Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
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Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
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"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
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Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5598",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",subtitle:"Risks, Challenges and Benefits",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The UNHCR assures us that never before have there been so many people on the move at the same time, mainly because of war-inflicted circumstances. Authors from different reputed institutions share their knowledge on this open-access platform to disseminate their knowledge at the global level. This book captures issues involved in meeting the challenges of people's movements in the twenty-first century. It explores attitudes of previously colonized people in a post-colonial period, analyses food insecurity in Canada, quality of life of elderly Turkish and Polish migrants in Germany, suicidal behaviours of immigrants admitted to an Italian-teaching hospital, and migration from a public healthcare perspective and points to the problem of tuberculosis among immigrants. Challenges of a more personal nature relate to second-language learning and acculturation of Brazilian migrants in Portugal and Asians as model minorities. Empirical evidence of why immigrants leave Norway is provided, and there is a discussion on the new actors of international migration (foreign students). This book closes with the voices of trailing women when it comes to the decision to emigrate. The collective contributions from experts attempt to provide updates regarding ongoing research and developments pertaining to migration.",isbn:"978-953-51-2924-0",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2923-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4113-6",doi:"10.5772/63665",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",numberOfPages:284,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"34b65e63d50ff8998006a76b46081adf",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",publishedDate:"February 15th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5598.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22040,numberOfWosCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:72,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 24th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 14th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 9th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 7th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/77112/images/system/77112.jpg",biography:"Ingrid Muenstermann was born in 1938 in Hamburg, Germany, and settled in Australia in 1973. For many years she worked as a secretary in the medical field, but discovered the rewards of becoming an academic after achieving a PhD in Social Sciences. She is a sociologist at heart and is casually employed at Flinders University of South Australia. Dr. Muenstermann has a special interest in all things equity. Of particular interest have been, and still are, new settlers to Australia with a special focus on German immigrants. The decline of the natural environment and increased societal self-interest led her to consider universal social responsibility. Lately the concept of aging and how to retire gracefully, that is, to maintain a certain standard of living, have been on her mind. She hopes to research different areas of life in the not too distant future.",institutionString:"Flinders University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Flinders University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1325",title:"Human Migration",slug:"human-migration"}],chapters:[{id:"53859",title:"Introductory Chapter: People's Movements in the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/67209",slug:"introductory-chapter-people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:1490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ingrid Muenstermann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53859",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53859",authors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],corrections:null},{id:"53701",title:"The Immigrant Experience in V.S. Naipaul's The Enigma of Arrival and Z. Smith's White Teeth: An Exploration of Homi Bhabha's Postcolonial Theory",doi:"10.5772/66969",slug:"the-immigrant-experience-in-v-s-naipaul-s-the-enigma-of-arrival-and-z-smith-s-white-teeth-an-explora",totalDownloads:2089,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"V.S. Naipaul and Z. Smith, prominent postcolonial authors, reflect the condition of the immigrants suffering from cultural shock, hybridity, fragmentation and mimicry in the postcolonial Western societies in their novels, The Enigma of Arrival and White Teeth. The former portrays the desperate condition of an author doing his best to create his work in the post‐war West, in London and New York, trying to overcome his hybridity and adaptation problems due to his cultural background, and the latter sheds light on the cultural distress of two families from Bangladesh, immigrating to London, by stressing the conflicts between the Westerners and the Easterners and between the first and the second generations of immigrants. Thus, these two novels highlight the immigrant experience illustrating the impact of power relations between the former colonized and the former colonizer upon their relationship in the postcolonial era. In this study, the problems of immigrants in the post‐war West in these novels will be analysed in the light of Homi Bhabha's postcolonial theory, which puts forward such concepts as hybridity, mimicry, ambivalence, cultural differentiation and otherness. In this regard, Bhabha's theory will be adapted into these novels to identify cultural problems of immigrants in these works.",signatures:"Berna Köseoğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53701",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53701",authors:[{id:"148215",title:"Dr.",name:"Berna",surname:"Köseoğlu",slug:"berna-koseoglu",fullName:"Berna Köseoğlu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53486",title:"Immigration and Food Insecurity: The Canadian Experience—A Literature Review",doi:"10.5772/66824",slug:"immigration-and-food-insecurity-the-canadian-experience-a-literature-review",totalDownloads:2598,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Canada is a popular destination for immigrants and integration of newcomers is an important strategy for its demographic growth and economic development. Food insecurity disproportionately affects newcomers in Canada; unfortunately, they occupy the lower end of the socio‐economic spectrum and thus adding to the burden of socio‐cultural challenges they are already facing. The high level of food insecurity contributes to poor diet quality and the rise in overweight and other chronic health conditions and therefore to the loss of healthy immigrant status. Indeed, statistical evidence, mainly of the overall Canadian population, demonstrates that individuals living in food‐insecure households have higher rates of self‐reported poor health and chronic health conditions. Therefore, understanding and properly addressing the factors associated with food insecurity among Canadian immigrants is crucial for an adequate integration of immigrants. This chapter suggests that an adequate and appropriate understanding of food security for Canadian immigrant populations requires consideration of a cultural perspective in addition to the traditional individual, household and community levels and the development of measurement tools to capture this cultural dimension. It is proposed the concept of cultural food insecurity encompasses the four usual dimensions (availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability) and a newly proposed fifth cultural dimension. Future research should aim at validating the relevance of this cultural perspective as a fifth pillar for food security and developing measurement tools to assess it.",signatures:"Diana Tarraf, Dia Sanou and Isabelle Giroux",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53486",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53486",authors:[{id:"192842",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Diana",surname:"Tarraf",slug:"diana-tarraf",fullName:"Diana Tarraf"},{id:"193533",title:"Dr.",name:"Dia",surname:"Sanou",slug:"dia-sanou",fullName:"Dia Sanou"},{id:"193603",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",surname:"Giroux",slug:"isabelle-giroux",fullName:"Isabelle Giroux"}],corrections:null},{id:"53589",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among Elderly Turkish and Polish Migrants and German Natives: The Role of Age, Gender, Income, Discrimination and Social Support",doi:"10.5772/66931",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-hrqol-among-elderly-turkish-and-polish-migrants-and-german-natives-th",totalDownloads:1476,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: Migration can negatively and positively influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Yet, little is known about the HRQoL of Turkish and Polish migrants and German natives.",signatures:"Johanna Buchcik, Joachim Westenhöfer, Mick Fleming and Colin R.\nMartin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53589",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53589",authors:[{id:"192396",title:"Dr.",name:"Johanna",surname:"Buchcik",slug:"johanna-buchcik",fullName:"Johanna Buchcik"},{id:"193514",title:"Prof.",name:"Joachim",surname:"Westenhöfer",slug:"joachim-westenhofer",fullName:"Joachim Westenhöfer"},{id:"193515",title:"Prof.",name:"Mick",surname:"Fleming",slug:"mick-fleming",fullName:"Mick Fleming"},{id:"193516",title:"Prof.",name:"Colin R.",surname:"Martin",slug:"colin-r.-martin",fullName:"Colin R. Martin"}],corrections:null},{id:"53707",title:"Suicidal Behaviors in Patients Admitted to Emergency Department for Psychiatric Consultation: A Comparison of the Migrant and Native Italian Populations Between 2008 and 2015",doi:"10.5772/67006",slug:"suicidal-behaviors-in-patients-admitted-to-emergency-department-for-psychiatric-consultation-a-compa",totalDownloads:964,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent decades, Italy has become a desirable destination for immigrants. In 2014, five million people (8.2% of the population) were migrants (regular/irregular, documented/undocumented). This study looks at psychiatric health, an important feature especially for first‐generation migrants and compares the new settlers with the native Italians. It should be noted that the organization of mental health services in Italy strongly relies on outpatient services, while the psychiatric wards, within the general hospitals, usually accommodate patients in acute phases of their disorder. Nonetheless, migrants’ first contact often happens in a psychiatry ward when they are in a severe and acute psychopathological condition. Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative; longitudinal research using official statistical and clinical data obtained from records of a public hospital as well as information obtained through professional interview. Results: In relation to mental health, we found that the migrant patients referred for psychiatric consultation to the emergency department (ED) setting were younger, less frequently treated by psychiatric outpatient services, more commonly going to the ED for self‐injury and presenting with symptoms of substance abuse and alcohol‐related disorders. The native Italian population was older, more frequently retired and/or invalid, more frequently already treated by psychiatric outpatient services for any kind of psychiatric symptoms. Conclusion: The comparison of the sociodemographic and clinical features of immigrants and Italians referred for psychiatric consultation in the ED highlighted some differences. Implications are discussed in the light of the existing literature.",signatures:"Carla Gramaglia, Eleonora Gambaro, Fabrizio Bert, Claudia Delicato,\nGiancarlo Avanzi, Luigi Mario Castello, Roberta Siliquini and Patrizia\nZeppegno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53707",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53707",authors:[{id:"179172",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrizia",surname:"Zeppegno",slug:"patrizia-zeppegno",fullName:"Patrizia Zeppegno"},{id:"180447",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",surname:"Gramaglia",slug:"carla-gramaglia",fullName:"Carla Gramaglia"},{id:"196749",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleonora",surname:"Gambaro",slug:"eleonora-gambaro",fullName:"Eleonora Gambaro"},{id:"196750",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Delicato",slug:"claudia-delicato",fullName:"Claudia Delicato"},{id:"196751",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",surname:"Bert",slug:"fabrizio-bert",fullName:"Fabrizio Bert"},{id:"196752",title:"Prof.",name:"Giancarlo",surname:"Avanzi",slug:"giancarlo-avanzi",fullName:"Giancarlo Avanzi"},{id:"196753",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",surname:"Castello",slug:"luigi-castello",fullName:"Luigi Castello"},{id:"196754",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberta",surname:"Siliquini",slug:"roberta-siliquini",fullName:"Roberta Siliquini"}],corrections:null},{id:"53700",title:"Migration and Health from a Public Health Perspective",doi:"10.5772/67013",slug:"migration-and-health-from-a-public-health-perspective",totalDownloads:2389,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"One of the main dimensions related to migration is that of health; this correlation is dynamic by nature and complex. Health is strongly related to the social determinants of health (job, income, education, and housing). When not properly supported by appropriate inter-sectoral policies, migration can expose the most vulnerable socioeconomic groups to significant problems. The protection of the health of migrants is an important investment of the public health because it promises benefits to both migrant population and natives. An essential aspect is to properly analyze the health needs of ethnic minorities. Both quantitative and qualitative research is necessary, and the involvement of the target communities is important. Another important aspect is the education and training of social and health workers involved in the care of migrants (with a multidisciplinary teamwork and “transcultural” approach), and the organization of services that can effectively be used. Finally, it is also essential to carry out an evaluation of health outcomes of the migrant population and the impact of adopted health policies. Protecting the health of ethnic minorities is both a challenge for governments and a test of the quality of their health systems.",signatures:"Maurizio Marceca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53700",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53700",authors:[{id:"192600",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"Marceca",slug:"maurizio-marceca",fullName:"Maurizio Marceca"}],corrections:null},{id:"53574",title:"The Impact of Tuberculosis among Immigrants: Epidemiology and Strategies of Control in High-Income Countries—Current Data and Literature Review",doi:"10.5772/66823",slug:"the-impact-of-tuberculosis-among-immigrants-epidemiology-and-strategies-of-control-in-high-income-co",totalDownloads:1978,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A significant reappearance of tuberculosis (TB) was observed in industrialized countries during the last two decades. This is due to the spread of HIV infection itself and to today's migratory phenomenon as a consequence of wealth disparity, poverty, wars and political persecutions. This proportion is expected to increase and represents an important cause of the overall resurgence of the TB epidemic and drug‐resistant TB in Western Europe and the USA. TB is currently one of the leading causes of death worldwide and a health problem in high‐income countries. Although WHO global TB report 2015 with its “STOP TB” strategy has the goal to eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050, TB shows no signs of disappearing despite some decline in high‐income countries. In order to intensify the fights against this deadly disease, further efforts should be aimed to improve examination/detection processes to accurately determine all kinds of TB, and how best to enhance TB control through a coordinated medical screening program of migrants for active TB. Migration in itself is not a definitive risk for TB. Stressful living condition, social isolation, poverty, political fear/persecution, and difficulties to access to health care can expose these individuals to the risk of TB infection during and after the migration process. This chapter aims to discuss and highlight all these issues.",signatures:"Carlo Contini, Martina Maritati, Marachiara di Nuzzo, Lorenzo\nMassoli, Sara Lomenzo and Anastasio Grilli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53574",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53574",authors:[{id:"192625",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlo",surname:"Contini",slug:"carlo-contini",fullName:"Carlo Contini"}],corrections:null},{id:"53470",title:"Sociocultural Models of Second-Language Learning of Young Immigrants in Canada",doi:"10.5772/66952",slug:"sociocultural-models-of-second-language-learning-of-young-immigrants-in-canada",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The most significant challenge for the minority immigrant is learning a new language. They arrive in a new culture and community hoping to master English quickly in order to achieve their academic and career goals. However, many immigrants have mentioned general barriers resulting from being unable to communicate with peers outside their cultural and linguistic group. Recent research has identified several cognitive variables such as vocabulary, reading aloud, and grammatical judgment related to second-language learning in immigrants; however, little attention was given to sociocultural factors such as acculturation, motivation, and cultural learning because learning a language is a necessary aspect of being socialized into a particular culture. This chapter reviews research of sociocultural models in relation to second-language learning of immigrant youth in Canada. We address this paradigm for research by incorporating both acculturation and sociolinguistic approaches, as well as more traditional cognitive-linguistic approaches, to models of second-language learning in immigrants.",signatures:"Fanli Jia, Alexandra Gottardo and Aline Ferreira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53470",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53470",authors:[{id:"192435",title:"Dr.",name:"Fanli",surname:"Jia",slug:"fanli-jia",fullName:"Fanli Jia"},{id:"194425",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",surname:"Gottardo",slug:"alexandra-gottardo",fullName:"Alexandra Gottardo"},{id:"194656",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"aline-ferreira",fullName:"Aline Ferreira"}],corrections:null},{id:"52690",title:"Acculturation, Adaptation and Loneliness among Brazilian Migrants Living in Portugal",doi:"10.5772/65693",slug:"acculturation-adaptation-and-loneliness-among-brazilian-migrants-living-in-portugal",totalDownloads:1583,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Acculturation refers to the changes that individuals undergo following intercultural contact. Adaptation is the long‐term outcome of the process of acculturation, and loneliness represents one indicator of negative psychological adaptation. This study, using acculturation strategies, looks to answer to four questions: (1) what is the relationship between intercultural strategies and loneliness? (2) What influence does cultural identity have on the loneliness of migrants? (3) What influence does perceived discrimination have on the loneliness of migrants? and (4) what influences do self‐worth and perceptions of others have on the loneliness? Answering these questions is important for reducing migrants’ loneliness. This study, carried out in 2012, is constituted by 258 Brazilian migrants in Portugal (53% females and 47% males) with a mean age of 36 years. The mean length of residence in Portugal was 14 years. In order to measure loneliness, we used the ULS‐6 scale. Other scales were used to measure intercultural strategies, cultural identity, perceived discrimination, self‐esteem and attitudes towards ethnocultural groups. As predicted, in what concerns intercultural strategies, loneliness was negatively associated with the strategy of integration, and positively associated with assimilation, separation and marginalization. Ethnic identity was negatively associated with loneliness, but, contrary to expectations, national identity was positively associated with loneliness. Perceived discrimination predicted positively loneliness. Finally, as expected, self‐esteem and perceptions of the in‐group predicted negatively loneliness. Implications of the study are discussed.",signatures:"Joana Neto, Eliany Nazaré Oliveira and Félix Neto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52690",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52690",authors:[{id:"192779",title:"Prof.",name:"Félix",surname:"Neto",slug:"felix-neto",fullName:"Félix Neto"},{id:"195044",title:"Dr.",name:"Joana",surname:"Neto",slug:"joana-neto",fullName:"Joana Neto"},{id:"195045",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eliany",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"eliany-oliveira",fullName:"Eliany Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"53657",title:"Asians as Model Minorities: A Myth or Reality among Scientists and Engineers in Academia",doi:"10.5772/66827",slug:"asians-as-model-minorities-a-myth-or-reality-among-scientists-and-engineers-in-academia",totalDownloads:1523,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Asians from China, India, South Korea, and Taiwan constitute the largest non‐White group in academic science and engineering (S&E). Most of the studies in relation to race/ethnicity combine Asians into one category whether they are immigrants (foreign born) or US citizens. Research has suggested that job satisfaction differs with the type of citizenship status held by faculty members. However, what studies fail to notice is that Asian faculty members who are either born in the United States or are naturalized might experience very different levels of attitudes and satisfaction toward their job when compared with Asian faculty members who are foreign born and on temporary visa status, impacting retention. Do institutions recognize the differences between these two groups, or are Asian faculty members considered a “model minority” group and “problem‐free?” This is the question that this study aims to examine. Given the growing competition in S&E globally, matters pertaining to faculty members’ satisfaction, retention, and persistence will take a front seat among policy makers and university administrators. Data for this study come from the National Science Foundation’s Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR).",signatures:"Meghna Sabharwal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53657",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53657",authors:[{id:"192631",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Meghna",surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"meghna-sabharwal",fullName:"Meghna Sabharwal"}],corrections:null},{id:"53647",title:"Why Do Immigrants to Norway Leave the Country or Move Domestically? Some Important Facts",doi:"10.5772/66951",slug:"why-do-immigrants-to-norway-leave-the-country-or-move-domestically-some-important-facts",totalDownloads:1525,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We consider immigrants living in Norway and their behavior with respect to mobility. Using cross-sectional data, we employ a trinomial logit model. An immigrant may (i) move to another centrality level, (ii) emigrate, or (iii) stay at the same centrality level as in the previous period. We carry out separate estimations for eight different groups, brought about combining four centrality levels with two genders. To assess the effect of different explanatory variables related to (i) duration of residence in Norway, (ii) labor market status, (iii) reason for immigration, (iv) the extent of education and (v) family size and composition, we calculate marginal effects. In line with earlier results, we obtain that longer duration of residence tends to decrease the probability of emigration and that immigrants who have stated escape as the reason for immigration to Norway tends to have lower probabilities for emigration than those who have stated work as the reason.",signatures:"Tom Kornstad, Terje Skjerpen and Lasse Sigbjørn Stambøl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53647",authors:[{id:"193167",title:"Mr.",name:"Terje",surname:"Skjerpen",slug:"terje-skjerpen",fullName:"Terje Skjerpen"},{id:"193169",title:"Dr.",name:"Tom",surname:"Kornstad",slug:"tom-kornstad",fullName:"Tom Kornstad"},{id:"193170",title:"Mr.",name:"Lasse",surname:"Stambøl",slug:"lasse-stambol",fullName:"Lasse Stambøl"}],corrections:null},{id:"53671",title:"The New Actors of International Migration: A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Students’ Experiences in a Medium-Sized City in Turkey",doi:"10.5772/67004",slug:"the-new-actors-of-international-migration-a-comparative-analysis-of-foreign-students-experiences-in-",totalDownloads:1258,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"International or foreign student migration is one of the topics that started to become a hot topic in many different countries because of various aspects. Lately, Turkey, especially in terms of higher education, can be seen as a country that sends students to study abroad but also attracts foreign students. With regard to Adnan Menderes University which is located in a medium‐sized city (Aydın), the main focus of this study is based on experiences of foreign students regarding prejudice, discrimination and racism. In addition to this, the topics such as to what extent are foreign students having difficulty to adapt to the life in Turkey, to what extent are the students satisfied with their lives in the country, in what way could foreign students who currently study in Turkey help to increase the foreign student population or sustain the student migration were examined. In this context, six different categories, such as students from Africa, Asia, South Caucasia, Middle East, Europe/Balkans and Europe/Other, were created. Surveys were applied to participants of the study group in line with a quantitative research scope.",signatures:"Serdar Ünal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53671",authors:[{id:"192402",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",surname:"Ünal",slug:"serdar-unal",fullName:"Serdar Ünal"}],corrections:null},{id:"53506",title:"The Voice of Trailing Women in the Decision to Relocate: Is it Really a Choice?",doi:"10.5772/66949",slug:"the-voice-of-trailing-women-in-the-decision-to-relocate-is-it-really-a-choice-",totalDownloads:1536,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The reasons for migration among highly skilled couples are economic as well as noneconomic. However, our understanding of the motivations of trailing wives remains somewhat limited, especially given their loss of personal, professional, and social resources during the relocation. This chapter explores the motivations of women to relocate for their husband’s work. It examines how gender ideologies weave with the decision to relocate, and how women’s considerations and preferences are taken into account during this process. This study included depth interviews with 12 trailing mothers in the Netherlands and in the United States during 2015–2016. Interviews were performed face-to-face or by video chat. The study used an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Narratives analyses revealed that most trailing wives exerted very limited agency during the decision process and felt that they do not have any realistic alternatives to relocation. This powerlessness was imposed by gender-role ideologies that portray women as the primary care provider and men as the primary breadwinner. Thus, women’s motivations to go overseas were primarily centered on family benefits, such as improving the family’s financial status or supporting their husband’s career. These findings suggest that societal factors, mainly gender, significantly diminish the actual choice options available to trailing wives.",signatures:"Ortal Slobodin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53506",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53506",authors:[{id:"192385",title:"Dr.",name:"Ortal",surname:"Slobodin",slug:"ortal-slobodin",fullName:"Ortal Slobodin"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6630",title:"Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f6cc315119ed59e44cce41a717d6316",slug:"social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6630.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8090",title:"Who Wants to Retire and Who Can Afford to Retire?",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90fe30d224594414bb156e42afa47f5e",slug:"who-wants-to-retire-and-who-can-afford-to-retire-",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11599",leadTitle:null,title:"Leukemia - From Biology to Diagnosis and Treatment",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tNovel technological, molecular, and immunologic approaches are rapidly creating novel insights into the biology and therapeutic perspectives of leukemias. The continuous and rather extensive influx of new information regarding the key features and underlying mechanisms as well as treatment options of leukemias requires frequent updating of this topic. \r\n\tThe primary objective of this book is to provide the specialists involved in the clinical management and experimental research of acute and chronic leukemias updates on the theoretical aspects as well as state-of-the-art diagnostic and clinical management of acute and chronic leukemias.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe book is intended to cover a broad spectrum of leukemia-related topics such as: \r\n\t-novel and still evolving insights into the biology and diagnosis and how these result in new drug approvals and new therapeutic options with a focus on molecular and immunotherapeutic targeted therapeutics, \r\n\t- the molecular and functional features of leukemic stem cells and their interaction with the microenvironment, \r\n\t- preleukemic hematopoiesis and clonal diversity, \r\n\t- new standard treatment algorithms, \r\n\t- mechanisms of resistance and disease progression \r\n\t- diagnosis and management of rare acute leukemia subtypes, \r\n\t- Covid-19 aspects in specific leukemia categories, \r\n\t- real-world data \r\n\t- new drugs in development
",isbn:"978-1-80356-906-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-905-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-907-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"30b431385424f0b84aee499d839f46cc",bookSignature:"Prof. Margarita Guenova and Prof. Gueorgui Balatzenko",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11599.jpg",keywords:"Leukemogenesis, Diagnosis, Target Therapies, Minimal Residual Disease, COVID-19, Molecular Biology, Mechanisms of Resistance and Disease Progression, Treatment-Free Remission, New Drugs in Development, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Biomarkers",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 1st 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"19 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Head of the national reference diagnostic laboratory for malignant blood diseases, professor of hematology, member of national and international medical societies, and author/co-author of research papers related to leukemia.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr.Balatzenko is a Professor of Hematology and Blood Transfusion at the Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology at the National Specialised Hospital for Active Treatment of Haematological Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria. He has authored and co-authored many articles in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters. He is a member of several professional societies, such as the Bulgarian Society of Hematology, the Bulgarian Society of Genetics, and the European Hematology Association; a life member of the UICC.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"52938",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Guenova",slug:"margarita-guenova",fullName:"Margarita Guenova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52938/images/system/52938.jpg",biography:"Professor Dr. Margarita Guenova received her medical training at the Medical University of Sofia and her PhD degree at the National Center of Haematology in 2000. She is employed as Head of the Laboratory of Haematopathology and Immunology and Professor of Hematology and Blood Transfusion at the National Specialised Hospital for Active Treatment of Haematological Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria, teaching both undergraduate and graduate studies at the Sofia Medical University. She specializes in the field of leukemia and lymphoma diagnostics. In regard to her scientific interests, she worked on the elucidation of critical mechanisms of leukemia pathogenesis and progression, investigation of clinically relevant biomarkers and potential targets for therapy in leukemias and lymphomas, characterization of leukemic stem cell populations, minimal residual disease, and implementation of a multifaceted approach in oncohematology. Dr. Guenova has authored and coauthored many abstracts, articles in peer-reviewed journals, and book chapters. She serves on several editorial boards and is the Past-president of the Bulgarian Society of Hematology as well as a member of several professional societies, such as the Bulgarian Society of Pathology, the Bulgarian Association of Clinical Immunology, the European Hematology Association, the European Association of Haematopathology, and the International Society of Haematology.",institutionString:"Laboratory of Haematopathology and Immunology, National Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Haematological Diseases",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"56314",title:"Prof.",name:"Gueorgui",middleName:null,surname:"Balatzenko",slug:"gueorgui-balatzenko",fullName:"Gueorgui Balatzenko",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/56314/images/5371_n.jpg",biography:"Professor Dr. Gueorgui Balatzenko received his medical training at the Medical University of Sofia and his PhD degree at the National Center of Haematology in 2002. He obtained additional qualifications at the Red Cross Blood Bank, Groningen-Drenthe, the Netherlands; Institute Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; and Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. He is Professor of Hematology and Blood Transfusion at the Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology at the National Specialised Hospital for Active Treatment of Haematological Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria, teaching both undergraduate and graduate studies at the Sofia Medical University. His major interest is in the field of molecular investigations in leukemias. In regard to his scientific achievements, he worked on the elucidation of \nthe incidence and clinical relevance of molecular biomarkers in chronic and acute leukemias as well as on the molecular monitoring of treatment response. Dr. Balatzenko has authored and coauthored many articles in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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1. Introduction
Thanks to improved storage capacities, databases in various fields such as banking have grown up to a rich level. Most of the strategic sales and marketing decisions are taken by processing these data. For example, strategies such as cross-sell, up-sell, or risk management are being created as a result of processing the customer data. Because of the increasing number of customers and the need for a higher processing capacity, it has made it more difficult to identify the customer requirements in a rapid and accurate way and to present solution recommendations. Innovative data mining applications and techniques are required to solve this issue [1].
The market basket analysis is one of the data mining methods applied to identify the pattern which is found in product ownership data of customers. Thanks to this analysis, a pattern among the products frequently bought together by the customers can be established. The obtained pattern plays an active role in developing cross-sell and up-sell strategies.
Market basket analysis consists of two main processes. These are clustering and association processes, respectively. The clustering process involves grouping of similar customers in terms of clusters. Thus, those customers which should be examined in the same category will be identified. During the association process, commonness in buying behavior of customers through a selected cluster is being identified, assuming that clustered customers having similar characteristics would demonstrate similar buying behaviors.
As the banking databases have grown up to a very high volume, the association process has become a very costly process in terms of time and memory consumption. In order to improve the time and memory performance, sampling process should be included in the previous phase of association.
In this regard, a sample which involves less observations in comparison to the whole data is used. We use the term “space” to refer the whole data set. In case the representation capability of the obtained sampling is high, loss of data is minimized, and the association process is realized through the sample instead of the space itself. Thus, less data shall be processed, and association rules (ARs) shall be obtained faster by consuming less memory.
As the subject of this book chapter was focused onto the banking data, customer segmentation conducted by the bank data was accepted as the clustering. As a result of the segmentation, clusters created by similar customers were used as input of sampling.
In this chapter, sample creation methods, techniques to find ideal sampling size, the space representing capability of these samples generated by these techniques, and association rules discovered through these samples were examined, respectively. Association rules obtained from both the space and sample were used to verify the sampling process. Besides, the spared amount in terms of time consumption was calculated.
This book chapter was organized as follows: Section 2 explains the studies toward deriving association rules through the space and sampling. Section 3 explains the parameters required to obtain association rules and the Apriori algorithm. Section 4 contains parameters to create the sample, sample creation methods, and the techniques used to calculate the sample size. Section 5 examines association rules obtained from the space and the sample and the results showing the representation capability of the sample for the respective space and the results showing rewards in terms of time consumption. Section 6 gives an overview and concludes the chapter.
2. Related work
In association rule mining, first the item sets, which are found together frequently, are found, and then the rules are obtained from these item sets.
Association algorithms are classified according to characteristics of the obtained item sets. In early studies Agrawal-Imielinski-Swami (AIS) algorithm which was allowed to find wide item sets was used, and then algorithms were found such as Apriori, which were used frequently now and which were able to process the bigger data sets faster [2].
The mutual usage of association discovery and sample creation methods is not a new approach. Sample creation studies toward association detection have begun with papers demonstrating mathematically that it was possible to create a sample which maintained the characteristics of the space. The following studies involved several techniques calculating the optimal number of observations [3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
At the beginning of the sample size detection studies, the data to be sampled were not considered; they have tried to determine the sample size using parameters not depending on the data such as margin of error, minimum support, and minimum confidence [3]. In current studies, formulas (using variables such as maximal process length or Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) size of the data cluster) considering the data characteristics have appeared [4, 5, 6, 7]. There exists a number of studies focusing on how the management of metadata of big data sets are provided in a distributed computing setting [8, 9, 10, 11]. Moreover, there exists a number of studies that are conducted in the field of information systems for managing distributed data storage platforms [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Unlike these studies, this chapter focuses on extracting meaningful information, i.e. association rules, from the big data sets. Initial results of the experimental studies, covered in this chapter, were reported in a previous study [17]. Sections 3 and 4 give detailed information on association detection and sample creation methods, respectively, and explain the techniques used in this study.
3. Association detection methods
In data mining, it is used to determine the pattern found among the association algorithms and observations [2, 18, 19]. In case any organization’s transaction database is discussed, an analogy can be established between the observations and customers and between areas where a pattern is tried to be found and the bought products. Patterns obtained by association algorithms are processed to obtain association rules.
Association rules may be defined as follows: let us call each subset of products within the database an “itemset,” and let us call each set of products purchased together by the customer a “transaction.” The support count of any itemset is defined as the number of transactions associated with the items in the set within the database. The support indicates the ratio of support count to the number of transactions within the database. The itemset which meets the minimum support requirement is called the frequent itemset (FI).
For example, if a database with 10 transactions contains product A in 3 different transactions, then the product A’s support count is 3, and its support is 0.3. In case the minimum support is defined by a value lower than 0.3, then the product A will be classified as FI.
There are several algorithms deriving FI using the transactions within the database [2, 18]. In this chapter, Apriori algorithm was preferred due its ability of deriving all itemsets within the space. This algorithm derives primarily candidate itemsets starting with one-element itemset from the database. Those providing minimum support from candidate itemsets are filtered and recorded as FI. New candidate itemsets are created from the FI obtained in the previous step by increasing the number of elements. In each step, the candidate itemsets are passed through a minimum support test, and the algorithm continues until no FI with k-elements can be generated.
Among the elements of the FI obtained from the database, it is possible to derive association rules in A- > B format. Then, AR’s support gets equal to AUB itemset support. The confidence is defined as the ratio of AUB itemset support to the A itemset support. AR should meet the minimum confidence requirement specified by the customer [2].
Assuming that A - > B rule has a support of s and the confidence of c, we can derive that the itemsets A and B in the whole database are associated with a probability of s and a customer owning the itemset A might be an owner of the itemset B with a probability of c.
To find out all ARs within the database, a rule mining algorithm is applied to each FI obtained. Candidate rule combinations are created for rule mining among all subsets of a selected FI in A - > B format. Those providing minimal confidence from candidate rules are filtered and recorded as association rule.
4. Sample creation methodology
Sample creation is the process of creating a subset containing the characteristics of a data set. The subset created through sampling is expected to represent the data set (space). In traditional statistical methods, the similarity of two data sets is measured by either χ2 test or Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test.
In this study, these tests were utilized, in order to measure the similarity of the created sample in comparison with its space. A comparison was conducted through p values (the probability p of finding the space characteristics) of the statistics resulting from both tests. In case the obtained p value exceeds 0.05, it can be deducted that “the sample is similar to the space with a probability of at least 95%.”
Sample creation is discussed under two topics, i.e., sample creation methods and sample size determination techniques. Sample creation methods are explained in Chapter 4.1 and sample size determination techniques explained in Chapter 4.2.
4.1 Sample creation methods
When creating samples from the space, it is possible to use several sample creation methods. These methods are classified according to the selection of observations from the space. The main sample creation methods are as follows:
4.1.1 Simple random sampling
The observations within the space are selected without following a specific routine. The selection probability of each observation is equal.
Systematic sampling: The observations within the space are numbered. Sampling interval is created by dividing the space size to the observation size. A random number is selected. The observation sample at this number from each interval is included.
4.1.2 Stratified sampling
This is used where the observations within the space can be divided into groups. The samples are created maintaining the ratio between the number of observations of groups within the space and the total number of observations. The selection probability of each observation in the same stratus is equal.
4.1.3 Cluster sampling
This is used where the observations within the space can be divided into groups. After the groups are determined, they are selected using the simple random sampling method. All observations within selected groups are included into the sample.
4.1.4 Multistage sampling
This is used where the observations within the space can be divided into groups. After the groups are determined, groups are selected by the simple random sampling method. Unlike cluster sampling, observations to be selected from groups are determined by the simple random sampling method.
Among the mentioned methods, the simple random sampling method stands up by its high speed. As the methods, which require creation of groups within the space and sorting of observations, need a pre-analysis, their time consumption is more than the simple random sampling method.
4.2 Sample size determination methods
The expected parameter in sample creation methods is the size of the sample to be created. When the optimal sample size is calculated, a number which will not decrease its space representing capability should be found. Under association detection algorithms, it is important to derive all FIs and ARs within the space from the sample. In this study, techniques specialized on association detection algorithms have been examined from those developed for sample size determination [3, 4, 5, 7]. Sample size determination techniques are divided into two groups to minimize the FI and AR loss.
When the association algorithms will be run using the same parameters, support and confidence values calculated from the sample appear to be different than their counterparts calculated from the space. This margin of error is measured using two different methods. When calculating absolute margin of error, the absolute value of the difference between values from the space and the sample is considered. The relative margin of error is calculated by dividing absolute margin of error into the value within the space. In Table 1, the lines containing “absolute” at the “type of technique” column aim at reducing absolute margin of error, while those containing “relative” aim to minimize relative margin of error.
Table 1.
Sample size calculation techniques are provided.
Minimal sample size can be determined in terms of accuracy ε, probability of error δ, minimum support Θ, minimum confidence γ, d-index value of the space v, maximal process length of the space ∆, and the constant c. In formulas, the value η is calculated depending on variables Θ, γ, and ε; and the value p is calculated depending on values η and Θ.
All examined techniques are shown in Table 1 with suggested formulas and type of formula. The values found through the techniques determine the minimum number of transactions required for sample creation. The number of transactions which are equal to the values found is selected from the space by the preferred sample creation method.
Sample size determination techniques determine the minimum number of transactions required for sample creation. The number of transactions which are equal to the values found is selected from the space by the preferred sample creation method.
The complexity of the space is calculated theoretically using the Vapnik-Chervonenkis size [20]. Assuming that the transactions within the database are sorted according to their number of elements and that the “number of transactions” and “number of elements” are plotted on the coordinate system, the d-index value would correspond to the edge length of the largest square.
In this study, we use a d-index algorithm, which does not seek a sorting requirement among the transactions, and it calculates v (d-index value), by initializing with 1 and by increasing it. All transactions within the database should be scanned to find the value. Where a number of transactions are large and the item number within each transaction is less, such as banking data, the length of transactions becomes decisive in determining the d-index value. In d-index algorithm, the transactions within the database were sorted in descending order of item numbers, and the value v was calculated decreasingly beginning from the maximal transaction length. Here, it is not necessary to scan all transactions.
5. Experimental evaluation and results
The tests were performed on product ownership data of banking customers. Statistical studies’ code development was performed on the widely used R programming language.
When tests were performed, the steps below were followed:
Determine the sample size utilizing various techniques
Create three different samples for each technique using the simple random sampling method
Compare the representability of the space for the obtained sample examination with χ2 and K-S tests
Use the Apriori algorithm included in the arules package of R language, and determine the FI and AR through the space and sample
Calculate the absolute error in support and trust values, and compare the results with those obtained from the space
Compare the duration of obtaining AR and the duration of sample creation. Generate AR from the sample
Theoretically, it is expected that the samples in various sizes obtained from FI and AR results are tuned with the results from the space, that there is a correspondence between representability and absolute error, and that the duration of transactions made on the sample and the memory consumption reduce.
To accelerate the test processes, instead of 143 products of the bank, 10 different product groups were determined, and the association between those groups was examined. The utilized banking data is a matrix including 1,048,575 customers and an ownership status of customers about 10 different product groups. The lines represent customers and the columns represent product groups. In case the customer owns a product, the intersection of that line-column indicates 1, otherwise 0. In these tests the following parameters were used: accuracy ε = 0.04, probability of error δ = 0.07, minimal support value Θ = 0.02, and minimum confidence γ = 0.06, 0.1, and 0.14.
Table 2 shows varying sample sizes corresponding to varying minimum confidence values. Because γ was not used as a parameter in formulas Toivonen, Chakaravarthy FI-absolute, Chakaravarthy AR-absolute, Riondato FI-absolute, and Riondato FI-relative, there are no variations in calculated sizes.
Table 2.
Calculated sample sizes based on varying minimum trust values are provided.
Techniques where the calculated size is larger than the space were not used at the sample creation step.
When Table 2 was examined in detail, it is obvious that the sizes obtained from the techniques Chakaravarthy FI-absolute, Chakaravarthy AR-absolute, Riondato FI-relative, and Riondato AR-relative are larger than the space (1,048,575). As the aim was to reduce the data set, these techniques were not examined in the following tests. In order to minimize the error due to simple random sampling method, three samples were created for each of the Zaki, Toivonen, Riondato FI-absolute, and Riondato AR-absolute techniques.
Table 3 shows average p values calculated from χ2 and K-S tests. As the similarity significance between the space and sample was accepted as 95%, it is expected that p values are higher than 0.05. The results indicate that values were obtained to prove an adequate statistical similarity between the space and all obtained samples. An instability is obvious regarding p values of Toivonen where the sample size does not vary. We consider this instability results from the small sample size provided by this technique.
Table 3.
p values calculated from χ2 and K-S tests were provided based on minimum trust values.
All the techniques were found to be similar to the space.
FIs and their corresponding ARs were determined from the samples created using Apriori algorithm. To measure the similarities of FIs and ARs, absolute error was calculated through support and trust values. Zaki and Toivonen techniques were inadequate to determine all FIs and ARs existing in the space for the value γ = 0.1. Because a loss of rule was undesirable, we have observed that these two techniques were not suitable to sample creation and time consumption tests were not examined. By calculating the error by substituting incomplete values with 0, the results on Table 4 were obtained. As expected, where absolute support error was high, an also high-confidence error was found.
Table 4.
Average support and trust absolute error generated based on varying minimum trust values are provided.
Techniques where AR loss was experienced were not tested in terms of running time.
In a comparative review of Tables 3 and 4, no relation was detected between support and confidence errors by the results obtained from χ2 and K-S tests. We have noticed that traditional statistical measurements were inadequate in measuring the representability of the sample which was created for association mining.
In Table 5, durations until creation of AR are provided for the space and created samples. While the duration from sample creation until obtaining the AR was provided for the space, the time required for sample size determination, total average time required for sample creation, and obtaining the AR by simple random sampling method were provided for the samples. As expected, the time performance of all techniques for each value γ was found better than the space. Even more benefits are expected by using actually 143 different products instead of 10 product groups in these tests.
Table 5.
The time until rule mining based on varying minimum trust values γ was given in seconds.
Techniques where AR loss was experienced were not tested in terms of running time.
FI and AR results of the samples were compared to those generated from the space. Within the space, the mostly encountered depository (D) product has a ratio of 94%, credit card (CC) product has 11%, and installment loan (IL) product has 8%. These products are found together within the space by a ratio of 2.3%. In spite of this low support value, three different rules with high confidence were derived. “CC, IL → D” rule was derived, and eventually, it was observed that 92% of people who have bought CC and IL also have bought D. According to another derived rule “IL, D -> CC,” it was discovered that 31% of people who bought CC and D also bought IL. It was also found through another rule CC, D - > IL that 28% of people who bought IL and D also bought CC. These rules could not be derived from the techniques Zaki and Toivonen, and information loss was experienced. Therefore, these techniques are not suitable on sample creation for association mining. As expected, when sample size increased, the obtained absolute error in results decreased.
The utilized banking data contains information about customers and the product groups of their owned products. In other words, instead of products owned by customers, banking product groups were used. This was preferred to reduce the data set sparsity and to accelerate the test speeds. So, it was observed that even tests on the space did not take longer than 2 seconds. Whenever the advantages in terms of duration seem to be in the order of seconds, tests to be conducted with a data set containing more products (or product groups) will show decisive advantages.
6. Conclusion and future work
Because AR mining process through the space takes a long time, we have aimed at determining a smaller sized sample representing the space and AR mining through that sample. For this purpose, in this book chapter, we have investigated for techniques which provide an ideal sample size specialized on association mining.
The samples were created using the simple random sampling method, and three different samples were obtained per technique. We have tried to prevent a potential noise in our results by creating multiple samples.
The similarity of samples to the space was measured by the χ2 test and K-S test. It was obvious that after both tests the obtained values for association mining were inadequate in measuring the representability of samples. In those tests, no relationship was found among support and confidence error values. We consider that the probability of tests giving biased outputs and the inadequacy of suggested sample sizes in measuring were the reasons for having these results.
The results indicate that the duration of AR generation within the space was compared to the total time of sample size determination, sample creation, and AR generation through the sample. It was observed that each technique was better performing in terms of space results. Riondato FI-absolute and Riondato AR-absolute techniques have given good results based on calculated absolute error values. When smaller sample size and less time consumption criteria were considered, Riondato FI-absolute technique becomes favorable.
In future studies, the data set shall be renewed in this regard, and other sample methods will also be applied. Besides, results which might be related to a single data set shall be extended with tests to be performed on another data set, and the results shall be cross-checked.
\n',keywords:"big data, sampling, association rule mining, data mining, data preprocessing techniques",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72325.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72325.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72325",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72325",totalDownloads:691,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:2,dateSubmitted:"November 26th 2019",dateReviewed:"February 3rd 2020",datePrePublished:"May 28th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",dateFinished:"May 28th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"An accurate, complete, and rapid establishment of customer needs and existence of product recommendations are crucial points in terms of increasing customer satisfaction level in various different sectors such as the banking sector. Due to the significant increase in the number of transactions and customers, analyzing costs regarding time and consumption of memory becomes higher. In order to increase the performance of the product recommendation, we discuss an approach, a sample data creation process, to association rule mining. Thus instead of processing whole population, processing on a sample that represents the population is used to decrease time of analysis and consumption of memory. In this regard, sample composing methods, sample size determination techniques, the tests which measure the similarity between sample and population, and association rules (ARs) derived from the sample were examined. The mutual buying behavior of the customers was found using a well-known association rule mining algorithm. Techniques were compared according to the criteria of complete rule derivation and time consumption.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72325",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72325",signatures:"Oguz Celik, Muruvvet Hasanbasoglu, Mehmet S. Aktas and Oya Kalipsiz",book:{id:"9961",type:"book",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",fullTitle:"Data Mining - Methods, Applications and Systems",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-319-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-318-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-320-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316046",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Aktas",fullName:"Mehmet Aktas",slug:"mehmet-aktas",email:"msaktas@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"317396",title:"Mr.",name:"Oguz",middleName:null,surname:"Celik",fullName:"Oguz Celik",slug:"oguz-celik",email:"maktas@indiana.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Yıldız Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"317398",title:"Prof.",name:"Oya",middleName:null,surname:"Kalipsiz",fullName:"Oya Kalipsiz",slug:"oya-kalipsiz",email:"kalipsiz@yildiz.edu.tr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Yıldız Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"317401",title:"Ms.",name:"Muruvvet",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanbasoglu",fullName:"Muruvvet Hasanbasoglu",slug:"muruvvet-hasanbasoglu",email:"msaktas74@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Yıldız Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Related work",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Association detection methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Sample creation methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Sample creation methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"4.1.1 Simple random sampling",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"4.1.2 Stratified sampling",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"4.1.3 Cluster sampling",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"4.1.4 Multistage sampling",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.2 Sample size determination methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Experimental evaluation and results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"6. Conclusion and future work",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Jayasree V, Balan RVS. A review on data mining in banking sector. American Journal of Applied Sciences. 2013;10(10):1160-1165'},{id:"B2",body:'Agrawal R, Imieliński T, Swami A. Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases. In: SIGMOD ‘93, Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data; 1993'},{id:"B3",body:'Zaki MJ, Parthasarathy S, Li W, Ogihara M. Evaluation of sampling for data mining of association rules. In: Proceedings 7th International Workshop on Research Issues in Data Engineering; 1997'},{id:"B4",body:'Chakaravarthy TV et al. Analysis of sampling techniques for association rule mining. In: 12th International Conference on Database Theory; 2009'},{id:"B5",body:'Klemettinen M et al. Finding interesting rules from large sets of discovered association rules. In: CIKM ‘94: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management; 1994'},{id:"B6",body:'Toivonen H. Sampling large databases for association rules. In: Proceedings of the 22nd VLDB Conference, Mumbai (Bombay), India. 1996. pp. 134-145'},{id:"B7",body:'Riondato M et al. Efficient discovery of association rules and frequent item sets through sampling with tight performance guarantees. ECML PKDD. 2012:25-41'},{id:"B8",body:'Baeth MJ et al. An approach to custom privacy violation detection problems using big social provenance data. Concurrency and Computation-Practice & Experience. 2018;30(21):1-9'},{id:"B9",body:'Baeth MJ et al. Detecting misinformation in social networks using provenance data. Concurrency and Computation-Practice & Experience. 2019;31(3):1-13'},{id:"B10",body:'Riveni M et al. Application of provenance in social computing: A case study. Concurrency and Computation-Practice & Experience. 2019;31(3):1-13'},{id:"B11",body:'Tas Y et al. An approach to standalone provenance systems for big provenance data. In: The International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grids on Big Data (SKG-16); 2016. pp. 9-16'},{id:"B12",body:'Aktas MS. Hybrid cloud computing monitoring software architecture. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience. 2018;30(21):1-9'},{id:"B13",body:'Aktas MS et al. A web based conversational case-based recommender system for ontology aided metadata discovery. In: The 5th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Grid Computing. 2004. pp. 69-75'},{id:"B14",body:'Aktas MS et al. Fault tolerant high-performance information services for dynamic collections of Grid and Web services. Future Generation Computer Systems. 2007;23(3):317-337'},{id:"B15",body:'Pierce ME et al. The QuakeSim project: Web services for managing geophysical data and applications. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 2008;165(3-4):635-651'},{id:"B16",body:'Aydin G et al. SERVOGrid complexity computational environments (CCE) integrated performance analysis. In: The 6th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Grid Computing; 2005. pp. 256-261'},{id:"B17",body:'Celik O et al. Implementation of data preprocessing techniques on distributed big data platforms. In: 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK); 2019.pp. 73-78'},{id:"B18",body:'Eltabakh MY et al. Incremental mining for frequent patterns in evolving time series databases. Technical report. Department of Computer Science, Purdue University; 2008'},{id:"B19",body:'Pei J, Han J, Lu H, Nishio S, Tang S, Yang D. H-Mine: Fast and space-preserving frequent pattern mining in large databases. IIE Transactions. 2007;39(6):593-605. DOI: 10.1080/07408170600897460'},{id:"B20",body:'Vapnik V et al. Measuring the VC-dimension of a learning machine. Neural Computation. 1994;6(5):851-876'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Oguz Celik",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Computer Engineering, Yildiz Technical University Istanbul, Turkey
Department of Computer Engineering, Yildiz Technical University Istanbul, Turkey
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Currently, the knowledge of vertebrates’ immune system contributes to the advance in vaccine and drug development, resulting in new drugs that help to control human and livestock pathogens. Unfortunately, very small advances have been achieved in tick’s immune system that could help to develop new strategies designated to control tick-borne diseases and other arthropod vectors. On this subject, the study of the mechanisms involved is transcendental as is also the study on molecules, cells, and regulation of immune response involved in signaling pathways in ticks. The progress on the understanding of ticks’ physiology represents a necessary advance in molecular approaches related with a tick’s immune response, involved in host-vector-pathogen interaction, and, in turn, evolutionary relationships. Current knowledge on tick’s immune response to different kinds of pathogens is described in this chapter and the use of modern molecular tools to fill the gaps on different aspects in tick immunobiology that still is unclear or under study.",signatures:"Hugo Aguilar-Díaz and Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar",authors:[{id:"201360",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",surname:"Aguilar-Diaz",fullName:"Hugo Aguilar-Diaz",slug:"hugo-aguilar-diaz",email:"hugoaguilar@ciencias.unam.mx"}],book:{id:"5543",title:"Farm Animals Diseases, Recent Omic Trends and New Strategies of Treatment",slug:"farm-animals-diseases-recent-omic-trends-and-new-strategies-of-treatment",productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"187735",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Estela",surname:"Quiroz Castañeda",slug:"rosa-estela-quiroz-castaneda",fullName:"Rosa Estela Quiroz Castañeda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/187735/images/7090_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rosa Estela Quiroz-Castañeda graduated from the Sciences Faculty of Autonomous University of Morelos in 2003. She received her MS degree in Biochemical Sciences from the National Autonomous University of México (UNAM) in 2005 and PhD degree from the same University in 2011. Currently, she is a full researcher at the National Center for Disciplinary Research in Veterinary Parasitology (CENID-PAVET)-INIFAP in Morelos, México. She has experience in microbial biotechnology, molecular biology, and recently, diagnosis and characterization of pathogens and bacterial genomics, especially those of pathogens of veterinary interest such as Anaplasma marginale and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos. Her research is focused on livestock genomics as a useful tool to identify potential molecules of Rickettsial pathogens and hemoplasmas that have potential as immunogens.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"195818",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Martinez",slug:"fernando-martinez",fullName:"Fernando Martinez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"195819",title:"Dr.",name:"Estefan",surname:"Miranda Miranda",slug:"estefan-miranda-miranda",fullName:"Estefan Miranda Miranda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"195820",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardo",surname:"Sachman-Ruiz",slug:"bernardo-sachman-ruiz",fullName:"Bernardo Sachman-Ruiz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201362",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Alberto",surname:"Batista-García",slug:"ramon-alberto-batista-garcia",fullName:"Ramón Alberto Batista-García",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"220191",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Mosqueda",slug:"juan-mosqueda",fullName:"Juan Mosqueda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"222930",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio D.",surname:"Rodríguez- Camarillo",slug:"sergio-d.-rodriguez-camarillo",fullName:"Sergio D. Rodríguez- Camarillo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"223051",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayra E.",surname:"Cobaxin-Cárdenas",slug:"mayra-e.-cobaxin-cardenas",fullName:"Mayra E. Cobaxin-Cárdenas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"our-story",title:"Our story",intro:"
The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
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2005
\\n\\n
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IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
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2006
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IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
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2008
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Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
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2009
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Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
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Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
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Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
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\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
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Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"93",type:"subseries",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",keywords:"Social contract, SDG, Human rights, Inclusiveness, Equity, Democracy, Personal learning, Collaboration, Glocalization",scope:"
\r\n\tThis topic is dedicated to the efforts and promotion of UNESCO SDG4, the UNESCO initiative on the future of education, and the need for a new social contract for education. It aims to disseminate knowledge on policies, strategies, methods, and technologies that increase the resilience and sustainability of the development of the future of education and the new social contract for education. It will also consider the global challenges such as globalization, demographic change, digital transformation, climate change, environment and the social pillars of sustainable development.
\r\n
\r\n\tResponses to the pandemic and the widespread discontent that preceded it must be based on a new social contract and a New Global Deal for education that ensures equal opportunities for all and respects all people’s rights and freedoms (UNESCO; 2021). Such a new social contract, as proposed by UNESCO, must be based on the general principles underlying human rights - inclusion and equality, cooperation and solidarity, and collective responsibility and interconnectedness - and be guided by the following fundamental principle: Ensure that everyone has access to quality education throughout their lives.
\r\n
\r\n\tWe face the dual challenge of delivering on the unfulfilled promise of ensuring the right to quality education for every child, youth, and adult, as well as fully realizing the transformative potential of education as a pathway to a more sustainable collective future. To achieve this, we need a new social contract for education that eliminates inequities while transforming the future. This new social contract must be based on human rights and the principles of non-discrimination, social justice, respect for life, human dignity, and cultural diversity. It must include an ethic of care, reciprocity and solidarity. The new social contract builds on inclusiveness, equity, lifelong learning, SDG, collaboration and personal learning in a global context for democracy.
\r\n
\r\n\tAt an international level, the adoption of the Open Educational Resources recommendation and the Open Science recommendation represents an important step towards building more open and inclusive knowledge societies as well as the achievement of the UN 2030 Agenda. Indeed, implementing the recommendations will help to achieve at least five more Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are intertwined with the topic of this book series, namely SDG 5 (Gender equality), SDG 9 (Industry, innovation and infrastructure), SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities within and across countries), SDG 16 (Peace, justice and strong institutions) and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the goals).
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"320585",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Young",slug:"deborah-young",fullName:"Deborah Young",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002vZLcTQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T08:30:47.jpg",institutionString:"Empowering Communities Globally",institution:null},{id:"348038",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"feyza-bhatti",fullName:"Feyza Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/348038/images/system/348038.jpg",institutionString:"Girne American University",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"302382",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",slug:"gina-alvarado",fullName:"Gina Alvarado",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002mZoL9QAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-26T08:14:10.jpg",institutionString:"Landesa, Seattle",institution:null},{id:"128665",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"man-chung-chiu",fullName:"Man-Chung Chiu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bR9OrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T08:36:59.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. 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\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
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\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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