\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1366",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet",title:"Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Every ecosystem is a complex organization of carefully mixed life forms; a dynamic and particularly sensible system. Consequently, their progressive decline may accelerate climate change and vice versa, influencing flora and fauna composition and distribution, resulting in the loss of biodiversity. Climate changes effects are the principal topics of this volume. Written by internationally renowned contributors, Biodiversity loss in a changing planet offers attractive study cases focused on biodiversity evaluations and provisions in several different ecosystems, analysing the current life condition of many life forms, and covering very different biogeographic zones of the planet.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-707-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4401-4",doi:"10.5772/1832",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"biodiversity-loss-in-a-changing-planet",numberOfPages:330,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"d325a1437cd12bf8823408657080ee8a",bookSignature:"Oscar Grillo and Gianfranco Venora",publishedDate:"November 16th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1366.jpg",numberOfDownloads:45378,numberOfWosCitations:129,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:89,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:239,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 23rd 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 21st 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 27th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 27th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 26th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"51992",title:"PhD.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Grillo",slug:"oscar-grillo",fullName:"Oscar Grillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51992/images/1749_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Oscar Grillo is a food technologist with an international PhD in applied and environmental botany. Since 2003 he has been working as a researcher at the Stazione Sperimentale di Granicoltura per la Sicilia, a governmental institute of agronomic research, mainly working with computer vision applied to food matrices and plant structures. Currently, he is collaborating with the Sardinian Germplasm Bank of the Biodiversity Conservation Centre of the University of Cagliari on projects devoted to wild plant seed characterization and identification by image analysis. He also works as a supervisor for many MSc and PhD students. He is the author of about 50 research works published in many peer-reviewed journals and about 70 international conference papers. Dr. Grillo is a referee for a few peer-reviewed journals, and many times was invited as a visiting professor by national and international universities and research centres. In 2011 he was the co-editor of five volumes published by InTech, and in 2014 the editor of the last one.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"54656",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianfranco",middleName:null,surname:"Venora",slug:"gianfranco-venora",fullName:"Gianfranco Venora",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/54656/images/1750_n.jpg",biography:"Gianfranco Venora is a biologist, born in Caltagirone (Sicily) in 1958, where he lives and works. He took his University degree in 1981, and since 1982 he has been working as researcher at the Stazione Sperimentale di Granicoltura per la Sicilia. His working expertise is mainly about durum wheat and leguminous breeding. 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Amorim",authors:[{id:"16970",title:"Prof.",name:"Zenilda",middleName:"L.",surname:"Cardeal",fullName:"Zenilda Cardeal",slug:"zenilda-cardeal"},{id:"16984",title:"Dr.",name:"Leiliane",middleName:"C.A.",surname:"Amorim",fullName:"Leiliane Amorim",slug:"leiliane-amorim"},{id:"16985",title:"Prof.",name:"Amauri",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Amauri Souza",slug:"amauri-souza"}]},{id:"13029",title:"Micropollutant Degradation Mechanism",slug:"micropollutant-degradation-mechanism",signatures:"Brigita Tepuš, Irena Petrinić and Marjana Simonič",authors:[{id:"15110",title:"Dr.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Petrinic",fullName:"Irena Petrinic",slug:"irena-petrinic"},{id:"15704",title:"Dr.",name:"Brigita",middleName:null,surname:"Tepuš",fullName:"Brigita Tepuš",slug:"brigita-tepus"},{id:"16583",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjana",middleName:null,surname:"Simonič",fullName:"Marjana Simonič",slug:"marjana-simonic"}]},{id:"13030",title:"Bacterial-Degradation of Pesticides Residue in Vegetables during Fermentation",slug:"bacterial-degradation-of-pesticides-residue-in-vegetables-during-fermentation",signatures:"Aslan Azizi",authors:[{id:"15701",title:"Dr.",name:"Aslan",middleName:null,surname:"Azizi",fullName:"Aslan Azizi",slug:"aslan-azizi"}]},{id:"13107",title:"Interpretation and Modelling of Environmental Behaviour of Diverse Pesticides by Revealing Photodecomposition Mechanisms",slug:"interpretation-and-modelling-of-environmental-behaviour-of-diverse-pesticides-by-revealing-photodeco",signatures:"Attila Kiss and Diána Virág",authors:[{id:"14950",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Kiss",fullName:"Attila Kiss",slug:"attila-kiss"},{id:"14973",title:"Dr.",name:"Diána",middleName:null,surname:"Virág",fullName:"Diána Virág",slug:"diana-virag"}]},{id:"13031",title:"Degradation of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides by Photocatalysis: Chlorpiryfos and Endosulfan Case Study",slug:"degradation-of-organochlorine-and-organophosphorus-pesticides-by-photocatalysis-chlorpiryfos-and-end",signatures:"Rosalina González Forero",authors:[{id:"14241",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Forero",fullName:"Rosalina Gonzalez Forero",slug:"rosalina-gonzalez-forero"}]},{id:"13032",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Removal of Pesticides from Aqueous Media",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-aops-for-removal-of-pesticides-from-aqueous-media",signatures:"Marco A. Quiroz, Erick R. Bandala and Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle",authors:[{id:"15324",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Quiroz Alfaro",fullName:"Marco Antonio Quiroz Alfaro",slug:"marco-antonio-quiroz-alfaro"},{id:"16897",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Bandala González",fullName:"Erick Roberto Bandala González",slug:"erick-roberto-bandala-gonzalez"},{id:"16898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Huitle",fullName:"Carlos Alberto Martínez Huitle",slug:"carlos-alberto-martinez-huitle"}]},{id:"13033",title:"Low-Cost Sorbent for Removing Pesticides during Water Treatment",slug:"low-cost-sorbent-for-removing-pesticides-during-water-treatment",signatures:"Katarzyna Ignatowicz",authors:[{id:"15053",title:"Prof.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Ignatowicz",fullName:"Katarzyna Ignatowicz",slug:"katarzyna-ignatowicz"}]},{id:"13034",title:"Influence of the Activated Carbon Nature and the Aqueous Matrix on the Pesticides Adsorption",slug:"influence-of-the-activated-carbon-nature-and-the-aqueous-matrix-on-the-pesticides-adsorption",signatures:"Natividad Miguel, María P. Ormad, Rosa Mosteo, Jorge Rodríguez and José L. Ovelleiro",authors:[{id:"14648",title:"Dr.",name:"Natividad",middleName:null,surname:"Miguel",fullName:"Natividad Miguel",slug:"natividad-miguel"},{id:"14649",title:"Prof.",name:"María P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ormad",fullName:"María P. Ormad",slug:"maria-p.-ormad"},{id:"14650",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Mosteo",fullName:"Rosa Mosteo",slug:"rosa-mosteo"},{id:"14651",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez",fullName:"Jorge Rodríguez",slug:"jorge-rodriguez"},{id:"14652",title:"Dr.",name:"José L.",middleName:null,surname:"Ovelleiro",fullName:"José L. Ovelleiro",slug:"jose-l.-ovelleiro"}]},{id:"13035",title:"Adsorption Properties of Sediments for Pesticides: Investigation with Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry",slug:"adsorption-properties-of-sediments-for-pesticides-investigation-with-supercritical-fluid-extraction-",signatures:"Hiroaki Chikushi, Natsuko Yoshida and Kei Toda",authors:[{id:"14786",title:"Dr.",name:"Kei",middleName:null,surname:"Toda",fullName:"Kei Toda",slug:"kei-toda"},{id:"16534",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Chikushi",fullName:"Hiroaki Chikushi",slug:"hiroaki-chikushi"}]},{id:"13036",title:"Sorption of Pesticides on Natural Geosorbents",slug:"sorption-of-pesticides-on-natural-geosorbents",signatures:"Jean-Pierre Gagné, Bruno Gouteux, Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh, and Jean-Rock Brindle",authors:[{id:"14741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Gagné",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Gagné",slug:"jean-pierre-gagne"},{id:"14761",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Rock",middleName:null,surname:"Brindle",fullName:"Jean-Rock Brindle",slug:"jean-rock-brindle"},{id:"16683",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssouf Djibril",middleName:null,surname:"Soubaneh",fullName:"Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh",slug:"youssouf-djibril-soubaneh"},{id:"16684",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Gouteux",fullName:"Bruno Gouteux",slug:"bruno-gouteux"}]},{id:"13037",title:"Pesticides as a Waste Problem with Examples from Norway",slug:"pesticides-as-a-waste-problem-with-examples-from-norway",signatures:"Ketil Haarstad",authors:[{id:"16783",title:"Dr.",name:"Ketil",middleName:null,surname:"Haarstad",fullName:"Ketil Haarstad",slug:"ketil-haarstad"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"176",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",subtitle:"Trends in Pesticides Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a90215ceb5e31eb3e1378a34ab04e555",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-trends-in-pesticides-analysis",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6375",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3083",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"Pest Resistance",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4046b5f670fa7e27e71d2e35bd645411",slug:"soybean-pest-resistance",bookSignature:"Hany A. 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This study fundamentally addresses the general characterization of natural, technical, economic, and environmental problems for road construction in the Amazon environment, pointing out possible solutions to circumvent these difficulties. The characterization was performed by reviewing the available technical literature, while the solutions were indicated by case studies of works conducted in the region.
It should be noted, however, that while there is a long tradition of environmental studies in the Amazon, involving biotic and abiotic environments, and the environmental impacts resulting from anthropic actions, the same tradition does not apply to studies of road constructions, from the point of view of Engineering.
The main cause of this problem is the low rate of research data publication and its application on highways in the specialized technical literature.
Thus, although the application of a certain material or technique in each construction of a highway is known, it is difficult to make a deeper analysis, due to the absence of published data.
For this reason, the literature review and case studies discussed here were mostly restricted to academic research of master and doctoral thesis, presenting the results of field monitoring reported by their respective authors.
In the preceding items, the general characteristics of the International Amazon were contextualized, with emphasis on the Brazilian Amazonia, in addition to addressing the problems faced in the construction of highways in this region. This Item presents some case studies that sought to circumvent the problems of scarcity of stone material near the construction site and the presence of soil layers with low bearing capacity in the natural foundation (subgrade) of the highways built in the Brazilian Amazonia environment.
Figure 1 shows the locations of the case studies analyzed here.
Locations of the case studies analyzed.
An unpaved rural road located at 53 km of the state highway AM-010, north of the city of Manaus (Point 1 of Figure 1), is used to access a military base. This road has a natural subgrade consisting of a layer of yellow-red sandy silt containing a 55% silt fraction, 35% sand, and 9% clay and is classified as a latosol, with a 30% LL, a PI of 10%, a CBR of 31% and an optimal moisture content of 12.6%, both in the intermediate compaction energy. The soil pH is acidic, with a value of 5.39, kaolinite being the predominant clay mineral. The soil is classified as CL (USCS), A-4 (TRB), and LG′ (MCT).
The efficiency of chemically stabilizing the subgrade soil with cement supplemented with ZS was evaluated, resulting as a single layer of the stabilized base; for this purpose, was constructed an experimental section of 70 m in length and 7.5 m in width. In order to control the performance of executive technical procedures, SCS and TSDC tests were made before, during, and after construction, in addition to evaluating the overall quality of the road paving and its superficial drainage elements.
The ZS-based additive (RoadCem®) used is a fine, odorless, grayish powder with a specific mass of approximately 1,100 kg/m3 and pH of 10–12 (in water, at 20°C). Its chemical composition is mainly composed of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (60–80%), including sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium chlorides; ZS and oxides (5–10%); and activators (5–10%).
Based on the characteristics of the experimental section subgrade soil, a soil-cement–the additive mix was made with 1.7 kg/m3 of ZS (0.09% per dry mass) and 160 kg/m3 of cement (8.20% per dry mass).
The SCS test results of the specimens molded in the laboratory before the fieldwork found values of approximately 8 MPa at 28 days. In general, the construction stages begin with the addition and mixing of the ZS additive and cement, followed by leveling, compaction, and surface finishing. In this process, the ZS additive may be added one day before the application of the cement (Figures 2 and 3).
a) Distribution of cement and ZS additive in the experimental runway by manual spreading; b) homogenization of the soil, cement, and ZS additive
Steps of a) compaction; b) bulging; c) surface finishing; and d) curing of the stabilized base [
The mechanical strength of the stabilized base was verified by molding PCs in three stages. In the laboratory, before starting the stabilization process, specimens were prepared with the pre-established dosage, and the SCS and TSDC test results were evaluated at the rupture ages of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days in wet curing.
During the execution of the stabilization step, a new molding of specimens was performed by collecting the homogenized mixture of soil-cement–ZS immediately before starting the field compaction procedure. In the third stage, after 28 days of stabilization, six samples were extracted directly from the runway. The laboratory results of the samples molded in the laboratory, those molded with a field mixture, and those extracted from the runway are shown in Figure 4.
a) Comparison of SCS for samples molded in the laboratory, during stabilization, and extracted directly from the experimental runway; b) TSDC for laboratory-molded samples [
Of the specimens molded with the field mixture during the construction, the SCS results were observed to be close to the values of those specimens molded in the laboratory. The quality of the mixture made by the recycler and the time between homogenization and compaction are the main factors underlying the difference between the SCS of the samples molded in the laboratory and molded with the filed mixture, around 16%.
Conversely, the samples extracted directly from the runway reached only 42% of the SCS resistance value of the samples molded in the laboratory at 7 days of curing (Figure 4a), but these values were still higher than the minimum Brazilian road standard, which is 2.1 MPa. The difference is mainly caused by the construction techniques, the quality of the mixture, and compaction by the equipment in the field, under conditions not always optimal, while in the laboratory, technological control is easier to achieve. In addition, the extraction process of field samples can damage the cemented structure of the specimens, reducing their real strength.
Regarding the tensile stresses that the lower regions of the pavement receive due to the transient loads imposed by the traffic, the TSDC of the stabilized base material reached values above 1 MPa at a curing age of 7 days (Figure 4b).
In the visual inspection of the work during the first 48 hours of curing, some transverse, superficial, and isolated cracks with average depths of 1 mm emerged. In this period, there was the volumetric expansion that generated internal tensile stresses in the material that was still in the fresh state. The microstructure in the formation is subjected to secondary growth of the impure phase of ettringite; because of the continued hydration of C3S, hydrated calcium silicate began to form inside the hydrated carapace [2]. This effect was more intense in plastic clays with high levels of cement exposed to the high humidity of the night-time forest and the intense heat of the day. However, the continuous strength gain of the material interrupted the propagation of cracks in later days, which naturally incorporated dust, showing an aspect of natural base regeneration. Four years after construction, the pavement showed no cracks, abatements, or pathologies that would compromise the durability and assimilation capacity of traffic surcharges (Figure 5).
Final aspect of the experimental section. a) One day of stabilization, in Oct. 2016; b) after 490 days, in Feb. 2018; c) after 4 years, Oct. 2020 [
Cabral et al. [3] and Cabral [4] conducted laboratory and field studies on the use of SCACC in asphalt mixtures, with raw material from the state of Pará. The authors obtained excellent results when comparing SCACC to the natural coarse aggregate (crushed stone), indicating that the synthetic aggregate supports severe mechanical compaction, according to the results obtained in the degradation tests (analysis of the comparison between the granulometric composition of the SCACC in the conditions of no compaction on the experimental runway, and after two years of service completion). The study site was an experimental section of the pavement restoration work on federal highway BR-163, between 101 km and 102 km (Point 2 of Figure 1), whose differential treatment was the incorporation of SCACC in the base layer of the pavement.
The base course of this segment was built in mid-November 2007, totalling 1,000 m in length, 12 m in width (two lanes of 3.5 m each and two shoulder lanes of 2.5 m each), and 20 cm thick. Not only in this section, but throughout the extent of the pavement restoration work, the project established the need to incorporate approximately 30% of coarse aggregate into the lateritic soil (
Figures 6 and 7 show the stages of the use of SCACC, from the preparation of the ceramic bricks (which were later crushed into coarse aggregate sizes) to the execution of the base course in the field.
Use of SCACC in highway paving: a) burnt of ceramic bricks following a controlled firing temperature; b) crushing of the ceramic blricks. c) Stacking of the mixture of lateritic soil and SCACC in the field [
Use of SCACC in highway paving: a) scattering of the mixture of lateritic soil and SCACC for the execution of the base course; b) completed experimental runway, with asphalt course in double surface treatment. c) Conditions of the experimental runway approximately 2 years after completion [
To observe the behavior of an application of soil–asphalt emulsion mixture, Sant’Ana [5] studied a 200-m unpaved experimental section located at gate 3 of the access to the State University of Maranhão (Point 3 of Figure 1), which had a highly irregular surface, composed of a base course in laterite that was very deteriorated (Figure 8) overlying a subgrade layer formed by fine sandy soil (no subbase layer was observed). After the collection of deformed samples to characterize the existing layers, satisfactory results of the subgrade were observed (CBR of 12% under the normal compaction energy). On the other hand, the material of the base layer fit the subbase properties (CBR of 23% under intermediate compaction energy), so it needed to be reinforced and regularized with material imported from a deposit, resulting in a new base course.
View of the experimental section before stabilization with asphalt emulsion [
Regarding the stabilization of the new base layer with RL-1C asphalt emulsion (cationic, slow rupture), the surface (base) was regularized and the existing road widened, keeping the transverse slopes at 3–5% to allow the accelerated flow of rainwater. Then, over the first 100 m, scarification was performed at a thickness of 5 cm (Figure 9a), followed by wetting until the layer reached the optimum moisture content; homogenization with a disc harrow (Figure 9b); application of RL-1C asphalt emulsion at the rate of 5 l/m2, corresponding to 5% by weight of the dry soil, but in three stages (Figure 9c and d); and homogenization with the disc harrow between asphalt emulsion steps. A grader was used to move the soil–asphalt emulsion mixture to the side of the road, sometimes on one bank, sometimes on another (Figure 9e). Next, the mixture was compacted with a smooth roller (Figure 9f). Finally, the preliminary sealing layer was applied, with the emulsifying agent spreading (Figure 9g) and the release of clean sand (Figure 9h), which was then compacted again by a smooth roller. Figure 9i shows the finishing appearance of the stabilized base 7 days after execution. The remaining 100 m were subjected to the same procedure as above.
Some records of the execution stages of the experimental section with soil–emulsion [
To evaluate the stabilization efficiency, two non-destructive tests using Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) equipment were carried out on the finished surface, one 12 days and the other 20 months after execution. The current service value of the road surface was characterized using the method developed by the United States Department of Army in 1995, with the objective of calculating the Unsurfaced Road Condition Index (URCI). Surface distress surveys were carried out in December 2007 and September 2008, that is, 10 months and 20 months after the stabilization was completed, respectively.
Although the material was in good general condition, the defects that were most common in the analyzed sections were surface dust, the loss of aggregate due to abrasion, and the “pothole” or “potholes”. The classification of all sections of the experimental stretch as “very good” or “excellent” by URCI method, after almost 2 years of operation (Figure 10), showed that the soil–asphalt emulsion technique is applicable in the region where it was studied for roads with low traffic volume.
Surface condition of the stabilized base with asphalt emulsion after 20 months of execution [
There are four cases to be reported here (Points 4 to 7 of Figure 1). All cases dealt with the construction of a road in a location with a thick layer of soil with low bearing capacity, in which it would be uneconomical to purge this material.
Figure 11 shows the implementation details of the project (Point 4 of Figure 1). The largest thickness of the very soft organic clay layer observed was 7.55 m (Figure 11a), with a penetration resistance index (NSPT) value under net energy of 72% (N72, typical of Brazilian energy test) with an average of 1/45 blows/30 cm, on which a road embankment and bridge abutments (with a height of 6.65 m) were built to cross a watercourse called “Igarapé Miri” in the State of Pará. Figure 11b indicates the solution adopted. It entailed precast reinforced concrete piles, with square sides of 20 cm (to support the embankment) and 25 cm (to support the embankment and the bridge abutments), that were 8 m in length, spaced every 1.5 m, in both directions in plan view. On average, the pile tips were embedded at least 1 m into the resistant layer of very dense silty sand. Figure 11c and d shows a high stiffness geogrid for reinforcement of the embankment, installed over the cap piles, with the function of distributing the loads of the embankment and the bridge abutments for the piles.
Reinforced piled embankment executed for crossing watercourses. a) Stratigraphic profile; b) arrangement of the piles and the geogrid reinforcement, in cross-section; c) and d) installation of the geogrid on the capitals of the piles (photo: Maccaferri [
Figure 12 shows the implementation details of the project (Point 5 of Figure 1). The largest thickness of the very soft organic clay layer was 13.30 m (Figure 12a), with a mean N72 value of 1/70 blows/30 cm (region under the tidal influence, located in mangrove), on which a road embankment and bridge abutments (with a maximum height of 4 m) were built to cross a small watercourse in the city of Abaetetetuba, Pará State.
Reinforced piled embankment built for crossing the watercourse in the city of Abaetetetuba, Pará state. a) Stratigraphic profile; b) arrangement of the piles and the geogrid reinforcement, in cross-section; c) installation of piles in the abutment bridge (photo: NS Campelo).
Figure 12b indicates the solution adopted: There were used precast piles of reinforced concrete, with square sections of 35 cm on the side, 20 m in length, spaced every 3 m in plan view. On average, the tips of the piles were embedded approximately 5 m inside the resistant layer of very dense sand. A geogrid was used to reinforce the embankment, and a geotextile of high stiffness was placed between the geogrid and the top of the pile cap to avoid tearing of the geogrid when it was subjected to the embankment surcharge. Figure 12c shows the piles supporting the retaining wall of the bridge abutments.
Figure 13 shows the details of the project (Point 6 of Figure 1), a connection road to state highway PA-150, in the State of Pará. The largest thickness of the very soft organic clay layer observed was 8.00 m (Figure 13a), with a mean N72 value of 1/45 blows/30 cm, on which a road embankment and an abutment bridge were built with a height of 2.3 m. Figure 13b indicates the adopted solution. There were used precast reinforced concrete piles, with 25 cm square side, spaced every 1.5 m. On average, the tips of the piles were embedded approximately 1 m inside the resistant layer of very hard silty clay. A geogrid and a geotextile were placed at the top of the pile caps.
Connection road to state highway PA-150, state of Pará. a) Stratigraphic profile; b) arrangement of the piles and the geogrid reinforcement, in cross-section.
Figure 14 shows the implementation details of the project (Point 7 of Figure 1). The highest thickness of the soft clay silt layer observed was 5.75 m (Figure 14a), with a mean N72 value of 3 blows/30 cm, on which a road embankment with a height of 4–6 m was built, in the
Reinforced piled embankment executed in the
As reported in Item 2.8 of the Chapter “Challenges in the Construction of Highways in the Brazilian Amazonia Environment: Part I: Identification of Engineering Problems”, laterites are widely used in road pavings in the Brazilian Amazonia, but their occurrence is limited in some highland regions (
Use of
Figure 16a shows some detail of a typical coarse lateritic concretion (
Use of laterites in Amazonian highways. a) Detail of lateritic concretion, with a predominance of iron and aluminum oxides; b) primary coating layer aiming at the durability of the pavement until the execution of the asphalt course (photos: NS Campelo).
Sometimes, when the layer of low bearing capacity of the natural foundation (subgrade) is not very thick (2–3 m), then it is possible to replace all of it with another, better-quality material, imported from the deposit. When the layer is deeper (Figure 17a), and the total removal of the layer or the use of reinforced piled embankment is uneconomical (discussed in Item 4.4 of the Chapter “Challenges in the Construction of Highways in the Brazilian Amazonia Environment: Part I: Identification of Engineering Problems”), it is possible to partially replace the layer by introducing a layer of coarse crushed stone material (locally known as
Partial replacement of natural foundations with low support capacity by drainage layers and greater shear strength in road construction.
Figure 18 shows the phases of partial excavation of the soft clay layer for the execution of an urban connection corridor in the city of Manaus, Amazonas (Point 11 of Figure 1). The thickness of the
Construction of an urban corridor with partial replacement of the natural ground with low bearing capacity. a) Partial excavation of the layer; b) placement of the coarse crushed stone material (
Item 1 described that the Amazon Basin encompasses a vast area of lowland and relatively flat lands, with numerous watercourses crossing them. The highlands, which are not flooded, constitute the
However, in
Figure 19 shows two Brazilian federal highways that cross the State of Amazonas. Figure 19a shows a stretch of highway BR-174, with a total length of 3,320 km, which connects the States of Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Amazonas, and Roraima and from this to Venezuela and the rest of the Americas and Caribbean (see Figure 7 of the Chapter “Challenges in the Construction of Highways in the Brazilian Amazonia Environment: Part I: Identification of Engineering Problems”); only 210 km of this highway cross the state of Amazonas. Throughout almost its whole length, deposits of
Different reliefs cut by highways in the state of Amazonas. a) Wavy, in the “
Due to the period of river flooding in the
Lowering of the river water level on both sides of the road.
Large river floods have become more frequent in the Amazon Basin, leading to increasing maxima water levels year by year. Thus, in some regions of the BR-319 highway, overtopping occurs (Figure 21), and in the ebb cycle, partial rupture of the slopes may occur in the higher embankments when conditions are favorable (Figures 22 and 23).
River flooding causing overtopping at some places on federal highway BR-319 (photos: NS Campelo).
Rupture of road slopes, after the river ebb cycle (photos: NS Campelo).
Rupture of road slopes, after the river ebb cycle (photos: NS Campelo).
Figure 22a (point 12 of Figure 1) is located near 23 km of highway BR-319, while the other occurrences are in a range between 20 km and 60 km.
Souza [7] and Souza et al. [8] studied the phenomenon of
Natural phenomenon known as
This phenomenon causes damage to the riverine population, as a large amount of land detaches from the massif, reaching the residences (wooden
As reported in Items 2.8 and 2.9 of the Chapter “Challenges in the Construction of Highways in the Brazilian Amazonia Environment: Part I: Identification of Engineering Problems”, tropical soils present some behaviors dictated by the pedogenetic process of laterization and soil suction when in an unsaturated state. Together, they significantly increase the resistance of cutting (mainly) and embankment slopes (in relation to the matric suction) in the case of shear resistance against rupture and erodibility processes.
There are records of cutting slopes existing for more than 50 years that are almost vertical (Figure 25a and b), which, even without anti-erosion protection – by vegetation cover (grasses or native vegetation) – or even without the existence of any superficial drainage of rainwater (in a region of high rainfall, above 2,500 mm per year, see Figure 2b of that Chapter), remains in a stable condition, except for some non-lateritic stratum (saprolitic), where it is vulnerable to erosion (Figure 25b and c), or when it is sandy or silty lateritic soil (Figure 25a). Figure 25a,b, and c corresponds to Points 14 to 16 of Figure 1, respectively. Other times, the distinction between the lateritic and saprolitic horizons is given by the existence of a “stone line” of lateritic concretions, as shown in Figure 26a, on state highway AM-070 (Point 17 of Figure 1).
Cutting slopes. a) Erodible horizons (sandy/silty soil). b) and c) lateritic and saprolitic horizons (highly erodible) (photos: NS Campelo).
a) Presence of a “stone line” (lateritic concretions) separating the lateritic and saprolitic horizons. b) and c) presence of thin film of lateritic crust in slopes (photos: NS Campelo).
In some cases, a thin film (1–3 mm) of lateritic crust forms on the surface of the slope, of dark red color, which acts as an anti-erosion protectant, allowing the stability of the slope against the deleterious action of the rains for decades, even with almost vertical slopes. Figure 26b and c shows these thin films (Points 18 and 19 of Figure 1, respectively) that occur in the city of Manaus.
There are reports of the use of milled asphalt waste (reclaimed asphalt pavement-RAP) from the recycling of asphalt coatings on federal highways BR-163 and BR-364 in the State of Mato Grosso [10] but in the initial state. An interesting application of ceramic materials occurs in some urban streets in the city of Rio Branco, State of Acre, where traditional ceramic bricks are applied as linings in streets with low traffic volume (Figure 27 – Point 20 of Figure 1).
Use of ceramic block as a coating for urban roads with low traffic volume (photo: Jornal AcreAgora (
There are no reports of the use of lightweight fill materials (e.g., expanded polystyrene – EPS) for embankments to be constructed over soft soils in road paving in the Brazilian Amazonia. This type of solution could be used in highways that cross natural subgrade in
In general, there is a lack of technical information on the construction procedures and use of construction materials on the highways of the Brazilian Amazonia, which is reflected in the few publications on the subject.
In order to overcome technical problems reported in the Chapter “Challenges in the construction of highways in the Brazilian Amazonia environment: Part I: Identification of Engineering Problems”, can be employed solutions with materials found in the vicinity, in most cases. Thus, for problems of the absence of stone material at the construction site, the use of natural materials (lateritic concretion), synthetic materials (SCACC), and recycled materials (e.g., from ceramic waste and milled RAP) can be used, while for problems of the natural foundations of roads with low bearing capacity can be used partially or fully replacement of natural soil for a layer composed of coarse crushed stone (
Although the Brazilian Amazonia brings some hindrances to the construction of highways in the
For rural roads with low traffic volume, ceramic waste can also be used as recycled material in primary coatings.
The authors would like to thank CAPES for the grant of a scholarship for an academic master’s degree to the Civil Engineer Daniel Jardim Almeida.
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Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1412",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-biotechnology",parent:{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:104,numberOfWosCitations:98,numberOfCrossrefCitations:99,numberOfDimensionsCitations:183,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1412",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6219",title:"Potato",subtitle:"From Incas to All Over the World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc090db65907b96910ec19f4e57e51d2",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",bookSignature:"Mustafa Yildiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6219.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6315",title:"Sugarcane",subtitle:"Technology and Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81873ef6ff140f2261576f7383556583",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",bookSignature:"Alexandre Bosco de Oliveira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6315.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77880",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Bosco",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"alexandre-de-oliveira",fullName:"Alexandre De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5712",title:"Pure and Applied Biogeography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d1a184b4b5e457c98102c80f46f00c85",slug:"pure-and-applied-biogeography",bookSignature:"Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5712.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"57967",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72237",title:"Sugarcane Bagasse Valorization Strategies for Bioethanol and Energy Production",slug:"sugarcane-bagasse-valorization-strategies-for-bioethanol-and-energy-production",totalDownloads:2071,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"The use of sugarcane bagasse pith as solid substrate for fungi and microbial growth is well known, as well as a source of microorganisms that can be isolated from it. Pith has also been used as a bulking agent for soil bioremediation. More recently, bagasse pith has been used for bioethanol production involving pretreatment and hydrolysis followed by fermentation and dehydration. However, little is reported about biomass valorization for the development of environmentally sound and innovative strategies to process sugarcane bagasse from sugar mills. Incineration of sugarcane bagasse pith is a very common and mature technology for waste disposal and generation of electrical and thermal energy. However, this approach may not be satisfactory in organic waste management due to pollutant emissions, economic and labor costs, loss of energy, and bad odor. In addition, no valuable product is generated from its decomposition process. Instead of incineration, recent research has focused on its utilization as biofuel source. In this chapter, the use of sugarcane bagasse pith as a waste material for incineration versus biomass to produce bioethanol is discussed in terms of energy ratio and emissions, in addition to elucidate the potential of sugarcane bagasse valorization for a more sustainable society.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Myriam Adela Amezcua-Allieri, Jhuma\nSadhukhan and Jorge Aburto Anell",authors:[{id:"16428",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Aburto",slug:"jorge-aburto",fullName:"Jorge Aburto"},{id:"27622",title:"Dr.",name:"Myriam",middleName:null,surname:"Amezcua",slug:"myriam-amezcua",fullName:"Myriam Amezcua"},{id:"232272",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"elias-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez"},{id:"232274",title:"Dr.",name:"Jhuma",middleName:null,surname:"Sadhukhan",slug:"jhuma-sadhukhan",fullName:"Jhuma Sadhukhan"}]},{id:"57762",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71497",title:"Sugarcane Bagasse and Cellulose Polymer Composites",slug:"sugarcane-bagasse-and-cellulose-polymer-composites",totalDownloads:2228,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Waste recycling has been the main topic of various scientific researches due to environmental management. Renewable agricultural sources such as pineapple leaf, sisal, jute, piassava, coir, and sugarcane bagasse are among agro waste, normally known as biomass, which is recently used for reinforcing polymeric materials. Sugarcane bagasse fiber residues has been extensively investigated and employed as a source of reinforcement of polymers. The major residue is normally burnt for energy supply in the sugar and alcohol industries and as a result, tons of ash is created. The ash contained inorganic components which are valuable for reinforcement in polymeric materials. This chapter reports on the use of sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and its cellulose as reinforcing fillers for polymers.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Teboho C. Mokhena, Mokgaotsa J. Mochane, Tshwafo E. Motaung,\nLinda Z. Linganiso, Oriel M. Thekisoe and Sandile P. Songca",authors:[{id:"212802",title:"Prof.",name:"Tshwafo",middleName:null,surname:"Motaung",slug:"tshwafo-motaung",fullName:"Tshwafo Motaung"},{id:"218007",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Linganiso",slug:"linda-linganiso",fullName:"Linda Linganiso"},{id:"220962",title:"Dr.",name:"Teboho",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhena",slug:"teboho-mokhena",fullName:"Teboho Mokhena"},{id:"220963",title:"Dr.",name:"Mokgaotsa",middleName:null,surname:"Mochane",slug:"mokgaotsa-mochane",fullName:"Mokgaotsa Mochane"},{id:"220965",title:"Prof.",name:"Thekisoe",middleName:null,surname:"Oriel",slug:"thekisoe-oriel",fullName:"Thekisoe Oriel"},{id:"220966",title:"Prof.",name:"Songca",middleName:null,surname:"Sandile",slug:"songca-sandile",fullName:"Songca Sandile"}]},{id:"59075",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73056",title:"Nematodes Affecting Potato and Sustainable Practices for Their Management",slug:"nematodes-affecting-potato-and-sustainable-practices-for-their-management",totalDownloads:1970,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Plant-parasitic nematodes are a significant factor limiting potato production and tuber quality in several regions where potato is produced. Overall, parasitic nematodes alone cause an estimated annual crop loss of $ 78 billion worldwide and an average crop yield loss of 10–15%. As a result, sustainable food production and food security are directly impacted by pests and diseases. Degrading land use with monocultures and unsustainable cropping practices have intensified problems associated with plant pathogens. Proper identification of nematode species and isolates is crucial to choose effective and sustainable management strategies for nematode infection. Several nematode species have been reported associated with potato. Among those, the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp., the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp., the potato rot nematode Ditylenchus destructor and the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans are major species limiting potato yield and leading to poor tuber quality. Here, we report a literature review on the biology, symptoms, damage and control methods used for these nematode species.",book:{id:"6219",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",title:"Potato",fullTitle:"Potato - From Incas to All Over the World"},signatures:"Fábia S.O. Lima, Vanessa S. Mattos, Edvar S. Silva, Maria A.S.\nCarvalho, Renato A. Teixeira, Janaína C. Silva and Valdir R. Correa",authors:[{id:"191564",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábia",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"fabia-lima",fullName:"Fábia Lima"},{id:"191758",title:"Dr.",name:"Valdir",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",slug:"valdir-correa",fullName:"Valdir Correa"}]},{id:"59391",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73113",title:"Sugarcane Production in China",slug:"sugarcane-production-in-china",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Sugarcane production in China has a prolonged history since fourth century BC. At present, China is the world’s third largest sugar producing country after Brazil and India. During the past decade, more than 90% of the sugar production was contributed by sugarcane. Guangxi is the dominant sugarcane and sugar producer, accounting for 65% of sugar production in China. China’s sugarcane production faced serious problems in the past several years, especially the rapid increase in the labor cost because of the manual harvest. Now, China requires changing their sugarcane practice from manual to mechanical in order to catch up with the international trends in worldwide industry. Many other challenges and constraints are becoming severe, including abiotic and biotic stress, cost escalation, over fertilization, poor ratooning, and single cultivar. New technologies will be applied to sugarcane production, including omics-based breeding, best management practices, and so on.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Muqing Zhang and Muralidharan Govindaraju",authors:[{id:"211925",title:"Dr.",name:"Muqing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"muqing-zhang",fullName:"Muqing Zhang"},{id:"227160",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindaraju",middleName:null,surname:"Muralidharan",slug:"govindaraju-muralidharan",fullName:"Govindaraju Muralidharan"}]},{id:"57733",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71496",title:"Biotechnological Interventions for the Improvement of Sugarcane Crop and Sugar Production",slug:"biotechnological-interventions-for-the-improvement-of-sugarcane-crop-and-sugar-production",totalDownloads:1891,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Sugarcane, not only fulfills 70% of world sugar needs but is also a prime potential source of bioethanol. It is majorly grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Researchers have improved this grass to great extent and have developed energy cane with ability to accumulate up to 18% sucrose in its Culm. Improvement of this crop is impeded by its complex genome, low fertility, long production cycle and susceptibility to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Biotechnological interventions hold great promise to address these impediments paving way to get improved sugarcane crop. Further, being vegetatively propagated in most of the agroecological regions, it has become more attractive plant to work with. This chapter highlights, how advanced knowledge of omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) can be employed to improve sugarcane crop. In addition, potential role of in vitro techniques and transgenic technology has also been discussed for developing improved sugarcane clones with enhanced sugar recovery.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Ghulam Mustafa, Faiz Ahmad Joyia, Sultana Anwar, Aqsa Parvaiz\nand Muhammad Sarwar Khan",authors:[{id:"211046",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ghulam-mustafa",fullName:"Ghulam Mustafa"},{id:"212508",title:"Dr.",name:"Faiz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"faiz-ahmad",fullName:"Faiz Ahmad"},{id:"212509",title:"Ms.",name:"Sultana",middleName:null,surname:"Anwar",slug:"sultana-anwar",fullName:"Sultana Anwar"},{id:"212510",title:"Ms.",name:"Aqsa",middleName:null,surname:"Pervaiz",slug:"aqsa-pervaiz",fullName:"Aqsa Pervaiz"},{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59391",title:"Sugarcane Production in China",slug:"sugarcane-production-in-china",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Sugarcane production in China has a prolonged history since fourth century BC. At present, China is the world’s third largest sugar producing country after Brazil and India. During the past decade, more than 90% of the sugar production was contributed by sugarcane. Guangxi is the dominant sugarcane and sugar producer, accounting for 65% of sugar production in China. China’s sugarcane production faced serious problems in the past several years, especially the rapid increase in the labor cost because of the manual harvest. Now, China requires changing their sugarcane practice from manual to mechanical in order to catch up with the international trends in worldwide industry. Many other challenges and constraints are becoming severe, including abiotic and biotic stress, cost escalation, over fertilization, poor ratooning, and single cultivar. New technologies will be applied to sugarcane production, including omics-based breeding, best management practices, and so on.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Muqing Zhang and Muralidharan Govindaraju",authors:[{id:"211925",title:"Dr.",name:"Muqing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"muqing-zhang",fullName:"Muqing Zhang"},{id:"227160",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindaraju",middleName:null,surname:"Muralidharan",slug:"govindaraju-muralidharan",fullName:"Govindaraju Muralidharan"}]},{id:"58251",title:"Management of Late Blight of Potato",slug:"management-of-late-blight-of-potato",totalDownloads:2925,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important crop and Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is the oomycete, which was responsible for infamous Irish potato famine during 1843–45 and it continues to cause worldwide devastation of the potato. Moreover, this disease is re-emerging in the forms of different genotypes and causes huge yield loss in the potato crop. The factors which are responsible for huge yield loss of potato are applied improper management strategies and pathogen behavior. Management strategies includes; forecasting, cultural, biological, varietal and chemical management. Forecasting is the better option for management of late blight, if accurately forecasted and promptly information reaches to the end users. As infected potato tubers cause the primary sources of infection in next season. The cultural practices will also helpful in reducing inoculum load and managing the disease. The host resistance is best option for management of this disease. However, due to very divers’ virulence nature of P. infestans; the resistance of the varieties is wiped out within a decade. Several fungicides including contact, systemic and translaminar have been evaluated from time to time; however, the pathogen has shown a remarkable capacity for change with respect to host genotype and fungicides. Nowadays biological control is gaining importance due to its eco-friendly in nature.",book:{id:"6219",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",title:"Potato",fullTitle:"Potato - From Incas to All Over the World"},signatures:"Mehi Lal, Sanjeev Sharma, Saurabh Yadav and Santosh Kumar",authors:[{id:"186150",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehi",middleName:null,surname:"Lal",slug:"mehi-lal",fullName:"Mehi Lal"},{id:"194201",title:"Mr.",name:"Saurabh",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"saurabh-yadav",fullName:"Saurabh Yadav"},{id:"210908",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjeev",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"sanjeev-sharma",fullName:"Sanjeev Sharma"},{id:"210909",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"santosh-kumar",fullName:"Santosh Kumar"}]},{id:"57967",title:"Sugarcane Bagasse Valorization Strategies for Bioethanol and Energy Production",slug:"sugarcane-bagasse-valorization-strategies-for-bioethanol-and-energy-production",totalDownloads:2071,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"The use of sugarcane bagasse pith as solid substrate for fungi and microbial growth is well known, as well as a source of microorganisms that can be isolated from it. Pith has also been used as a bulking agent for soil bioremediation. More recently, bagasse pith has been used for bioethanol production involving pretreatment and hydrolysis followed by fermentation and dehydration. However, little is reported about biomass valorization for the development of environmentally sound and innovative strategies to process sugarcane bagasse from sugar mills. Incineration of sugarcane bagasse pith is a very common and mature technology for waste disposal and generation of electrical and thermal energy. However, this approach may not be satisfactory in organic waste management due to pollutant emissions, economic and labor costs, loss of energy, and bad odor. In addition, no valuable product is generated from its decomposition process. Instead of incineration, recent research has focused on its utilization as biofuel source. In this chapter, the use of sugarcane bagasse pith as a waste material for incineration versus biomass to produce bioethanol is discussed in terms of energy ratio and emissions, in addition to elucidate the potential of sugarcane bagasse valorization for a more sustainable society.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Myriam Adela Amezcua-Allieri, Jhuma\nSadhukhan and Jorge Aburto Anell",authors:[{id:"16428",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Aburto",slug:"jorge-aburto",fullName:"Jorge Aburto"},{id:"27622",title:"Dr.",name:"Myriam",middleName:null,surname:"Amezcua",slug:"myriam-amezcua",fullName:"Myriam Amezcua"},{id:"232272",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"elias-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez"},{id:"232274",title:"Dr.",name:"Jhuma",middleName:null,surname:"Sadhukhan",slug:"jhuma-sadhukhan",fullName:"Jhuma Sadhukhan"}]},{id:"59580",title:"In Vitro Propagation of Sugarcane for Certified Seed Production",slug:"in-vitro-propagation-of-sugarcane-for-certified-seed-production",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Micropropagation of sugarcane is important to obtain pathogen-free plants, genetically homogeneous and invigorate. The micropropagation procedure is divided into stages for the sake of better understanding. Micropropagation for large-scale sugarcane production using a temporary immersion system (TIS) is described. In addition, the aim of this chapter is to report, from the laboratory to the field, the best way to establish and use basic seed (primary seed), semicommercial seed (foundation or secondary seed) and commercial seed production. In conclusion, commercial sugarcane micropropagation enables the massive multiplication of plants to obtain certified vitroplants and increase the sugarcane and sugar productivity per unit area.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Jericó J. Bello-Bello, Maurilio Mendoza-Mexicano and Juan A. Pérez-\nSato",authors:[{id:"197218",title:"Dr.",name:"Jericó Jabín",middleName:null,surname:"Bello Bello",slug:"jerico-jabin-bello-bello",fullName:"Jericó Jabín Bello Bello"},{id:"215000",title:"Dr.",name:"Jericó Jabín",middleName:null,surname:"Bello Bello",slug:"jerico-jabin-bello-bello",fullName:"Jericó Jabín Bello Bello"},{id:"224304",title:"BSc.",name:"Maurilio",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Mexicano",slug:"maurilio-mendoza-mexicano",fullName:"Maurilio Mendoza-Mexicano"},{id:"224306",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Sato",slug:"juan-antonio-perez-sato",fullName:"Juan Antonio Pérez-Sato"},{id:"224307",title:"Dr.",name:"José Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Caamal-Velázquez",slug:"jose-humberto-caamal-velazquez",fullName:"José Humberto Caamal-Velázquez"}]},{id:"57411",title:"Breeding Potato for Quality Improvement",slug:"breeding-potato-for-quality-improvement",totalDownloads:1775,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Potato is the most important non-cereal food crop in the world, that in general represent a non-fattening, nutritious and wholesome food, which supply important nutrients to the human diet. The potato tubers contain considerable amounts of carbohydrates, vitamin C, essential amino acids and minerals. The potato quality includes biological traits (e.g. proteins, carbohydrates and minerals); sensorial traits (e.g. flavor, texture); and industrial traits (e.g. tuber shape, cold sweetening and starch quality). These traits are deemed very important for fresh consumption, where they are most likely to influence consumer’s choice worldwide. Since most quality traits are genetically controlled, breeding work can successfully meet the quality of potato tubers and fulfills the needs of a changing and demanding world. Breeding potato for quality traits requires a continuous flow of new genes and allelic diversity into the Solanum tuberosum gene pool. However, recent advances in conventional and non-conventional breeding methods have significantly improved the possibilities of producing novel genetic variability for selection of new genotypes, especially when biotechnologists and plant breeders pool the existing resources. The genetics, biochemical and physiology of several quality traits is to be given equal importance that ultimately makes breeding efforts less empirical and more predictable.",book:{id:"6219",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",title:"Potato",fullTitle:"Potato - From Incas to All Over the World"},signatures:"Meenakshi Kumari, Manoj Kumar and Shashank Shekhar Solankey",authors:[{id:"210702",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashank Shekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Solankey",slug:"shashank-shekhar-solankey",fullName:"Shashank Shekhar Solankey"},{id:"211044",title:"Dr.",name:"Meenakshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"meenakshi-kumari",fullName:"Meenakshi Kumari"},{id:"211045",title:"Mr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"manoj-kumar",fullName:"Manoj Kumar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1412",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. 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He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. 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She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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