\r\n\tDiagnosis (clinical, radiological, cytogenetic, and molecular criteria), pathogenesis (risk factors, pre-myeloma conditions, and bone marrow microenvironment), cytogenetic abnormalities and molecular profiles disease staging and risk stratification, novel therapies such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents as well as monoclonal antibodies, drug resistance (primary and secondary resistance as well as evolution of new genetic mutations that may be disease or therapy-related), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (autologous HSCT, allogeneic HSCT, and tandem transplantation), relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, minimal residual disease (evaluation by flow cytometry or various sequencing techniques, importance of MRD in prognosis and prediction of disease relapse), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, infectious complications in multiple myeloma (viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, disease-related infections and therapy-related infections).
\r\n
\r\n\tThe book chapters will intend to be written by scientists and experts in the field from various institutions around the world.
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1. Introduction
Researchers have been attracted by the mystery of human neural development for hundreds of years. Numerous cellular and animal models have been explored to improve our understanding of neurogenesis in humans for hundreds of years. Although animal models have greatly improved our understanding of neural development, neurological disorders, cortical architecture, and functional regionalization, there are significant differences between the human and rodent brains. For example, the organization and behavior of neural progenitors during embryonic development determine the expansion and folding of the human neocortex to a large degree. Therefore, studying the development of the human brain requires models with human brain characteristics. Organoids are simply, self-organized three-dimensional (3D) tissue cultures that are derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which has gained great interest in simulating tissue development and disease. This technology opens a window to observe some of the most elusive aspects of human biology. Compared with animal models or two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems, 3D-cultured organoids can overcome the differences between species and closely represent the realistic human-specific development features, which can be utilized to mimic the architecture and functionality of the human tissues, having great advantages in explaining the unique human developmental processes [1, 2]. In the field of neurodevelopment and regenerative medicine, neural organoids replicate human specific features of neurodevelopment, contributing to modeling neurogenesis and neurological diseases [3, 4]. Central nervous system (CNS) injury or damage initiates spatial and temporal neurodegeneration, resulting in irreversible neuronal loss and functional deficits. The vertebrate retina is an extension of the CNS that is composed of seven main types of neurons and glial cells. In recent years, emerging organoid-based research studies of brain and retina have made progress in understanding neural organogenesis, which facilitates successful application of 3D organoid systems in disease modeling and regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we summarize the application of neural organoids of the brain and retina in neurodevelopment and regenerative medicine.
2. Organoids in neural development
CNS is generally regarded as the most complex system in human body. Limited by accessibility of living neural tissues and ethical challenges, human-specific features of neurodevelopment and neurological diseases remain largely unknown to us. Recent advances in stem cell technologies and 3D culture neural organoids have opened a new avenue in exploring the mechanisms of neurodevelopment. Early versions of the neural organoids range from complex neural epithelial structures to disorganized brain regions with large cellular diversity [5]. By supplementing exogenous factors and assembly of organoids during embryonic brain development, efforts have been made to gain the well-developed multilayer neural organoids and higher-order functions in terms of controlling patterning, morphogenesis, and function [6, 7].
2.1 Neural organoids in brain development
Through the embryonic brain development, neural progenitors progressively follow precise orchestration and coordination to acquire their spatial identities, a process characterized by successive changes in cellular composition and cytoarchitecture (Figure 1a). Dysregulation of this process may affect neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and myelination and induce neurological or psychiatric disorders. To better investigate the early formation and function of the human brain in vitro, two different methodologies have been applied to generate human brain organoids: unguided and guided methods. The unguided methods rely largely on the capacity of spontaneous morphogenesis and intrinsic differentiation of the 3D aggregates while the guided organoid methods highly require supplementation of exogenous factors to induce hPSCs to differentiate toward specific brain regions [5]. Over the past decade, guided methods were induced by a set of growth factors and small molecules to induce the production of brain organs containing broad and specific identity, including forebrain, large cortical organoids, cerebellum, midbrain, and hippocampus. For instance, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor, SMAD inhibitors, and WNT3A were for forebrain organoids induction [6]; SMAD inhibitors, Wnt activator, sonic hedgehog (SHH), and FGF8 were used for midbrain organoids induction [8]; FGF19 and SDF1 for cerebellum organoids induction [9]; WNT-3A and SHH were used for hypothalamic organoids induction [10]. These generated brain organoids show robust neuronal and glial subtypes resembling the organization, transcriptional frameworks, and developmental timing of a primitive human fetal brain.
Figure 1.
Schematic depiction of brain and eye development in vivo and in vitro. a. The timeline of brain development in human body and the features of human retinal development. b. Generation of hPSC-derived human brain organoids and retinal organoids in vitro, and the application of the generated organoids in regenerative medicine.
The 3D cultured brain organoids have been proven useful for many applications in basic research, for example, the development of the human brain cortex. It firstly begins with the expansion of the neuroepithelium, and then folds into six different layers. The main principles of the cortical layer formation are similar between mammals, such as primates and humans; however, the morphological differences are unneglectable. It is well known that neuronal number in primates massively increases in cortical surface, which eventually leads to the gyrification of the cortex (the generation of gyri and sulci) [11]. However, the mechanisms controlling the generation of gyrification are still not clear during the formation of cortical areas. The application of cortical organoids has helped us better understand the rapid expansion of human neocortex and the formation of cerebral cortical sulcus and gyrus. Karzbrun et al. revealed two opposing mechanical forces with the usage of the brain organoids-on-a-chip: the middle cytoskeletal contraction and peripheral cell-cycle-dependent nuclear expansion, physically leading to differential growth and folding into brain wrinkling [12], and the extracellular matrix (ECM) components are implicated in neocortical expansion [13].
For another example, brain organoids are used to investigate the development of cellular interactions in the human brain. The human CNS originated from several distinct vesicles and then after a range of progenitors migrate and integrate, it moves into areas to generate multiple intertwined regions, ultimately resulting in emerging complex networks, neurons branching, and projecting. To model the intricate cellular interactions in human brain, fusing regionalized organoids into assembloids recapitulates more elaborate biological processes of brain development. This approach has been applied to study forebrain axis establishment, interneuron migration, oligodendrogenesis, and neuronal projections like the fused dorsal-ventral cerebral organoids to model interneuron migration in [7, 14, 15].
2.2 Neural organoids in retinal development
The eye originates from the ventral diencephalon, where a group of eye field transcription factors (EFTFs) are highly expressed such as PAX6, RAX, SIX3, and OTX2, and becomes specified as the eye field [16]. The eye field region is firstly split into optic vesicles in pairs and subsequently forms the optic cup by experiencing the valgus and invagination of the optic vesicle. The outer layer of the optic cup develops into retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) while the inner layer develops into neural retina. The neural retina with multilayered structure undergoes different phases of development, with different types of cells differentiating and maturing over the time (Figure 1a).
However, the understandings of the function and development of the human retinal are limited by scarce human fetal retina sample and species differences between animals and human. Since 2011, Sasai et al. released a landmark study to generate a self-organized 3D optic cup with layered neuroepithelia from mouse pluripotent stem cells (mPSCs), which opened a window for generating retinal models [17]. Many research groups have subsequently optimized the protocol to generate human retinal organoids derived from hPSCs. During retinal organoid generation, stem cell patterns the eye field-like regions expressing a complete component of the EFTFs to mimic the optic vesicle in early development [18]. What is encouraging, these tiny retinal organoids even contain almost all relevant retinal cell types: retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), amacrine cells, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, Müller cells, and photoreceptors.
2.2.1 Retinal organoids in RGC development
RGCs, the early-born neurons, transmit visual information between the eye and the brain, playing a critical role in retinal neuronal outputs. The loss of RGCs trends to result in a group of degenerative diseases such as glaucoma and optic nerve hypoplasia. Due to the specific time point of the RGC development, it is a challenge to obtain human fetus samples. In addition, the long-distance projection of neurites is the mostly important characteristic for RGC development as the extension of axons is regulated by extrinsic factors, including the ECM, growth factors, and glial cells. Recent several approaches have improved the capacity to differentiate hPSC-derived retinal organoids into RGCs that possess appropriate morphological and functional properties [19]. For example, Fligor et al. found that substrate composition including laminin and Matrigel shows the most conducive for RGC neurite outgrowth; similarly, the growth factors with Netrin-1 and BDNF have the ability to guide and direct RGC axons outgrowth [20]. Besides, single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) results proved that the ganglion cells of retinal organoids at day 60 give the similar clusters to the human fetal retina on day 59 [21]. Collectively, the established retinal organoids serve as effective models for investigations of RGC development and disease modeling and as a valuable tool for cell replacement.
2.2.2 Retinal organoids in photoreceptors development
Rod and cone photoreceptors are specialized neurons with functioning in the initial step of vision, which convert light stimuli into neurological responses. Rods are highly sensitive to light and operate under dim lighting conditions while the cones control color vision and high visual acuity. It is reported that the progressive loss of photoreceptors leads to blindness-associated inherited retinal diseases(IRDs), such as well-known retinitis pigmentosa (RP), congenital stationary night blindness(CSNB), and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Therefore, it is particularly important to understand retinal progenitor fate choices toward rod photoreceptors and cone subtypes during retinogenesis. As such, the phototransduction mechanism requires a complicated cascade of gene regulatory networks. Aiming to induce hPCS-derived retinal organoids with mature photoreceptors, efforts of genetic manipulation and transcriptomic analysis have become the focal point for researchers [22]. Most recently, NRL (neural retina leucine zipper)-/- human-based 3D organoids were used to uncover the regulative role of MEF2C in cones’ development [22]. RNAseq analysis of hPCS-derived retinal organoids has identified certain molecular signatures related with human photoreceptors development [23]. In brief, these observations and datasets have enabled to reconstruct developmental trajectories and recapitulate dynamics in vivo photoreceptors development.
3. Neural organoids in regenerative medicine
Neural organoids, which recapitulate the process of native neurogenesis in the development of CNS, have been applied in a large variety of areas including simulating brain development and retinogenesis. Moreover, emerging organoid-based cell transplantation has made considerable progress in reconstruction of lost neural circuits, damaged neural cortex and visual function, which facilitates the application of 3D organoid systems in disease modeling and regenerative medicine. Representative examples are involved in two aspects: (a) isolating neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from neural organoids; (b) transplanting neural organoids in immunodeficient animals. The stem cells in the organoids derived from hPSCs present a higher survival rate and closer connection with the surrounding tissues in the host. Distinct from conventional stem cell therapy usually focusing on specific populations of stem cells or NPCs, neural organoids offer an entire set of cell types of the human organs.
3.1 Brain organoid system in regenerative medicine
Brain disorders, such as Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), Parkinson\'s disease (PD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke, along with several other chronic neurodegenerative disorders, are debilitating diseases that have few treatment options. Stem cell therapy is likely to provide beneficial effects for the indications of these diseases. The current understanding of brain diseases is mainly based on traditional 2D monocultural cells, animal models, and postmortem examination. Because of the inherent species differences between animals and humans and the individual differences among genetic and environmental backgrounds, it remains a challenge to investigate brain development and associated disorders. To establish better models of human brain development, stem-cell-based 3D brain organoids systematically decipher the developmental rules, presenting the 3D architectures and physiology of the brain. These generated brain organoids show robust neuronal subtypes and glial subtypes and functionality to mimic in vivo neural connectivity [24, 25]. In comparison with 2D monocultural stem cell cultures, physiologic conditions closer to the human organism are provided by organoids to support cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Therefore, as an ideal cell source, brain organoids have great potential for the reconstruction of lost neural circuits. Brain organoids transplantation strategy is expected to become an effective treatment for neurological defects after brain injury (Figure 1b).
Recently, in two studies, scientists transplanted hPSC-derived cerebral organoids into mouse cerebral cortex and successfully generated vascularized organoids, which promoted the progressive neuronal differentiation and maturation and increased cell survival [26, 27]. They observed the widespread axonal extension and precise synaptic connectivity outside the graft area; however, the region-specific long projections and synaptogenesis mapping were not reported in the two studies. Previously, reported approaches produced brain organoids with large lumens and tubes, which results in insufficient oxygen and nutrients support in increasing metabolic needs, making them difficult to apply in transplantation therapy [10, 28]. Recently, an optimized culture protocol was developed to efficiently generate small human cerebral organoids, which presents the benefit of alleviating the risk of cell overgrowth and safety concerns after injecting into the mouse medial prefrontal cortex [29]. The transplanted cerebral organoids extended projections to basal brain regions and generated human glutamatergic neurons with mature electrophysiology [29]. Moreover, mice transplanted with cerebral organoids show potentiated auditory startle fear response, indicating that the organoids can be functionally integrated into preexisting host mouse neural circuits via building up bidirectional synaptic connections, which provides crucial therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases [29].
However, owing to the cellular composition of brain, organoids dramatically changes along the time course of the development, it is necessary to demonstrate which stage of the organoids is best suitable for transplantation. To address this limitation, Kitahara et al. transplanted hESC-derived cerebral organoids at 6w or 10w into mouse cerebral cortex and found that 6w-organoids extend more axons along corticospinal tracts but caused graft overgrowth with higher populations of proliferative cells while axonal extensions from 10w-organoids were smaller in number but enhanced after brain injury 1 week [30]. A similar study reported that 55d and 85d-cerebral organoids were transplanted into damaged motor cortex, indicating that 55d-cerebral organoids can be used as a better transplantation donor for traumatic brain injury (TBI) [31]. Cells from the transplanted cerebral organoids have the capability to support region-specific reconstruction of damaged brain cortex, upregulate hippocampal neural connection protein and neurotrophic factor, and improve of damaged motor cortex. It is also reported that cerebral organoids were transplanted at 55 days to explore the feasibility of organoid transplantation in stroke [32]. Cerebral organoids were transplanted at 6 h or 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery, resulting in reducing brain infarct volume and improving neurological motor function. Furthermore, they also observed that the transplanted cerebral organoids were also related with increased neurogenesis, synaptic reconstruction, axonal regeneration and angiogenesis, decreased neural apoptosis, and rescued more survival neurons after stroke [32]. Although a few works with respect to transplanting brain organoid system were reported, it still has promising technologies in the future treatment of central nervous system diseases. Hence, the effects of the developmental organoid stage and host brain environment should be accurately evaluated when developing an organoid-replacement therapy for brain injury.
3.2 Retinal organoid in regenerative medicine
Retinal degenerative diseases, such as glaucoma, RP, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), usually lead to irreversible blindness. So does the importance of finding a viable treatment. Regardless of the underlying etiology of retinal degeneration, the common endpoint is the loss of photoreceptors and underlying RPE. Cell replacement strategy provides a good solution for the treatment of retinal degeneration. Although plenty of studies have been made to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of retinal disorders, our knowledge is still in its infancy, and the immortalized retinal cell lines have not recapitulated the developmental stages of the human native retina. The new methodological advances in inducing hPSCs into human retina tissues have opened new possibilities for basic research on investigating the therapies or treatments in regenerative medicine [18, 33]. The generated retinal organoids closely resemble many aspects of the real human retina, including retina-specific ribbon synapse [34] and physiological-relevant response to light stimuli [35], which empower researchers to explore the pathogenesis of retinal diseases and pursue cell/tissue transplantation for developing novel treatment options. Because retinal organoids contain all the cell types of human retina, it plays a primary role in the field of transplantation therapy. In this section, we focus on single-cell suspensions isolated from retinal organoids and application of retinal organoids sheets transplantation used for cell therapies in regenerative medicine (Figure 1b).
3.2.1 Retinal organoids as a cell source for therapeutic transplantation
During the previous decade, the aborted human fetal tissues and the hPSC-derived retinal progenitors were two cell sources for transplantation. Representative retinal cell replacement clinical trials are transplantation of hPSC-derived RPE for the treatment of retinal diseases, including AMD and Stargardt disease [36, 37, 38]. It has been proved that the mature mammalian retina lacks the ability to accept and incorporate stem cells or to promote photoreceptor differentiation. In 2006, stem-cell-derived precursor photoreceptors were first integrated into the outer retinal layer of degenerating retina and had success in improving vision [39, 40]. However, the strong ethical restrictions and limited cell sources remain a challenge in current transplantation therapies. The retinal organoids that contain abundant retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) can act as an ideal cell source transplantation in retinal degenerative diseases. Zou et al. transplanted effectively purifying RPCs with the surface markers (C-Kit+/SSEA4−) into the retinal degeneration models of rats and mice, showing benefits to the improvement of vision and preservation of the retinal structure [41]. The RGCs are the earliest differentiated cells closely associated with glaucoma. But the population of RGCs in retinal organoids is not substantial as they gradually degenerate following long-term culture time. Thus, prolonging the survival time of RGCs may provide the possibility for RGC replacement therapy. Several approaches have been taken to improve the short life of implanted RGCs and the length of axons, such as adding extrinsic growth factors [20], combining 2D and 3D protocols [42], and co-culturing with Müller glia [43]. In another animal study, by transplanting purified rod photoreceptors isolated from retinal organoids in defective S- and M- cone opsins, Nrl-/- mouse retinas can restore rod-mediated visual function and be incorporated into the host retina with forming synaptic-like structures in close apposition to mouse interneurons [44]. Interestingly, recent studies contradicted the common view that transplanted photoreceptors integrate into the photoreceptor layer of recipients. They demonstrated that the material transfer between donor rod photoreceptors and host photoreceptors leads to the acquisition of proteins originally expressed only by donor cells [45, 46]. Thus, the mechanism of the photoreceptor transplantation demands reinterpretation.
3.2.2 Retinal organoid sheet transplantation for improving visual function
A retinal sheet derived from cultured retinal organoids or fetal retina is another approach to preserving the neural circuitries and improving visual function. Cell suspension strategies consist of transplanting purified photoreceptor precursor cells, whereas retinal sheet transplantations engraft retinal organoids containing both photoreceptor cells and inner retinal neurons. The inner neurons located in the transplanted retinal sheet, which serves as a scaffold and nurturing microenvironment, are conductive to outer layer retinal cells in differentiation and maturation, preserving normal lamination structures. It is reported that the retinal sheet graft can produce less immune activation that enhances life span and the survival rate of transplanted cells, providing suitability approach for therapies of late-stage retinal diseases.
Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated that the transplantation of hPSC-derived RPE cells in AMD patients shows promising outcomes in clinical trials, such as improvement in retinal integrity, maintainability in visual acuity, and increase in vision-related quality of life [47]. Currently, the transplantation of early-stage retinal organoid sheets is verified to establish connections more effectively with host retinal degeneration, and these connections show higher survival rate over time. A series of studies have been performed to investigate whether the transplantation of retinal organoid sheets can differentiate, integrate, and improve visual function in animal models with severe retinal degeneration [48, 49, 50]. In 2016, Shirai et al. dissected “retinas” from organoids to get transparent and continuous neural retina sheets and transplanted them into two primate models with retinal degeneration. In both monkey and rat, grafted hESC-retina differentiated into a range of retinal cell types, such as photoreceptors. The photoreceptors were proved to have migrated to the outer nuclear layer and the host-graft synaptic connections were established in those animal models [51]. Similar results were achieved in another study of transplanting the sheets dissected from hESC-derived retinal organoids into retinal degenerate rats [48]. In addition, to enhance functional integration of transplanted retinal sheet, a method in which a genetic modification was used to reduce ON-bipolar cells resulted in efficiently restoring RGC light responsiveness in degenerated retina [52]. However, in those studies, the absence of a well-defined RPE monolayer presents a main limiting factor for retinal sheet transplantation. To overcome this limitation, hESC-derived retinal organoids and RPE monolayer were combined using different bio-adhesives to transplant into immunodeficient Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. The co-grafts were observed to reconstruct the severely damaged retina structure and improve visual function [53]. Those studies demonstrate the clinical feasibility of hPSC-derived retinal organoids sheet transplantation and provide practical tools to optimize transplantation strategies for future clinical applications.
In retinal tissue engineering, biomaterials are utilized to optimize the models of the human retina. A growing number of biomaterials, especially synthetic polymer scaffolds, such as biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA), have been widely used. The remarkable properties of defined synthetic polymer substrate are thin and biodegradable, which can be placed into the retinal subretinal space with minimal physical distortion [54]. In terms of the report, transplanting mouse RPCs cultured on biodegradable thin-film PCL scaffolds with varying surface topographies into the retinal subretinal space help newly integrated mRPCs exhibit potential to guide stem cell differentiation toward photoreceptor fate and to help cells localized to the outer nuclear layer [55]. Another study implanted the human retinal organoids, which are seeded on PLGA sheets into both normal and Chronic Ocular Hypertension (OHT) rhesus monkey retinas. They found that despite the need of immunosuppression for dexamethasone after transplantation, survival and differentiation into retinal tissue were successfully improved [56]. Subsequently, the same group proved again that with the support of PLGA sheets, retinal organoids showed active proliferation, migration and projection of axons into the host optic nerve after transplanting into OHT rhesus monkey eyes [57].
4. Comments and future challenges
Development of neural organoid techniques has yielded rapid progress in clarifying the mechanisms of human neural development. Organoids display many characteristics of the organs from which they were made, including cellular anatomy and interaction, genetics, and specific tissue functions, advancing our understanding the neuro of biology, developmental science, and regeneration. Some of the limitations and challenges of neural organoids have been addressed, but emerging technologies are still required to be applied in further study. With respect to brain organoids, many points are needed to be improved, such as the maturation of neuronal and glial cells, reliable anatomical organization, long-range axonal projection and synaptic connections, and the precise construction of neuronal circuits. Providing a physiologically relevant microenvironment and the more complex whole-brain organoids to reproduce the developmental events of the human nervous systems may be needed in the future. Retinal organoids serve as an ideal choice for therapeutic transplantation, which still face many challenges as following: low yield, high heterogeneity, degenerative inner cell layers, and cancerogenesis. The next-generation retinal organoids would be anticipated to have an integrated vascular network, mature microglia system, and pigment layer wrapping around as well as the integration of bioengineering technologies. To achieve the goal, several engineering approaches may be useful: (1) engineered biomaterials to investigate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions; (2) genetic engineering technology to study various aspects of organoids development and performance; (3) organoid-on-a-chip device to create an optimal microenvironment with the purpose of generating organoids with higher physiological relevance. Furthermore, the next generation of organoids probably needs to integrate more bioengineering technologies, aiming to overcome each approach’s limitation and provide a superior, synergistic approach for constructing more complex organoids in regenerative and precision medicine.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFA0107302); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31930068); and the Military Key Program (Grant No. 20QNPY025).
\n',keywords:"neural organoids, neurogenesis, brain, retina, neurodevelopment, regenerative medicine",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81294.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81294.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81294",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81294",totalDownloads:27,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 16th 2022",dateReviewed:"February 28th 2022",datePrePublished:"April 16th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 16th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Recent advances in stem cell technologies have enabled the application of three-dimensional neural organoids for exploring the mechanisms of neurodevelopment and regenerative medicine. Over the past decade, series of studies have been carried out to investigate the cellular and molecular events of human neurogenesis using animal models, while the species differences between animal models and human being prevent a full understanding of human neurogenesis. Human neural organoids provide a new model system for gaining a more complete understanding of human neural development and their applications in regenerative medicine. In this chapter, the recent advances of the neural organoids of the brain and retina as well as their applications in neurodevelopment and regenerative medicine are reviewed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81294",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81294",signatures:"Jing Gong, Jiahui Kang, Minghui Li, Xiao Liu, Jun Yang and Haiwei Xu",book:{id:"11430",type:"book",title:"Organoids",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Organoids",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Manash K. 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Enhanced differentiation and delivery of mouse retinal progenitor cells using a micropatterned biodegradable thin-film polycaprolactone scaffold. Tissue Engineering Pt A. 2015;21:1247-1260. DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2013.0720'},{id:"B56",body:'Xian BK, Luo ZM, Li KJ, Li K, Tang MJ, Yang RC, et al. Dexamethasone provides effective immunosuppression for improved survival of retinal organoids after epiretinal transplantation. Stem Cells International. 2019;2019:7148032. DOI: 10.1155/2019/7148032'},{id:"B57",body:'Luo ZM, Xian BK, Li K, Li KJ, Yang RC, Chen MF, et al. Biodegradable scaffolds facilitate epiretinal transplantation of hiPSC-Derived retinal neurons in nonhuman primates. Acta Biomaterialia. 2021;134:289-301. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.040'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Jing Gong",address:null,affiliation:'
Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, China
Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, China
Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, China
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CSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
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Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Corresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
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CSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
Corresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
Corresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
Corresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
The Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\n
Corresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
The University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\n
Corresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
The University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\n
Corresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\n
\n\t
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Important: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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An evaluation of the more interesting techniques which are gaining attention in each part is discussed.",book:{id:"4697",slug:"greenhouse-gases",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases"},signatures:"Kakouei Aliakbar, Vatani Ali, Rasaei Mohammadreza and Azin Reza",authors:[{id:"177143",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Aliakbar",middleName:null,surname:"Kakouei",slug:"aliakbar-kakouei",fullName:"Aliakbar Kakouei"},{id:"177149",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadreza",middleName:null,surname:"Rasaei",slug:"mohammadreza-rasaei",fullName:"Mohammadreza Rasaei"},{id:"177150",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Azin",slug:"reza-azin",fullName:"Reza Azin"},{id:"177151",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Vatani",slug:"ali-vatani",fullName:"Ali Vatani"}]},{id:"38103",title:"GIS for Environmental Problem Solving",slug:"gis-for-environmental-problem-solving",totalDownloads:12413,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2168",slug:"sustainable-development-authoritative-and-leading-edge-content-for-environmental-management",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management"},signatures:"Koushen Douglas Loh and Sasathorn Tapaneeyakul",authors:[{id:"10635",title:"Dr.",name:"Koushen Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Loh",slug:"koushen-douglas-loh",fullName:"Koushen Douglas Loh"},{id:"147886",title:"Ms.",name:"Sasathorn",middleName:null,surname:"Tapaneeyakul",slug:"sasathorn-tapaneeyakul",fullName:"Sasathorn Tapaneeyakul"}]},{id:"69954",title:"Green Building Rating Systems as Sustainability Assessment Tools: Case Study Analysis",slug:"green-building-rating-systems-as-sustainability-assessment-tools-case-study-analysis",totalDownloads:1538,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Building performance and occupants’ comfort lie at the core of building design targets. Principles of green architecture and building physics are not given enough thought and consideration. In the best cases, some thought is given to such factors but without a scientific methodology, which takes into consideration appropriate climatic data and appropriate assessment tools. Most importantly, the interference of the environmentalist in architecture projects comes usually very late in the design processes. Facing these facts has driven most countries to adopt official strategies and policies to deal with building’s performance. The rating systems are among these initiatives. The author of this chapter adapts a detailed methodology to aid the integration of the principles of the green architecture in the early stages of design using rating systems. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) 1 that was developed in the USA by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) for Core and Shell has been employed as the main design target. This chapter presents a brief about the world green initiatives and discusses the results of applying the methodology of integrating the green architectural principles at the early stages of design processes—through precedent analysis.",book:{id:"8156",slug:"sustainability-assessment-at-the-21st-century",title:"Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century"},signatures:"Mady Mohamed",authors:[{id:"271848",title:"Dr.",name:"Mady",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"mady-mohamed",fullName:"Mady Mohamed"}]},{id:"38111",title:"Evaluation of Soil Quality Parameters Development in Terms of Sustainable Land Use",slug:"evaluation-of-soil-quality-parameters-development-in-terms-of-sustainable-land-use",totalDownloads:3261,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"2168",slug:"sustainable-development-authoritative-and-leading-edge-content-for-environmental-management",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management"},signatures:"Danica Fazekašová",authors:[{id:"147786",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Danica",middleName:null,surname:"Fazekašová",slug:"danica-fazekasova",fullName:"Danica Fazekašová"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"143",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. 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Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. 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