumi",middleName:null,surname:"Takigawa",fullName:"Hirofumi Takigawa",slug:"hirofumi-takigawa"},{id:"135503",title:"Mr.",name:"Yoshiya",middleName:null,surname:"Sugai",fullName:"Yoshiya Sugai",slug:"yoshiya-sugai"}]},{id:"29044",title:"Probiotics and Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"probiotics-and-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Feriel Hacini-Rachinel, Ivana Jankovic, Anurag Singh and Annick Mercenier",authors:[{id:"69928",title:"Dr.",name:"Feriel",middleName:null,surname:"Hacini-Rachinel",fullName:"Feriel Hacini-Rachinel",slug:"feriel-hacini-rachinel"},{id:"69941",title:"Dr.",name:"Anurag",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Anurag Singh",slug:"anurag-singh"},{id:"69948",title:"Dr.",name:"Annick",middleName:null,surname:"Mercenier",fullName:"Annick Mercenier",slug:"annick-mercenier"},{id:"131973",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Jankovic",fullName:"Ivana Jankovic",slug:"ivana-jankovic"}]},{id:"29045",title:"The Role of Probiotics in Atopic Dermatitis Prevention and Therapy",slug:"the-role-of-probiotics-in-atopic-dermatitis-therapy-and-prevention",signatures:"Öner Özdemir",authors:[{id:"62921",title:"Dr.",name:"Öner",middleName:null,surname:"Özdemir",fullName:"Öner Özdemir",slug:"oner-ozdemir"}]},{id:"29046",title:"Food Compounds Inhibit Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria and the Toxicity of Staphylococcus Enterotoxin A (SEA) Associated with Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"plant-compounds-inhibit-the-biological-activity-of-superantigenic-staphylococcus-enterotoxin-a-sea-a",signatures:"Reuven Rasooly and Mendel Friedman",authors:[{id:"66145",title:"Dr.",name:"Reuven",middleName:null,surname:"Rasooly",fullName:"Reuven Rasooly",slug:"reuven-rasooly"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"659",title:"Contact Dermatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75dee39a68ef792be26da7d232072682",slug:"contact-dermatitis",bookSignature:"Young Suck Ro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/659.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120447",title:"Dr.",name:"Young Suck",surname:"Ro",slug:"young-suck-ro",fullName:"Young Suck Ro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"941",title:"Atopic Dermatitis",subtitle:"Disease Etiology and Clinical Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f671d417bb039062e15c3f0f9e89061c",slug:"atopic-dermatitis-disease-etiology-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo and Itaru Dekio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65301",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Esparza-Gordillo",slug:"jorge-esparza-gordillo",fullName:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1005",title:"Vitiligo",subtitle:"Management and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8d0f695013488bf14666c1aa573f6bf",slug:"vitiligo-management-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Kelly KyungHwa Park and Jenny Eileen Murase",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1005.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70157",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",surname:"Park",slug:"kelly-park",fullName:"Kelly Park"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3305",title:"Skin Biopsy",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"948465769bcbc65b02bc2b8e91cc7083",slug:"skin-biopsy-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Suran L. Fernando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3305.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56562",title:"Prof.",name:"Suran",surname:"Fernando",slug:"suran-fernando",fullName:"Suran Fernando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3447",title:"Psoriasis",subtitle:"Types, Causes and Medication",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66be685d4a4ccc8ebe160d8ca579a4d9",slug:"psoriasis-types-causes-and-medication",bookSignature:"Hermenio Lima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64733",title:"Dr.",name:"Hermenio",surname:"Lima",slug:"hermenio-lima",fullName:"Hermenio Lima"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"5228",title:"Pain Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fff27606077f643a636f40d3bff7757b",slug:"pain-management",bookSignature:"Milica Prostran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5228.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43919",title:"Prof.",name:"Milica",surname:"Prostran",slug:"milica-prostran",fullName:"Milica Prostran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5258",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of the Aging Process and Rejuvenation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd825c8a444ab91728c15f350df7b5ea",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-the-aging-process-and-rejuvenation",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5258.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69557",title:"Usage-Based and Universal Grammar-Based Approaches to Second Language Acquisition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89737",slug:"usage-based-and-universal-grammar-based-approaches-to-second-language-acquisition",body:'
Among the linguistic theories and approaches, the discussion of language acquisition and second language learning has been conducted for a span of a few decades by two groups of theorists: the Chomskyan linguistic generative structuralists and the functional psychologists’ cognitive linguistics. Generative linguists believe in the existence of autonomous modules for language acquisition in the mind and claim that most of the grammar is not learned from the environment and communication, but arises from an innate universal grammar (UG). In contrast, functional theorists state that grammar is not transferable to the child or anyone else but arises from the functions of the language. Associating with the concepts underlying forms of a language, cognitive linguistics claims that knowledge of a particular language results from language use and that grammar is understood by conceptualization. Cognitive development includes all skills a child attains throughout his life. Cognitive skills matter because they lead to thinking and learning. Without skills such as remembering, numeracy, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, comparison-making, and decision-making, a child is at risk of falling behind. Cognitive developments matter from childhood to adulthood.
As two different approaches in theoretical linguistics, usage-based and universal grammar-based (UG-based) are two theories in language learning from various perspectives: the former focuses on the influence of experience, input, and frequency in language learning (i.e., cognitive linguistics), while the latter emphasizes the existence of an innate universal grammar and a set of rules as underlying basis for the formation of correct grammatical sentences (i.e., generative grammar).
Based on generative linguistics, language acquisition emerges from a combination of rules which will form grammatical sentences. Generative grammar (proposed by Chomsky in 1950s) arises from an innate universal grammar. Generativists believe that environmental input and language use has no effect on learning grammar. Taylor [1] further explains “acquisition, thus, became a matter of the ‘setting’ of ‘parameters’ provided by Universal Grammar, something which, it was assumed, would be possible on only minimal exposure to data” (pp. 573–4). Believing in the existence of an innate system of rules, generativists claim that universal grammar provides “the possible parameters for language and uses parameter-setting approach depending on which specific language is involved” (pp. 1141–2) [2]. It is claimed that language function is analytically separate from language structures.
UG-based approach claims that children have got a prior language knowledge “… which enables them to achieve an adult grammar on the basis of limited evidence” (p. 2) [3]. However, [3] points out, since 1990s, another model of input-driven approach was formed, usage-based theory of language learning, and it became so popular that UG-based approach was considered an outdated theory.
Aligning to cognitive linguistics, a usage-based linguistics (proposed by [4]) is “a form of linguistic analysis, that is, that takes into account not just grammatical structure, but that sees this structure as arising from and interacting with actual language use (p. 17) [5]. Based on this theory “… input is a rich source of information for identifying grammatical regularities and children have a remarkable ability to perform complex computations over statistical information displayed in the input” (p. 3) [3]. This theory argues that linguistic structures result from experience [6]. Tomasello [7] (as cited in [8]) states that language and language acquisition are usage-based and its structure emerges from using language.
Kang [3] points out that empiricists do not believe in the innate knowledge of language; supporting the input-driven language learning approach, they claim that language learning is based on sense and experience. They also state that child’s input is systematic and regular which helps him/her to understand the system of the target language by the use of inductive reasoning. Frequency of language input is a major factor in providing the child with the information she/he needs in learning a target language: “…the more frequently a certain linguistic expression is available to the child, the easier it is for the child to learn it [9, 10, 11, 12]” (p. 1) [3].
Kemmer and Barlow [13] also discusses two traditions that focus on language use that are usage-based: (1) firthian tradition, emphasizing on the role of context and social aspects, and (2) enunciativist linguistics, focusing on the speech act. “A Usage-Based model is one in which the speaker’s linguistic system is fundamentally grounded in ‘usage events’ instances of a speaker’s producing and understanding language” (p. iix) [13]. Langacker [14] (as cited in [13]) characterizes usage-based model with three features: maximality, non-reductivity, and being bottom-up. Accordingly, the mind is capable of analyzing complex structures in multiple ways, resulting in the production of both specific and general patterns through usage. The first two features imply the redundancy and massiveness of the grammar, and the bottom-up feature determines that general patterns emerge from specific ones and specific patterns are the result of experience.
As [13] points out, usage-based accounts are experience-driven, and frequency of items is an important factor and an inseparable part of language learning, especially in forming and understanding structures and operations; “… Usage-Based events play a double role in the system: they both result from and also shape the linguistic system itself in a kind of feedback loop” (p. viii). In usage-based accounts, language is learned by data observation in the actual use of language. From Langacker’s [4] viewpoint, in usage-based model “substantial importance is given to the actual use of the linguistic system and a speaker’s knowledge of this use; grammar is held responsible for a speaker’s knowledge of the full range of linguistic conventions (p. 494)” (p. 2) [13]. Kemmer and Barlow [13] claims that “through repetition, even a highly complex event can coalesce into a well-rehearsed routine that is easily elicited and reliably executed” (p. 3).
From Croft’s [15] point of view, in usage-based models language use specifies grammatical representations: “the Usage-Based model is a model of grammatical representation in which language use determines grammatical representation. Specifically, frequency of use and similarity of form and meaning are the determining factors for the structure of grammatical knowledge in the mind” (p. 499). According to Langacker, usage-based model “focuses on the actual use of the linguistic system and a speaker’s knowledge of this use …, it claims that linguistic units are abstracted from usage events, that is, the actual instance of language use” (p. 1142) [2].
In usage-based models, frequency of usage plays a big role in the production, language comprehension, and grammaticality of the patterns. The two mentioned types of frequency are token and type frequency. Token frequency “is how often particular words or specific phrases appear in the input” (p. 166) [16]. As [15] defines “Token frequency is the frequency of occurrence in language use of individual tokens of a grammatical type, such as English regular past tense forms” (p. 499). Quoting from [15, 17] states that how much a form like irregular word forms entrenches in the learner’s mind is a token frequency function. Type frequency is defined as “how many different lexical items can be applied to a certain pattern, paradigm or construction” (p. 166) [16], or it is referred as “the frequency of word types that conform to a schema” (p. 499) [15]. The regular past inflection is mentioned to have high type frequency because it is applicable to a large number of different verbs [15, 16].
According to [18], usage-based approaches are input-dependent, and in this theory, “frequency” is considered as the language rule which results from structure analysis in language input. Zyzik [18] states that there must be enough input so that the learner can learn whatever she/he needs: “… it must be abundant enough for the learner to abstract regularities from concrete exemplars of language use” (p. 54), such as native competence which is gained after lifetime attention to the L1 input. Ellis [16] (cited in [18]) points out that in order to achieve native fluency at the L2, there must be huge amounts of language input so that the learners can choose and analyze the words and sequences they prefer. In input-based accounts, children are expected to follow input patterns by experience and environmental effects [19], and the grammatical relations result from the co-occurrence of language functions and forms [20].
Zyzik [18] also states that based on usage-based theory, insufficient input and little access to abundant and implicit input like L1 are the reasons that ultimate attainment cannot be achieved by L2 learners. She points out that “lack of exposure to sufficiently rich and varied input” (p. 56) is the cause of poverty of stimuli. She mentions that very few studies have been conducted on the quality and quantity of input in instructed settings. She claims that with the help of input frequency, the L2 learner should be able to pick up the abstract regularities from the exposure to the abundant and rich input. According to her, in SLA settings, high-frequency items (i.e., the forms and structures that abundantly emerge in the language input) cause no learning problems; the focus should be on the low-frequency forms in the input.
There is this conflict between the supporters and the opponents of these two approaches (i.e., UG- and usage-based) whether language learning is done on the basis of the input exposure and experience or by the help of the innate knowledge of learners, and still it is not clear whether grammatical learning is usage-based.
There are a number of studies that contrasted usage-based and UG-based conditions in empirical studies.
To compare usage-based and UG-based approaches, Kang [3] studied scrambling and multiple nominative case marking as the two syntactic structures among Korean children. The results of his study showed that child’s speech to a great extent resembles adult’s; both mentioned structures were used very little in the children’s speech because their frequencies in parents’ speech were low which shows that child’s grammar is a reflection of the adult’s. This frequency match between child and adult’s speech supports the input-driven approach. But examining the same idea in the experimental group showed that though scrambling was absent in the children’s input, it was eventually used and learnt, and this rejected the role of input-driven approach. Hence, [3] proposes the existence of an innate knowledge among children which is in support of the UG-based approach.
To delve into the acquisition process in the two theories of UG and usage-based theory, Zyzik [18] studies some problematic linguistic structures in both first and second languages (such as want-to contraction, yes/no formation, and pronoun interpretation) and synthesizes some input constructs (such as frequency effects, the poverty of stimuli, and other cases). According to her, input is not enough for learning some complex structures. In addition to input, learners must have grammatical competence (“innately intuitive knowledge”). She says that learners cannot gain ultimate attainment when the input they receive is impoverished or insufficient. Then by rejecting the poverty of stimuli idea of the usage-based theory, she concludes that “…the input is rich enough for children to acquire all the properties of language if mechanisms such as item-based learning, competition among forms, indirect negative evidence and sensitivity to frequency are given serious consideration” (p. 57). She proposes UG-based as competing approach in the L2 acquisition.
Rothman and Guijarro-Fuentes [21] studied the role of input quality in naturalistic (UG-based) and instructional (usage-based) settings. They state that there is a difference between age of acquisition and the critical period hypothesis. At the age of acquisition process, the focus is on input. Since input causes acquisition, when to be exposed to the significant input is of great importance. They point out that there is a correlation between age of exposure to the native input and age of the first significant exposure, no matter whether the input comes from a naturalistic or instructed context.
Rothman and Guijarro-Fuentes [21] further states that clearly learners in L2 instructed settings receive less amount of input than those who are learning the target language in a naturalistic language learning setting because in naturalistic settings, learners have access to the native speakers outside the class. Thus, as they claim, the quality of input is introduced as one of the main variables which shows the differences between the two learning settings: different amounts of input result in different competence outcomes. However, as they claim learners in instructed settings receive better input quality; the input includes syntactically, semantically, and morphologically accurate structures, while in naturalistic settings learners receive nonstandard input. This highlights the importance of the instructed input in formal classes in foreign language learning settings. They point out that some of the linguistic properties are not acquired from input due to the poverty of the stimuli. These properties are obtained by language universals. Another point raised is that in instructed language learning settings, teachers themselves are L2 learners which are very common in non-English speaking countries. They emphasized that age of acquisition is neglected among different variables in adult language acquisition. It is decided that input quality causes differences in naturalistic and instructional settings.
Francis [22] investigated the role of the foreign language learners’ attention and awareness on their language acquisition. He considered one of the input enhancement techniques, “input flooding”, which bombards learners with great amounts of target items. It was used to explore the extent of the acquisition of two of the copulative verbs in Spanish. The participants were divided into experimental and control groups and were tested by these tasks: grammaticality judgment, written production, and picture description. T-tests were used for analyzing the data, and the scores between and within groups were compared. Data analysis revealed that input flood had no significant effect on the acquisition of the two mentioned verbs. He believes that to come to a final conclusion, the input flood on the acquisition of these two verbs was not sufficient. It is suggested to consider simple structures in input flood and in longer treatment periods; being exposed to more structures of the target forms can make a big change on the effect of the input flood on the learners’ proficiency level.
Yet another study contrasted UG-based and usage-based in the case of [23] where she studies the correction feedback in L2 speech production from the viewpoints of the two opposing theories: cognitive-interactionist and nativist. According to nativists, language acquisition device (LAD) is inherent in all human beings, and positive evidence is vital for studying the development of a second language. Nativists believe language acquisition is purely implicit, and by corrective feedback learners are informed which structures are unacceptable, while according to cognitive interactionists, learning is both explicit and implicit, and “the information obtained through feedback may serve as input data for explicit rule-learning or subsequent implicit learning” (p. 2) [23]. Li discusses different ways of error correction and defines explicit correction and recast as the ‘input-providing feedback’, while repetition, elicitation, metalinguistic clue and clarification are identified as ‘output-prompting feedback’. In conclusion, [23] provides useful types of feedback to the teachers; for teaching new linguistic structures, input-driven feedbacks such as recasting is suggested, while in teaching previously learned linguistic structures, where deep cognitive processing is involved, output-prompting feedback like self-correction is recommended.
Nativists and cognitivists could not provide sufficient evidence and proofs to specify which approach controls syntax acquisition process, so in [24], Al-Balushi presents a new avenue. He claims that looking at the syntax acquisition from second language learning perspective shows the accessibility of UG by adult L2 learners by using analytical and verbal abilities. He suggests researchers examine the structures and constructions which are neither found in the learner’s L1 grammar nor in L2 input. Then it would be easier to find out whether learners’ performance is based on experience or not. As [24] addresses, there are still remaining questions about the involvement of UG in language acquisition process and its extent. The role of linguistic data or language input in language acquisition and whether UG can be a compensation for the impoverished input are the topics yet to be studied and investigated.
In a study by [24] on child language acquisition process, it was further discussed that children use strategies, mechanisms, and pragmatic inferences to comprehend lexical symbols of adults. As he points out, cognitive and social processes both assist children because there are similar semantic relations (like action and agent) in all cultures. Exposure to linguistic input enables children to formulate word classes of nouns and verbs in positions they have not experienced before. As a result, cognitivists believe language is acquired by more cognitive components. However, since the language of a child is a reflection of caregiver or experimental learning situations, syntax acquisition can be referred to usage-based and experience-based approaches [24]. This has implications on future research in second language acquisition.
There are various studies relating to input exposure and effective factors in second language learning and acquisition. The next section is a review of studies focusing on the effect of early input, the effect of late input, and the effect of environmental input.
Some researchers believe that receiving language input at an early age has positive effects on the learning process. Borovsky [25] believes that early language input has a great influence on increasing lexical proficiency level and having less linguistic input exposure causes learning problems. She states that because of the effect of receiving early input, cognitive mechanism of children is different in the word learning process; children find the relationship between words and their usage by the use of categorization. She also mentions that an increase in the linguistic input has a positive effect on the children’s vocabulary learning process.
Kharkhurin [26] hypothesizes that in the early years, cognitive process of the bilingual children causes mental construction which results in cognitive advantages later in their lives. When a target language is learnt early, better underlying concepts are formed, and there will be a better relationship between learner’s linguistic and conceptual knowledge.
Huttenlocher et al. [27] points out that normal children learn basic syntactic structures at early ages, but there are variations in the rate and course of acquisition especially when the structures are more complex. They also mention that there is a relation between language input and learners’ skills in some parts of syntax. They hypothesized that some skills which were not related to language input at early ages can be influential later.
It is believed that when the L1 is more established at the time of first exposure to the L2, it will interfere more with the L2 production. Flege [28] (as cited in [29]) states that the problems that adults encounter in the learning process is not because of “normal neural maturation” but because of the L1 interference. Iverson et al. [30] (as cited in [29]) mentions when the L1 becomes more developed, the learner faces more problems. So they suggest an early start of the L2 because till L1 categories are not fully established, the L2 learner will have an easier learning process.
Krashen et al. [31] (as cited in [32]) claims that starting younger makes learners more successful and can result in native-like performance. Nevertheless, as they mention, late learners learn faster.
Munoz [33] states that since late starters have a faster rate of development, further exposure allows them to catch up with the early starters especially regarding literacy-related skills. Late starters achieve similar proficiency levels in shorter periods of time.
Frediani [34] studied the effect of the age of onset and the amount of instruction on EFL learners’ proficiency in Argentina. 7–8-year-olds were compared with 12–13-year-olds. Considering the instructional time, the study shows that though late starters had fewer instruction hours, their cognitive maturity helped them to overcome the problems in language learning.
It is believed that being exposed to the target language outside the formal situations influences the learning process. Borovsky [25] states that early linguistic experience of children at home is correlated with their linguistic input ability at school: when their home environment is linguistically enriched, they learn new words faster.
The results of the study by [27] show that child’s syntax is highly related to the input variations; there is a critical relationship between teacher’s and parents’ syntactic input and child’s syntactic growth. The effect of the teacher’s input is significant not at the beginning of the school year, but over the years, and those who provide language input for the child as a learner play a big role in the learning process of syntax. They found individual differences between children’s skills and a correlation between these differences and parents’ complexity of speech.
Aukrust [35] states that “children can and do learn language as well as other socio-cognitive skills from keenly observing the interactions of others and listening in on talk” (p. 18). Beals [36] (as cited in [35]) points out that children whose mothers used more words in conversations had a bigger size of the vocabulary.
A brief look at relevant studies to input exposure as most studies indicated usage-based has significant links to second language acquisition.
Title | Author(s) | Results |
---|---|---|
The effect of early input | Borovsky [25] | Early language input has a great influence on increasing lexical proficiency, and less input causes learning problems |
Kharkhurin [26] | By learning a target language early, underlying concepts are formed and a better relationship shapes between learners’ linguistic and conceptual knowledge | |
Huttenlocher et al. [27] | There is a relationship between language input and learners’ skills in some parts of syntax | |
Fledge ([28] cited in [29]) | Adults’ learning problems are because of L1 interference | |
Iverson et al. ([30] cited in [29]) | To have an easier L2 learning process before L1 categories are fully established, an early L2 start is suggested | |
Krashen, Long, and Scarcella ([31] cited in [32]) | Starting younger makes learners more successful and can result in native-like performance | |
The effect of late input | Munoz [33] | Since late learners have a faster rate of development, further exposure allows them to gain better literacy skills in shorter periods of time |
Frediani [34] | Late starters, with fewer instruction hours, overcome language learning problems because of their cognitive maturity | |
The role of environmental input | Borovsky [25] | A linguistically enriched environment helps learning new words faster |
Huttenlocher et al. [27] | There is a critical relationship between teacher’s and parents’ syntactic input and child’s syntactic growth which arises over years | |
Aukrust [35] | Children learn language like other socio-cognitive skills by observing and listening to the interaction of others | |
Age influence in language learning | Penfield and Roberts [37] | Language learning is under the influence of an influential period in early childhood called critical period (i.e., CP) |
Bettoni-Techio [38] | There is no fixed agreement on the onset and offset of language learning, but puberty is the offset | |
Perani et al. [39] | Age is an influential factor in language learning, and late learners are less proficient than early ones | |
Singleton [40] | Native-like level can be gained before age 7 | |
Dimroth [41] | Starting at lower levels in primary schools is suggested to increase better learning/acquisition attainment. | |
Larson-Hall [42] | Early starting age can be advantageous only if individuals acquire a significant amount of input | |
Huang [43] | Learners’ first exposure to English and school teaching time is significantly correlated with their accuracy of the studied vowels. In addition, the formal instruction of English at an earlier age is suggested | |
The ineffectiveness of critical period | Munoz ([44] cited in [42]) | No advantage for earlier starters was observed in this study; attitudes and motivation were the only advantageous parts for early starters |
Bialystok and Hakuta [45] | Older learners transfer more than younger ones, and they can gain native-like attainment | |
Slabakova [46] | Critical period has no effect on semantics | |
Burstall ([47] cited in [42]) | No effective age influence was found on the performance of early starters in this study |
Language input has been studied from various perspectives to clarify its role in the teaching and learning process so that better learning contexts will be provided for language learners. The amount and length of receiving linguistic input can have a determining role in better learning, especially in foreign language settings that are mostly input-dependent.
There is tension between the supporters and the opponents of these two approaches (i.e., UG- and usage-based) on whether language learning is done on the basis of the input exposure and experience or by the help of the innate knowledge of learners, and still it is not clear whether grammatical learning is usage-based or universal grammar-based. What is certain, at this juncture, is that it is worthwhile investigating the following parameters and variables: the role of different types of frequency of L2 input (such as type and token frequency), the role of L1 transfer, the impact of L1 frequency on the learners’ performance data, L1 and L2 co-occurrence probabilities, the interaction of the L1 in L2 input, and the impact of L1 on L2 proficiency levels. For reliable results, learners should be selected from different age groups and language learning settings (both second language learning settings and foreign language learning settings). It cannot be overly emphasized that sufficient numbers of participants should be considered for these studies as well to have valid outcomes that can be applicable to other contexts and situations. These considerations will certainly help scholars in the pursuit of an answer to the usage-based or universal grammar-based debate. On whether the success of second language acquisition is a result of the innate knowledge or is a result of usage-based experience, the positive effect of the length of exposure shows that grammatical learning can be claimed to be usage-based, but further research by larger groups of learners with early exposure are needed to support this.
We would like to thank the Malaysian Ministry of Education for providing the financial support for the research and authorship of this article. Research grant coded FRGS/1/2018/SS09/UKM/02/.
"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality. Throughout the world, we are seeing progress in attracting, retaining, and promoting women in STEMM. IntechOpen are certainly supporting this work globally by empowering all scientists and ensuring that women are encouraged and enabled to publish and take leading roles within the scientific community." Dr. Catrin Rutland, University of Nottingham, UK
",metaTitle:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",metaDescription:"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. \n\n ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\\n\\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\\n\\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\\n\\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\\n\\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 184,650 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\\n\\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\\n\\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\\n\\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\\n\\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\n\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\n\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\n\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\n\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 184,650 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\n\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\n\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\n\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\n\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2457},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17716}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{"amp;sort":"dateEndThirdStepPublish",hasNoEditors:"0"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11168",title:"Sulfur Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"39d4f4522a9f465bfe15ec2d85ef8861",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Dr. Esther Nthiga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11168.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187655",title:"Dr.",name:"Enos",surname:"Wambu",slug:"enos-wambu",fullName:"Enos Wambu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty - Evolutionary, Social and Cultural Perspectives on Attractiveness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8f2773e5d4ffe767f38dd15712258e8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farid Pazhoohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470837",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",surname:"Pazhoohi",slug:"farid-pazhoohi",fullName:"Farid Pazhoohi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:417},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"251",title:"Cognitive Robotics",slug:"cognitive-robotics",parent:{id:"22",title:"Robotics",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:11,numberOfWosCitations:316,numberOfCrossrefCitations:298,numberOfDimensionsCitations:478,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"251",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6279",title:"RoCKIn",subtitle:"Benchmarking Through Robot Competitions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b30333fe27df104db631b852e8e99c",slug:"rockin-benchmarking-through-robot-competitions",bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6279.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:null,equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"3649",title:"Robot Manipulators",subtitle:"New Achievements",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Lazinica and Hiroyuki Kawai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3643",title:"Robot Vision",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robot-vision",bookSignature:"Ales Ude",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3643.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7205",title:"Dr.",name:"Ales",middleName:null,surname:"Ude",slug:"ales-ude",fullName:"Ales Ude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3686",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"motion_planning",bookSignature:"Xing-Jian Jing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146577",title:"Dr.",name:"Xj",middleName:null,surname:"Jing",slug:"xj-jing",fullName:"Xj Jing"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3601",title:"Parallel Manipulators",subtitle:"New Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"parallel_manipulators_new_developments",bookSignature:"Jee-Hwan Ryu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3601.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5304",title:"prof.",name:"Jee-Hwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",slug:"jee-hwan-ryu",fullName:"Jee-Hwan Ryu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3606",title:"Parallel Manipulators",subtitle:"towards New Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"parallel_manipulators_towards_new_applications",bookSignature:"Huapeng Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3606.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118825",title:"Dr.",name:"Huapeng",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"huapeng-wu",fullName:"Huapeng Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"763",doi:"10.5772/5365",title:"Wire Robots Part I: Kinematics, Analysis & Design",slug:"wire_robots_part_i__kinematics__analysis___design",totalDownloads:5796,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:55,abstract:null,book:{id:"3601",slug:"parallel_manipulators_new_developments",title:"Parallel Manipulators",fullTitle:"Parallel Manipulators, New Developments"},signatures:"Tobias Bruckmann, Lars Mikelsons, Thorsten Brandt, Manfred Hiller and Dieter Schramm",authors:null},{id:"825",doi:"10.5772/5427",title:"Redundant Actuation of Parallel Manipulators",slug:"redundant_actuation_of_parallel_manipulators",totalDownloads:4368,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"3606",slug:"parallel_manipulators_towards_new_applications",title:"Parallel Manipulators",fullTitle:"Parallel Manipulators, towards New Applications"},signatures:"Andreas Mueller",authors:null},{id:"5350",doi:"10.5772/6022",title:"Local Autonomous Robot Navigation Using Potential Fields",slug:"local_autonomous_robot_navigation_using_potential_fields",totalDownloads:5906,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:null,book:{id:"3686",slug:"motion_planning",title:"Motion Planning",fullTitle:"Motion Planning"},signatures:"Miguel A. Padilla Castañeda, Jesús Savage, Adalberto Hernández and\r\nFernando Arámbula Cosío",authors:null},{id:"5368",doi:"10.5772/6003",title:"Occupancy Grid Maps for Localization and Mapping",slug:"occupancy_grid_maps_for_localization_and_mapping",totalDownloads:6340,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"3686",slug:"motion_planning",title:"Motion Planning",fullTitle:"Motion Planning"},signatures:"Adam Milstein",authors:null},{id:"10654",doi:"10.5772/9344",title:"Higher Dimensional Spatial Expression of Upper Limb Manipulation Ability Based on Human Joint Torque Characteristics",slug:"higher-dimensional-spatial-expression-of-upper-limb-manipulation-ability-based-on-human-joint-torque",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"Makoto Sasaki, Takehiro Iwami, Kazuto Miyawaki, Ikuro Sato, Goro Obinata and Ashish Dutta",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"10618",title:"Multi-Task Active-Vision in Robotics",slug:"multi-task-active-vision-in-robotics",totalDownloads:2836,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3643",slug:"robot-vision",title:"Robot Vision",fullTitle:"Robot Vision"},signatures:"J. Cabrera, D. Hernandez, A. Dominguez and E. Fernandez",authors:null},{id:"10630",title:"Kinematics, Singularity and Dexterity Analysis of Planar Parallel Manipulators Based on DH Method",slug:"kinematics-singularity-and-dexterity-analysis-of-planar-parallel-manipulators-based-on-dh-method",totalDownloads:4278,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"Serdar Kucuk",authors:null},{id:"5362",title:"Motion Planning of Intelligent Explorer for Asteroid Exploration Mission",slug:"motion_planning_of_intelligent_explorer_for_asteroid_exploration_mission",totalDownloads:2848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3686",slug:"motion_planning",title:"Motion Planning",fullTitle:"Motion Planning"},signatures:"Takashi Kubota, Tatsuaki Hashimoto and Jun’ichiro Kawaguchi",authors:null},{id:"56009",title:"RoCKIn@Work: Industrial Robot Challenge",slug:"rockin-work-industrial-robot-challenge",totalDownloads:1585,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"RoCKIn@Work was focused on benchmarks in the domain of industrial robots. Both task and functionality benchmarks were derived from real world applications. All of them were part of a bigger user story painting the picture of a scaled down real world factory scenario. Elements used to build the testbed were chosen from common materials in modern manufacturing environments. Networked devices, machines controllable through a central software component, were also part of the testbed and introduced a dynamic component to the task benchmarks. Strict guidelines on data logging were imposed on participating teams to ensure gathered data could be automatically evaluated. This also had the positive effect that teams were made aware of the importance of data logging, not only during a competition but also during research as useful utility in their own laboratory. Tasks and functionality benchmarks are explained in detail, starting with their use case in industry, further detailing their execution and providing information on scoring and ranking mechanisms for the specific benchmark.",book:{id:"6279",slug:"rockin-benchmarking-through-robot-competitions",title:"RoCKIn",fullTitle:"RoCKIn - Benchmarking Through Robot Competitions"},signatures:"Rainer Bischoff, Tim Friedrich, Gerhard K. Kraetzschmar, Sven\nSchneider and Nico Hochgeschwender",authors:[{id:"213507",title:"Mr.",name:"Tim",middleName:null,surname:"Friedrich",slug:"tim-friedrich",fullName:"Tim Friedrich"}]},{id:"10645",title:"Stiffness Analysis for an Optimal Design of Multibody Robotic Systems",slug:"stiffness-analysis-for-an-optimal-design-of-multibody-robotic-systems",totalDownloads:2885,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"Carbone Giuseppe",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"251",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/22589",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"22589"},fullPath:"/chapters/22589",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()