Disease activity index (DAI).
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10584",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Wood is a gift from nature. It is a sustainable and renewable bio-composite material that possesses a natural ability to mitigate carbon dioxide. However, due to deforestation and climate change, it has become necessary to develop alternative building and construction materials. Engineered wood products (EWPs) such as parallel strand lumber, laminated veneer lumber, and cross-laminated timber are promising substitutions for conventional lumber products. This book presents a comprehensive overview of EWPs, including information on their classification, design, synthesis, properties, and more. It is divided into two sections: “General Overviews and Applications of EWPs” and “Recent Research and Development of EWPs”. The book is a valuable reference for manufacturers, engineers, architects, builders, researchers, and students in the field of construction.",isbn:"978-1-83962-772-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-771-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-790-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92960",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",numberOfPages:358,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4966,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:23,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 27th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 24th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 25th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 14th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 12th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274242/images/system/274242.jpg",biography:"Meng Gong is a leading researcher and the director of the Wood Science and Technology Centre, University of New Brunswick (UNB), Canada. He recently completed a five-year project on increasing the use of wood for structural and non-structural applications as the New Brunswick Innovative Research Chair in Advanced Wood and Construction, Canada. He received his master’s degree in Wood Technology and Ph.D. in Wood Engineering from Nanjing Forestry University, China, and UNB, respectively. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow in the Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. He has published more than 120 refereed journal and conference papers, and more than 50 technical reports. Currently, he is conducting research and development on mass timber products using underutilized wood species.",institutionString:"University of New Brunswick",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of New Brunswick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"284",title:"Civil Engineering",slug:"technology-civil-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"79485",title:"Wood and Engineered Wood Products: Stress and Deformation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101199",slug:"wood-and-engineered-wood-products-stress-and-deformation",totalDownloads:316,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wood, as a natural, sustainable, and renewable bio-composite material, has a long history of serving humanity as construction materials. With the advance in technologies, many modern engineered wood products (EWPs) have been invented, produced, and used in construction, such as laminated veneer lumber, oriented strand board, and cross laminated timber. This chapter first introduces the classification, rationales, and pros and cons of EWPs. Secondly, it discusses the stress-related topics, including growth stresses in living trees, the evolution of wood strength from the molecular level to the actual design implementation. Thirdly, this chapter discusses moisture-induced deformation with examples. Finally, it mentions the benefits of using EWPs and their market shares.",signatures:"Meng Gong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79485",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79485",authors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],corrections:null},{id:"78315",title:"Engineered Wood Products as a Sustainable Construction Material: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99597",slug:"engineered-wood-products-as-a-sustainable-construction-material-a-review",totalDownloads:441,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Engineered wood products are considered as best building materials due to environmentally friendly. Huge change to the way in which wood has been utilized in primary application of construction in the course of the most recent 25 years are in light of decreased admittance to high strength timber from growth forests, and the turn of events and creation of various new design of manufactured wood products. Engineered wood products are available in different variety of sizes and measurements like laminated veneer lumber, glued laminated timber, finger jointed lumber, oriental strand board etc. It is utilized for rooftop and floor sheathing, solid structure, beams and the hull of boats. This review objectively explores not only the environmental aspects of the use of different engineered wood composites as a building material, but also their economic aspects, to understand their effect on sustainability.",signatures:"Ranjana Yadav and Jitendra Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78315",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78315",authors:[{id:"335083",title:"Dr.",name:"Jitendra",surname:"Kumar",slug:"jitendra-kumar",fullName:"Jitendra Kumar"},{id:"354856",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr Ranjana",surname:"Yadav",slug:"dr-ranjana-yadav",fullName:"Dr Ranjana Yadav"}],corrections:null},{id:"80677",title:"Veneer-Based Engineered Wood Products in Construction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102034",slug:"veneer-based-engineered-wood-products-in-construction",totalDownloads:140,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Veneer-based engineered wood products (EWPs) are widely used in construction. Veneer-based EWPs are made of thin veneer sheets or veneer strands with adhesives, mainly including plywood, laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and parallel strand lumber (PSL). This chapter first discusses veneer-based EWPs in terms of their manufacturing, properties, and applications. Secondly, it introduces how veneer sheets or veneer strands intersect with each other in these products, providing additional strength and stable dimensions. Thirdly, this chapter overviews the effects of element dimensions, basic structure, veneer grade, adhesive type, and processing parameters on the properties of these products. Finally, it illustrates the uses of veneer-based EWPs through examples with a focus on their construction applications.",signatures:"Elena Vladimirova and Meng Gong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80677",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80677",authors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"},{id:"349598",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elena",surname:"Vladimirova",slug:"elena-vladimirova",fullName:"Elena Vladimirova"}],corrections:null},{id:"78901",title:"Strand-Based Engineered Wood Products in Construction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100324",slug:"strand-based-engineered-wood-products-in-construction",totalDownloads:227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Strand-based engineered wood products (EWPs) have been widely employed in construction since their emergence in the 1970s. The use of strand-based EWPs can significantly increase the yield of forest resources by utilizing submarginal logs and branches. In this chapter, the strand-based EWPs, including oriented strand board (OSB), laminated strand lumber (LSL), and oriented strand lumber (OSL), are discussed in terms of their fabrication, properties, and uses in construction. Specifically, the manufacturing requirements for elements (i.e., strands), such as dimension, density, and moisture content, are introduced. The major manufacturing processes, such as selection of adhesives, pressing parameters, and thickness control, are also discussed. In addition, the engineering properties and uses of these EWPs are illustrated. Furthermore, some innovative applications of these products, such as hybrid cross-laminated timber, are presented in this chapter.",signatures:"Zizhen Gao and Meng Gong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78901",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78901",authors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"},{id:"349586",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Zizhen",surname:"Gao",slug:"zizhen-gao",fullName:"Zizhen Gao"}],corrections:null},{id:"77190",title:"Perceptions, Attitudes, and Interests of Architects in the Use of Engineered Wood Products for Construction: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98588",slug:"perceptions-attitudes-and-interests-of-architects-in-the-use-of-engineered-wood-products-for-constru",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Increased use of engineered wood products (EWPs) and thus decreasing share of non-biobased materials such as concrete reduces the impact of buildings on the climate by mitigating the primary energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in construction. A construction project includes many parameters, where the selection of construction material is one of the crucial decisions with its numerous criteria e.g. cost, strength, environmental impact. Furthermore, this complicated process includes different parties such as architects, engineers, contractors. Architects are among the key decision-makers in material selection, and their perceptions influence what they propose and hence an increase in wood construction. In literature, many studies have been conducted on the technological, ecological, economic aspects of EWPs, while limited studies are focusing on EWPs for construction from stakeholders’ perspective. In this chapter, architects’ attitudes towards the use of EWPs in buildings were scrutinized.",signatures:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın and Markku Karjalainen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77190",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77190",authors:[{id:"349066",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin Emre",surname:"Ilgın",slug:"huseyin-emre-ilgin",fullName:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın"},{id:"350083",title:"Prof.",name:"Markku",surname:"Karjalainen",slug:"markku-karjalainen",fullName:"Markku Karjalainen"}],corrections:null},{id:"80719",title:"A Study on Contractors’ Perception of Using Wood for Construction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103168",slug:"a-study-on-contractors-perception-of-using-wood-for-construction",totalDownloads:56,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Construction work is very resource-intensive, and construction projects contain many parameters, in which the choice of building material is one of the critical decisions with numerous criteria, e.g., cost, durability, and environmental impact. Moreover, this complex process includes different parties such as contractors, architects, engineers, where contractors are the most influential decision-makers in material selection. Increasing the use of renewable materials such as wood, which is a technically, economically, and environmentally viable alternative in buildings, can make construction more sustainable. The perceptions of the contractors influence what they propose and therefore the increase in wood construction. With the increasing resource efficiency and the need to adapt to climate change in the construction industry, there is need for contractors to implement sustainable practices. In this chapter, contractors’ perceptions of the use of wood in buildings were examined. The results are expected to contribute to environmental remediation by developing strategies to counter perceived barriers and providing insight into new solutions to a conservative space and expanding the use of wood to achieve a more sustainable construction industry. In addition, recommendations for future research, e.g., adhesive- and metal-fastener-free dovetail wood board elements as sustainable material alternatives were presented.",signatures:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Markku Karjalainen, Olli-Paavo Koponen and Anu Soikkeli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80719",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80719",authors:[{id:"349066",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin Emre",surname:"Ilgın",slug:"huseyin-emre-ilgin",fullName:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın"},{id:"350083",title:"Prof.",name:"Markku",surname:"Karjalainen",slug:"markku-karjalainen",fullName:"Markku Karjalainen"},{id:"350085",title:"Prof.",name:"Olli-Paavo",surname:"Koponen",slug:"olli-paavo-koponen",fullName:"Olli-Paavo Koponen"},{id:"440635",title:"Prof.",name:"Anu",surname:"Soikkeli",slug:"anu-soikkeli",fullName:"Anu Soikkeli"}],corrections:null},{id:"77393",title:"Tall Wooden Residential Buildings in Finland: What Are the Key Factors for Design and Implementation?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98781",slug:"tall-wooden-residential-buildings-in-finland-what-are-the-key-factors-for-design-and-implementation-",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter examines tall residential buildings using engineered wood products (EWPs) in Finland. As specified in the National Building Code of Finland, ‘tall wooden building’ is defined as a structure with more than 8-story. Currently, there are two wooden residential buildings, 14-story Lighthouse Joensuu (2019) with laminated veneer lumber (LVL) structure and 13-story HOAS Tuuliniitty (under construction) with cross laminated timber (CLT) structure, that fit the definition above. This study analyses the phenomena associated with the design and implementation processes of these remarkable buildings, the starting points for the projects as well as the prospects of tall wooden housing in Finland through the case study method and interviews with the key actors in the projects. These cases are mapped with extremely detailed information, comprising a valuable source both for designers, engineers as well as developers. As a result, the current state-of-the-art and the critical factors influencing the design and implementation of these challenging sustainable projects in Finland have been identified. It is believed that this chapter will aid and direct key stakeholders in the construction industry in the sound planning and development of tall wooden residential projects in Finland.",signatures:"Lassi Tulonen, Markku Karjalainen and Hüseyin Emre Ilgın",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77393",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77393",authors:[{id:"349066",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin Emre",surname:"Ilgın",slug:"huseyin-emre-ilgin",fullName:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın"},{id:"350083",title:"Prof.",name:"Markku",surname:"Karjalainen",slug:"markku-karjalainen",fullName:"Markku Karjalainen"},{id:"350084",title:"MSc.",name:"Lassi",surname:"Tulonen",slug:"lassi-tulonen",fullName:"Lassi Tulonen"}],corrections:null},{id:"78070",title:"Carbon Impacts of Engineered Wood Products in Construction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99193",slug:"carbon-impacts-of-engineered-wood-products-in-construction",totalDownloads:398,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Buildings and the construction sector together account for about 39% of the global energy-related CO2 emissions. Recent building designs are introducing promising new mass timber products that have the capacity to partially replace concrete and steel in traditional buildings. The inherently lower environmental impacts of engineered wood products for construction are seen as one of the key strategies to mitigate climate change through their increased use in the construction sector. This chapter synthesizes the estimated carbon benefits of using engineered wood products and mass timber in the construction sector based on insights obtained from recent Life Cycle Assessment studies in the topic area of reduced carbon emissions and carbon sequestration/storage.",signatures:"Hongmei Gu, Prakash Nepal, Matthew Arvanitis and Delton Alderman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78070",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78070",authors:[{id:"347595",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongmei",surname:"Gu",slug:"hongmei-gu",fullName:"Hongmei Gu"},{id:"349714",title:"Dr.",name:"Prakash",surname:"Nepal",slug:"prakash-nepal",fullName:"Prakash Nepal"},{id:"420541",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Arvanitis",slug:"matthew-arvanitis",fullName:"Matthew Arvanitis"},{id:"420542",title:"Dr.",name:"Delton",surname:"Alderman",slug:"delton-alderman",fullName:"Delton Alderman"}],corrections:null},{id:"77899",title:"Review of Existing Methods for Evaluating Adhesive Bonds in Timber Products",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99237",slug:"review-of-existing-methods-for-evaluating-adhesive-bonds-in-timber-products",totalDownloads:249,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Gluing is an integral part of the majority of production processes in the timber industry. The effectiveness of adhesive application, glue bond development and glue penetration into the wood structure is becoming more and more important as more structural glued timber products are used in construction and other applications. The continued increase in utilisation of mass timber products (MTPs) such as CLT, glulam and LVL in tall timber buildings requires an accurate and in-depth understanding of adhesive roles and their performance effectiveness during the life span of any of those products in relation to the type of loading applied, environmental effects (e.g. RH and temperature) and in-service condition of elements (e.g. exposure to major wet events and degradation from decay). This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing imaging and other visualisation methods used to assess the glue line properties and examine the performance of glue lines in relation to factors such as species, product type and environmental conditions during manufacture and in-service life.",signatures:"Maryam Shirmohammadi and William Leggate",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77899",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77899",authors:[{id:"346973",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",surname:"Shirmohammadi",slug:"maryam-shirmohammadi",fullName:"Maryam Shirmohammadi"},{id:"426650",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Leggate",slug:"william-leggate",fullName:"William Leggate"}],corrections:null},{id:"78496",title:"Size Effect of Core Strands on the Major Physical and Mechanical Properties of Oriented Strand Boards from Fast Growing Tropical Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99953",slug:"size-effect-of-core-strands-on-the-major-physical-and-mechanical-properties-of-oriented-strand-board",totalDownloads:156,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oriented strand board (OSB) is generally used for sheathing in residential walls, floors, and roofs. Because of its low pricing and utilisation of tiny diameter logs from fast-growing trees and thinning logs as raw materials, OSB is anticipated to gain popularity. In chapter, board properties of OSB using smaller strand size of Leucaena leucocephala as core layer had been studied. Small strand size of S3 (length = 75 mm, width = 3.2 to 6.3 mm) was located in the middle layer of the board while bigger strand sizes of S1 (length = 75 mm, width = 12.7 to 19.0 mm) and S2 (length = 75 mm, width = 6.3 to 12.7 mm) were located at the face and back layers. Utilization of smaller strands (S3) in the middle layers may yield boards that have better physical and mechanical properties. Except for MOR in the minor axis, board density and resin content were shown to have a substantial impact on physical and mechanical properties. Except for MOR in the major axis, strand size had little affected on physical and mechanical properties. The effects of board density on mechanical properties were discovered to affect significantly different. With a positive correlation, board density had a significant effect on thickness swelling. Between S1+S3 and S2+S3 strand size, there is no significant effect on bending properties, internal bond strength and thickness swelling. The effect of resin content on bending properties revealed a significant difference of MOR in major axis, as well as MOE values in both major and minor axes. Even when the resin content was as low as 5%, all treatments of OSB passed the general requirement of general purpose OSB.",signatures:"Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Abdul Rahman, Nur Sakinah Mohamed Tamat, Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus and Jamaludin Kasim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78496",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78496",authors:[{id:"346977",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wan Mohd Nazri",surname:"Wan Abdul Rahman",slug:"wan-mohd-nazri-wan-abdul-rahman",fullName:"Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Abdul Rahman"},{id:"426802",title:"Dr.",name:"Nur Sakinah",surname:"Mohamed Tamat",slug:"nur-sakinah-mohamed-tamat",fullName:"Nur Sakinah Mohamed Tamat"},{id:"435237",title:"Dr.",name:"Nor Yuziah",surname:"Mohd Yunus",slug:"nor-yuziah-mohd-yunus",fullName:"Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus"},{id:"435238",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamaludin",surname:"Kasim",slug:"jamaludin-kasim",fullName:"Jamaludin Kasim"}],corrections:null},{id:"78045",title:"Effect of Materials Content on Dimensional Stability, Nano Roughness and Interfaced Morphology for Virgin or Recycled Polypropylene Based Wood Composites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99588",slug:"effect-of-materials-content-on-dimensional-stability-nano-roughness-and-interfaced-morphology-for-vi",totalDownloads:181,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The compositions of mango wood-polypropylene composites (WPCs) are formulated, with different compositions of virgin polypropylene (PP) or recycled PP, mango wood waste and a coupling agent. The compositions are fabricated via melt extrusion compounding pursued by injection hot molding. The tests of the prepared compositions are carried out for, water absorption, thickness swelling, surface properties at a nano-scale and interfaced morphology. Comparative study of WPCs composition has done on respective properties. All processing variable conditions are constant for different compositions. The recycled PP based wood composites with or without the coupling agent possessed superior properties in comparison to virgin PP based composites. FESEM images show that coupled composite is having the better bonding strength and smoothness along with a higher dimensional stability in comparison to none coupled composite. Future endeavor should be focused on optimizing the composition of reinforcement wood and recycled plastics matrix according to intended application. The quality of WPCs can also be improved with the co-ordination of latest development in technology and processing technique relevant to them. WPCs study supports “turning waste into something useful”. This provides the mileage in price performance ratio and also the product’s environmental footprints to be adjusted to suit the products application.",signatures:"Shamsul Haq",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78045",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78045",authors:[{id:"270647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shamsul",surname:"Haq",slug:"shamsul-haq",fullName:"Shamsul Haq"}],corrections:null},{id:"77629",title:"Wood Plastic Composites: Their Properties and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98918",slug:"wood-plastic-composites-their-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:351,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wood plastic composites (WPCs) is one of crucial and potential engineering wood products that has been extensively employed in the fields of landscape, transportation, municipal engineering and building construction. It has gradually been used to replace the conventional wood-based composites. This chapter aims to introduce the properties and development of WPCs and illustrate how defects in their mechanical properties, biological and aging resistance, and flame retardance affect their global development. Herein, the effects on the biological durability of WPCs against algae, mold, fungi, and termites made with various wood species with different chemical extractive compositions, the natural weathering performance of WPCs and the mechanisms of protection against ultraviolet light and moisture, the effectiveness and mechanism of reinforcement of WPCs by novel alloy modification of linear and aromatic polyamides are reviewed. Additionally, the flame retardance properties, common testing methods as well as the performances of novel flame retardants for WPCs, are comparatively described. Lastly, the limitations and prospects of WPCs in future construction applications are also discussed.",signatures:"Kaimeng Xu, Guanben Du and Siqun Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77629",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77629",authors:[{id:"19477",title:"Dr.",name:"Siqun",surname:"Wang",slug:"siqun-wang",fullName:"Siqun Wang"},{id:"347049",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaimeng",surname:"Xu",slug:"kaimeng-xu",fullName:"Kaimeng Xu"},{id:"415673",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanben",surname:"Du",slug:"guanben-du",fullName:"Guanben Du"}],corrections:null},{id:"78047",title:"Mineral-Bonded Wood Composites: An Alternative Building Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98988",slug:"mineral-bonded-wood-composites-an-alternative-building-materials",totalDownloads:186,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The manufacturing of cost-efficient construction materials is at the center of attention these days. The development of engineeringly design products has occurred mostly over the past few decades. However, the term of mineral bonded wood composite is relatively new, covers many of the products, and is used to describe a material that is produced by bonding woody material with mineral-based substrates. At present, millions of tons of bio-based composite materials are now manufactured annually from many wood species. Woods are sustainable and engineeringly have enough performance properties in composite matrix systems for many end-use areas. Thus, their utilization processes and intended uses vary accordingly. But at manufacturing, many variables affect binder hydration in composite structure and the networking/bonding between wood and binder. The mineral bonded wood products are high in density and the appropriate strength in the construction industry, an important advantage to engineering applications appears to lie in their ability to absorb and dissipate mechanical energy. Despite their higher weight-to-strength ratio, especially cement and gypsum bonded wood composites have become popular, for use in many internal and external applications to meet increasingly stringent building design regulations for insulation, and failure in service due to deterioration.",signatures:"Halil Turgut Sahin and Yasemin Simsek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78047",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78047",authors:[{id:"350289",title:"Prof.",name:"Halil Turgut",surname:"Sahin",slug:"halil-turgut-sahin",fullName:"Halil Turgut Sahin"},{id:"466971",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",surname:"Simsek",slug:"yasemin-simsek",fullName:"Yasemin Simsek"}],corrections:null},{id:"78247",title:"Timber-Concrete Composite Structural Elements",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99624",slug:"timber-concrete-composite-structural-elements",totalDownloads:430,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Timber-concrete composites are interesting engineered wood products usually used for structural elements, which are mainly subjected to bending load; from simple floor systems to long-span bridges. This way, the advantage can be taken of timber tensile strength and concrete compression strength. The chapter begins with an introduction of various types of timber-concrete composite structural elements regarding type of the element, connection type and types of timber and concrete. Next, specific characteristics and advantages of timber-concrete composite structural elements are thoroughly discussed from viewpoints of engineering, architecture, builders and ecology. Furthermore, basic mechanical principles of timber-concrete composite structural elements are presented and some design methods are briefly described. Finally, worldwide inclusion of timber-concrete composite structures in currently applicable standards is discussed.",signatures:"Anita Ogrin and Tomaž Hozjan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78247",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78247",authors:[{id:"347168",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anita",surname:"Ogrin",slug:"anita-ogrin",fullName:"Anita Ogrin"},{id:"418080",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomaž",surname:"Hozjan",slug:"tomaz-hozjan",fullName:"Tomaž Hozjan"}],corrections:null},{id:"77530",title:"Cross-Laminated Timber: A Review on Its Characteristics and an Introduction to Chinese Practices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98956",slug:"cross-laminated-timber-a-review-on-its-characteristics-and-an-introduction-to-chinese-practices",totalDownloads:531,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a popular engineering wood product in recent years. It has some characteristics of configuration and mechanical properties, which makes it an excellent building material for floor, roof and other places. In Europe and North America, lots of middle and high-rise buildings have adopted CLT as their main structural component. CLT has recently been used to construct public buildings in China. As a building material, the lower rolling shear properties of CLT has always been a concern. To overcome this shortcoming of CLT, the structural composite lumber and bamboo have been employed to develop hybrid CLT. This chapter also presents the latest development and advances of CLT in China.",signatures:"Zhiqiang Wang and Tianxiao Yin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77530",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77530",authors:[{id:"347377",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhiqiang",surname:"Wang",slug:"zhiqiang-wang",fullName:"Zhiqiang Wang"},{id:"416270",title:"Dr.",name:"Tianxiao",surname:"Yin",slug:"tianxiao-yin",fullName:"Tianxiao Yin"}],corrections:null},{id:"79763",title:"Various Geometric Configuration Proposals for Dovetail Wooden Horizontal Structural Members in Multistory Building Construction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101725",slug:"various-geometric-configuration-proposals-for-dovetail-wooden-horizontal-structural-members-in-multi",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adhesives and metal fasteners have an important place in the content of engineered wood products (EWPs). However, adhesives may cause toxic gas emissions due to their petroleum-based nature, while metal fasteners may adversely affect the reusability of these products. These issues also raise important questions about the sustainability and environmental friendliness of EWPs. Thus, there is still room for a solution that is solid and completely pure wood, adhesive- and metal-connectors-free dovetail wood board elements (DWBEs). There are many studies on the technological, ecological, and economic aspects of these products in the literature, but no studies have been conducted to assess the technical performance of DWBEs. This chapter focuses on DWBEs by proposing various geometric configurations for horizontal structural members in multistory building construction through architectural modeling programs. In this architectural design phase, which is one of the first but most important stages, the proposed configurations are based on a theoretical approach, considering contemporary construction practices rather than structural analysis or mechanical simulation. Further research, including technical performance tests, will be undertaken after this critical phase. It is believed that this chapter will contribute to the dissemination of DWBEs for innovative architectural and structural applications, especially in multistory wooden structures construction.",signatures:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Markku Karjalainen and Olli-Paavo Koponen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79763",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79763",authors:[{id:"349066",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin Emre",surname:"Ilgın",slug:"huseyin-emre-ilgin",fullName:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın"},{id:"350083",title:"Prof.",name:"Markku",surname:"Karjalainen",slug:"markku-karjalainen",fullName:"Markku Karjalainen"},{id:"350085",title:"Prof.",name:"Olli-Paavo",surname:"Koponen",slug:"olli-paavo-koponen",fullName:"Olli-Paavo Koponen"}],corrections:null},{id:"77634",title:"Review of the Current State-of-the-Art of Dovetail Massive Wood Elements",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99090",slug:"review-of-the-current-state-of-the-art-of-dovetail-massive-wood-elements",totalDownloads:250,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Engineered wood products (EWPs) have been progressively more being utilized in the construction industry as structural materials since the 1990s. In the content of EWPs, adhesives play an important role. However, because of their petroleum-based nature, adhesives contribute to toxic gas emissions such as formaldehyde and Volatile Organic Compounds, which are detrimental to the environment. Moreover, the frequent use of adhesives can cause other critical issues in terms of sustainability, recyclability, reusability, and further machining. In addition to this, metal connectors employed in EWPs harm their end-of-life disposal, reusability, and additional processing. This chapter is concentrating on dovetail massive wood elements (DMWE) as adhesive- and metal connector-free sustainable alternatives to commonly used EWPs e.g., CLT, LVL, MHM, Glulam. The dovetail technique has been a method of joinery mostly used in wood carpentry, including furniture, cabinets, log buildings, and traditional timber-framed buildings throughout its rich history. It is believed that this chapter will contribute to the uptake of DMWE for more diverse and innovative structural applications, thus the reduction in carbon footprint by increasing the awareness and uses of DMWE in construction.",signatures:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Markku Karjalainen and Olli-Paavo Koponen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77634",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77634",authors:[{id:"349066",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin Emre",surname:"Ilgın",slug:"huseyin-emre-ilgin",fullName:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın"},{id:"350083",title:"Prof.",name:"Markku",surname:"Karjalainen",slug:"markku-karjalainen",fullName:"Markku Karjalainen"},{id:"350085",title:"Prof.",name:"Olli-Paavo",surname:"Koponen",slug:"olli-paavo-koponen",fullName:"Olli-Paavo Koponen"}],corrections:null},{id:"77689",title:"Preservative Treatments on Wood and Their Effects on Metal Fasteners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98467",slug:"preservative-treatments-on-wood-and-their-effects-on-metal-fasteners",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wood as a building material has characteristics that make it attractive environmentally compared to other materials. It is an economic, historical and sustainable material. Many species of wood are naturally resistant to the action of the organisms that degrade them. However, species with this natural resistance are unable to meet the demand for wood and wood-based products, which have been growing year by year. The scarcity of species resistant to biological degradation forced man to use other less durable species, mainly of rapid growth, from reforestation, such as some species of Eucalyptus and Pinus. These species have moderate or no resistance to attack by biological agents and require preservative treatments. And to increase the life span of these fast-growing woods, protecting them from fungi, insects and other xylophagous organisms, several preservative agents are used, these compounds being highly toxic to these biodeteriorating organisms. It is known that the effectiveness of traditional wood preservation systems is due to the biocidal effect of the products used, however, they pollute the environment. Thus, there is an increasing need to develop effective preservative chemicals, non-toxic to humans and the environment.",signatures:"Kelly Bossardi Dias and Ricardo Marques Barreiros",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77689",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77689",authors:[{id:"350118",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",surname:"Bossardi Dias",slug:"kelly-bossardi-dias",fullName:"Kelly Bossardi Dias"},{id:"351925",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Marques Barreiros",slug:"ricardo-marques-barreiros",fullName:"Ricardo Marques Barreiros"}],corrections:null},{id:"78206",title:"Examination of Lightning-Induced Damage in Timber",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99644",slug:"examination-of-lightning-induced-damage-in-timber",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ancient Chinese architectures were constructed using timber as the main building material. Considering that the lightning strike is the primary natural cause of damage to ancient building, the lightning strike damage mechanism of ancient building timber and the related influencing factors are investigated using the representative timber materials from the ancient building. The burning of timber was mainly caused by the heat of lightning arc. The splitting and damage pit of timber were mainly caused by the mechanical force generated by the temperature rise of the injected by lightning current and air shock wave effects of the lightning. These ways all played in different roles under different conditions. The higher the water content of timber was, the easier it was to crack, and the greater the damage depth and the larger the damage area were. It was easy to burn for the dry timber or the loose timber with low density, but it was difficult for the thick timber. When the wood was too thin, the lightning air shock wave could cause damage. This research may provide reference for protection of ancient timber architecture from possible damage caused by lightning.",signatures:"Jingxiao Li and Jing Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78206",authors:[{id:"347623",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",surname:"Li",slug:"jing-li",fullName:"Jing Li"},{id:"348012",title:"Ms.",name:"Jingxiao",surname:"Li",slug:"jingxiao-li",fullName:"Jingxiao Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"78055",title:"Trends and Opportunities of Industry 4.0 in Wood Manufacturing Processes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99581",slug:"trends-and-opportunities-of-industry-4-0-in-wood-manufacturing-processes",totalDownloads:217,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Wood industry is key for sustainability and an important economic activity in many countries. In manufacturing plants, wood variability turns operation management more complex. In a competitive scenario, assets availability is critical to achieve higher productivity. In a new fourth industrial revolution, Industry 4.0, data engineering permits efficient decisions making. Phenomena difficult to model with conventional techniques are turned possible with algorithms based on artificial intelligence. Sensors and machine learning techniques allow intelligent analysis of data. However, algorithms are highly sensitive of the problem and his study to decide on which work is critical. For the manufacturing wood processes, Industry 4.0 is a great opportunity. Wood is a material of biological origin and generates variabilities over the manufacturing processes. For example, in the veneer drying, density and anatomical structure impact the product quality. Scanners have been developed to measure variables and outcomes, but decisions are made yet by humans. Today, robust sensors, computing capacity, communications and intelligent algorithms permit to manage wood variability. Real-time actions can be achieved by learning from data. This paper presents trends and opportunities provided by Industry 4.0 components. Sensors, decision support systems and intelligent algorithms use are reviewed. Some applications are presented.",signatures:"Mario Ramos-Maldonado and Cristhian Aguilera-Carrasco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78055",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78055",authors:[{id:"142787",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristhian",surname:"Aguilera-Carrasco",slug:"cristhian-aguilera-carrasco",fullName:"Cristhian Aguilera-Carrasco"},{id:"163307",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Ramos-Maldonado",slug:"mario-ramos-maldonado",fullName:"Mario Ramos-Maldonado"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8412",title:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dec13857a884f2b52b887e8751e4c37f",slug:"sustainable-construction-and-building-materials",bookSignature:"Sayed Hemeda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8412.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258282",title:"Prof.",name:"Sayed",surname:"Hemeda",slug:"sayed-hemeda",fullName:"Sayed Hemeda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7690",title:"Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:"Selected Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0c03565105a25fb6cfe85f83885afe3",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",bookSignature:"Michael Sakellariou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7690.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16550",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Sakellariou",slug:"michael-sakellariou",fullName:"Michael Sakellariou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7225",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a845c7ddd9193f56a6bc91bc22bc503d",slug:"dam-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7225.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9989",title:"ISBS 2019",subtitle:"4th International Sustainable Buildings Symposium",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a34ca3367e8af39c3718aca2f3557efe",slug:"isbs-2019-4th-international-sustainable-buildings-symposium",bookSignature:"Arzuhan Burcu Gültekin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9989.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143644",title:"Dr.",name:"Arzuhan",surname:"Gültekin",slug:"arzuhan-gultekin",fullName:"Arzuhan Gültekin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"2",chapterContentType:"conference paper",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. 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\r\n\tThis book concerns autonomous mobile mapping robots capable of digitizing the surrounding environment in the form of a map easily interpretable by humans. This functionality is related to fundamental algorithmic challenges in the mobile robotic domain.
\r\n\r\n\tSuch machines can execute the autonomous mission in unknown and harsh environments; thus, they can help humans in decreasing the time of digital map delivery. Many algorithmic challenges have to be addressed, such as Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping assuming low energy onboard computers. LiDAR and VISUAL odometry are t candidates for initial trajectory estimation. Furthermore, a robust Graph SLAM approach can efficiently reduce incremental odometry error. Moreover, recent advances in Deep Neural Networks DNN applied for image and LiDAR data processing and analysis (segmentation and classification) are also crucial. DNN can provide necessary information to improve autonomous task execution. This book will address the problem of path planning and autonomous task execution as large-scale mobile mapping applications. For this reason, some practical implementations are provided. This book will intend to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in autonomous mobile mapping robots.
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Actively developing practical robotic applications testing in realistic conditions (ENRICH, ELROB). Dr. Bedkowski was granted a postdoctoral scholarship in the Royal Military Academy (RMA), Belgium, funded by the Center for Advanced Studies, Warsaw University of Technology. Since 2017 he has been involved in the development of the continent-scale Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Technologies for autonomous cars in TomTom.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63695/images/system/63695.jpg",biography:"Janusz Bedkowski, Ph.D., D.Sc. in Automation and Robotics, is an adjunct professor at the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences. 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Blanco and Shovonlal Roy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4483.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80050",title:"Platelets in Ulcerative Colitis: From Pathophysiology to Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102041",slug:"platelets-in-ulcerative-colitis-from-pathophysiology-to-therapy",body:'Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease resulting not only from the abnormal immune response but also from the activation of non-immune cells. Both, immune and non-immune cells are inducing inflammation that causes tissue injury [1, 2]. Platelets (Plt) are now recognized as proinflammatory cells, and aside from their primary role in a hemostasis they also enhance inflammation. The hypercoagulable state exists in the UC patients. Inflammation activates coagulation and coagulation amplifies inflammation [3, 4]. Platelets are unique cells without nucleus that have an important role in hemostasis and thrombosis, with a 5–9-day life span. Platelets have four granule types with stored numerous biologically active substances, such as platelet factor 4, fibrinogen, Von Willebrand factor (vWF), protein S, histamine, prostaglandin E2, platelet growth factor, thromboxane A2, transforming growth factor-beta, coagulation factors, angiogenic and growth factors, β-thromboglobulin, P-selectin (Psel), chemokines, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin (IL) 8 (IL-8), IL-1β, IL-7 [5, 6]. Platelets can interact with many different cells and contribute to vascular inflammation [7]. Platelet factor 4 and β-thromboglobulin are exclusively released from Plt and are increased in the serum of the patients with active UC [8]. Platelet activation is of utmost importance for Plt functioning and is a result of Plt interaction with numerous active molecules. The first step is adhesion to the subendothelial matrix. After that Plt change their shape, resulting in pseudopodia formation [9]. Platelet activation, in the UC patients, takes place in mesenteric microcirculation after exposure to subendothelial collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid, Plt activating factor, thrombin, fibrinogen, and cytokines from other cells. Upon Plt activation, they degranulate and release a lot of Plt-derived microparticles (PDMP) and preformed mediators and interact with other immune and non-immune cells [10]. The PDMP represent 70–90% of all human cell-derived microparticles and have high procoagulant (due to tissue factor) and proinflammatory potential [11]. They also secrete ADP which in turn bind to the P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors on the membrane surface of the Plt and amplify initial Plt activation [12].
Upon activation, Plt express receptors on their surface, the most important being glycoprotein IIbIIIA (GPIIbIIIa), CD40 ligand (CD40L), Psel and receptors for cytokines, chemokines, and complement components [13]. A CD40L is a membrane protein, co-stimulatory molecule, presented mostly on the surface of the activated T lymphocyte (T Ly) and activated Plt. Its receptor is CD40, expressed on the surface of the immune cells, endothelial, epithelial cells, Plt, and other mesenchymal cells [14]. After Plt activation, CD40L and Psel are cleaved from the cell surface and secreted in the blood, being called soluble CD40L (sCD40L) and soluble Psel (sPsel). These soluble forms activate other cells, especially endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T Ly, monocyte, neutrophils, and B cells. The CD40/CD40L signaling pathway is a very important pathogenic mechanism in the UC, it amplifies inflammation and activates numerous immune and non-immune cells, including Plt [15, 16]. Platelets are the main source of sCD40L in UC. The number of CD40L positive T Ly and Plt is increased in colonic mucosa [17]. Also, the CD40L-CD40 signaling pathway is responsible for thromboembolic complications in UC patients and inflammation-induced angiogenesis. Platelet dysfunction exists in UC, meaning that Plt are becoming pro-inflammatory cells, and represent a connection between innate and adaptive immunity and between inflammation and coagulation [18].
P-selectin is expressed on the membrane surface of the activated Plt and endothelial cells. P-selectin has the most important function in leucocyte (Le) recruitment, mostly in the colonic mucosa [19]. The level of tissue expression of Psel is in strong positive correlation with the level of inflammation in colonic mucosa [20]. In severe inflammation, there is abundant Psel expression in colonic mucosa. Soluble Psel and sCD40L are excellent biomarkers of Plt activation [21].
Abnormalities seen in UC are: elevated Plt count (>450,000 × 109/L), reduction in mean Plt volume (MPV), increased platelet distribution width (PDW) value, increased plateletcrit value (PCT), increase in granular content, increased Plt activation and aggregation, hyperreactivity to agonist stimulation, such as ADP and collagen. These abnormalities are mediated by IL-6, are not seen in a healthy person, and are more pronounced in UC than in other inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. The MPV and PCT show a negative correlation with disease activity [22, 23, 24, 25]. Spontaneous platelet aggregation is observed in more than 30% of UC patients, a phenomenon that is not seen in healthy persons and rarely seen in other inflammatory disorders [26]. Histopathological studies found mesenteric vascular microthrombi to be the first finding in the mucosa of UC patients. Those microthrombi contribute to ischemia. Microthrombi are not found in mesenteric vessels in healthy persons [27]. Activated Plt form aggregates with Le and other Plt, so-called platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLA) and Plt-Plt aggregates (PPA), via Psel [28]. Platelet-leukocyte aggregate number is increased in serum and colonic tissue of patients with active UC but does not correlate with disease activity, instead, there is a positive correlation with Plt number and serum sPsel concentration. But it is proven that Le within PLA are more active than free Ly or Plt [29]. Platelet-leukocyte aggregate react with endothelial cells, activate them, activate other free Plt and Le. Also, PLA activate endothelial cells more than free cells, leading to increased expression of adhesion molecules thus contributing to inflammation [30]. Increased Plt activation and aggregation, especially spontaneous platelet aggregation, are very much responsible for thrombosis and thromboembolic complications in UC, particularly arterial thrombosis [31, 32].
Platelet to Ly ratio, with cut off value of 175.9 (sensitivity 90.9%; specificity 78.4%; positive likelihood ratio 4.205, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.214–7.894; area under the curve (AUC) 0.897, 95% CI 0.802–0.992) can serve as a biomarker for disease activity in UC, and can help us distinguish UC from healthy controls, that is, to identify UC patients with active disease [33].
We can also use neutrophil to Plt ratio to identify UC patients with active disease, with cut-off point of 14.94 (sensitivity 87.95%; specificity 63.5%) [34].
With the developments in medicine, especially pharmacology, we have a lot of antiplatelet drugs, and the number is constantly increasing [35]. The most important antiplatelet drugs are:
Thienopyridines represent a group of drugs that blocks ADP-mediated Plt aggregation by blocking the P2Y12 receptor on the Plt membrane surface. After Plt activation, ADP is released from Plt and then binds to P2Y12 on Plt surface and amplifies Plt activation, aggregation, degranulation, and procoagulant activity. Two thienopyridines are most important: clopidogrel and prasugrel. They are prodrugs and require biotransformation to become active. Clopidogrel is used for secondary stroke prevention and after coronary stenting (with aspirin). Prasugrel is used for the prevention of thrombosis after percutaneous coronary interventions [36].
Cyclopentyltriazolopyrimidines: ticagrelor. It is an active drug, with a fast onset of action, 30 minutes after ingestion, and it is a reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist [37].
The ADP receptor antagonists: cangrelor. It has a short action time and it is used preoperatively in patients with atherosclerotic disease [38].
Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid is the oldest antiplatelet drug that irreversibly inhibition both cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 and suppresses the production of prostaglandins and thromboxane. Other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit COX-1 and Plt function, but their effect is short and reversible [39].
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: dipyridamole that reversibly inactivates platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-phosphodiesterase thus increasing cAMP and decreasing Plt activity. Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 3 leading to accumulation of cAMP and inhibition of Plt aggregation. It is used for treating peripheral vascular disease [40].
GP IIb/IIIa antagonists are anti-Plt agents that block binding GP IIb/IIIa to fibrinogen and inhibit Plt aggregation. Three agents are now being used: abciximab (monoclonal antibody), and two smaller molecule drugs tirofiban and eptifibatide [41].
Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) antagonists: a new class of drugs. Vorapaxar inhibits thrombin-related platelet aggregation [42].
They are used to prevent or treat arterial thrombosis.
The most important indications are: acute coronary syndrome, after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting, acute ischemic stroke, after percutaneous intervention of peripheral arterial disease, stable angina, and primary prevention of coronary artery disease [43].
Not all anti-Plt agents are the same. Some of them affect mostly Plt aggregation, and some of them affect Plt aggregation and degranulation. The most significant contraindication for anti-Plt agents is active bleeding [44].
The most important antiplatelet drugs with the possibility to be used in UC are clopidogrel, ticagrelor, and GP inhibitors.
Clopidogrel is a prodrug, has 50% bioavailability. After biotransformation in the liver, its active metabolite binds to P2Y12 on the Plt surface and irreversibly inhibits ADP-mediated Plt aggregation and Plt activity. Due to the necessity of the liver biotransformation of clopidogrel by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP3A4/3A5, there is potential for drug interactions and therapeutic failure. Some genetic alterations in the CYP2C19 gene can lead to a low Plt response to clopidogrel [45].
Ticagrelor is an orally active drug. It is a reversible antagonist of P2Y12 receptor on surface Plt membrane that inhibits ADP induced Plt aggregation. It is given twice daily. After ingestion, maximal Plt inhibition was measured at 2–4 hours. It almost completely inhibits Plt aggregation. It has faster and more profound action on Plt inhibition than clopidogrel. Its half-life is 7 hours. After P2Y12 inhibition there is decreased Plt degranulation and decreased releasing of bioactive mediators from Plt, and low expression of Psel and CD40L on Plt surface. Ultimately it leads to reduced generation of PLA and PPA which is considered to be the major mechanism responsible for anti-inflammatory effect. It also inhibits the reuptake of adenosine which leads to its accumulation in the extracellular matrix. Major adverse events are bleeding, dyspnea and bradycardia [46].
Glycoprotein inhibitors compete with fibrinogen and VWF for binding to GPIIbIIIa, which represent the final step in Plt aggregation. They are very potent inhibitors of Plt aggregation. Three GP inhibitors are approved in clinical use: abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban. The route of administration for all three drugs is intravenous. Major adverse events are bleeding and thrombocytopenia. They are very potent in inhibiting Plt aggregation but do not have a potent anti-inflammatory effect [47].
Antiplatelet therapy is not a part of standard therapy for treating UC patients, but growing evidence suggest that it is safe in UC and might be useful addition to the standard therapy. I will summarize published results.
This chapter is based on an evaluation of antiplatelet therapy in patients with UC. We defined key questions as our literature searching algorithm. We searched literature from PubMed according to the adequate MESH terms (“ulcerative colitis,” “platelets,” “antiplatelet therapy,” “P-selectin,” “CD40 ligand,” “ticagrelor,” “clopidogrel,” and “glycoprotein inhibitors”) for the period from 2000 to the present.
The authors conducted an animal study about the usage of antiplatelet agents—ticagrelor and eptifibatide in mice. Forty C57BL/6 mice (inbred females, age: 2–3 months, and average body mass: 20–24 g) were used. The bodyweight of mice was measured every day. Mice were observed for stool consistency and rectal bleeding on a daily basis so that disease activity index (DAI) could be calculated daily as the sum of the weight loss score, the diarrheal score, and the hematochezia score based on the method used by Friedman et al., as shown in Table 1. The DAI was used to assess the severity of colitis [48].
DAI score | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Weight loss | 0% | 1–5% | 6–10% | 11–20% | >20% |
Stoll consistency | Well-formed pellets | Semi-formed pellets | Liquid stools | ||
Rectal bleeding | Hemoccult negative | Hemoccult positive | Gross bleeding |
Disease activity index (DAI).
Colitis was induced in 30 mice by 5-day drinking water with 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) (average molecular weight within the range of 35,000–55,000). All mice developed DSS colitis. After 5 days, DSS-induced mice were divided into three experimental groups, 10 each. The first (I) group, the DSS control group, received no intervention during the subsequent 5 days treatment period. The second (II) group, the ticagrelor treatment (PO) group, received 1 mg (in 0.5 mL) dosages per day of Brilinta® via gastric tube. The third (III) group, the eptifibatide treatment (IP) group, received 150 μg (in 0.2 mL) dosages per day of Integrilin® via intraperitoneal injection. Group of mice (
The primary outcome was bleeding, and the secondary outcomes were changes in platelet count, hemoglobin (Hgb) level, and hematocrit (HCT) level. Complete blood counts were determined for each group at baseline (day 0: before treatment; DSS1, PO1, and IP1 subgroups) and at 1 day after the last dose (day 5; DSS2, PO2, and IP2 subgroups). On day 5, all surviving mice were sacrificed, and an autopsy was performed. The Plt aggregation was measured using a multiplate Plt function analyzer with adenosine diphosphate and thrombin receptor-activating peptide.
Platelet aggregation was measured at baseline, after 2 h, and 24 h of ticagrelor and eptifibatide therapy. An autopsy showed signs of colitis and there was no evidence of recent bleeding in the liver, spleen, central nervous system, or serous cavities of any of the antiplatelet treatment groups. Histological findings of colonic mucosa in all three experimental groups after autopsy were that DSS2, PO2, and IP2 showed mild inflammation and ulceration.
Maximum weight loss was below 15% in all three experimental groups. Hematochezia was observed in all three experimental groups as blood around the anus and present in the sawdust or as hemoccult positive. Blood was seen from the fourth day of the experiment in all three experimental groups.
The DAI score was not significantly different between the three experimental groups (Kruskal-Wallis test;
Significantly lower levels of Hgb and HCT were found in all three experimental groups (PO1, DSS1, PO1, and IP1 vs. control; Kruskal-Wallis test:
Hemoglobin (Hgb) values before initiation of antiplatelet drug administration. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Groups DSS1, IP1, and PO1 represent DSS colitis mice before administration of drugs; K represents the experimental control group. DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; IP, eptifibatide treatment; PO, ticagrelor treatment.
Hematocrit (HCT) values before initiation of antiplatelet drug administration. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Groups DSS1, IP1, and PO1 represent DSS colitis mice before administration of drugs; K represents the experimental control group. DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; IP, eptifibatide treatment; PO, ticagrelor treatment (Kruskal-Wallis test:
Platelet (PLT) count for all groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Groups DSS1, IP1, and PO1 represent DSS colitis mice before administration of drugs; K represents the experimental control group. Groups DSS2, IP2, and PO2 represent DSS colitis mice after administration of drugs. DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; IP, eptifibatide treatment; PO, ticagrelor treatment (Kruskal-Wallis test:
Percent change in values of hemoglobin (Hgb) relative to basal values. Groups DSS2, IP2, and PO2 represent DSS colitis mice after administration of drugs. DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; IP, eptifibatide treatment; PO, ticagrelor treatment (Kruskal-Wallis test: HGB,
Percent change in values of hematocrit (HCT) relative to basal values. Groups DSS2, IP2, and PO2 represent DSS colitis mice after administration of drugs. DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; IP, eptifibatide treatment; PO, ticagrelor treatment (Kruskal-Wallis test: HCT,
Percent change in values of platelets (PLT) relative to basal values. Groups DSS2, IP2, and PO2 represent DSS colitis mice after administration of drugs. DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; IP, eptifibatide treatment; PO, ticagrelor treatment (Kruskal-Wallis test: PLT,
The authors concluded that administering eptifibatide and ticagrelor to DSS colitis mice did not cause serious adverse events. There was no significant decrease in Plt count or Hgb and HCT levels, and autopsy found no bleeding into the liver, spleen, serous cavities or intracranially. These observations support the potential use of antiplatelet therapy for treating UC in humans as an addition to the standard therapy. Ticagrelor could be used in the moderate form of UC and eptifibatide in the severe form, together with standard therapy.
The goal of this research was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of clopidogrel on an animal model for Crohn’s disease (TNBS model) and ulcerative colitis (oxazolone induced) in rats. Rats were weighing 150–200 g and were housed in standard conditions, on a standard diet and water ad libitum. Ulcerative colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of oxazolone on first day. Rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of six animals:
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on DSS colitis in mice. Female C57BL/6 mice, average body weight 19–21 g, were divided into three groups:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the CD40-CD40L signaling pathway in intestinal inflammation in DSS colitis in mice and the anti-inflammatory effect of Trapidil (triazolopyrimidine) on intestinal inflammation. Trapidil is an antagonist of platelet-derived growth factor and it was developed to inhibit the response of monocytes to CD40L. They found a 10-fold increase in CD40 expression in endothelial cells in the colon (an important result of CD40-CD40L signaling pathway), increased recruitment of Plt and leukocytes in colonic venules due to CD40-CD40L pathway and significant inhibition of CD40-CD40L signaling pathway with Trapidil [51].
The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of Psel on leukocyte recruitment and the effect of its blockade with an anti-P-sel antibody. They induced DSS colitis in wild type and P-selectin−/− C57BL/6 J mice. Disease activity index, plasma IL-6, length of colon and rectum, histological damage of the colon, and MPO activity of the distal colon were evaluated. Leukocyte-endothelial interaction in colonic venules was assessed using intravital microscopy. Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression on endothelial cells and expression of very large antigen-4 integrin on circulating leukocytes were obtained. They found that Psel has an important role in intestinal inflammation in DSS colitis. Its blockade or genetic deficiency offers protection against DSS colitis. They also found that treatment of DSS colitis with Psel antibody was very potent in reducing DAI, MPO activity, and leukocyte adhesion. The VCAM-1 over-expression in the colon and extracolonic organs and increased level of IL-6 in circulation were observed in P-selectin−/− mice, but not in mice treated with anti-P-sel antibodies. The conclusion was that Psel is a key molecule for the development of DSS colitis and that Psel antibodies administration or genetic deficiency offers protection against DSS colitis by diminishing leukocyte recruitment in the colon [52].
It was a retrospective analysis of 174 patients with pre-existing inflammatory bowel disease, who were taking aspirin, due to cardiac comorbidity, for at least 18 months and did not differ in age, gender, disease duration, smoking status, medication usage, or baseline C-reactive protein. They were looking for the connection between aspirin and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) related hospitalization/surgery/corticosteroid required during the period of follow-up. Their results indicate that aspirin use did not have a clinical impact on IBD patients [53].
A retrospective analysis of 36 patients with pre-existing IBD (test group), who started on combination therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel for at least 6 months, due to PCI for coronary artery disease. There was a control group with IBD matched for gender and age, not taking antiplatelet therapy. They found no change in frequency of IBD exacerbations between groups, after the initiation of the aspirin and clopidogrel in the test group [54].
After analysis of the PLATO study, the question was raised whether ticagrelor has antibacterial activity in standard anti Plt dosages against Gram-positive bacteria because patients treated with ticagrelor had a lower risk of infection-related death than patients treated with clopidogrel. Authors proved that in vitro ticagrelor has bactericidal activity against all Gram-positive strains tested, including drug-resistant strains glycopeptide intermediate
The author tested the antimicrobial activity of ticagrelor against different types of
The exact pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis is unknown. Except immune cells, it is important to take platelet function into the consideration so we could improve the response rate to the standard therapy in ulcerative colitis patients. Antiplatelet therapy is still not a part of the therapeutic armamentarium for this disease. We have increasing evidence that raises the possibility of using antiplatelet therapy in humans with ulcerative colitis. Antiplatelet therapy in UC is safe and it seems that ticagrelor could be the drug of the first choice.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
acetylsalicylic acid adenosine diphosphate area under the curve CD40 ligand colon mucosal damage index cyclic adenosine monophosphate cyclooxygenase cytochrome P450 dextran sulfate sodium disease activity index glycoprotein IIbIIIA hematocrit hemoglobin inflammatory bowel disease interleukin leucocyte magnetic resonance imaging mean Plt volume minimal inhibitory concentration myeloperoxidase plateletcrit percutaneous coronary intervention platelet distribution width platelet-leukocyte aggregates platelets P-selectin Plt derived microparticles Plt-Plt aggregates protease-activated receptor-1 regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted soluble CD40L soluble Psel T lymphocyte ulcerative colitis vascular cell adhesion protein 1 Von Willebrand factor 95% confidence interval
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Catarina Guedes and F. Xavier Malcata",authors:[{id:"83136",title:"Prof.",name:"F. Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Malcata",slug:"f.-xavier-malcata",fullName:"F. Xavier Malcata"}]},{id:"30642",doi:"10.5772/34423",title:"Meiofauna as a Tool for Marine Ecosystem Biomonitoring",slug:"meiofauna-as-a-tool-for-marine-ecosystem-monitoring",totalDownloads:3912,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:84,abstract:null,book:{id:"1689",slug:"marine-ecosystems",title:"Marine Ecosystems",fullTitle:"Marine Ecosystems"},signatures:"Maria Balsamo, Federica Semprucci, Fabrizio Frontalini and Rodolfo Coccioni",authors:[{id:"100075",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Balsamo",slug:"maria-balsamo",fullName:"Maria Balsamo"},{id:"104309",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Semprucci",slug:"federica-semprucci",fullName:"Federica Semprucci"},{id:"104311",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Frontalini",slug:"fabrizio-frontalini",fullName:"Fabrizio Frontalini"},{id:"104313",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Coccioni",slug:"rodolfo-coccioni",fullName:"Rodolfo Coccioni"}]},{id:"35136",doi:"10.5772/29571",title:"Transmission Biology of the Myxozoa",slug:"transmission-biology-of-the-myxozoa",totalDownloads:2726,totalCrossrefCites:35,totalDimensionsCites:64,abstract:null,book:{id:"2052",slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Hiroshi Yokoyama, Daniel Grabner and Sho Shirakashi",authors:[{id:"78409",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yokoyama",slug:"hiroshi-yokoyama",fullName:"Hiroshi Yokoyama"},{id:"83562",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Stefan",surname:"Grabner",slug:"daniel-grabner",fullName:"Daniel Grabner"},{id:"122643",title:"Dr.",name:"Sho",middleName:null,surname:"Shirakashi",slug:"sho-shirakashi",fullName:"Sho Shirakashi"}]},{id:"24078",doi:"10.5772/26795",title:"Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an Emerging Pathogen Affecting New Cultured Marine Fish Species in Southern Spain",slug:"photobacterium-damselae-subsp-damselae-an-emerging-pathogen-affecting-new-cultured-marine-fish-speci",totalDownloads:3795,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:null,book:{id:"612",slug:"recent-advances-in-fish-farms",title:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms"},signatures:"A. Labella, C. Berbel, M. Manchado, D. Castro and J.J. Borrego",authors:[{id:"67855",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan J.",middleName:null,surname:"Borrego",slug:"juan-j.-borrego",fullName:"Juan J. Borrego"},{id:"71146",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Labella",slug:"alejandro-labella",fullName:"Alejandro Labella"},{id:"71148",title:"Dr.",name:"Concepcion",middleName:null,surname:"Berbel",slug:"concepcion-berbel",fullName:"Concepcion Berbel"},{id:"71149",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Manchado",slug:"manuel-manchado",fullName:"Manuel Manchado"},{id:"71151",title:"Dr.",name:"Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"dolores-castro",fullName:"Dolores Castro"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35141",title:"Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives",slug:"antibiotics-in-aquaculture-use-abuse-and-alternatives",totalDownloads:19357,totalCrossrefCites:138,totalDimensionsCites:293,abstract:null,book:{id:"2052",slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Jaime Romero, Carmen Gloria Feijoo and Paola Navarrete",authors:[{id:"72898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"jaime-romero",fullName:"Jaime Romero"},{id:"79684",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"paola-navarrete",fullName:"Paola Navarrete"},{id:"83411",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Feijoo",slug:"carmen-feijoo",fullName:"Carmen Feijoo"}]},{id:"69948",title:"Floating Cage: A New Innovation of Seaweed Culture",slug:"floating-cage-a-new-innovation-of-seaweed-culture",totalDownloads:974,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Eucheumatoid cultivation continues to expand with a variety of methods that can increase production. This chapter will discuss an innovation in seaweed cultivation of the genus Eucheuma, which is the prime marine commodity in the tropical regions of the world. Research conducted during 2015-2017 and 2019 in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, provided an overview of the use of floating cage that showed very significant growth results. The research result showed that the growth rates of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in floating cage seemed faster and resulted in better thallus morphology. Daily production of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii that were cultivated in floating cage was higher than daily production of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated on longline. Specific growth rate (SGR) of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated by using floating cage method was also higher than E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated by using longline method. Moreover, the cultivation by using floating cages produces good growth rates with no effect of herbivore attacks.",book:{id:"8928",slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture"},signatures:"Ma’ruf Kasim, Abdul Muis Balubi, Ahmad Mustafa, Rahman Nurdin, Rahmad Sofyan Patadjai and Wardha Jalil",authors:[{id:"309893",title:"Prof.",name:"Maruf",middleName:null,surname:"Kasim",slug:"maruf-kasim",fullName:"Maruf Kasim"},{id:"313040",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdul Muis",middleName:null,surname:"Balubi",slug:"abdul-muis-balubi",fullName:"Abdul Muis Balubi"},{id:"313041",title:"MSc.",name:"Wardha",middleName:null,surname:"Jalil",slug:"wardha-jalil",fullName:"Wardha Jalil"},{id:"313042",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ahmad-mustafa",fullName:"Ahmad Mustafa"},{id:"313043",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Nurdin",slug:"rahman-nurdin",fullName:"Rahman Nurdin"},{id:"313044",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahmat Sofyan",middleName:null,surname:"Patadjai",slug:"rahmat-sofyan-patadjai",fullName:"Rahmat Sofyan Patadjai"}]},{id:"62842",title:"Integrated Rice and Aquaculture Farming",slug:"integrated-rice-and-aquaculture-farming",totalDownloads:1919,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The burning problems like scarcity of food for ever-growing human population in the present world are addressed by adapting various methods for production of protein, carbohydrate, oils and other food materials. One of the methods to produce high amount of food is integrated farming including rice-aquaculture farming, which produces protein and carbohydrate as major components besides others. Rice-aquaculture farming produces grain (carbohydrate) and animal protein without affecting the quality and quantity of rice yield on the same piece of land and renders additional financial gain besides main crop (rice) like conventional monoculture. The aquatic species grown in the integrated culture are mainly distinct types of fishes, selected crustaceans and other selected species. Profitable rice-aquaculture integrated farming is popular in Asian countries than in Western countries. However, the integrated rice-aquaculture farming has its own limitations. The type of methods, culture species, influencing factors, and pros and cons of rice-aquaculture integrated farming are discussed in the present chapter.",book:{id:"7229",slug:"aquaculture-plants-and-invertebrates",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture - Plants and Invertebrates"},signatures:"Pamuru Ramachandra Reddy and Battina Kishori",authors:[{id:"242524",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramachandra Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"Pamuru",slug:"ramachandra-reddy-pamuru",fullName:"Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru"},{id:"255022",title:"Dr.",name:"Kishori",middleName:null,surname:"Battina",slug:"kishori-battina",fullName:"Kishori Battina"}]},{id:"24074",title:"Embryonic and Larval Development of Freshwater Fish",slug:"embryonic-and-larval-development-of-freshwater-fish",totalDownloads:7466,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"612",slug:"recent-advances-in-fish-farms",title:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms"},signatures:"Faruk Aral, Erdinç Şahınöz and Zafer Doğu",authors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"},{id:"29132",title:"Dr.",name:"Zafer",middleName:null,surname:"Dogu",slug:"zafer-dogu",fullName:"Zafer Dogu"},{id:"39952",title:"Dr.",name:"Erdinc",middleName:null,surname:"Sahinoz",slug:"erdinc-sahinoz",fullName:"Erdinc Sahinoz"}]},{id:"68966",title:"Novel Biofloc Technology (BFT) for Ammonia Assimilation and Reuse in Aquaculture In Situ",slug:"novel-biofloc-technology-bft-for-ammonia-assimilation-and-reuse-in-aquaculture-in-situ",totalDownloads:1951,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Ammonia is one of the most harmful risks for success of fish and shrimp culture. There is no effective solution for harmlessness of ammonia in traditional aquaculture operations except exchanging water, which would bring negative effects on environment, or fixing expensive equipment. Biofloc technology (BFT) that appeared in recent years supplies a novel solution for this issue without exchanging huge water and fixing equipment. This technology could assimilate ammonia almost in real time with many other supplemental benefits. Because of the very high nutritional value for fish and shrimp, bioflocs, the by-product of BFT, could also be reused as a complemented food in situ or a gradient for feedstuff to replace expensive fishmeal or be processed to pellet diet to feed fish and shrimp directly. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular Economy, Contingency Planning and Response to Disasters, Ecosystem Services, Integrated Urban Water Management, Nature-based Solutions, Sustainable Urban Development, Urban Green Spaces",scope:"