Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Amorim",authors:[{id:"16970",title:"Prof.",name:"Zenilda",middleName:"L.",surname:"Cardeal",fullName:"Zenilda Cardeal",slug:"zenilda-cardeal"},{id:"16984",title:"Dr.",name:"Leiliane",middleName:"C.A.",surname:"Amorim",fullName:"Leiliane Amorim",slug:"leiliane-amorim"},{id:"16985",title:"Prof.",name:"Amauri",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Amauri Souza",slug:"amauri-souza"}]},{id:"13029",title:"Micropollutant Degradation Mechanism",slug:"micropollutant-degradation-mechanism",signatures:"Brigita Tepuš, Irena Petrinić and Marjana Simonič",authors:[{id:"15110",title:"Dr.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Petrinic",fullName:"Irena Petrinic",slug:"irena-petrinic"},{id:"15704",title:"Dr.",name:"Brigita",middleName:null,surname:"Tepuš",fullName:"Brigita Tepuš",slug:"brigita-tepus"},{id:"16583",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjana",middleName:null,surname:"Simonič",fullName:"Marjana Simonič",slug:"marjana-simonic"}]},{id:"13030",title:"Bacterial-Degradation of Pesticides Residue in Vegetables during Fermentation",slug:"bacterial-degradation-of-pesticides-residue-in-vegetables-during-fermentation",signatures:"Aslan Azizi",authors:[{id:"15701",title:"Dr.",name:"Aslan",middleName:null,surname:"Azizi",fullName:"Aslan Azizi",slug:"aslan-azizi"}]},{id:"13107",title:"Interpretation and Modelling of Environmental Behaviour of Diverse Pesticides by Revealing Photodecomposition Mechanisms",slug:"interpretation-and-modelling-of-environmental-behaviour-of-diverse-pesticides-by-revealing-photodeco",signatures:"Attila Kiss and Diána Virág",authors:[{id:"14950",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Kiss",fullName:"Attila Kiss",slug:"attila-kiss"},{id:"14973",title:"Dr.",name:"Diána",middleName:null,surname:"Virág",fullName:"Diána Virág",slug:"diana-virag"}]},{id:"13031",title:"Degradation of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides by Photocatalysis: Chlorpiryfos and Endosulfan Case Study",slug:"degradation-of-organochlorine-and-organophosphorus-pesticides-by-photocatalysis-chlorpiryfos-and-end",signatures:"Rosalina González Forero",authors:[{id:"14241",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Forero",fullName:"Rosalina Gonzalez Forero",slug:"rosalina-gonzalez-forero"}]},{id:"13032",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Removal of Pesticides from Aqueous Media",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-aops-for-removal-of-pesticides-from-aqueous-media",signatures:"Marco A. Quiroz, Erick R. Bandala and Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle",authors:[{id:"15324",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Quiroz Alfaro",fullName:"Marco Antonio Quiroz Alfaro",slug:"marco-antonio-quiroz-alfaro"},{id:"16897",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Bandala González",fullName:"Erick Roberto Bandala González",slug:"erick-roberto-bandala-gonzalez"},{id:"16898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Huitle",fullName:"Carlos Alberto Martínez Huitle",slug:"carlos-alberto-martinez-huitle"}]},{id:"13033",title:"Low-Cost Sorbent for Removing Pesticides during Water Treatment",slug:"low-cost-sorbent-for-removing-pesticides-during-water-treatment",signatures:"Katarzyna Ignatowicz",authors:[{id:"15053",title:"Prof.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Ignatowicz",fullName:"Katarzyna Ignatowicz",slug:"katarzyna-ignatowicz"}]},{id:"13034",title:"Influence of the Activated Carbon Nature and the Aqueous Matrix on the Pesticides Adsorption",slug:"influence-of-the-activated-carbon-nature-and-the-aqueous-matrix-on-the-pesticides-adsorption",signatures:"Natividad Miguel, María P. Ormad, Rosa Mosteo, Jorge Rodríguez and José L. Ovelleiro",authors:[{id:"14648",title:"Dr.",name:"Natividad",middleName:null,surname:"Miguel",fullName:"Natividad Miguel",slug:"natividad-miguel"},{id:"14649",title:"Prof.",name:"María P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ormad",fullName:"María P. Ormad",slug:"maria-p.-ormad"},{id:"14650",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Mosteo",fullName:"Rosa Mosteo",slug:"rosa-mosteo"},{id:"14651",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez",fullName:"Jorge Rodríguez",slug:"jorge-rodriguez"},{id:"14652",title:"Dr.",name:"José L.",middleName:null,surname:"Ovelleiro",fullName:"José L. Ovelleiro",slug:"jose-l.-ovelleiro"}]},{id:"13035",title:"Adsorption Properties of Sediments for Pesticides: Investigation with Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry",slug:"adsorption-properties-of-sediments-for-pesticides-investigation-with-supercritical-fluid-extraction-",signatures:"Hiroaki Chikushi, Natsuko Yoshida and Kei Toda",authors:[{id:"14786",title:"Dr.",name:"Kei",middleName:null,surname:"Toda",fullName:"Kei Toda",slug:"kei-toda"},{id:"16534",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Chikushi",fullName:"Hiroaki Chikushi",slug:"hiroaki-chikushi"}]},{id:"13036",title:"Sorption of Pesticides on Natural Geosorbents",slug:"sorption-of-pesticides-on-natural-geosorbents",signatures:"Jean-Pierre Gagné, Bruno Gouteux, Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh, and Jean-Rock Brindle",authors:[{id:"14741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Gagné",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Gagné",slug:"jean-pierre-gagne"},{id:"14761",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Rock",middleName:null,surname:"Brindle",fullName:"Jean-Rock Brindle",slug:"jean-rock-brindle"},{id:"16683",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssouf Djibril",middleName:null,surname:"Soubaneh",fullName:"Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh",slug:"youssouf-djibril-soubaneh"},{id:"16684",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Gouteux",fullName:"Bruno Gouteux",slug:"bruno-gouteux"}]},{id:"13037",title:"Pesticides as a Waste Problem with Examples from Norway",slug:"pesticides-as-a-waste-problem-with-examples-from-norway",signatures:"Ketil Haarstad",authors:[{id:"16783",title:"Dr.",name:"Ketil",middleName:null,surname:"Haarstad",fullName:"Ketil Haarstad",slug:"ketil-haarstad"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"425",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",subtitle:"Effects of Pesticides Exposure",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"231a93684b2f371567b7afb37c32180d",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-effects-of-pesticides-exposure",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/425.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6375",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3477",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Current Research and Case Studies in Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"793817029a616fa096c3ffb2d68d04ff",slug:"herbicides-current-research-and-case-studies-in-use",bookSignature:"Andrew J. 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1. Introduction
The Kingdom of Lesotho covers a land area of 30,355 sq. km and is situated within the Southern African plateau at an elevation of between 1500 m and 3482 m above sea level. It has four agro-ecological zones (AEZ) based on climate and elevation (Table 1). All the AEZ’s are replete with wetlands. Wetlands locally called mekhoabo (plural) and mokhoabo (singular) occur as extensive bogs and sponge-lands especially in the Mountains AEZ, though may be small in extent, collectively, they could cover thousands of hectares.
Agro-ecological zones
Area (km2)
Altitude (m) above sea level
Topography
Mean annual rainfall (mm)
Mean annual temperature (°C)
Lowland
5200
<1800
Flat to gentle
600–900
−11 to 38
Senqu river valley
2753
1000–2000
Steep sloping
450–600
−5 to 36
Foot-hills
4588
1800–2000
Steep rolling
900–1000
−8 to 30
Mountains
18,047
2000–3484
Very steep bare rock and gentle rolling valleys
1000–1300
−8 to 30
Table 1.
Agro-ecological characteristics of Lesotho.
In Lesotho, over the years, more emphasis of agriculture (cropping and grazing) has been placed on upland soils, but due to increasing degradation of uplands coupled with lack of vegetation for grazing, attention is now shifting to wetland soils as it now constitutes an important component of rural livelihoods for the Basothos. Wetlands are defined as “areas that have free water at (or on the surface) for at least the major part of the growing season” [1]. In Lesotho, land ownership is vested in the paramount chiefs, hence, no land is privately owned. These chiefs thus grant the right to cultivate lands to individuals or groups, but all citizens are free to graze livestock on all lands [2].
Wetlands are critical to maintaining and improving the quality of lives in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by improving livelihoods of rural populations and reducing poverty especially in the summer seasons and in times of droughts [3]. In Lesotho, wetlands are also known to support grazing, forestry and cropping activities, hence can be said to be ecologically, economically and socially important [3]. According to Grenfell et al. [4], wetlands in the Southern African region was classified into seven main groups: marine, estuarine/lagoon, endorheic, riverine, lacustrine, palustrine and man-made wetlands. However, the wetlands investigated were of lacustrine and riverine systems. Lacustrine wetlands include lakes, lagoons, and dams; riverine wetlands include rivers, streams and channels. Palustrine, lacustrine and riverine wetland systems are found in Lesotho with the palustrine system being the most dominant. The palustrine system in Lesotho comprises of mires (bogs and ferns) in the highlands region, while, lacustrine system comprises of artificial impoundments for water supply and riverine system found along streams are generally small and localized [5, 6].
Agricultural activities (such as grazing and cropping) are thought to be the major contributors to non-point wetland pollution in the highlands and foothills respectively while industrial effluents and domestic waste disposal are thought to contribute significantly to wetlands’ pollution in urbanized and industrialized Lowlands AEZ. In Lesotho, wetlands are important for livestock grazing and the problems related to wetlands management, in particular, soil erosion, are related to over-grazing [3]. Land degradation in upland areas is thought to also be a major contributor to the conversion of wetlands into crop lands as the upland areas are degraded beyond use [7]. There are sparse data on the chemical characteristics of wetlands in Khalong-la-Lithunya (KHL) and Ha-Matela (HM) catchments which are located in two different AEZ of Lesotho. The former has been under conservation practices for over 6 years. A restoration project was introduced in some wetlands in Lesotho 2006 to restore some degraded wetlands back to their original status in view of their importance in the country. The latter wetland (HM) is still being used for livestock grazing, watering, cropping and gathering of biodiversity. In 2006, the country was awarded a grant by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), USA to plan restoration and conservation activity in selected wetlands in Lesotho which will address the widespread overgrazing and degradation of wetlands which are prevalent throughout the highlands of Lesotho. These wetlands are an important ecological and economic resources as they naturally regulate flow in the Senqu/Orange River Basin and provides livestock pasture, medicinal plants, thatch, and other rural livelihood benefits. Several reports abound on wetland restoration activities (Gray et al., 2002; [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]). These authors reported that wetland restoration focuses on restoring three key components—hydrology, biology, and soil—of wetlands. It is required that detailed investigation of these components is examined and how they change during the ecosystem restoration process. Some of the properties that may be observed include changes in hydro-periods and water chemistry [9, 13, 14, 15]; changes in the wildlife habitats [12, 16].
The effects of wetland restoration are commonly evaluated by analyzing changes in the hydrology, biological components and the physical and chemical properties of soil [9, 10, 17]. Also of importance is the changes in the vegetation composition and structure, in terms of percent cover, biomass, plant diversity associated with re-establishment of species [18, 19, 20] as well as the changes in the soil microbial communities, and functioning [21, 22] and isotopes.
Stable nitrogen isotope measurements may be used to examine the nitrogen cycle within landscapes [23, 24]. Biological discrimination between the two stable isotopes 14N and 15N often leads to natural isotopic fractionation [23, 24]. It is well established that denitrification results in isotopic changes in the nitrate (NO3−) pool, as bacteria preferentially reduce 14NO3− over 15NO3−, leaving an enriched pool of 15NO3− [23, 24]. The isotopic signature has been used to identify regions of significant denitrification in groundwater aquifers, streams and riparian buffer zones [23, 24]. Partitioning carbon contributions from different species to the soil carbon is challenging. Among the numerous methods, the carbon isotopic technique based on the difference in stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) ratios between older soil carbon and inputs of new carbon appears promising [25, 26]. This technique studies soil carbon dynamics over a few years or several 100 years, and the results can help to understand the consequences of human induced land use change [27, 28].
This study focused on changes in soil characteristics, especially selected soil physico-chemical characteristics and hydrochemistry of the run-off water. The hypothesis was that conservation/restoration of wetlands coupled with the introduction of freshwater/rainwater would alter the soil characteristics resulting in increased accumulation of SOC, total N (TN), base cations (Ca, Mg, Na & K), C-pool as well as increased clay and silt contents, increase in silt:clay and soil organic matter:siltclay ratios (SSCR). The aim of the management effort was to reduce the wetland degradation, which is the primary threat to the wetlands in Lesotho, and provide conducive habitats for wetlands vegetation and faunal species. The specific objectives of the current study were to evaluate whether there were differences in the soil (i) physicochemical properties and (ii) hydrochemistry of a wetlands under conservation and the one that is not conserved to assess the effect of restoration after 5 years; the results are intended to support the ongoing restoration efforts in selected wetlands in Lesotho and (iii) to estimate the δC and δN in the plant samples of the conserved and non-conserved wetlands.
2. Methodology
2.1 Climate
The climate of Lesotho is largely determined by the country’s location in the centre of the Southern African Plateau. It is sub-humid to temperate cool with warm and rainy summers and cool to cold dry winters. The mean minimum temperature during winter is around 0°C which is common in June (the coldest month), with the lowlands recording −1 to −3°C and the highlands recording −6 to −8.5°C. The mean annual temperatures recorded are 15.2°C and 7°C for the lowlands and the highlands respectively. In January, which produces the highest mean maximum temperatures throughout the country, temperatures range from 20°C in the highlands, and 32°C in the lowlands. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 500 mm in the Senqu River Valley to 1200 mm in the North and East of the country. Eighty-five percent of the rainfall is received between the months of October and April. Frost and snow are common in winter. The mountains of Lesotho are regularly covered by snow during winter months.
2.2 Land use
Land use is often used as a surrogate for disturbance and has been correlated with biological attributes in wetlands [11, 29]. In Lesotho, agricultural activity (i.e. grazing and livestock watering) coupled with climatic change is the predominant disturbance to seasonal wetlands in all agro-ecological zones. Wetlands can be characterized into low or high impact based on local land use characteristics [5, 30], with low impact wetlands having little or no agricultural activity within 150 m of the wetland boundary and high impact wetlands having agricultural activity within 10 m of the wetland boundary.
2.3 Descriptions of the experimental sites
The study sites were located within Lesotho at an elevation ranging between 1800 m and >2000 m above sea level (asl) (Table 1 and Figures 1 and 2) in two agro-ecological zones (AEZ): the Foot-Hills and the Mountains. Shrubs co-dominate at higher elevations in the Mountains AEZ, wile in the Foot-Hills, the dominant vegetation is grasses (i.e. Cyperus spp).
Figure 1.
view of Khalong-la-Lithunya showing the three transects.
Figure 2.
View of Ha-Matela showing transects and stream.
2.4 Selections of wetlands in relation to utilization
Wetlands were selected for this research were characterized as either low, medium or highly impacted based on (i) local land-use characteristics [31]; and (ii) the intensity of anthropogenic pressures such as mining, smelting, and discharge of an industrial pollutant into the wetlands. Low impacted wetlands has little (i.e. <5%) or no agricultural activity within 150 m of the wetland boundary [5, 32]. The wetlands classified as highly impacted had agricultural activities; within 10 m of wetland boundary (i.e. ≅33% of the wetland area is impacted). The medium impacted wetlands had agricultural activities between 5 and 32% of the wetland boundary. Using the probability sampling approach [33], coupled with accessibility and ease of continuous monitoring, two wetland types—lacustrine and riverine systems were identified in two different AEZs of Lesotho (Table 1).
2.5 Locations of study sites
Khalong la Lithunya (KHL) wetland is a palustrine wetland and it is situated in the Mountain AEZ (Figure 1). It is located at an altitude/elevation of between 3181 and 3202 m above sea level (asl) and at points latitude 28° 53.821/longitude 28° 47.993 E. The geology of this land is Lesotho formation [5, 34]. There is a very sparse population in this area, as it is used only by those people who live in the animal posts and on work camps; however, there is remarkable damage done to the wetland area by soil erosion resulting from previous overgrazing of the land. Thus, with current protection from the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), Lesotho wetland Restoration project, this piece of land is currently classified as low impact because currently there are no agricultural activities taking place. The mean annual rainfall often recorded for this area is 1000 mm deep.
Ha Matela (HM) wetland is a Riverine wetland situated in the Foothills AEZ at an elevation of 1820 m above sea level, at points; Latitude: −29038.3333 /Longitude: 27076.6667 (Figure 2). The geology of this land is Lesotho formation [5, 34] with sedimentary and volcanic clastics. The land use types (LUTs) found in this area are pasture and cropping and it has been highly impacted. The mean annual rainfall often recorded for this area is 65 mm deep.
2.6 Soil sampling and analysis
A Garmin GPS (Geko 301) was used to determine the elevations of the study sites and to track the position of the points at which samples were collected. At KHL catchments, three transects, of approximately 1000 m each, were chosen and mini-pits (0.5 m) were dug at intervals of 70 m. At HM catchments, two transects were chosen on one side of the stream and one transect on the other side and the mini-pits (0.5 m) were dug at the upper, the middle and the lower slope of each transect and at 150 m interval along the stream.
At both sites, soil samples were collected from every exposed horizon in the mini-pits. The soil samples were put into polythene bags and taken to the laboratory where they were air-dried at room temperature for 72 h and then crushed to pass through a 2 mm sieve. The soil samples were then analyzed for total nitrogen [35]; available Phosphorus [36]; Base cations (Mg, Ca, Na and K) extracted using the Ammonium acetate at pH 7 and determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Spectro AA 300). The soils were also analyzed for micronutrients (i.e. Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn).
At both sites, water samples were collected from December 2010 to March 2011 across from installed plastic water bottles (DWB) which have been pre-rinsed with de-ionized water at a depth of 0.50 m in duplicates. Five DWB were installed in each of the three transects at KHL catchments. However, at HM catchments, the DWB were installed at the upper, middle and toe-slopes and the land use types (LUTs). The mainland use type (LUT) at HM catchment was mainly for livestock grazing, watering, and cropping. Run-off water samples were collected in duplicates using into a 20 mL plastic bottle and acidified with 0.1 N HCl. Following sample collections, samples were preserved in the icebox to restrain microbial activities before getting to the laboratory. All the parameters mentioned above were determined, based on standard methods [37] using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Spectro AA 300). Four indicators—base cations (K, Ca, Mg & Na), total P (TP) and Total N (TN) were used to describe the water quality of samples. The base cations, TN and TP were analyzed in the laboratory.
2.7 Vegetation sampling and analysis
Nitrogen isotope (15N) was applied in the form of urea to wetlands at both sites located in the KHL and HM at the upper-slope (US), mid-slope (MS) and toe-slope (TS). At both sites, vegetation samples were collected in triplicates from the three sections of the toposequence. Dominant vegetation at KHL was Helichrysum trilineatum and at HM it was Cyperus spp. The enrichment of 15N (δ15N) is expressed in a conventional manner as parts per thousand relative to the isotopic ratio in standard air:
δ15N=Rsample/Rstandard−1∗1000E1
where R-sample and R-standard are the ratios between 15N and 14N of the sample and the standard, respectively.
Samples were collected at each site by clipping four healthy, intact, mature plants at the soil surface avoiding senescent plant leaves. Live samples were wiped cleaned to remove surface debris and then chopped into approximately 10-cm sections for drying. The vegetation samples were put into labeled paper bags and dried at a temperature of 55°C and subsequently sent by courier service to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), laboratory, Seibersdorf, Vienna, where they were then crushed, weighed, and analyzed for N15 and 13δC isotope signatures.
2.8 Statistical analysis
Data collected (soils, water) were subjected to summary statistics (N, max, min, range, standard deviation, standard error, kurtosis, and skewness) using the means procedure of SAS (PROC Means) [38]. Data (soils, water, and vegetation N15) were also subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model procedure (PROC GLM) [38] and means were separated using Duncan multiple range test at 5% level of significance. Results of the selected soil properties were compared across sites using analysis of variance procedure of SAS (PROC ANOVA) [38] and means were separated using Duncan multiple range test at 5% level of significance.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Summary statistics and characteristics of the restored wetland (Khalong-la-Lithunya) (KHL)
Soils of KHL wetland have a texture that is rich in sand and ranged between 49.28% and 87.28% with a mean of 68.76 ± 1.07%; silt content ranged between 4 and 40% with a mean of 23.49 ± 0.97% and clay between 0.72 and 21% with a mean of 7.71 ± 0.51%. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content ranged from 1.30–5.76% with a mean of 3.92 ± 0.13% and the soils have low bulk densities. These soils have an acidic pHw of 3.85–5.90 and mean of 5.04 ± 0.05 and pH in KCl of between 3.24 and 5.67 with a mean of 4.46 ± 0.04. Generally, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranged between 0.02 and 8.33 cmol/kg with a mean of 3.32 ± 0.30 cmol/kg and base cations (K, Ca, Mg and Na) generally ranged between 0.01 and 38.36 mg/L. The total nitrogen (TN) and available P (AvP) ranged between 0.01 and 1.70 mgN/L with a mean of 0.01 ± 0.05 mgN/L and 0.06–11.55 mgP/L and a mean of 2.79 ± 0.21 mgN/L. The SOC-pool within KHL wetlands (i.e. has a mean of 11.62 ± 0.72 kg cm2). The silt:clay ratio ranged between 0.2 and 112.98 and has a mean of 4.73 ± 1.63. According to Asamoa (1973) and Zhang et al. [39], soils of old parent materials (PM) have ratios of <0.25, while those with ratios of >0.25 are of indicative of low degree of weathering. This suggests that despite the restoration efforts the PM of the restored wetlands are at different degree of weathering. The coefficient of variation (CV) varies widely and using the ranged given by Wilding [40], only sand, pHw and pHKCl had CV of <15%, while all other properties had CV > 30% (Table 2).
Variable
N
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Coefficient of variation
Std dev
Std error
Kurtosis
Khalong-la-Lithunya (KHL)
Sand
88
87.28
42.28
68.76
14.65
10.07
1.07
−0.83
Clay
88
23.00
0.72
7.71
60.39
4.66
0.50
1.17
Silt
88
44.00
4.00
23.49
38.56
9.06
0.97
−0.76
BD
88
1.67
1.00
1.39
19.61
0.27
0.03
−1.43
pHw
88
5.90
4.00
5.04
8.50
0.43
0.05
−0.58
pHKCl
88
5.62
3.24
4.46
8.62
0.35
0.04
1.23
AvP
88
11.55
0.01
2.79
71.54
2.00
0.21
2.82
Tot. N
88
0.01
1.70
0.01
168.65
0.42
0.05
−0.78
Silt:clay
88
41.67
0.02
5.84
134.27
7.84
0.84
10.62
Org C
88
5.76
1.30
3.92
31.43
1.23
0.13
−0.63
SOM
88
9.96
2.25
6.77
31.43
2.13
0.23
−0.63
C-pool
88
39.90
1.34
11.62
58.14
6.76
0.72
2.68
Ca
88
101.56
3.54
14.61
70.49
10.30
1.10
59.61
K
88
9.63
0.01
0.28
500.93
1.38
0.15
41.03
Na
88
10.64
0.02
3.90
80.84
3.15
0.34
−1.23
CEC
88
8.83
0.02
3.32
86.05
2.86
0.30
−1.34
SSCR
88
112.98
0.2
4.73
322.44
15.26
1.63
41.66
Ha-Matela (HM)
Sand
80
65.10
9.00
37.22
32.20
11.98
1.34
−0.07
Clay
80
62.10
10.70
10.50
40.12
12.24
1.37
0.14
Silt
80
73.00
0.00
32.86
44.92
14.76
1.65
0.55
BD
80
1.49
1.00
1.34
5.75
0.08
0.01
3.68
pHw
80
6.15
4.23
5.25
7.80
0.41
0.05
0.12
pHKCl
80
5.34
3.64
4.50
9.03
0.41
0.05
−0.39
AvP
80
15.62
0.56
3.34
73.51
2.45
0.27
7.14
Tot N
80
0.01
0.001
0.01
86.75
0.00
0.00
19.53
Silt:clay
80
5.99
0.00
0.79
147.25
1.17
0.13
6.87
Org C
80
3.21
0.23
2.14
39.77
0.85
0.01
−0.43
SOM
80
5.56
0.40
3.69
39.81
1.47
0.16
−0.44
C-pool
80
38.67
1.44
11.14
62.34
6.95
0.78
2.37
Ca
80
3.30
0.00
0.78
81.21
0.63
0.07
1.66
K
80
0.91
0.10
0.41
42.75
0.18
0.02
0.66
Na
80
1.99
0.03
0.32
163.00
0.53
0.06
2.97
CEC
80
0.18
0.17
0.17
2.72
0.00
0.00
−1.46
SSCR
80
260.00
0.20
31.67
121.42
38.47
4.30
14.58
Table 2.
Summary statistics of the soil properties at Khalong-la-lithunya and Ha-Matela wetlands.
N = number of observations, Std dev = standard deviation, Std err = standard error, CV = coefficient of variation, OC = organic carbon (%), SOM = soil organic matter(%), BD = bulk density (g/cm3), pHW = pH in water, pHKCl = pH in potassium chloride, ∆pH = change in pH, Tot N = total nitrogen(%), AvP = available phosphorus (mg/L), C-pool = carbon pool (kg C/cm2) CEC = cation exchange capacity (cmol/kg), Na = sodium (cmol/kg), Ca = calcium (cmol/kg), Mg = magnesium (cmol/kg), K = potassium (cmol/kg), SSCR = sand to silt + clay ratio.
Mean soil physicochemical properties for KHL wetland across pits and transects are presented in Table 3. An observation of the mean separation within transects at the KHL wetlands revealed that across transects one and two all soil properties examined were significantly different except pH-water, pH-KCl and total N as well as pHKCl and TN that were not significantly different. An examination of the soil properties across transect three in KHL showed that there all soil properties were not significantly different except pH-water. Mean separation of soil micronutrients in KHL wetlands is presented in Table 3. The results showed that the Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn ranged between 0.06–1.49 mg/L, 0.12–2.89 mg/L, 0.04 mg/L and 0.35 mg/L and 4.62–22.15 mg/L. All were statistically significantly different. Ewing et al., [41] reported that wetlands in Juniper Bay were crop production had occurred had in their surface horizons significantly greater amounts of extractable P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu, along with higher base saturation and pH than soils in the reference bays. Similarly, Zedler and Kercher [16] and Kotze et al. [11] reported that the nutrient-rich soils resulting from agricultural production make wetland restoration more difficult. Thus, the reasons for the slow rate of restoration of the KHL wetlands may be attributed to higher contents of base cations in the surface and sub-soils compared to the HM wetlands where no restoration efforts are yet to be embarked upon. Bedford et al., [42], Reddy et al., [43] and Harvey et al. [9] also reported that higher nutrient levels affect restoration success by decreasing plant diversity, and potentially increasing the solubility and export of P from wetlands to downstream waters once anaerobic soil conditions have been restored.
Pits
pHw
pHKCl
mg/L
Meq/100 g soil
%
kg/m2
Silt:clay
AvP
TN
Mg
Na
Ca
K
CEC
SOM
OC
Cpool
Transect 1
1
5.5a
4.5a
0.96b
0.89a
16.06b
1.1b
20.7a
0.05c
4.8a
4.0b
2.32b
7.2ab
1.78b
2
5.4a
4.9a
1.84ab
0.70a
18.7ab
5.2a
14.3bc
0.05c
5.6a
5.0ab
2.87ab
10.6ab
2.20b
3
5.2a
4.5a
3.04ab
0.90a
19.8ab
3.0ab
21.2a
9.2a
4.0ab
6.0ab
3.48ab
13.9a
3.07ab
4
5.4a
4.8a
2.10ab
0.77a
22.5ab
6.9a
15.8abc
0.5b
3.1ab
4.1b
2.39b
8.1ab
2.53b
5
5.3a
4.6a
2.67ab
0.38a
18.0ab
6.4a
10.9c
0.08c
2.1bc
7.4a
4.27a
13.7a
2.77ab
6
5.2a
4.5a
3.20ab
0.53a
19.21ab
3.9ab
15.2abc
0.05c
0.06c
3.8b
2.22b
5.6b
3.29ab
7
5.4a
4.8a
1.04b
0.48a
13.9b
6.9a
15.3abc
0.05c
0.06c
5.1ab
2.96ab
7.1ab
4.46ab
8
5.2a
4.5a
1.46ab
0.38a
29.24a
0.4b
18.4ab
0.06c
0.05c
5.4ab
3.14ab
10.0ab
2.88ab
9
5.3a
4.6a
3.81a
1.05a
12.75b
0.1b
13.7bc
0.05c
0.03c
3.6b
2.10b
4.0b
6.75a
Transect 2
1
4.7bc
4.4b
3.25a
0.23a
17.0a
2.2de
7.1b
0.05bcd
5.9abc
9.0a
5.23a
17.8a
16.98a
2
5.2ab
4.5b
3.32a
0.92a
14.7a
6.1ab
12.7b
0.04bcd
4.1bc
7.9abc
4.6abc
9.4a
5.17a
3
4.8bc
4.5b
2.12a
0.61a
25.5a
5.7abc
9.9b
0.03d
6.7ab
8.7ab
5.0ab
17.4a
13.60a
4
4.7bc
4.2b
2.88a
0.62a
21.4a
0.1e
12.3b
0.04bcd
5.8abc
8.1abc
4.7abc
13.0a
10.19a
5
4.6c
4.2b
2.03a
0.62a
17.4a
0.1e
10.7b
0.04 cd
6.8ab
7.5abc
4.3abc
14.2a
8.11a
6
4.7bc
4.3b
2.89a
1.34a
24.8a
4.0bcd
13.0b
0.05bcd
3.2c
7.4abc
4.3abc
23.9a
1.49a
7
5.0abc
4.4b
2.92a
0.63a
26.1a
5.0abc
11.2b
0.06abc
4.7abc
8.4abc
4.8abc
12.5a
7.56a
8
4.8bc
4.2b
2.83a
0.67a
25.9a
7.1a
11.7b
0.03d
4.1bc
8.3abc
4.8abc
13.4a
2.63a
9
4.7bc
4.3b
1.90a
0.37a
28.6a
7.1a
14.2b
0.06ab
4.2bc
6.1c
3.5c
12.3a
4.78a
10
5.4a
5.1a
3.88a
0.44a
25.6a
0.3e
14.1b
0.05abcd
7.8a
8.6ab
5.0ab
22.9a
1.98a
11
5.4a
5.1a
3.47a
1.06a
19.0a
3.4 cd
8.7b
0.07a
7.3ab
8.9ab
5.1ab
13.4a
21.98a
12
4.7bc
4.3b
4.88a
0.71a
17.aa
0.1e
56.5a
0.05abcd
3.0c
6.6bc
3.8bc
12.5a
4.50a
Transect 3
1
5.2a
4.3a
3.74a
0.61a
16.4a
5.7a
16.2a
0.03a
0.05a
7.6a
4.42a
12.4a
5.41a
2
4.6b
4.0a
3.77a
0.93a
23.6a
2.1a
14.4a
0.04a
0.05a
7.5a
4.33a
8.8a
3.55a
Table 3.
Mean separation for Khalong-la-Lithunya soil physico-chemical properties across pits and transects.
Means with same letter in one column are not significantly different at 5% according to Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). pHw = pH in water, pHKCl = pH in potassium chlorite, AvP = available phosphorus (mg/L), TN = total nitrogen (%), Mg = magnesium (cmol/kg), Na = sodium (cmol/kg), Ca = calcium (cmol/kg), K = potassium (cmol/kg), CEC = cation exchange capacity, SOM = soil organic matter, OC = organic carbon, Cpool = carbon pool.
3.2 Summary statistics and characteristics of the restored wetland (Ha-Matela) (HM)
The most dominant soil separates in the texture of Ha-Matela wetland soils is silt and it ranged between 14 and 73% with a mean of 32.86 ± 1.65%; sand content ranges between 9.0 and 65.10% with a mean of 37.22 ± 1.34% and clay ranged between 10.7 and 62.10% with a mean of 10.50 ± 1.37% (Table 2). The SOC content ranged from 0.23 to 3.21% and has a mean of 2.14 ± 0.01% and the pH which is acidic ranged between 4.23 and 6.15 pH-water and between 3.54 and 5.34 pH-KCl. The CEC and the exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg and Na) were very low when compared with the restored wetlands (Table 2). This suggests that restoration of wetlands favored built-up of base cations in KHL wetlands as compared to the HM wetlands which are still not being restored. These ions, except for Na, are nutrients for forest ecosystems and vegetation and are thus of importance for the sustainability of the ecosystem [44, 45]. The results of the CVs showed that only a few properties (i.e. pH-water, pH-KCl, BD and CEC had CVs of <15% according to the classification of Wilding [40]. Other soil properties had CVs of >30% suggesting that these are highly variable (Table 2). The results of the silt:clay ratios also showed that the PM is mixed (0.00–5.99) and are at different age of weathering (Asamoa 1973; [39]). The SOC-pool in the HM wetlands were not significantly different from those at KHL wetlands and it ranged between 1.44 and 38.67 kg cm2 with a mean of 11.14 ± 0.78 kg cm2.
Mean soil physicochemical properties, for Ha-Matela wetland, across pits and transects are presented in Table 4. The results indicated that the soils are moderately to strongly acidic (pHKCl of 4.94–3.95) and their CEC (≈0.175 cmolc/kg); base cations (Mg ≈ 0.15 mg/L, Ca = 0.2–1.45 mg/L and K ≈ 0.5 mg/L) and total nitrogen (≈0.001 mg/L) are very low, while available phosphorus content (1.9–8.3 mg/L) raises no concern. They are also shown to be less prone to aggregate dispersion as their sodium content (0.01–1.15 mg/L) is very low. Mean separation for micronutrients’ content of Ha-Matela wetlands is also presented in Table 4. The results of the micronutrients status in both wetlands are presented in Table 5 and showed that the soils contain varying concentrations of micronutrients within and across transects. The Cu content was significantly different ranged between 0.06 and 1.49 mg/L (KHL) and in HM wetland between 1.29 and 4.31 mg/L, but higher compared to the former wetland. Similarly, the Fe contents ranged between 0.2 and 2.89 mg/L IN (KHL), while in HM it ranged between 10.46 and 34.79 mg/L, though higher (Table 5). The Zn and Mn contents in HM were significantly different within and across sites, but slightly higher in HM compared to KHL wetlands.
Mini-pits
pHw
pHKCl
mg/L
cmolc/kg
%
kg/m2
Silt:clay
AvP
TN
Mg
Na
Ca
K
CEC
SOM
OC
Cpool
Upper slope
1
5.20a
4.24b
8.3a
0.0010a
0.176a
0.09a
0.23a
0.5a
0.18a
4.35a
2.52a
12.24a
0.45a
2
5.90a
4.20b
2.1b
0.0013a
0.178a
0.10a
0.60a
0.5a
0.18a
4.85a
2.81a
15.26a
0.44a
3
5.78a
4.94a
1.9b
0.0015a
0.178a
0.09a
1.05a
0.5a
0.18a
4.43a
2.56a
12.97a
0.43a
Middle slope
1
4.88a
4.13b
4.0a
0.0014a
0.177a
0.09a
0.20b
0.4a
0.18a
3.62a
2.10a
11.02a
1.40a
2
5.08a
4.36ab
3.3a
0.0013a
0.173b
0.10.0a
0.18b
0.4a
0.17b
3.62a
2.10a
12.17a
0.49a
3
5.10a
4.69a
2.3a
0.0015a
0.174ab
0.09a
0.48a
0.3a
0.17b
3.97a
2.30a
9.33a
1.38a
Toe slope
1
5.3a
4.59a
2.55a
0.0018a
0.174a
0.11a
0.35ab
0.55a
0.17a
3.65a
2.11a
4.64a
0.23a
2
5.2a
4.58a
2.52a
0.0030a
0.174a
0.10a
0.23b
0.49a
0.17a
2.98a
1.73a
6.85a
0.76a
3
4.8b
3.95b
3.43a
0.0020a
0.174a
0.10a
0.55a
0.36b
0.17a
3.42a
1.97a
8.58a
0.57a
Along stream
1
5.69a
4.72ab
3.30ab
0.0013ab
0.173a
1.15a
1.28a
0.4b
0.17a
2.94ab
1.70ab
6.67c
0.43a
2
5.36ab
4.88a
2.97ab
0.0013bc
0.174a
0.71ab
1.45a
0.5b
0.17a
4.32a
2.50a
17.25ab
0.37a
3
4.75c
4.23b
2.16b
0.0035ab
0.172a
0.36b
0.62a
04b
0.18a
4.33a
2.50a
15.77abc
0.70a
4
5.31ab
4.55ab
2.56b
0.0012c
0.170a
0.15b
0.80a
0.4b
0.17a
3.96ab
2.29ab
13.05abc
0.45a
5
5.06bc
4.56ab
3.78ab
0.0018abc
0.173a
0.41ab
1.12a
0.3b
0.17a
3.53ab
2.04ab
8.36bc
0.41a
6
5.46ab
4.88a
3.02ab
0.0018abc
0.175a
0.17b
1.38a
0.4b
0.17a
4.37a
2.53a
19.23a
1.23a
7
5.44ab
4.34ab
5.58a
0.0017abc
0.173a
0.73ab
0.88a
0.3b
0.17a
2.05b
1.18b
7.69bc
1.40a
8
5.45ab
4.44ab
2.77ab
0.0037a
0.170a
0.17b
1.05a
0.7a
0.17a
2.98ab
1.72ab
7.45c
0.85a
Table 4.
Mean separation for Ha-Matela soil across pits and transects.
Means with same letter in one column are not significantly different at 5% according to Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). pHw = pH in water, pHKCl = pH in potassium chlorite, AvP = available phosphorus, TN = total nitrogen, Mg = magnesium, Na = sodium, Ca = calcium, K = potassium, CEC = cation exchange capacity, SOM = soil organic matter, OC = organic carbon, Cpool = carbon pool.
Mini-pits
mg/L
Cu
Fe
Zn
Mn
Khalong-la-Lithunya
Transect 1
1
0.54bc
0.44b
0.12abc
5.87c
2
0.27cd
0.20b
0.08bc
6.20c
3
0.42bcd
2.89a
0.22a
10.30b
4
0.74ab
0.12b
0.07c
4.85c
5
0.31cd
0.20b
0.10bc
14.02a
6
0.41bcd
0.33b
0.08bc
4.62c
7
1.07a
0.29b
0.19ab
6.96bc
8
0.13d
0.19b
0.11abc
7.05bc
9
0.51bc
0.45b
0.10bc
4.65c
Transect 2
1
0.09b
0.44ab
0.05c
8.02b
2
0.09b
0.40ab
0.25ab
22.15a
3
0.06b
0.63ab
0.09bc
18.00ab
4
0.12b
0.20b
0.24ab
6.28b
5
0.20b
1.02a
0.04c
5.96b
6
0.25b
0.72ab
0.35a
8.14b
7
0.11b
0.54ab
0.04c
6.64b
8
0.17b
0.72ab
0.10bc
10.94ab
9
0.51b
0.51ab
0.09bc
4.77b
10
3.44a
0.76ab
0.22bc
16.81ab
11
0.86b
0.26b
0.11bc
10.76ab
12
0.63b
0.36ab
0.14bc
8.22b
13
0.32b
0.40ab
0.14bc
8.59b
14
1.49b
0.27b
0.11bc
12.14ab
Ha-Matela
Upper slope
1
2.85a
10.55a
0.13a
16.82b
2
1.40a
10.46a
0.18a
11.79b
3
2.51a
20.58a
0.26a
33.13a
Middle slope
1
2.35a
15.57a
0.15b
11.65a
2
1.29b
13.29a
0.12b
14.32a
3
1.85ab
12.82a
0.41a
16.04a
Toes slope
1
3.19ab
12.41b
0.29b
11.28a
2
2.10b
26.29a
0.10b
12.11a
3
4.31a
34.79a
0.72a
14.04a
Table 5.
Mean separation for Khalong-la Lithunya and Ha-Matela soil micronutrients.
Means with same letter in one column are not significantly different at 5% according to Duncan multiple range test (DMRT).
3.3 Compassion of sites
Comparing both sites in terms of selected soil physicochemical properties (Figure 3), results showed that after 5 years of restoration the significantly higher exchangeable Ca and Mg were observed in the KHL catchments compared to HM. Similarly, significantly higher clay, silts and soil organic matter contents were observed in the former catchments compared to the latter. Higher silt:clay ratio in the KHL suggests that the soil PM are basically of younger age compared to that of the HM. An observation of the SSCR showed that higher values (i.e. 31.68) were observed in the HM compared to the KHL suggesting that the soils of the HM will have better-rooting volumes for the plants grown on it compared to the KHL. This was in agreement with the findings of Napoli et al. [46] and Olaleye et al. [47].
Figure 3.
Mean separation of selected properties from both restored and non-restored wetlands.
3.4 Seasonal changes in water chemistry
3.4.1 Khalong-la-Lithunya and Ha-Matela
Mean nutrient concentrations in Khalong-la-Lithunya and Ha-Matela wetlands runoff-water are presented in Tables 6 and 7. There were significant differences within and across sites. Generally, higher base cations (K, Ca, Mg and Na) could be observed in the KHL compared to the HM wetlands. The total P and total N in both wetlands were very high when compared with the values provided in Table 8 [48, 49, 50]. Both wetlands could be classified as hypertrophic in terms of TN and TP contents (Table 8). The surface water quality according to CENPA [51] could be classified in class II (Table 9). High N and P in surface water of wetlands is a well-recognized cause of the level of degradation [4, 52]. This author asserted that much of this N and P delivery is the consequence of changing land use. Omernik et al. [53] compared 175 small watersheds differing in land use and lacking point source inputs. These authors demonstrated that a strong correlation of N and P concentrations occurs with a fraction of land in agriculture. In a related study, Johnson et al. [54] found that in small sub-watersheds of the Saginaw Basin, land use explained over half of the variation in nitrate and TN. In Southern Africa, the threshold of TP in freshwater was estimated to be 0.73 mg/L. However, close observation of Tables 8 and 9 compared with Tables 6 and 7 indicated that the water quality of Lesotho’s wetlands are excessively enriched and are considered to be highly eutrophic. Eutrophication is generally indicated by accumulation of metabolic products (e.g. hydrogen sulphide in deep waters), discolorations or turbidity of water (resulting in low or poor light penetration), deterioration in the taste of water, depletion of dissolved oxygen and an enhanced occurrence of cyanobacterial bloom-forming species as shown on Tables 6 and 7 [55, 56].
Date
Pit
mg/L
Ca
Mg
K
Na
Total P
Total N
Transect 1
Dec’10
1
1.64a
78.86a
5.94b
4.09a
1.74a
0.36a
Feb’11
1
1.63a
0.37b
2.25b
2.89a
0.41b
0.36a
Apr’11
1
0.12c
78.86a
45.07a
2.22a
1.74a
0.003b
Dec’10
2
0.94b
0.37b
1.64b
2.25a
0.24b
0.31a
Feb’11
2
1.41a
0.37b
1.49b
2.25a
0.39b
0.31a
Apr’11
2
0.19c
115.39a
230.7a
3.25a
2.22a
0.004b
Transect 2
Dec’10
1
0.58a
0.38b
1.25b
2.84a
0.39b
0.11a
Feb’11
1
0.5a
0.37b
1.12b
2.89a
0.34b
0.11a
Apr’11
1
0.28a
101.01a
339.6a
2.65a
2.53a
0.003a
Dec’10
2
0.5a
0.37b
1.05b
1.27a
0.10b
0.18a
Feb’11
2
0.54a
0.37b
1.25b
2.43a
0.38b
0.18a
Apr’11
2
0.16a
75.01a
274.4a
2.44a
2.19a
0.003a
Transect 3
Dec’10
1
0.32b
0.35b
0.28a
0.20c
0.24a
0.49a
Feb’11
2
0.63a
0.37b
1.36a
2.27b
0.35a
0.49a
Apr’11
3
0.07b
194.49a
153.55a
2.61a
1.84a
0.004a
Table 6.
Nutrient concentrations in water for Khalong-la-Lithunya wetland.
Ca = calcium, Mg = magnesium, K=potassium, Na = sodium; means with the same letter in one column are not significant at 5% Duncan multiple range test (DMRT).
Date
mgL
Ca
Mg
K
Na
Total P
Total N
Transect 1
Dec’10
0.002a
0.001a
0.012a
0.015a
1.70a
0.002a
Feb’11
0.002a
0.002a
0.007a
0.009a
1.19a
0.002a
Apr’11
0.002a
0.006a
2.052a
0.003a
0.38a
0.682a
Transect 2
Dec’10
0.002a
0.001a
0.008a
0.012a
1.84a
0.002a
Feb’11
0.002a
0.004b
0.010a
0.003b
7.23a
0.002a
Apr’11
0.001a
0.002ab
4.017a
0.006a
0.46a
0.687a
Transect 3
Dec’10
0.002a
0.001a
0.008a
0.013a
2.27a
0.002a
Feb’11
0.002a
0.004b
0.010a
0.002b
2.88a
0.002a
Apr’11
0.002a
0.002b
4.801a
0.004a
0.38a
0.685a
Table 7.
Mean selected water chemical properties for Ha-Matela wetland transects.
Ca = calcium, Mg = magnesium, K=potassium, Na = sodium, means with the same letter in one column are not significant at 5% Duncan multiple range test (DMRT).
The vegetation 15N and 13C isotopic signatures for KHL and HM wetlands are presented in Table 10. The result indicates that δ13C in KHL wetland was higher, indicated by more negative values, compared to that in HM wetland. This shows that the KHL wetland is less degraded compared to HM wetland. Furthermore, results showed that less N is lost in KHL wetlands compared to that at HM. These may be attributed to high overgrazing and over-cultivation observed at HM as opposed to KHL wetland which is now under conservation. A breakdown of the δ13C and δ15N within both sites across the toposequence (Table 10) showed that there is higher δ13C in the minimally degraded wetland (KHL) compared with that from HM. Furthermore, the results of the breakdown also showed that less δ15N is lost from KHL compared to the HM [23, 57, 58]. The variation in the δ13C across sites can be ascribed to differences in vegetation species. The increased δ15N in plants is often interpreted as an indicator of sewage or pollution [59, 60]. The HM wetland is still being used for human activities (i.e. livestock grazing and watering and cropping especially maize and sorghum). Therefore, higher δ15N in the vegetation samples (i.e. 2.00–6.18‰) may as a result of build-up of pollutants. It could be observed that higher δ15N (i.e. 6.18‰) was observed in the lower slopes/wetlands compared to other section of the toposequence.
Isotopic signatures of δ13C and δ15N in two wetlands sites.
Means with same letter in same column within sites are not significantly different @ 5% (DMRT).
4. Conclusion and recommendations
Results of the study showed that higher base cations were observed in the soils and water samples of the KHL wetlands compared to that of the HM wetlands. Also, the results of the isotopic signatures of were significantly higher (i.e. δ13C and δ15N) in HM wetlands (shown by less negative and high positive values) compared to the KHL wetlands. The result indicated that δ13C in KHL wetland was higher, indicated by more negative values, compared to that in HM wetland suggesting that the former wetland is less degraded compared to the latter confirming that if other wetlands in the country will revert to their original status if conserved/rehabilitated. Results also showed that both wetlands have higher levels of total N and total P in run-off water samples suggesting that both wetlands can be classified as hypertrophic. However, higher base cations in the soils and water samples of the KHL wetlands may be related more to the geology of the site as this has been under conservation for about 6 years. Avoiding the restoration of agricultural land with high nutrient levels in favor of land with lower amounts of nutrients may increase the likelihood of restoration success.
Acknowledgments
Sincere thanks go to the Regional University Forum (RUFORUM), Uganda that awarded grants RU 2009/GRG15 to the two M.Sc. students—Mr. Nkheloane and Ms. Mating. Also, thanks go to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria that provided N-15 isotope fertilizer and analyzed the data under the grant agreement CRP 15399/R1-3.
\n',keywords:"catchments, grazing, N15 isotopes, Lesotho, wetland, nutrient dynamics, restoration",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80198.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80198.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80198",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80198",totalDownloads:79,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 24th 2021",dateReviewed:"November 30th 2021",datePrePublished:"March 8th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"January 24th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Monitoring is essential to evaluate the effects of wetland restoration projects. Assessments were carried-out after 6 years of restoration efforts on a wetland located in two agro-ecological zones (AEZ): the Mountains agro-ecological zone–Khalongla-lithunya (KHL) and the Foot Hills–Ha-Matela (HM). The former was under conservation and the latter non-conserved. Mini-pits were dug along transects for soil sampling. Runoff water was collected from installed piezometers into pre-rinsed plastic bottles with de-ionized water once a month for between 3 and 6 months. Soil and water samples were analyzed in the laboratory for Ca, Mg, K, Na, total nitrogen, and phosphorus, and soil samples were further analyzed for Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn and vegetation isotopic N15. Water quality, soil organic matter (SOM), carbon pools, base cations, ratios (silt:clay & SOM:silt clay), texture, and N-15 isotopes were chosen as indicators. Results showed that base cations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the groundwater and soils of KHL wetlands compared with those from the HM. The soils of the KHL wetlands have higher (p < 0.05) clay, silt contents, SOM, and silt clay ratios compared with the HM. Furthermore, results of the N15 isotopes were between 2.52 and 2.93% (KHL) compared with 2.00 and 6.18% (HM). Similarly, the results of the δ13C showed significant negative values at KHL (28.13–28%) compared with HM (11.77–12.72%). The study concludes that after five years of rehabilitating the KHL wetlands, the soil indicators showed that restoration efforts are positive compared with the HM wetlands that are non-conserved.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80198",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80198",signatures:"Adesola Olaleye, Regina Mating, Tumelo Nkheloane, Tutu K. Samuel and Tolu Yetunde Akande",book:{id:"10952",type:"book",title:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Thomas Aide and Dr. Indi Braden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10952.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-521-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-520-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-522-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Climate",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Land use",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Descriptions of the experimental sites",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Selections of wetlands in relation to utilization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Locations of study sites",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.6 Soil sampling and analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.7 Vegetation sampling and analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.8 Statistical analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.1 Summary statistics and characteristics of the restored wetland (Khalong-la-Lithunya) (KHL)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.2 Summary statistics and characteristics of the restored wetland (Ha-Matela) (HM)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.3 Compassion of sites",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"3.4 Seasonal changes in water chemistry",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"Table 6.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"3.5 Nitrogen and carbon isotopic signatures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"4. Conclusion and recommendations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Mathon B, Coquery M, Miège C, Vandycke A, Choubert J-M. Influence of water depth and season on the photodegradation of micropollutants in a free-water surface constructed wetland receiving treated wastewater. 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Faculty of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Department of Crop Production, The University of Swaziland, Swaziland
College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, China, China
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The highest among known material quality parameter Q × f ~ 1014 Hz for the IIa type synthetic diamond at operational frequency ~10 GHz has been found. Conditions of UHF excitation and propagation of the bulk, surface, and Lamb plate acoustic waves have been established and studied experimentally. Frequency dependencies of the impedance and quality factor have been studied to obtain a number of piezoelectric layered structure parameters as electromechanical coupling coefficient, equivalent circuit parameters, etc. Results of 2D finite element modeling of a given piezoelectric layered structure have been compared with the experimental ones obtained for the real high-overtone bulk acoustic resonator. An origin of high-overtone bulk acoustic resonator’s spurious resonant peaks has been studied. Results on UHF acoustic attenuation of IIa-type synthetic single crystalline diamond have been presented and discussed in terms of Akhiezer and Landau–Rumer mechanisms of phonon–phonon interaction. Identification and classification of Lamb waves belonging to several branches as well as dispersive curves of phase velocities have been executed. Necessity of introducing a more correct Lamb-mode classification has been recognized.",signatures:"Boris P. Sorokin, Gennady M. Kvashnin, Arsenii V. Telichko, Sergey I. Burkov and Vladimir D. Blank",authors:[{id:"181306",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",surname:"Sorokin",fullName:"Boris Sorokin",slug:"boris-sorokin",email:"bpsorokin2@rambler.ru"},{id:"185347",title:"Dr.",name:"Gennadiy",surname:"Kvashnin",fullName:"Gennadiy Kvashnin",slug:"gennadiy-kvashnin",email:"genmih@yandex.ru"},{id:"185348",title:"Dr.",name:"Arsenii",surname:"Telichko",fullName:"Arsenii Telichko",slug:"arsenii-telichko",email:"arseny.telichko@phystech.edu"},{id:"185349",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Burkov",fullName:"Sergey Burkov",slug:"sergey-burkov",email:"sergbsi@gmail.com"},{id:"185350",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Blank",fullName:"Vladimir Blank",slug:"vladimir-blank",email:"vblank@tisnum.ru"}],book:{id:"5215",title:"Piezoelectric Materials",slug:"piezoelectric-materials",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"61542",title:"Application of Thin Piezoelectric Films in Diamond-Based Acoustoelectronic Devices",slug:"application-of-thin-piezoelectric-films-in-diamond-based-acoustoelectronic-devices",abstract:"The theory of external loading influence on acoustic parameters of piezoelectric five-layered structure as “Al/(001) AlN/Mo/(001) diamond/Me” has been developed. Oscillations in diamond-based high-overtone bulk acoustic resonators (HBARs) have been investigated in terms of 3D FEM simulation. Peculiarities of technology of aluminum-scandium nitride (ASN) films have been discussed. Composition Al0.8Sc0.2N was obtained to create the diamond-based HBAR and SAW resonator. Application of ASN films has resulted in a drastic increasing an electromechanical coupling up to 2.5 times in comparison with aluminum nitride. Development of ASN technology in a way of producing a number of compositions with the better piezoelectric properties has a clear prospective. SAW resonator based on “Al IDT/(001) AlN/(001) diamond” structure has been investigated in the band 400–1500 MHz. The highest-quality factor Q ≈ 1050 was observed for the Sezawa mode at 1412 MHz. Method of measuring HBAR’s parameters within 4–400 K at 0.5–5 GHz has been developed. Results on temperature dependence of diamond’s Q-factor at relatively low frequencies were quite different in comparison with the ones at the frequencies up to 5 GHz. Difference could be explained in terms of changing mechanism of acoustic attenuation from Akhiezer’s type to the Landau-Rumer’s one at higher frequencies in diamond.",signatures:"Boris P. Sorokin, Gennady M. Kvashnin, Andrey S. Novoselov, Sergey\nI. Burkov, Anton B. Shipilov, Nikolay V. Luparev, Victor V.\nAksenenkov and Vladimir D. Blank",authors:[{id:"181306",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",surname:"Sorokin",fullName:"Boris Sorokin",slug:"boris-sorokin",email:"bpsorokin2@rambler.ru"},{id:"185347",title:"Dr.",name:"Gennadiy",surname:"Kvashnin",fullName:"Gennadiy Kvashnin",slug:"gennadiy-kvashnin",email:"genmih@yandex.ru"},{id:"185349",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Burkov",fullName:"Sergey Burkov",slug:"sergey-burkov",email:"sergbsi@gmail.com"},{id:"185350",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Blank",fullName:"Vladimir Blank",slug:"vladimir-blank",email:"vblank@tisnum.ru"},{id:"247388",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Novoselov",fullName:"Andrey Novoselov",slug:"andrey-novoselov",email:"diver841@gmail.com"},{id:"247390",title:"BSc.",name:"Anton",surname:"Shipilov",fullName:"Anton Shipilov",slug:"anton-shipilov",email:"hair_boom@mail.ru"},{id:"247392",title:"MSc.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Luparev",fullName:"Nikolay Luparev",slug:"nikolay-luparev",email:"luparev@gmail.com"},{id:"247395",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Aksenenkov",fullName:"Victor Aksenenkov",slug:"victor-aksenenkov",email:"vvaks@rambler.ru"}],book:{id:"6727",title:"Piezoelectricity",slug:"piezoelectricity-organic-and-inorganic-materials-and-applications",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"12814",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto",surname:"Suaste-Gomez",slug:"ernesto-suaste-gomez",fullName:"Ernesto Suaste-Gomez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12814/images/system/12814.jpg",biography:"Ernesto Suaste-Gomez received a doctorate degree in Biomedical Engineering in 1997 at the Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico. He has been a visiting scholar at several institutions including UC Berkeley, CSU Long Beach, NIH Bethesda MD, and Technical University of Ilmanau, Germany. Currently, he is a professor at the Electronic Engineering Department, Cinvestav-IPN. He teaches graduate courses in biomedical engineering and his research domain involves areas related to Human Vision, Eye Behavior and Biomedical Instrumentation in Variability Cardiac and Pupil Reflex. He is also interested in developing and applying new materials such as ferroelectric, piezoelectric, piezopolymers, pyroelectrics in the design of sensors and transducer. In addition, he also works on applications of sensors, actuators, transducers for ultrasonic imaging, positioning systems, energy harvesting and microelectronic devices associate at Biomedical Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"16240",title:"Dr.",name:"Myong Ho",surname:"Kim",slug:"myong-ho-kim",fullName:"Myong Ho Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"33684",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshio",surname:"Ogawa",slug:"toshio-ogawa",fullName:"Toshio Ogawa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33684/images/4683_n.jpg",biography:"Toshio Ogawa graduated from the Faculty of Engineering (1971) and conferred the Master of Engineering degree from the Post Graduate Course of Shizuoka University (1973). He joined Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. in the fields of piezoelectric ceramics and thin films (1973–1992). He conferred the Doctor of Engineering from Shizuoka University by a Murata’s work (1984). He became a professional engineer (1986). He works at the Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology since 1992. He has authored over 100 journal articles and 170 patents. He received “Award of Engineering Progress” (1985), “Fulrath Pacific Award” (1990), “Takayanagi Memorial Award” (1993), “Distinguished Service Award” (2008), and “7th Okazaki Distinguished Service Award” (2012). He has become Fellow of the American Ceramic Society since 2011.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"181306",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",surname:"Sorokin",slug:"boris-sorokin",fullName:"Boris Sorokin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"181788",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Hussain",slug:"ali-hussain",fullName:"Ali Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Changwon National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"183756",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazushige",surname:"Ohbayashi",slug:"kazushige-ohbayashi",fullName:"Kazushige Ohbayashi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"185176",title:"MSc.",name:"Omar",surname:"Terán-Jiménez",slug:"omar-teran-jimenez",fullName:"Omar Terán-Jiménez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"185347",title:"Dr.",name:"Gennadiy",surname:"Kvashnin",slug:"gennadiy-kvashnin",fullName:"Gennadiy Kvashnin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"185348",title:"Dr.",name:"Arsenii",surname:"Telichko",slug:"arsenii-telichko",fullName:"Arsenii Telichko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"185350",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Blank",slug:"vladimir-blank",fullName:"Vladimir Blank",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
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The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
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1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
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850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
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850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
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During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
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Services included are:
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An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
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Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
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Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
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English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
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XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
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Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
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Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
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What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
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If your manuscript:
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If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
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Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
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Open Access Funding
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To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
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For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
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Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
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Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
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Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
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Dissemination and Promotion
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Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
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+5,700 OA books published
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Most competitive prices in the market
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Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
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Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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The principles underlying RF‐magnetron sputtering used to prepare calcium phosphate‐based, mainly hydroxyapatite coatings, are discussed in this chapter. The fundamental characteristic of the RF‐magnetron sputtering is an energy input into the growing film. In order to tailor the film properties, one has to adjust the energy input into the substrate depending on the desired film properties. The effect of different deposition control parameters, such as deposition time, substrate temperature, and substrate biasing on the hydroxyapatite (HA) film properties is discussed.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Roman Surmenev, Alina Vladescu, Maria Surmeneva, Anna Ivanova,\nMariana Braic, Irina Grubova and Cosmin Mihai Cotrut",authors:[{id:"193921",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Vladescu",slug:"alina-vladescu",fullName:"Alina Vladescu"},{id:"193922",title:"Prof.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Surmenev",slug:"roman-surmenev",fullName:"Roman Surmenev"},{id:"193923",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Surmeneva",slug:"maria-surmeneva",fullName:"Maria Surmeneva"},{id:"193948",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Braic",slug:"mariana-braic",fullName:"Mariana Braic"},{id:"194047",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanova",slug:"anna-ivanova",fullName:"Anna Ivanova"},{id:"194048",title:"BSc.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Grubova",slug:"irina-grubova",fullName:"Irina Grubova"},{id:"196398",title:"Prof.",name:"Cosmin Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Cotrut",slug:"cosmin-mihai-cotrut",fullName:"Cosmin Mihai Cotrut"}]},{id:"21157",doi:"10.5772/24330",title:"Compilation on Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Silicon and Boron Carbonitride Films",slug:"compilation-on-synthesis-characterization-and-properties-of-silicon-and-boron-carbonitride-films",totalDownloads:5194,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"326",slug:"silicon-carbide-materials-processing-and-applications-in-electronic-devices",title:"Silicon Carbide",fullTitle:"Silicon Carbide - Materials, Processing and Applications in Electronic Devices"},signatures:"P. Hoffmann, N. Fainer, M. Kosinova, O. Baake and W. Ensinger",authors:[{id:"56722",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hoffmann",slug:"peter-hoffmann",fullName:"Peter Hoffmann"},{id:"56726",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Kosinova",slug:"marina-kosinova",fullName:"Marina Kosinova"},{id:"56727",title:"Prof.",name:"Wolfgang",middleName:null,surname:"Ensinger",slug:"wolfgang-ensinger",fullName:"Wolfgang Ensinger"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52684",title:"Advance Deposition Techniques for Thin Film and Coating",slug:"advance-deposition-techniques-for-thin-film-and-coating",totalDownloads:7639,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:"Thin films have a great impact on the modern era of technology. Thin films are considered as backbone for advanced applications in the various fields such as optical devices, environmental applications, telecommunications devices, energy storage devices, and so on . The crucial issue for all applications of thin films depends on their morphology and the stability. The morphology of the thin films strongly hinges on deposition techniques. Thin films can be deposited by the physical and chemical routes. In this chapter, we discuss some advance techniques and principles of thin-film depositions. The vacuum thermal evaporation technique, electron beam evaporation, pulsed-layer deposition, direct current/radio frequency magnetron sputtering, and chemical route deposition systems will be discussed in detail.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Asim Jilani, Mohamed Shaaban Abdel-wahab and Ahmed Hosny\nHammad",authors:[{id:"192377",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Jilani",slug:"asim-jilani",fullName:"Asim Jilani"},{id:"192972",title:"Dr.",name:"M.Sh",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel-Wahab",slug:"m.sh-abdel-wahab",fullName:"M.Sh Abdel-Wahab"},{id:"192973",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"H",surname:"Hammad",slug:"ahmed-hammad",fullName:"Ahmed Hammad"}]},{id:"68467",title:"Semiconductor Nanocomposites for Visible Light Photocatalysis of Water Pollutants",slug:"semiconductor-nanocomposites-for-visible-light-photocatalysis-of-water-pollutants",totalDownloads:1803,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Semiconductor photocatalysis gained reputation in the early 1970s when Fujishima and Honda revealed the potential of TiO2 to split water in to hydrogen and oxygen in a photoelectrochemical cell. Their work provided the base for the development of semiconductor photocatalysis for the environmental remediation and energy applications. Photoactivity of some semiconductors was found to be low due to larger band gap energy and higher electron-hole pair recombination rate. To avoid these problems, the development of visible light responsive photocatalytic materials by different approaches, such as metal and/or non-metal doping, co-doping, coupling of semiconductors, composites and heterojunctions materials synthesis has been widely investigated and explored in systematic manner. This chapter emphasizes on the different type of tailored photocatalyst materials having the enhanced visible light absorption properties, lower band gap energy and recombination rate of electron-hole pairs and production of reactive radical species. Visible light active semiconductors for the environmental remediation purposes, particularly for water treatment and disinfection are also discussed in detail. Studies on the photocatalytic degradation of emerging organic compounds like cyanotoxins, VOCs, phenols, pharmaceuticals, etc., by employing variety of modified semiconductors, are summarized, and a mechanistic aspects of the photocatalysis has been discussed.",book:{id:"7671",slug:"concepts-of-semiconductor-photocatalysis",title:"Concepts of Semiconductor Photocatalysis",fullTitle:"Concepts of Semiconductor Photocatalysis"},signatures:"Fatima Imtiaz, Jamshaid Rashid and Ming Xu",authors:[{id:"292882",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamshaid",middleName:null,surname:"Rashid",slug:"jamshaid-rashid",fullName:"Jamshaid Rashid"},{id:"302498",title:"Ms.",name:"Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Imtiaz",slug:"fatima-imtiaz",fullName:"Fatima Imtiaz"},{id:"308434",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ming-xu",fullName:"Ming Xu"}]},{id:"17728",title:"Defect Related Luminescence in Silicon Dioxide Network: A Review",slug:"defect-related-luminescence-in-silicon-dioxide-network-a-review",totalDownloads:9472,totalCrossrefCites:46,totalDimensionsCites:98,abstract:null,book:{id:"332",slug:"crystalline-silicon-properties-and-uses",title:"Crystalline Silicon",fullTitle:"Crystalline Silicon - Properties and Uses"},signatures:"Roushdey Salh",authors:[{id:"48391",title:"Dr.",name:"Roushdey",middleName:null,surname:"Salh",slug:"roushdey-salh",fullName:"Roushdey Salh"}]},{id:"58469",title:"The Electrochemical Performance of Deposited Manganese Oxide-Based Film as Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitor Application",slug:"the-electrochemical-performance-of-deposited-manganese-oxide-based-film-as-electrode-material-for-el",totalDownloads:1736,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The transition metal oxide has been recognized as one of the promising electrode materials for electrochemical capacitor application. Due to the participation of charge transfer reactions, the capacitance offered by transition metal oxide can be higher compared to double layer capacitance. The investigation on hydrous ruthenium oxide has revealed the surface redox reactions that contributed to the wide potential window shown on cyclic voltammetry curve. Although the performance of ruthenium oxide is impressive, its toxicity has limited itself from commercial application. Manganese oxide is a pseudocapacitive material behaves similar to ruthenium oxide. It consists of various oxidation states which allow the occurrence of redox reactions. It is also environmental friendly, low cost, and natural abundant. The charge storage of manganese oxide film takes into account of the redox reactions between Mn3+ and Mn4+ and can be accounted to two mechanisms. The first one involves the intercalation/deintercalation of electrolyte ions and/or protons upon reduction/oxidation processes. The second contributor for the charge storage is due to the surface adsorption of electrolyte ions on the electrode surface.",book:{id:"6083",slug:"semiconductors-growth-and-characterization",title:"Semiconductors",fullTitle:"Semiconductors - Growth and Characterization"},signatures:"Chan Pei Yi and Siti Rohana Majid",authors:[{id:"197956",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"S.R.",middleName:null,surname:"Majid",slug:"s.r.-majid",fullName:"S.R. Majid"},{id:"216449",title:"Ms.",name:"Pei Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"pei-yi-chan",fullName:"Pei Yi Chan"}]},{id:"60792",title:"TCAD Device Modelling and Simulation of Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors",slug:"tcad-device-modelling-and-simulation-of-wide-bandgap-power-semiconductors",totalDownloads:2113,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Technology computer-aided Design (TCAD) is essential for devices technology development, including wide bandgap power semiconductors. However, most TCAD tools were originally developed for silicon and their performance and accuracy for wide bandgap semiconductors is contentious. This chapter will deal with TCAD device modelling of wide bandgap power semiconductors. In particular, modelling and simulating 3C- and 4H-Silicon Carbide (SiC), Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Diamond devices are examined. The challenges associated with modelling the material and device physics are analyzed in detail. It also includes convergence issues and accuracy of predicted performance. Modelling and simulating defects, traps and the effect of these traps on the characteristics are also discussed.",book:{id:"6625",slug:"disruptive-wide-bandgap-semiconductors-related-technologies-and-their-applications",title:"Disruptive Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Related Technologies, and Their Applications",fullTitle:"Disruptive Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Related Technologies, and Their Applications"},signatures:"Neophytos Lophitis, Anastasios Arvanitopoulos, Samuel Perkins and\nMarina Antoniou",authors:[{id:"236488",title:"Dr.",name:"Neophytos",middleName:null,surname:"Lophitis",slug:"neophytos-lophitis",fullName:"Neophytos Lophitis"},{id:"247344",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Antoniou",slug:"marina-antoniou",fullName:"Marina Antoniou"},{id:"247347",title:"Mr.",name:"Anastasios",middleName:null,surname:"Arvanitopoulos",slug:"anastasios-arvanitopoulos",fullName:"Anastasios Arvanitopoulos"},{id:"247349",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perkins",slug:"samuel-perkins",fullName:"Samuel Perkins"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"159",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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