Published definitions of probiotics and direct-fed microbials.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6052",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cartilage Repair and Regeneration",title:"Cartilage Repair and Regeneration",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This work is the result of a partnership that began in 2011, when I received for the first time the invitation to be the scientific editor of a book on bone grafting, by the still little publisher known as InTech. Now six years later, InTech has grown and thrived. My respect and warm approval for the quality of the publisher's work only increased. The hyaline cartilage is a tissue that challenges tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because of its avascular nature. In the 11 chapters of this book, the reader will find texts written by researchers working on advanced topics related to basic laboratory research, as well as excellent reviews on the clinical use of currently available therapies.",isbn:"978-953-51-3789-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3788-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4020-7",doi:"10.5772/67903",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cartilage-repair-and-regeneration",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e4881b3685ffd70f3f4d3d2c49b1d7f6",bookSignature:"Alessandro R. Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",publishedDate:"February 14th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6052.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13947,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 20th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 13th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 22nd 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 22nd 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",middleName:null,surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/80871/images/system/80871.jpeg",biography:'Prof. Dr. Alessandro Rozim Zorzi (M.D., M.Sc., Ph.D.) is the Supervisor of Orthopedic Surgery Medical Residency Program at the State University of Campinas, Researcher and Lecturer of graduation and post graduation at São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School in Brazil. He is the author of dozens of international publications such as original articles, review articles, and book chapters. He is also the editor of the scientific blog "Femur Distal" (http://www.blogs.unicamp.br/femurdistal) and editor of five previous books with IntechOpen since 2014: "Bone Grafting"; "Osteonecrosis"; "Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"; "Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty"; and "Cartilage Repair and Regeneration".',institutionString:"State University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"State University of Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"84386",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Batista de Miranda",slug:"joao-batista-de-miranda",fullName:"João Batista de Miranda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84386/images/system/84386.jpg",biography:"Professor João Batista de Miranda is the chairman of the Division of Knee Surgery and Inflammatory Diseases, at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Campinas State University (Unicamp), Brazil. He performs teaching activities with medical students, orthopedic fellows, and postgraduating researchers. He also develops research and clinical care. He is currently the superintendent of the Unicamp Teaching Hospital. Prof. Miranda obtained PhD with an experimental study on bone regeneration and on allografts. He has published several scientific articles in international journals and is coeditor of the book Bone Grafting of InTechOpen.",institutionString:"University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"State University of Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"980",title:"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",slug:"tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"57520",title:"Viruses: Friends and Foes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71071",slug:"viruses-friends-and-foes",totalDownloads:1077,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we will review how viruses can be used to positively affect joints and cartilage of their hosts. Many viruses are arthrogenic, and cause persistent and debilitating arthritis. Even those viruses that are not typically arthrogenic can also cause bone lesions as secondary pathogenesis. Some of these foes include members of the alphaviruses, like chikungunya and Ross River viruses, the rubiviruses, such as rubella, and erythoparvoviruses, like parvovirus B19. Some more uncommon viruses, which can occasionally have detrimental effects on their hosts’ joints, include herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster, mumps, human cytomegalovirus, avian orthoreovirus, and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. Despite some viruses having negative impacts on cartilage and joints, others have been used as an effective means of gene therapy for bone and cartilage repair. We will take an in-depth look at the current therapeutic strategies for treating arthritis using various viral vectors.",signatures:"Penny A. Rudd and Lara J. Herrero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57520",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57520",authors:[{id:"80655",title:"Dr.",name:"Lara J.",surname:"Herrero",slug:"lara-j.-herrero",fullName:"Lara J. Herrero"},{id:"222233",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny A.",surname:"Rudd",slug:"penny-a.-rudd",fullName:"Penny A. Rudd"}],corrections:null},{id:"57030",title:"Chondrocyte Turnover in Lung Cartilage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70860",slug:"chondrocyte-turnover-in-lung-cartilage",totalDownloads:1217,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cartilage is a highly differentiated connective tissue that forms mechanical support to soft tissues and is important for bone development from fetal period to puberty. It is conformed by chondrocytes and extracellular matrix. It is generally believed that adult cartilage has no capacity to renewal. A delicate balance between cell proliferation and cell death ensures the maintenance of normal tissue morphology and function. Stem cells play essential roles in this process. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can give rise to multiple lineages including bone, adipose and cartilage. Nestin protein was initially identified as a marker for neural stem cells, but its expression has also been detected in many types of cells, including MSCs. In vivo, chondrocyte turnover has been almost exclusively studied in articular cartilage. In this chapter we will review the findings about the chondrocyte turnover in lung cartilage. We have presented evidence that there exist nestin-positive MSCs in healthy adulthood that participates in the turnover of lung cartilage and in lung airway epithelium renewal. These findings may improve our knowledge about the biology of the cartilage and of the stem cells, and could provide new cell candidates for cartilage tissue engineering and for therapy for devastating pulmonary diseases.",signatures:"Yareth Gopar-Cuevas, Alberto Niderhauser-García, Adriana Ancer-\nArellano, Ivett C. Miranda-Maldonado, María-de-Lourdes Chávez-\nBriones, Laura E. Rodríguez-Flores, Marta Ortega-Martínez and\nGilberto Jaramillo-Rangel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57030",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57030",authors:[{id:"79264",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto",surname:"Jaramillo-Rangel",slug:"gilberto-jaramillo-rangel",fullName:"Gilberto Jaramillo-Rangel"},{id:"88485",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivett",surname:"Miranda-Maldonado",slug:"ivett-miranda-maldonado",fullName:"Ivett Miranda-Maldonado"},{id:"88489",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Ortega-Martinez",slug:"marta-ortega-martinez",fullName:"Marta Ortega-Martinez"},{id:"203340",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Niderhauser-García",slug:"alberto-niderhauser-garcia",fullName:"Alberto Niderhauser-García"},{id:"216608",title:"BSc.",name:"Yareth",surname:"Gopar-Cuevas",slug:"yareth-gopar-cuevas",fullName:"Yareth Gopar-Cuevas"},{id:"216609",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Ancer-Arellano",slug:"adriana-ancer-arellano",fullName:"Adriana Ancer-Arellano"},{id:"216612",title:"Dr.",name:"María-De-Lourdes",surname:"Chávez-Briones",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-chavez-briones",fullName:"María-De-Lourdes Chávez-Briones"},{id:"216613",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura",surname:"Rodríguez-Flores",slug:"laura-rodriguez-flores",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez-Flores"}],corrections:null},{id:"58093",title:"Alternative Therapeutic Approach for Cartilage Repair",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72478",slug:"alternative-therapeutic-approach-for-cartilage-repair",totalDownloads:1289,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The cartilage is a flexible tissue, which supports the adjacent soft tissues. The damages that cause degenerative articular diseases are marked by the increase of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-17, which cause intense inflammatory process and release of metalloproteinases and disintegrin enzymes that lead to cartilage degradation. The Curcuma longa possesses bioactive compounds designated as curcuminoids that display therapeutic potential in several pathologies. Curcumin is one of these compounds that may exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumor effects. It may promote decrease of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, COX-2, and reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, curcumin inhibits the activity of several kinases related to the degradation of the cartilage, including tyrosine kinase, p21-activated kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, protein kinase C, the activator protein 1 pathway, and NF-κB leading to the suppression of the production of metalloproteinases and inflammatory cytokines. Curcumin has also been related to the stimulation of the production of type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan by chondrocytes. Studies have shown that this compound may alleviate joint pain and crepitation, reduce the use of other drugs for pain relief, stimulate the production of type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan resulting in a protective and anti-inflammatory action of cartilage and bones, and improve the quality of life of the patients.",signatures:"Marina Cristina Akuri, Mariana Ricci Barion, Sandra Maria Barbalho\nand Élen Landgraf Guiguer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58093",authors:[{id:"219924",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Barbalho",slug:"sandra-barbalho",fullName:"Sandra Barbalho"},{id:"222572",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Akuri",slug:"marina-akuri",fullName:"Marina Akuri"},{id:"222573",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Barion",slug:"mariana-barion",fullName:"Mariana Barion"},{id:"222574",title:"Dr.",name:"Elen",surname:"Guiguer",slug:"elen-guiguer",fullName:"Elen Guiguer"}],corrections:null},{id:"56848",title:"Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering for Cartilage Repair",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70406",slug:"cell-therapy-and-tissue-engineering-for-cartilage-repair",totalDownloads:1187,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The integrity of the articular cartilage is necessary for the proper functioning of the diarthrodial joint. The self-repair capacity of this tissue is very limited and, currently, there is no effective treatment capable of restoring it. The degradation of the articular cartilage leads to osteoarthritis (OA), a leading cause of pain and disability mainly among older people.",signatures:"María Piñeiro-Ramil, Rocío Castro-Viñuelas, Clara Sanjurjo-\nRodríguez, Tamara Hermida-Gómez, Isaac Fuentes-Boquete,\nFrancisco J. de Toro-Santos, Francisco J. Blanco-García and Silvia M.\nDíaz-Prado",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56848",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56848",authors:[{id:"14784",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",surname:"Blanco",slug:"francisco-j.-blanco",fullName:"Francisco J. Blanco"}],corrections:null},{id:"56883",title:"Macroscopic Anatomy, Histopathology, and Image Diagnosis of Joints and Synovial Cartilages",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70374",slug:"macroscopic-anatomy-histopathology-and-image-diagnosis-of-joints-and-synovial-cartilages",totalDownloads:1317,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Joints are physiological connections formed by the association of two or more bones that confer mobility to the skeleton of vertebrates. Composed of several structures, these are often related to pathologies of varied origins, which determine symptomatology of varying degrees of intensity and impairment, responsible for the decrease in life expectancy and the well-being of affected populations. Most of the time, the treatment for these diseases is only symptomatic, aiming at the relief of pain and the return of the patient to daily activities. Thus, there has been an increasing interest in the search for new knowledge about the mechanisms that lead to joint disorders and effective therapeutic resources that may contribute to the fight against pain and to the definitive treatment of joint dysfunctions. To this aim, the knowledge of diagnostic methods, especially imaging methods, is of fundamental importance for the recognition of articular affections, enabling a targeted and effective treatment. Among these auxiliary exams currently used to evaluate the joints, the noninvasive ones are the first choice, where radiography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, and arthroscopy are inserted.",signatures:"Flávio Ribeiro Alves, Renan Paraguassu de Sá Rodrigues, Andrezza\nBraga Soares da Silva, Gerson Tavares Pessoa, Laecio da Silva\nMoura, Jacyara de Jesus Rosa Pereira Alves, Kássio Vieira Macedo\nand Robson Giglio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56883",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56883",authors:[{id:"186594",title:"Prof.",name:"Flávio",surname:"Alves",slug:"flavio-alves",fullName:"Flávio Alves"},{id:"213831",title:"MSc.",name:"Renan Paraguassu",surname:"De Sá Rodrigues",slug:"renan-paraguassu-de-sa-rodrigues",fullName:"Renan Paraguassu De Sá Rodrigues"},{id:"213832",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrezza Braga Soares",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"andrezza-braga-soares-da-silva",fullName:"Andrezza Braga Soares Da Silva"},{id:"213833",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerson Tavares",surname:"Pessoa",slug:"gerson-tavares-pessoa",fullName:"Gerson Tavares Pessoa"},{id:"213834",title:"Dr.",name:"Laecio Da Silva Moura",surname:"Moura",slug:"laecio-da-silva-moura-moura",fullName:"Laecio Da Silva Moura Moura"},{id:"213835",title:"MSc.",name:"Jacyara De Jesus Rosa Pereira",surname:"Alves",slug:"jacyara-de-jesus-rosa-pereira-alves",fullName:"Jacyara De Jesus Rosa Pereira Alves"},{id:"213836",title:"MSc.",name:"Kássio Vieira",surname:"Macedo",slug:"kassio-vieira-macedo",fullName:"Kássio Vieira Macedo"},{id:"213837",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",surname:"Giglio",slug:"robson-giglio",fullName:"Robson Giglio"}],corrections:null},{id:"56567",title:"Chondral Lesion in the Hip Joint and Current Chondral Repair Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70261",slug:"chondral-lesion-in-the-hip-joint-and-current-chondral-repair-techniques",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter gives a detailed review of the composition, structure and biomechanics of articular cartilage in the joint. W have looked at the most common types of cartilage lesions and at the existing methods of articular cartilage repair techniques in the hip joint. Articular cartilage is specialized hyaline cartilage which makes a firm, smooth and slippery surface that resists plastic deformation. It has a unique structure and mechanical properties that provide joints with a surface that combines low friction, shock absorption and wear resistance, while bearing large repetitive loads throughout an individual’s lifetime. Cartilage lesions in the hip are most common on the acetabular side and typically present as focal area of delamination or chondral flap. Joint preserving techniques are becoming increasingly common. The spectrum of options includes palliative procedures such as joint lavage and chondral debridement, reparative procedures such as microfracture and direct chondral repair, and restorative procedures such as mosaicoplasty. Preservation of the host tissue is most attractive solution to cartilage damage, particularly in young active individuals. Tissue engineering offers one solution but many problems have to be overcome before these techniques become a reality.",signatures:"Adrian J. Cassar-Gheiti, Neil G. Burke, Theresa M. Cassar-Gheiti and\nKevin J. Mulhall",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56567",authors:[{id:"42138",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian J",surname:"Cassar Gheiti",slug:"adrian-j-cassar-gheiti",fullName:"Adrian J Cassar Gheiti"},{id:"161549",title:"Prof.",name:"Kevin J",surname:"Mulhall",slug:"kevin-j-mulhall",fullName:"Kevin J Mulhall"},{id:"212364",title:"Mr.",name:"Neil G",surname:"Burke",slug:"neil-g-burke",fullName:"Neil G Burke"},{id:"212365",title:"Ms.",name:"Theresa Michelle",surname:"Cassar-Gheiti",slug:"theresa-michelle-cassar-gheiti",fullName:"Theresa Michelle Cassar-Gheiti"}],corrections:null},{id:"56983",title:"Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70275",slug:"osteochondritis-dissecans-of-the-knee",totalDownloads:1253,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a common but poorly understood source of knee pain and dysfunction. It is a condition primarily affecting the subchondral bone, with secondary effects on the articular cartilage surface. A large amount of research over the past two decades has produced many valuable insights into the condition, but further study and elucidation are still needed. The goal of this chapter will be to serve as a general overview of osteochondritis dissecans as it is understood today, including the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment options, outcomes, and future research aims.",signatures:"Anthony C. Egger and Paul Saluan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56983",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56983",authors:[{id:"205941",title:"M.D.",name:"Paul",surname:"Saluan",slug:"paul-saluan",fullName:"Paul Saluan"},{id:"206536",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Egger",slug:"anthony-egger",fullName:"Anthony Egger"}],corrections:null},{id:"57375",title:"Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: Scaffold-Based Solutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70276",slug:"autologous-chondrocyte-implantation-scaffold-based-solutions",totalDownloads:1336,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a surgical technique utilized for repair of articular cartilage defects. The originally described technique for autologous chondrocyte implantation involves applying a liquid suspension of the cultured chondrocytes to a cartilage defect and sealing the defect with a periosteum or collagen patch. Scaffolds for housing chondrocytes were introduced to allow for increased ease of delivery and application, to avoid leakage of chondrocytes out of the defect, and to allow for an implant that more closely mimics the non-uniform tissue architecture of healthy articular cartilage. In this chapter we describe the design, clinical outcomes, and commercial availability of various scaffolds reported in the clinical literature for autologous chondrocyte implantation.",signatures:"David C. Flanigan, Joshua S. Everhart and Nicholas A. Early",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57375",authors:[{id:"206602",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Flanigan",slug:"david-flanigan",fullName:"David Flanigan"},{id:"212887",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",surname:"Everhart",slug:"joshua-everhart",fullName:"Joshua Everhart"},{id:"212888",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",surname:"Early",slug:"nicholas-early",fullName:"Nicholas Early"}],corrections:null},{id:"57662",title:"Management of Knee Cartilage Defects with the Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) Technique",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71776",slug:"management-of-knee-cartilage-defects-with-the-autologous-matrix-induced-chondrogenesis-amic-techniqu",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The arthroscopic findings of knee articular cartilage lesions are reported to be as high as 60%, although only a fragment of these are considered to be symptomatic. Such lesions are believed to accelerate the onset of arthritis. Long-term results of the microfracture technique for chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee cartilage are not satisfactory. The autologous matrix induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) technique offers a promising alternative as an effective cartilage repair procedure in the knee resulting in stable clinical results and with a wide range of indications. An extensive literature review has been performed aiming at providing the rationale behind AMIC, to report clinical results of AMIC and to compare AMIC with other chondrogenesis techniques. Finally, we comment on the appropriate surgical technique and its indications, since the number of one-step arthroscopic procedure proposals is steadily increasing.",signatures:"Michael E. Hantes and Apostolos H. Fyllos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57662",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57662",authors:[{id:"73667",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael E.",surname:"Hantes",slug:"michael-e.-hantes",fullName:"Michael E. Hantes"},{id:"215889",title:"Dr.",name:"Apostolos H.",surname:"Fyllos",slug:"apostolos-h.-fyllos",fullName:"Apostolos H. Fyllos"}],corrections:null},{id:"57076",title:"MRI Mapping for Cartilage Repair Follow-up",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70372",slug:"mri-mapping-for-cartilage-repair-follow-up",totalDownloads:1224,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Patients, who benefit from cartilage repair surgery, need a non-invasive and high-quality imaging modality to assess the structure and the biochemical property of the repair tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides better tissue contrast and high spatial resolution, is currently the best imaging technique available for the assessment of articular cartilage pathologies. In addition to MR morphology sequences, that allow cartilage lesions detection as well as repair tissue evaluation from the articular surface of the joint to the bone-cartilage interface, MRI mapping techniques help to assess the technical success of the procedure of cartilage repair and the state of cartilage healing, as well the identification of possible complications after cartilage repair surgery. MRI mapping techniques such as T1, T2 and T2* mapping help to assess the biochemical property of the repair tissue using delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) to assess the proteoglycan content and T2/T1rho (T1ρ) mapping to assess the collagen content and the fiber matrix arrangement. This chapter gives an overview about the MRI mapping techniques used for Cartilage Repair Tissue Follow-up.",signatures:"Mars Mokhtar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57076",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57076",authors:[{id:"205716",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mokhtar",surname:"Mars",slug:"mokhtar-mars",fullName:"Mokhtar Mars"}],corrections:null},{id:"58354",title:"Applied Basic Science of the Auricular Cartilage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72479",slug:"applied-basic-science-of-the-auricular-cartilage",totalDownloads:1463,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cartilage is an essential component of human body, and it is present in any region of the body. Auricular cartilages play an essential role in esthetic aspect and shape of the face. 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Collectively in 2021, Americans invested $123.6 billion in their pets by purchasing pet foods, veterinary care, supplies, and non-medical pet care services, a clear indication that pets have become highly valued members of society. Over the past two centuries, the societal role of dogs has evolved from predominantly labor (i.e., guardianship, transportation, herding, and hunting), to a range of special operations (i.e., rescue, police, and military), therapeutic care (i.e., disease detection, assisting the sensory impaired, emotional support), and general companionship, deepening the reaches of the human-animal bond and a rising anthropomorphic view of companion animals [2]. Considering their increasing prominence in American lives, many pets today are viewed as members of the family and as such are being fed and nurtured with the goal of improving their wellness, longevity, and quality of life instead of solely production and performance.
A shift in feeding strategy for companion animals is perhaps most evident in the emerging market of functional foods and treats, which are foods considered to offer a positive health outcome that extends beyond providing essential nutrients [3]. Functional ingredients may include plant extracts, fibers with varying degrees of fermentability, joint supplements, non-essential nutrients, or microorganism and yeast-derived products, which can add value to pet foods by serving a preventative or therapeutic role [4]. Among these, direct-fed microbials (DFM) (commonly referred to as “probiotics”) have been used for centuries to ferment staple human food products such as yogurt, cheese, wine, and bread and have only recently been embraced as health-promoting supplements [5]. The efficacy of probiotics in pets is a relatively new area of research, and innovations in the form of new application strategies, unique probiotic strain selection, and substantiating the potential health benefits is necessary to ensure the efficacy of products containing these beneficial microorganisms. The objectives of this chapter are to summarize the various sources and applications of probiotics to pet foods and their associated challenges to viability.
Probiotics have been present in food since early human civilization. It is presumed that our knowledge of bacteria in our food began when instances of spoilage and poisoning were encountered as early as 8000–10,000 years ago [6]. It wasn’t until the mid-nineteenth century, however, that Louis Pasteur made the scientific community aware of acid-forming microorganisms and their role in the souring of milk and fermentation of wine [7]. This discovery prompted a succession of experiments aimed at identifying other microorganisms and uncovering their invisible but significant role in our food system. Nearly a half-century later in 1907, Nobel prize-winning scientist, Elie Metchnikoff, proposed that lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk were responsible for certain health benefits, particularly in delaying the onset of aging [8]. This came about from observing Bulgarian centenarians, who consumed the curdled milk (“yogurt”) regularly. In one of his books, “The Prolongation of Life,” Metchnikoff proposed that
Besides
At the turn of the twenty-first century, the passing of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 led to exponential growth in the sales of products marketed as probiotics for humans [12]. The global market of probiotic-fortified foods is expected to grow from $48 billion to $94 billion with a 7.9% compound annual growth rate between the years 2020–2027 [13]. This surge in interest in functional foods for humans inspired similar developments in the pet food industry, although far less research is available for the use of probiotics for dogs. For example, the PubMed open-access database returns >20,000 publications for “human” and “probiotic” between 1990 and 2021, whereas <250 publications are returned for “dog” and “probiotic” (Figure 1). Despite the small body of research available relative to that of humans, probiotics are still promoted for dogs in pet supplements, foods, and treats, and have garnered some support by veterinarians for use in clinical practice [14, 15, 16]. This rapidly growing market warrants a closer evaluation of novel probiotic strains, their viability through processing, as well as their ability to deliver similar health benefits as has been observed in humans.
Number of research publications returned by the PubMed database for search terms “human” or “dog” and “probiotic” between 1990 and 2021. Data presented for 2021 represents year-to-date publication counts available as of march 2021.
The term “probiotic” is derived from the Latin preposition “pro,” which means “before, in front of” and the Greek word “biōtikós” meaning “of life” [17]. Over the last several decades, the definition of probiotics has been refined to incorporate various aspects of a probiotic’s intended use and benefits (Table 1). The term “probiotic” is often used interchangeably with “direct-fed microbial” when referring to pet foods. However, the most current definition, and that which is used as the context for this chapter, is “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host” [24].
Term | Definition | Year proposed | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Direct-fed microbials | Live microorganisms that, when provided in adequate amounts in the diet, can improve gut microbial balance; the anaerobic bacteria that are able to produce lactic acid and stimulate the growth of other organisms | 1965 | [18] |
Probiotics | Tissue extracts which stimulated microbial growth | 1972 | [19] |
Probiotics | Organisms and substances which contribute to intestinal microbial balance | 1974 | [20] |
Probiotics | A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance | 1989 | [21] |
Direct-fed microbial products | Products that are purported to contain live (viable) microorganisms (bacteria and/or yeast) | 1995 | [22] |
Probiotics | Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host | 2001 | [23] |
Probiotics | Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host | 2014 | [24] |
Published definitions of probiotics and direct-fed microbials.
The criteria for receiving approval as an acceptable probiotic strain in animal feeds involves a framework for verifying the ingredient’s compositional analysis, toxicological potential, and evaluation of animal exposure with a focus on potential adverse health effects [25]. The Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine along with the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) first issued a list of bacterial and yeast organisms for use in animal feeds in 1989 that has been revised over the years to include new organisms based on available research mainly in swine and poultry. Today, there are 41 non-toxigenic bacteriological species that have been deemed safe for use in companion animals [26]. These microorganisms can be further classified based on physiological characteristics such as the structure of their cell wall, oxygen tolerance, and whether or not they are spore-forming
Taxonomic classification | Physiological characteristics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Phyla and genus | Species | Gram | Spore-forming | Oxygen tolerance |
+/− | ||||
Firmicutes | ||||
| + | yes | microaerophile and facultative anaerobe | |
| + | no | facultative anaerobe | |
| + | no | microaerophile and | |
facultative anaerobe | ||||
| + | no | facultative anaerobe | |
| + | no | facultative anaerobe | |
Bacteroidetes | ||||
| − | no | obligate anaerobe | |
Actinobacteria | ||||
| + | no | obligate anaerobe | |
Propionibacterium | ||||
| + | no | obligate anaerobe |
Taxonomic classification and physiological characteristics of direct-fed microorganisms approved for use in dog and cat foods.
In addition to meeting safety and regulatory guidelines, in general a probiotic candidate should have some degree of resistance to acid and bile salts, which are two principal chemical stressors that will be encountered in the gastrointestinal tract [27, 28, 29]. The canine digestive system has evolved with mechanisms to effectively inactivate pathogenic microorganisms and extract nutrients from a broad assortment of ingested materials. Comprehensive reviews of canine gastrointestinal tract physiology are available and serve as a useful reference for identifying the conditions that would exert the most stress on a potential probiotic microorganism (i.e., lowest gastric pH, and longest gastric and upper intestinal transit times [30]. For example, conditions mimicking gastric transit (1 h at pH 2.0), small intestinal transit (4 h at pH 6.80), and colonic transit (6–10 h at pH 5.6–6.9), with simultaneous exposure to other relevant biochemical components (i.e., digestive enzymes and bile salts) have been used in the development of
In addition, any strains intended for application in commercially processed foods pet foods should exhibit high resiliency to process-related stresses, such as heat, prolonged shelf-life, and chemical composition of the food itself (i.e., matrix acidity, oxygen presence, water activity, or presence of microbial inhibitors [33]). For pet owners, feeding probiotics as part of a food offers the convenience of daily administration to the pet while increasing perceived value of the product compared to conventional foods [34]. However, when probiotics are selected without consideration for these characteristics, the resilience of individual strains in commercial food applications is still open to question. In a study investigating the probiotic integrity of pet foods obtained from the marketplace, 53% of the sampled commercial products were found to be severely inadequate with respect to strain identity and colony-forming unit guarantees on the labels [35]. This highlights a need for validation of probiotic strains to ensure viability at the time of consumption by the animal.
When an organism can be guaranteed to be safely delivered to the gut, the metabolic activities of a bacteria are strain specific. Not all species of bacteria nor strains with a species favor the same metabolic pathways [36].
Many bacterial species have the ability to cope with rapidly changing and sometimes hostile conditions to protect themselves [43]. One of the most effective adaptations is forming spores in response to a nutrient-deficient environment, low water activity, unfavorable temperatures, or extremes in pH [44]. From the sporulated form, microorganisms regress to a state of dormancy characterized by low metabolic and respiratory activity [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. Gram-positive bacteria, such as
Stylized illustration of vegetative cell and spore structural layers of probiotic bacteria.
The careful selection of suitable probiotic strains and validation of survival through process conditions may still leave manufacturers unable to guarantee viability claims through the end of a product’s shelf-life. Uncontrolled circumstances such as the handling and storage of the foods throughout distribution, retail merchandising, and in consumers’ homes can contribute to adverse conditions and subsequent losses in viability over time. Thus, additional steps may be taken to lend further support to the survival of direct-fed microbials for the duration of a product’s intended shelf-life. Microencapsulation is a technique that physically enrobes probiotic cells with an additional barrier against adverse external conditions. Spray-drying is one method of encapsulation for large-scale production. This process involves the dispersion of the cells into a liquid polymer solution, homogenization of the mixture, and evaporation of the solvent (commonly water) to form a matrix of dried microcapsules. Microencapsulation can also be accomplished by coextruding a bacterial culture emulsion with an outer gelling agent such as pectate, kappa-carrageenan, locust bean gum, gellan gum, or agar-agar [61]. The co-extruded material is then broken up into droplets that form capsules once dehydrated and cooled [62].
The encapsulation material should be approved for use in food products, nontoxic for the microorganism, and suitable for the food matrix. For example, the presence of singly charged ions such as phosphates, acetates, and citrates, may lead to the premature destruction of calcium alginate capsules through ionic competition. Furthermore, alginate is generally very sensitive to low pH values and heat, and loses its crosslinked structure and thus impair its functionality as a protectant very easily under these conditions [63]. Since many pet food matrices contain inorganic mineral salts and tend to be slightly acidic, this could lead to inferior performance of alginate encapsulations in certain matrices. It has been proposed that combining alginate with chitosan and poly-L-lysine to create multi-component microcapsules may enhance the stability of probiotics, while also reducing the destructive effects of substances that disrupt the structure of the encapsulation [64]. Egg whites, lecithin, whey protein, and carboxymethyl cellulose have also been proposed as compatible substances that may enhance alginate scaffolding for probiotic encapsulation in food applications [65, 66, 67].
Starches have also been shown to serve as successful encapsulating substrates [68, 69]. When considering starches as encapsulants, the starch amylose: amylopectin ratio has been reported to influence the effectiveness. For example, high-amylose corn starch granules led to greater resistance to heat and digestive enzymes compared native cereal starches [70]. Innovations in encapsulation technology include multi-component substrates, such as co-encapsulating prebiotics, probiotics, and other bioactive components to pet foods and treats [71]. Once in encapsulated form, the probiotic can be introduced into the food production process as discussed in the following sections.
After a desired strain and preparation is selected, probiotics have several hurdles to overcome before they can confer a benefit to the animal (Figure 3). For probiotics incorporated into food products, one of the most intense stressors is thermal processing. The vast majority of pet foods are cooked to some degree or commercially sterilized to extend shelf-life and reduce the risk of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins from enduring in the finished, ready-to-feed product. The basic premise of thermal processing is to reduce or destroy microbial activity, which can be counterproductive to the inclusion of direct-fed microorganisms. Microbial eradication is enforced by federal regulations such as the Food Safety Modernization Act [72], the FDA’s zero-tolerance policy for pet foods contaminated with Salmonella [73], and in 21 CFR Part 113 for thermal processing of low-acid canned foods packaged in hermetically sealed containers. As such, process controls are developed accordingly within food safety plans to ensure the target pathogenic species are effectively inactivated.
Flowchart highlighting key considerations for the application of probiotic microorganisms into pet food products. Several variables are nested within each commercialization step, adding to the complexity of factors that influence probiotic survival and efficacy potential.
There are several mechanisms that have been proposed for the action of heat on vegetative cells, including damaging the outer cellular membrane and peptidoglycan wall, loss of cytoplasmic membrane integrity, and the denaturation of cellular organelles, RNA, DNA, and enzymes [74]. Depending on the organism and intensity of heat treatment, the action of heat may lead to one or more of these events, and the ultimate goal is to render pathogenic cells injured beyond repair. Spore-forming microorganisms are reported to exhibit greater wet-heat resistance compared to vegetative cells [75]. The mechanisms controlling heat resistance of spores have not been fully elucidated. However, known heat resistance factors include the accumulation of divalent cations such as Ca2+ and the dehydrated state of the spore core. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) also serves an important role by chelating the cations, which helps maintain a low moisture environment and high mineral density in the center of the core [76]. Microorganisms which possess genes encoding for DPA during the sporulation process tend to show increased heat resistance.
Extrusion cooking is the most widely used technology in the commercial production of pet foods today, representing the largest category of pet food in terms of market share. Extruded pet foods are nutrient-dense, highly palatable, shelf-stable products which are produced in a continuous high throughput system. Extrusion is a high-temperature, short-time, high-shear process in which pre-conditioned raw materials are conveyed by a rotating screw through a barrel and forced through a small opening (a die) that results in vapor flash-off and expansion of the exiting product. Extruders are available as single- or double-screw configurations, and there are a variety of screw elements that can be combined to create a customizable screw profile in a given system. Throughout the conveying process, thermal energy (usually in the form of steam injected at the pre-conditioning step) and mechanical energy (generated by shear forces from the rotating screws contacting the material) cause the temperature inside the barrel to rise, which allows for the gelatinization of starch, cooking of the material, and serves as a key step in the destruction of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms that may have been carried in with the raw materials [77]. It has been demonstrated that the ratio of specific thermal energy to specific mechanical energy applied to the food mass during extrusion influences the structural characteristics of pet food kibble [78, 79]. While thermal destruction of pathogens and surrogate microorganisms has been extensively studied, less is known about the effects of specific mechanical energy on microbes. It is possible that extrusion may influence microbial survival differently than other food processes.
Thermophilic organisms, such as
Microorganism | Food material | Process conditions | Viable cell loss | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
commercial pet food diet | NR | 1.08 log | [81] | |
animal feed mash | Extruder: single screw RT: 3–11 s IBM: 24.5–34.5% Die Temp.: 110°C | 1 log | [80] | |
mechanically deboned turkey and white corn flour | Extruder: twin screw RT: 3.4 min IBM: 32% Die Temp.: 93.3°C | 2 log | [82] | |
mechanically deboned turkey and white corn flour | Extruder: twin screw RT: 3.4 min IBM: 32% Die Temp.: 115.6°C | 4–5 log | [82] | |
dry dog food ration (corn flour, poultry by-product meal, corn gluten meal, rice meal, vitamins, and minerals) | Extruder: single screw RT: 71 s – 105 s IBM: 21.68% Die Temp.: 120–140°C | 6 log | [83] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT: NR IBM: 28.1% Die Temp.: 81.1°C | 5 log | [84] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT: 48–62.5 s IBM: 27.4–27.8% Temp 55.5–75°C | 1.4–5.81 log | [85] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT: 48–62.5 s IBM: 26.8–27.3% Temp: 80.3–100.5°C | 2.3 to >5.87 log | [85] | |
oat flour | Extruder: single screw RT: 18–46 s IBM: 14–26% Die Temp.: 83–103°C | 5 log | [86] | |
animal feed mash | Extruder: single screw RT: 7 s IBM: 28.5% Die Temp.: 83–103°C | 8 log | [20] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT 48–62.5 s IBM 27.3–27.6% Temp 55.5–68°C | 4–6.5 log | [85] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT: 48–62.5 s IBM: 25.6–26.8% Die Temp.: 77–101°C | >6.86 log | [85] | |
whey protein isolate | Extruder: twin screw RT: 25 s IBM: 4–5% Die Temp.: 143°C | 4.2 log | [87] | |
whey protein isolate | Extruder: twin screw RT: 35–40 s IBM: 4–5% Die Temp.: 133°C | 4.9 log | [87] | |
commercial pet food diet | Coated on exterior of kibble after expansion-extrusion and drying; stored in commercial packaging at room temperature in a dry well-ventilated warehouse for 12 months | 0.1–0.4 log | [81] |
Summary of log reduction in microorganism viability under various extrusion processing conditions.
NR = not reported; RT = extruder residence time; IBM = in-barrel moisture content; and Die Temp. = maximum temperature measured at the die.
Retort cooking of most pet foods involves the heating of low-acid (pH >4.6) high-moisture (>0.85 aw) products in hermetically sealed containers to a minimum of 121°C by injecting steam into a pressure vessel, with the goal of eliminating all vegetative pathogens and spoilage microorganisms as well as spores of
Freeze-dried pet foods and treats have gained popularity in the past decade as the market demand for products with high bioavailability and less thermal processing has increased. Freeze-drying is considered a relatively gentle dehydration process due to the absence of heat and the slow rate of water removal using lyophilization, the phase transition of ice directly into vapor without passing through the liquid phase. This is achieved by first freezing the food preparation, applying a high vacuum to a sealed vessel to reduce the pressure, allowing the ice to sublimate from the product and collect on a condensing unit for removal from the system. Opposite to most pet food manufacturing technologies that aim to destroy viable microbes, freeze-drying is widely used as a preferred method for preservation of bacterial cultures. Cellular water can be removed to reversibly inactivate microorganisms to facilitate their storage. This makes freeze-dried pet food applications a good candidate for the application of direct-fed microbials.
Since the product is dehydrated without the use of heat, freeze-drying is not considered a cooking process. However, the ingredients used in freeze-dried pet food formulations can be pre-cooked or raw depending on the product’s design. Many probiotic preparations that are used in pet foods are initially preserved by freeze-drying with the aid of a protective medium that helps prevent damage of cellular membranes and proteins as water is removed from the core of the cells. This prolongs the shelf-life of the probiotic cultures and allows for their downstream incorporation into many shelf-stable food applications. When blended into a food matrix, previously dehydrated probiotics have an advantage over vegetative bacteria when subjected to freeze-drying since their cellular water content is already low. The bulk of the water removal from the food matrix is from water surrounding the cells, rather than water within the bacterial core. For vegetative cells, the primary mechanism of cell injury is disruption of the cell membrane structure during intracellular ice formation [88]. A lower survival rate of Gram-negative bacteria relative to Gram-positive strains has also been reported, and this is thought to be due to the thinner peptidoglycan layer and the presence of lipopolysaccharides within the cell wall of Gram-negative species [89]. However, the damaging effects of freeze-drying on live cells is not significant enough to mitigate the risk of food-borne pathogens. Therefore, many freeze-dried pet foods and treats, particularly those containing raw ingredients, may undergo additional processing such as irradiation or high-pressure processing independent of the freeze-drying cycle for food safety. Adjunct processing for pathogen control can present additional challenges to probiotic viability but is not covered within the scope of this chapter.
Baking encompasses a wide range of products and processes including bread, snacks, cakes, tortillas, pastries, pies, pet treats, pet foods, and more. Baked products are traditionally composed of cereal flours, but meat-based formulations are also common in the pet food industry. Baking for food preservation is regarded as one of the oldest cooking methods documented in human civilization and was in fact the first process used to commercialize the first dog biscuits in 1860.
At a basic level, the baking process consists of combining ingredients to form a dough, forming the product into the desired shape, cooking the raw dough using dry heat in an oven, and cooling the baked product at ambient temperatures before packaging. The types of ovens in industrial-scale settings are gas-fired, oil-fired, and electric, fitted with a single or multi-pass conveyance system that transports the dough on a wire mesh belt. The transport of heat to the surface of the dough occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation, allowing for the evaporation of water from the surface of the product followed by a formation of crust layer. Standard baking times for bakery products range between 2 and 30 minutes, dependent on the oven design, starting moisture content, dough density, temperature, and desired finished product characteristics (color, size, appearance, and texture). Baking is generally a lower throughput process relative to extrusion and canning-retort, however it offers advantages such as the development of desirable colors and flavors that result from Maillard reaction product formation.
The primary stressor live microorganisms encounter during baking is heat. The duration and high temperature of typical baking are usually sufficient to inactivate
To circumvent thermal stress, entrapment of probiotic cells in edible films or coatings on the surface of baked products is a promising approach. Using film-forming solutions based on sodium alginate, whey protein concentrates to suspend probiotics in a gel that can be applied as a topical coating to baked goods. Functional starch-based coatings have been successfully implemented using microencapsulated
Probiotics are one of a growing number of functional ingredients that contribute to the advancement of companion animal health and wellness, but delivering viable microorganisms in commercially processed food products presents many challenges to ensure the viability and efficacy they are marketed for. Pet food manufacturing processes are designed to improve food safety and prolong shelf-life, which is counterproductive to the survival of direct-fed microbials. Thus, making the selection of appropriate strains critical for their intended application. Among the most important characteristics to consider when selecting of probiotic strains used in commercial pet food applications are the strain physiological attributes (especially thermal resistance, oxygen tolerance, acid and bile resistance), stabilization method (such as sporulation, freeze-drying, or encapsulation), processing conditions (including time, temperature, pressure, moisture, water activity, pH), application method, and packaging and storage conditions. Verification of probiotic viability should be performed when working with novel probiotic strains, and when any modifications are made to processing conditions, product formulations, or packaging designs.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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In this context, this chapter presents key subjects while implementing a quality management system at materials science laboratories and some considerations on strategies for effectively implementing such systems.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Rodrigo S. Neves, Daniel P. Da Silva, Carlos E. C. Galhardo, Erlon H.\nM. Ferreira, Rafael M. Trommer and Jailton C. Damasceno",authors:[{id:"20571",title:"Prof.",name:"Erlon H.",middleName:null,surname:"Martins Ferreira",slug:"erlon-h.-martins-ferreira",fullName:"Erlon H. 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The quality practices or quality management systems adopted by industries will further evolve due to the changes of quality concepts as time goes by. This chapter discusses the change of quality concepts and the related revolution of quality management systems in the past century. The quality concepts were gradually changed from the achievement of quality standards, satisfaction of customer needs, and expectations to customer delight. Since merely satisfying customers is not enough to ensure customer loyalty, the enterprises gradually focus on customers’ emotional responses and their delight in order to pursue their loyalty. The emotion of “delight” is composed of “joy” and “surprise,” which can be achieved as the customers’ latent requirements are satisfied. Thus, the concept of “customer delight” and the means to provide the innovative quality so as to meet the unsatisfied customers’ latent needs are elaborated on. Finally, a framework of innovation creation is developed that is based on the mining of customer's latent requirements. This outline will manifest the essential elements of the related operation steps.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Ching-Chow Yang",authors:[{id:"11862",title:"Prof.",name:"Ching-Chow",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"ching-chow-yang",fullName:"Ching-Chow Yang"}]},{id:"62915",title:"Advanced Methods of PID Controller Tuning for Specified Performance",slug:"advanced-methods-of-pid-controller-tuning-for-specified-performance",totalDownloads:3528,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"This chapter provides a concise survey, classification and historical perspective of practice-oriented methods for designing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers and autotuners showing the persistent demand for PID tuning algorithms that integrate performance requirements into the tuning algorithm. The proposed frequency-domain PID controller design method guarantees closed-loop performance in terms of commonly used time-domain specifications. One of its major benefits is universal applicability for both slow and fast-controlled plants with unknown mathematical model. Special charts called B-parabolas were developed as a practical design tool that enables consistent and systematic shaping of the closed-loop step response with regard to specified performance and dynamics of the uncertain controlled plant.",book:{id:"6323",slug:"pid-control-for-industrial-processes",title:"PID Control for Industrial Processes",fullTitle:"PID Control for Industrial Processes"},signatures:"Štefan Bucz and Alena Kozáková",authors:[{id:"21933",title:"Ms.",name:"Alena",middleName:null,surname:"Kozakova",slug:"alena-kozakova",fullName:"Alena Kozakova"},{id:"213658",title:"Dr.",name:"Štefan",middleName:null,surname:"Bucz",slug:"stefan-bucz",fullName:"Štefan Bucz"}]},{id:"75699",title:"Data Clustering for Fuzzyfier Value Derivation",slug:"data-clustering-for-fuzzyfier-value-derivation",totalDownloads:302,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The fuzzifier value m is improving significant factor for achieving the accuracy of data. 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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. 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He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. 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He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"