\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7413",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Oscillators - Recent Developments",title:"Oscillators",subtitle:"Recent Developments",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"An oscillator is dedicated to the generation of signals. It is used in computers, telecoms, watchmaking, astronomy, and metrology. It can be a pendulum, an electronic oscillator based on quartz technology, an optoelectronic oscillator, or an atomic clock, depending on its application. Since water clocks of antiquity, mechanical clocks invented during the thirteenth century, and the discovery of piezoelectricity by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880, oscillators have made great progress. This book does not attempt to tell the story of oscillators, but rather provides an overview of particular oscillator structures through examples from mathematics to oscillators, and from the millimeter scale to the vibration of a building, focusing on recent developments, as we live in a time when technology and mathematical analysis play a vital role.",isbn:"978-1-78985-838-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-837-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-068-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75318",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"oscillators-recent-developments",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"718135f9929dd8eb1b260ecc70a5f97f",bookSignature:"Patrice Salzenstein",publishedDate:"June 26th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7413.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4868,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 30th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 28th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 17th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 15th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"18345",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrice",middleName:null,surname:"Salzenstein",slug:"patrice-salzenstein",fullName:"Patrice Salzenstein",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/18345/images/system/18345.jpg",biography:"Dr. Patrice Salzenstein obtained his master’s degree and his material science engineering diploma at the Eudil in Lille in 1993, and his Ph.D. in Electronics at the University of Lille in 1996. He worked successively at Thomson CSF LCR (now Thales-TRT), Alcatel Alsthom Recherche and LCIE research laboratories near Paris between 1996 and 2001. He has been working since 2001 at FEMTO-ST-institute in Besancon for CNRS, a government-funded-research organization under the administrative authority of the French Ministry of research. He managed a calibration laboratory on phase noise and short term stability of frequency 2002-2012. In 2010, one of his articles was featured in Electronics Letters for his participation with Czech and Swiss colleagues to the best frequency stability ever measured on a quartz crystal oscillator: 2.5×10-14 at 5MHz. Between 2010 and 2017, his field of interest in research was in optoelectronic resonators and oscillators for microwaves photonics applications. Now he researches the Brillouin-light-scattering and instrumentation with the Micro Nano Science&Systems department of FEMTO-ST.",institutionString:"French National Centre for Scientific Research",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"French National Centre for Scientific Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"747",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-mathematical-modeling"}],chapters:[{id:"64281",title:"Mathematical Models of Oscillators with Memory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81858",slug:"mathematical-models-of-oscillators-with-memory",totalDownloads:1051,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter proposes a mathematical model for a wide class of hereditary oscillators, which is a Cauchy problem in the local formulation. As an initial model equation, an integrodifferential equation of Voltaire type was introduced, which was reduced by means of a special choice of difference kernels to a differential equation with nonlocal derivatives of fractional-order variables. An explicit finite-difference scheme is proposed, and questions of its stability and convergence are investigated. A computer study of the proposed numerical algorithm on various test examples of the hereditary oscillators Airy, Duffing, and others was carried out. Oscillograms and phase trajectories are plotted and constructed.",signatures:"Roman Ivanovich Parovik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64281",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64281",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66311",title:"Quantum Harmonic Oscillator",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85147",slug:"quantum-harmonic-oscillator",totalDownloads:982,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) involves square law potential (x2) in the Schrodinger equation and is a fundamental problem in quantum mechanics. It can be solved by various conventional methods such as (i) analytical methods where Hermite polynomials are involved, (ii) algebraic methods where ladder operators are involved, and (iii) approximation methods where perturbation, variational, semiclassical, etc. techniques are involved. Here we present the general outcomes of the two conventional semiclassical approximation methods: the JWKB method (named after Jeffreys, Wentzel, Kramers, and Brillouin) and the MAF method (abbreviated for “modified Airy functions”) to solve the QHO in a very good precision. Although JWKB is an approximation method, it interestingly gives the exact solution for the QHO except for the classical turning points (CTPs) where it diverges as typical to the JWKB. As the MAF method, it enables very approximate wave functions to be written in terms of Airy functions without any discontinuity in the entire domain, though, it needs careful treatment since Airy functions exhibit too much oscillatory behavior. Here, we make use of the parity conditions of the QHO to find the exact JWKB and approximate MAF solutions of the QHO within the capability of these methods.",signatures:"Coşkun Deniz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66311",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66311",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65434",title:"Oscillation Criteria of Two-Dimensional Time-Scale Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83375",slug:"oscillation-criteria-of-two-dimensional-time-scale-systems",totalDownloads:922,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oscillation and nonoscillation theories have recently gotten too much attention and play a very important role in the theory of time-scale systems to have enough information about the long-time behavior of nonlinear systems. Some applications of such systems in discrete and continuous cases arise in control and stability theories for the unmanned aerial and ground vehicles (UAVs and UGVs). We deal with a two-dimensional nonlinear system to investigate the oscillatory behaviors of solutions. This helps us understand the limiting behavior of such solutions and contributes several theoretical results to the literature.",signatures:"Ozkan Ozturk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65434",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65434",authors:[{id:"191872",title:"Dr.",name:"Özkan",surname:"Öztürk",slug:"ozkan-ozturk",fullName:"Özkan Öztürk"}],corrections:null},{id:"64786",title:"Time-Domain Simulation of Microstrip-Connected Solid-State Oscillators for Close-Range Noise Radar Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81865",slug:"time-domain-simulation-of-microstrip-connected-solid-state-oscillators-for-close-range-noise-radar-a",totalDownloads:902,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We develop time-domain approach for simulation of microstrip-connected extremely-high frequency (EHF) solid-state oscillators for close-range radars, including ultrashort-pulse, ultrawide-band (UWB), and noise radars. The circuits utilize high-speed GaN-based active devices such as Gunn diodes (GD) and resonant-tunneling diodes (RTD) capable of operating with enhanced power output. Microstrip interconnects produce time-delay coupling in the system that can create a complicated nonlinear dynamics of oscillations. The circuits can generate self-emerging trains of ultra-short EHF pulses emitted into an open microstrip section for further radiation. The arrays of active devices connected in either parallel (star-case) or series (ladder-case) type of circuits were simulated. Options for generation of chaotic signals in this kind of systems have been considered. An infrared-microwave (IR-EHF) oscillator linked to the resonant antenna was simulated. The oscillator consists of an RTD-driven laser diode (LD) joint to the EHF resonant antenna with a short piece of microstrip section. The oscillator can generate both the EHF pulse radiation and the EHF modulated IR pulses. Both kinds of radiation can be emitted in the free space as the trains of correlated IR-EHF radar pulses. Arrays of oscillators can be used for enhancing the power output of the system.",signatures:"Vladimir Yurchenko and Lidiya Yurchenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64786",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64786",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64277",title:"Oscillator Dampers in Civil Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81904",slug:"oscillator-dampers-in-civil-structures",totalDownloads:1013,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many kinds of oscillators, springs, and damping system compose vibration reduction system in civil structures. Since the invention of the tuned mass damper (TMD) device a century ago, it has become a very important technology in structural control. TMDs can effectively suppress the response of civil structures under harmonic or wind excitations. To improve the damping capacity of TMDs in reducing the vibration of structures under seismic loads, a large mass ratio should be used, but TMDs are still ineffective in suppressing the seismic peak response of high-rise buildings. The inerter-based dynamic vibration absorbers (IDVA), including tuned inerter dampers (TID) and tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI), have been investigated in recent years. The advantage of using a TID and TMDI comes from the adoption of gearing in the inerter, which equivalently amplifies the mass. The mass ratio of an inerter is very high; hence, its mechanical properties and reliability are vital. A novel damper device, accelerated oscillator damper (AOD), has been proposed recently. Gear transmission systems are used to generate an amplified kinetic energy of the oscillator to reduce the oscillations of the structures. The AOD system is superior to the traditional TMD system in short time loading intervals or under the maximum seismic loads.",signatures:"Yonggang Tan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64277",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64277",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"842",title:"Infrared Thermography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a89cc7f60b5f96812ec173b89de294c4",slug:"infrared-thermography",bookSignature:"Raghu V. Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/842.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69736",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghu",surname:"Prakash",slug:"raghu-prakash",fullName:"Raghu Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7501",title:"Fault Detection and Diagnosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5143fb77b96f488e4ec5dd6e7947904c",slug:"fault-detection-and-diagnosis",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7501.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7334",title:"Advances in Memristor Neural Networks",subtitle:"Modeling and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f2ee1e1269d235ae65ca392b26b4729",slug:"advances-in-memristor-neural-networks-modeling-and-applications",bookSignature:"Calin Ciufudean",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7334.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11000",title:"Prof.",name:"Calin",surname:"Ciufudean",slug:"calin-ciufudean",fullName:"Calin Ciufudean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74392",slug:"corrigendum-to-sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternativ",title:"Corrigendum to: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Morocco: Co-Incineration of RDF as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Kilns",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74392.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74392",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74392",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74392",chapter:{id:"73967",slug:"sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternative-fuel-in-cemen",signatures:"Aziz Hasib, Abdellah Ouigmane, Otmane Boudouch, Reda Elkacmi, Mustapha Bouzaid and Mohamed Berkani",dateSubmitted:"June 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 8th 2020",datePrePublished:"November 7th 2020",datePublished:"April 21st 2021",book:{id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",publishedDate:"April 21st 2021",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. 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Microreactor is more commonly known in the field of process intensification and microsystems technology that has attracted significant interest in several years. The channel of microreactor is known as microchannel due to the micro size, while under microreactor group, there are micro mixers which are designed for mixing purpose. Numerous plausible advantages of microreactors for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries have been realized, thanks to their excellent capability for mixing and for thermal exchanges which increase yields and selectivity of reactions [1, 2, 3, 4].
Microreactors have two major advantages with respect to smaller physical size and the increase in numbers of units. Benefits from reduction of physical size became more apparent in chemical engineering aspects. The difference of physical properties between microreactors and conventional reactor such as temperature, concentration, density, or diffusional flux increase with decreasing of linear dimension [5, 6]. Consequently, the driving forces for heat transfer, mass transport increase when using the microreactors. Besides, a significant reduction in volume for microreactor as compared to conventional reactors lead to smaller hold up that increase process safety and improves selectivity due to shorter residence time [7, 8].
The smooth and constant fluid motion represents the laminar flow, whereas the vortices and flow fluctuation are properties of turbulent flow. These two types of flow are determined by using Reynolds number. Reynolds number (Re) measured the relative importance of viscous force and inertial forces. The Re is defined as
where
where
On the other hand, mixing is a physical process with a goal of achieving a uniform distribution of different components in a mixture, usually within a short period of time [7]. Conventionally, at a macroscale level, the decrease in the mixing path and increase in the contact surface are achieved by a turbulent flow. The segregation of the fluid into small domain occurred by the help of vortices and flow fluctuation [11].
The fluid entity is constantly subdivided into thinner layers by an induced circular motion of fluid compartments, the so-called eddies, and subsequent breaking into fragments. In a laminar regime, a similar breaking of fluid compartments cannot occur due to the high viscous forces. Instead, the fluid entity has to be continuously split and recombined, forming regularly sized fluid embodiments [7].
Due to small dimension of microreactor, the fluid in microreactor is considered as microfluidic. The mixing in microfluidic is achieved and improvised by the decrease of mixing path and increase of surface area. The designed microreactor that highlights reduction of mixing path increases the effect of diffusion and advection on the mixing [11].
On top of that, mixing characterization is important to show how mixing performances in certain mixing process are described. Mixing performance of microreactor can be measured by evaluating the mixing quality as be done numerously in literatures [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. A common definition of the mixing quality is based on Danckwerts’ intensity of segregation [17] and is defined by
where
and also can be written as
where
Since
Geometry is defined as the computational domain of the flow region where the governing equation of fluid flow, mass, and energy is applied with its boundary condition. The computational domain is different from physical domain as the physical domain is the real physical flow that might include the wall, etc. [19]. The geometry may result from measurement of the existing configuration or may come with a design study.
In this work, the geometry is chosen, aspired by the actual geometry domain (physical domain) which is depicted in Figure 1 of the standard slit interdigital micro mixer (SSIMM) mixing element. The mixing element of the micro mixer consists of the corrugated wall of microchannels and discharge slit. Simulation of the complete geometry of this mixing element required large number of degree of freedom to be solved. This can only be achieved by large computational resources. However, due to the limitation of the computational resource, simplification of the geometry is preferred and required. Thus, to simplify the computational work, only the middle part of the mixing element structure domain was taken to represent the overall mixing element as shown in Figure 2.
(a) The photograph of SSIMM and (b) the mixing element; (c) the flow principle of SSIMM [
Schematic diagram of the simulation system.
The middle part was chosen based on strategies of the macro model approach of computational fluid dynamics in [9] that partitioned the reactor domain prior to simulation. It was noticed that the mixing element of the SSIMM has trapezoidal shape with two bifurcations and parallel microchannel that served as flow guide to avoid maldistribution of the fluid stream. A fluid maldistribution would induce unequal residence time in different channels, with undesired consequences for the product distribution in the micromixer [9]. However, this is not considered in this study as only the middle part of the mixing element is taken as computational fluid domain.
There are two inlets and an outlet assigned to this model geometry as in Figure 2. An additional geometry domain with a straight-line microchannel was built for the purpose of comparisons with the SSIMM mixing element. The geometry has the same dimension as the simplified corrugated microchannel domain. On the other hand, meshing is the process of generating mesh or grid cell overlaying the whole domain geometry. In CFD, the domain is required to be subdivided into a number of smaller, non-overlapping subdomains in order to solve the flow physics within the domain. COMSOL Multiphysics software chosen as the simulation platform in this work provides two option types of meshing that can be used by the user which are physics-controlled meshing and user-controlled meshing. Physics-controlled meshing sequence will build the mesh for the domain which is adapted to the physics setting of the model, while the user-controlled meshing builds the mesh based on the user input of size, element type, etc. [19, 20]. Figures 3 and 4 are the meshed geometry domains with different types of the mesh element can be seen. The mesh element of corrugated microchannel has a high number at the shape of the corrugated section, while the straight microchannel has a high number at the entrance of the discharge slit.
The meshing for corrugated microchannel.
The meshing for straight microchannel.
Laminar flow interface is used to model and simulate fluid mechanics for laminar and incompressible fluids by using Navier-Stokes equation. Since the fluid flow is laminar flow in the microreactor, this interface is suitable to be implemented in this simulation work. The Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow is given as [20]:
where
The density and the viscosity data are those of water (
The driving force for the fluid to flow through the mixing slot to the outlet is the applied inlet velocity boundary conditions on the inputs while the pressure boundary condition is assumed to be equal to zero. Meanwhile, the chamber wall is assumed to have a nonslip boundary condition. Mixing is obtained by diffusion of various species in the fluid. The species are diluted in the water, thus having material properties like water. The transfer equation is then taken as the convection-diffusion equation with a reaction term as shown below [20]:
where
In this model,
As mentioned earlier, there are two physics interface models that were solved in this work which are laminar flow (LF) and transport of diluted species (TDS). The LF interface model considers the fluid flow of the system with inlet velocity ranging from 1 to 10,000 μm/s chosen as input parameter. The LF interface model is solved independently. However, the TDS interface model is solved by obtaining a data of velocity field from the solution of the LF interface model. This is the reason why both physics interface models are used together. Figures 5 and 6 show the velocity profile from the top view (XY view) of the geometric configuration comprised of corrugated and straight microchannel, respectively. The color gradient shows the maximum velocity of the microchannel at the middle of the channel which can be seen in red color, while the blue color represents the low velocity value which is at the domain wall. This phenomenon indicates laminar parabolic flow where the velocity varies parabolically across the discharge slit with the maximum velocity at the center.
Velocity profile of corrugated microchannel from XY-axis view.
Velocity profile of straight microchannel from XY-axis view.
Visualization of mixing process in this work can be seen clearly by the plotted concentration profile of the species in which the different color gradients represent the species before and after the mixing process. In particular, the unmixed species is represented by blue and red colors, and the green color represented the mixed one.
Figures 7 and 8 shows the concentration profile of the corrugated and straight microchannel respectively for all the inlet velocities studied in this work. Both geometric domains have similar dimension of length and width but different configuration of microchannel. The mixing starts when the fluids with different concentrations denoted as blue and red enter the discharge slit. A clear separation of the concentration is observed at the entrance, but this diminishes toward the end of the discharge slit for inlet velocity equal to 100 μm/s. Thus the mixing process is completed. For inlet velocity lower than 100 μm/s, the mixing completely occurred instantaneously as the fluids enter the discharge slit. For inlet velocity higher than 100 μm/s, the mixing is not complete as distinct color can be seen from the entrance until the end of discharge slit.
Concentration profile of corrugated microchannel for various inlet velocities.
In short, complete mixing occurred at low inlet velocity, and the mixing is incomplete at higher inlet velocity of 100 μm/s for both configurations of microchannel.
Concentration profile of straight microchannel for various inlet velocity.
As mentioned in previous section, the Danckwerts segregation intensity or the so-called mixing intensity is defined with the mean square deviation of the concentration profile of the component
In this work, to determine the mixing quality with respect to discharge slit length, the value of mixing intensity is evaluated at every 100 μm of discharge slit position starting from 300 μm where the fluid starts to mix until 4300 μm which is the end of discharge slit. The mixing intensity value against the discharge slit position for both corrugated and straight microchannels at inlet velocity of 10,000 μm/s is plotted in Figure 9. The mixing intensity of corrugated microchannel is higher than the mixing intensity of straight microchannel.
Comparison of mixing intensity between geometric configuration at inlet velocity of 10,000 μm/s.
As compared to concentration profiles, the mixing intensity profile gave information of mixing quality with respect to discharge slit position. The discharge slit position can represent the mixing length. These mean that complete mixing occurred at different mixing length. The mixing profile shows the difference of mixing intensity profile among the microchannel configurations. The corrugated microchannel has gradually increased the profile of mixing intensity from the entrance toward the end of the discharge slit. This might be due to the corrugated shape of the microchannel which serves to form multi-lamination of fluid that gives even distribution of concentration which then results in a smooth mixing intensity profile. This might prove that the concept of multi-lamination of fluid as the purpose of microreactor is designed in such way.
This chapter discussed a study of mixing simulation in microchannel. An analysis is carried out to investigate the effect of the changes of inlet velocity toward mixing intensity over the two different microchannel configurations. The simulation results show the visualization of velocity and concentration profiles along the microchannel. A laminar parabolic flow of velocity profile is observed for two microchannel configurations simulated. The concentration profile gave visualization on the mixing process that occurred in the microchannel. Evaluation of the mixing intensity value represents the mixing performance of the geometry structure. It also gave information on the mixing length requirement to achieve complete mixing. The microchannel needs longer discharge slit to achieve complete mixing if high inlet velocity is used. The result showed that inlet velocity has significant effects on the mixing performance which is represented by the mixing intensity in this study. The higher the inlet velocity, the lower the mixing quality. Careful observation on the mixing intensity profiles among geometry configurations shows different trends of mixing intensity between the corrugated and straight microchannels.
I would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful realization of this chapter.
Appendices and nomenclature | |
c | concentration (mol/dm3) |
D | diffusion coefficient (m2/s) |
Dh | hydraulic diameter (m) |
F | volume force vector (N/m3) |
p | pressure (Pa) |
L | length (m) |
w | width (m) |
h | height (m) |
R | reaction (mol/(m3s)) |
T | absolute temperature (K) |
v | velocity (m/s) |
μ | dynamic viscosity (Pa.s) |
ρ | density (kg/m3) |
V | volume (m3) |
λ | molecular diameter (m) |
D | characteristic dimension (m) |
σ | variance |
σmax | maximum variance |
N | number of sampling point |
IS | intensity of segregation |
IM | mixing intensity |
Re | Reynolds number |
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As the science gets more advanced and the information about these two points becomes clearer, the view of this information might modify our understanding to these processes. Then, some topics might be dropped, and others might be raised or become more obvious. However, the feeding of halophyte forages as per se has several drawbacks and therefore, they have to be fed in mixed rations, fortifying these rations with energy supplements.",book:{id:"5978",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops"},signatures:"Salah A. Attia-Ismail",authors:[{id:"204190",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Salah",middleName:"Abdelaty",surname:"Attia-Ismail",slug:"salah-attia-ismail",fullName:"Salah Attia-Ismail"}]},{id:"72082",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92303",title:"Revalorization of Coffee Waste",slug:"revalorization-of-coffee-waste",totalDownloads:1081,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"One of the household methods most used to prepare the coffee beverage is the coffee dripping method, which generates millions of tons of coffee waste (CW). Its disposition without control causes environmental matters due to the high consumption of oxygen during its discomposing process. However, the high availability, low cost, and chemical composition of CW (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, ashes, protein, aliphatic acids, fats, and water) make them useful material for obtaining added-value products and bioenergy. In this chapter, the state of the art of different sustainable alternatives to revalorize CW is shown. CW has been successfully applied as an adsorbent for removing pollutants from wastewater and gas, a precursor for obtaining activated carbon, and a feedstock for producing energy and valuable products using mono-process extraction and biorefinery.",book:{id:"8952",slug:"coffee-production-and-research",title:"Coffee",fullTitle:"Coffee - Production and Research"},signatures:"Felipe J. Cerino-Córdova, Nancy E. Dávila-Guzmán, Azucena M. García León, Jacob J. Salazar-Rabago and Eduardo Soto-Regalado",authors:null},{id:"56029",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69614",title:"Production of Spineless Cactus in Brazilian Semiarid",slug:"production-of-spineless-cactus-in-brazilian-semiarid",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The term “spineless cactus” is used in Brazil to designate cultivars of Opuntia ficus indica Mill and Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck. The spineless cactus was consolidated in Brazilian semiarid as a strategic fundamental food resource in several production livestock systems, constituting a plant with enormous productive potential. Thus, the spineless cactus has been widely cultivated and used for several decades, by enabling the animal feeding in critical periods of year because of its characteristics, morpho‐anatomical and physiological (CAM), which makes it tolerant to long droughts, being a crop that presents high productivity in droughts conditions, when compared to other forages. Nevertheless, the spineless cactus is a crop relatively picky about soil and climate characteristics of region, presenting greater growth in fertile soils, as well as in regions where nighttime temperatures are cool and the air humidity is relatively high. Although the crop be adapted to long droughts periods, many times it’s necessary to perform irrigation in its production system, mainly in regions of low rainfall, for to supply its water needs, thus ensuring productivity and survival of crop. Therefore, the knowledge of characteristics of plant, as well as of appropriate management techniques to crop, is essential for the good performance of spineless cactus.",book:{id:"5978",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops"},signatures:"Wilma Cristina Cavalcante dos Santos Sá, Edson Mauro Santos,\nJuliana Silva de Oliveira and Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo",authors:[{id:"139631",title:"Dr.",name:"Edson Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"edson-mauro-santos",fullName:"Edson Mauro Santos"},{id:"180036",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"juliana-oliveira",fullName:"Juliana Oliveira"},{id:"203022",title:"MSc.",name:"Wilma",middleName:null,surname:"Sá",slug:"wilma-sa",fullName:"Wilma Sá"},{id:"207265",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Perazzo",slug:"alexandre-perazzo",fullName:"Alexandre Perazzo"}]},{id:"70151",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89224",title:"The Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Practices’ Impact on Coffee Quality",slug:"the-harvest-and-post-harvest-management-practices-impact-on-coffee-quality",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Coffee is one of the most important agricultural commodities in the world. The coffee quality is associated with pre-harvest and post-harvest management activities. Each step starting from selecting the best coffee variety for plantation until the final coffee drink preparation determines the cupping quality. The overall coffee quality influenced by the factors which involve in changes the physicochemical properties and sensorial attributes, including the post-harvest operations. The post-harvest processing activities contribute about 60% of the quality of green coffee beans. The post-harvest operations include pulping, processing, drying, hulling, cleaning, sorting, grading, storage, roasting, grinding, and cupping. This chapter comprises the harvest and post-harvest operations of coffee and their impacts on coffee quality.",book:{id:"8952",slug:"coffee-production-and-research",title:"Coffee",fullTitle:"Coffee - Production and Research"},signatures:"Mesfin Haile and Won Hee Kang",authors:null},{id:"69900",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89508",title:"Coffee By-Products: Nowadays and Perspectives",slug:"coffee-by-products-nowadays-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:1144,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Coffee is one of the most consumed products around the world; 2.25 billions of coffee cup are consumed everyday in the world. For coffee crop production, different by-products are produced, such as coffee peel, coffee husk, parchment, and spent coffee grounds. These by-products have several problems associated at the final disposition. In this book chapter, we study the main coffee varieties produced in the world, the by-products produced, and its composition and finally assess the potential of supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) and water as green solvents for high-added-value compound extractions. Bioactive compounds were extracted from fresh and dried coffee peel in an acceptable rate for industrial applications. SUPRAS offer advantages in terms of rapidity (5 min) and simplicity (stirring and centrifugation at room temperature), thus avoiding costly processes based on high pressure and temperature. Extractions carried out using water as solvent is another technique of extraction mixing temperature (above 60°C) and time (4.5 min) obtained a beverage or solution with presence a bioactive compounds how caffeine, chlorogenic acid and polyphenols.",book:{id:"8952",slug:"coffee-production-and-research",title:"Coffee",fullTitle:"Coffee - Production and Research"},signatures:"Laura Sofía Torres-Valenzuela, Johanna Andrea Serna-Jiménez and Katherine Martínez",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71528",title:"A Detail Chemistry of Coffee and Its Analysis",slug:"a-detail-chemistry-of-coffee-and-its-analysis",totalDownloads:2331,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This review article highlights the detailed chemistry of coffee including its components; chemical constituents like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and caffeine; aromatic principles; oil and waxes; and minerals and acids. The high extent of caffeine can be found in the coffee plants; hence, in the second part of the study, various analytical methods are designed for the proper identification, separation, optimization, purification, and determination of caffeine present in coffee, tea, and marketed coffee. These analytical methods are appropriated for the separation and quantification of caffeine. The various analytical methods include spectroscopy methods like UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopy; chromatographic methods like paper, TLC, column, HPLC, and gas chromatography; and hyphenated techniques like LC–MS, GC–MS, and GC–MS/MS. This article compares and contrasts the amount of caffeine by various analytical methods.",book:{id:"8952",slug:"coffee-production-and-research",title:"Coffee",fullTitle:"Coffee - Production and Research"},signatures:"Hemraj Sharma",authors:null},{id:"70151",title:"The Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Practices’ Impact on Coffee Quality",slug:"the-harvest-and-post-harvest-management-practices-impact-on-coffee-quality",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Coffee is one of the most important agricultural commodities in the world. The coffee quality is associated with pre-harvest and post-harvest management activities. Each step starting from selecting the best coffee variety for plantation until the final coffee drink preparation determines the cupping quality. The overall coffee quality influenced by the factors which involve in changes the physicochemical properties and sensorial attributes, including the post-harvest operations. The post-harvest processing activities contribute about 60% of the quality of green coffee beans. The post-harvest operations include pulping, processing, drying, hulling, cleaning, sorting, grading, storage, roasting, grinding, and cupping. This chapter comprises the harvest and post-harvest operations of coffee and their impacts on coffee quality.",book:{id:"8952",slug:"coffee-production-and-research",title:"Coffee",fullTitle:"Coffee - Production and Research"},signatures:"Mesfin Haile and Won Hee Kang",authors:null},{id:"72400",title:"Factors Affecting Efficiency of Vegetable Production in Nigeria: A Review",slug:"factors-affecting-efficiency-of-vegetable-production-in-nigeria-a-review",totalDownloads:803,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Vegetables are important for maintenance of good health; their production and marketing are veritable sources of employment and livelihood. To promote vegetables’ contribution to the above, there is a need for sustainable and efficient production process. The paper reviewed production, socioeconomic factors, and constraint affecting efficiency of production of three important vegetables (tomato, pepper, and onion). The review showed that socioeconomic factors found to increase technical efficiency in vegetable production were educational level, extension contact, and household size. Influence of farmer age on technical efficiency was inconclusive due to varied opinions. Increase in farm size, quantity of seed, amount of fertilizer, and agrochemical were found to have positive influence on output. Majority of the literature reviewed opined that increase in quantity of labour raises productivity; however, it must be utilized efficiently. The mean technical efficiency of the vegetables varied from the southern to the northern part of the country. The cross cutting constraints in vegetables production are pest and diseases, inadequate storage facilities, and high cost of improved inputs. The study recommends increase awareness and sensitization on optimum levels of resource use for increased productivity and appropriate intervention to constraints in the value chain.",book:{id:"10142",slug:"agricultural-economics",title:"Agricultural Economics",fullTitle:"Agricultural Economics"},signatures:"Iyabo Bosede Adeoye",authors:[{id:"317695",title:"Dr.",name:"Iyabo Bosede",middleName:null,surname:"Adeoye",slug:"iyabo-bosede-adeoye",fullName:"Iyabo Bosede Adeoye"}]},{id:"65591",title:"Insect Pest Management in Organic Farming System",slug:"insect-pest-management-in-organic-farming-system",totalDownloads:2595,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Due to the regulations of organic farming, few options remain for organic farmers to manage pests and diseases in their crops compared to conventional farming. However, major pests could still be managed through manipulation of the agroecosystem processes in advantage of the crops and disadvantage of pests. The limited number of active plant protection substances authorized for use in organic farming can provide support to natural and biological control agents in suppression of pests and diseases. This chapter highlights the principles and strategies of crop protection in organic farming, the cultural practices adopted, the active substances allowed for use to suppress pests, and the impacts on faunal and floral biodiversity. A case study of organic date palm cultivation is discussed.",book:{id:"6988",slug:"multifunctionality-and-impacts-of-organic-and-conventional-agriculture",title:"Multifunctionality and Impacts of Organic and Conventional Agriculture",fullTitle:"Multifunctionality and Impacts of Organic and Conventional Agriculture"},signatures:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",authors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu El-Shafie"}]},{id:"69412",title:"Soil Management and Water-Use Efficiency in Brazilian Coffee Crops",slug:"soil-management-and-water-use-efficiency-in-brazilian-coffee-crops",totalDownloads:806,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Brazil is a world leader in coffee production. However, currently, it coexists with recurrent and severe droughts, accompanied by intense heat, strong insolation and low relative humidity. As the cultivation is carried out primarily in the rainy season, these world climate variations have affected crops yields and fruits quality, requiring innovative actions that promote efficient use of water stored in the soil. Among several soil management practices that promote a more rational use of water, deep tillage combined with liming, gypsum and fertilizer amendments lead to an increase in effective depth of coffee roots, therefore reducing water stress. Moreover, intercropping with Urochloa sp. is highly efficient in enhancing soil structure, water infiltration and plant available water capacity. 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The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. 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She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. 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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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