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Chok, Umer Rashid and Abrar Inayat",authors:[{id:"25173",title:"Prof.",name:"Suzana",middleName:null,surname:"Yusup",fullName:"Suzana Yusup",slug:"suzana-yusup"},{id:"25866",title:"Mr.",name:"Zakir",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Zakir Khan",slug:"zakir-khan"},{id:"25867",title:"Dr.",name:"Murni",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",fullName:"Murni Ahmad",slug:"murni-ahmad"},{id:"25869",title:"Mr.",name:"Voi Soon",middleName:null,surname:"Chok",fullName:"Voi Soon Chok",slug:"voi-soon-chok"},{id:"25870",title:"Mr.",name:"Abrar",middleName:null,surname:"Inayat",fullName:"Abrar Inayat",slug:"abrar-inayat"},{id:"25873",title:"Dr.",name:"Umer",middleName:null,surname:"Rashid",fullName:"Umer Rashid",slug:"umer-rashid"},{id:"25885",title:"Prof.",name:"Yushimitsu",middleName:null,surname:"Uemura",fullName:"Yushimitsu Uemura",slug:"yushimitsu-uemura"}]},{id:"17496",title:"Biofuels and Energy Self-Sufficiency: Colombian Experience",slug:"biofuels-and-energy-self-sufficiency-colombian-experience",signatures:"Elkin Alonso Cortés-Marín and Héctor José Ciro-Velázquez",authors:[{id:"27552",title:"Prof.",name:"Elkin Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes Marin",fullName:"Elkin Alonso Cortes Marin",slug:"elkin-alonso-cortes-marin"},{id:"36917",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Ciro Velasquez",fullName:"Hector Jose Ciro Velasquez",slug:"hector-jose-ciro-velasquez"}]},{id:"17497",title:"Enzyme-Based Microfluidic Biofuel Cell to Generate Micropower",slug:"enzyme-based-microfluidic-biofuel-cell-to-generate-micropower",signatures:"A.Zebda, C. Innocent, L. Renaud, M. Cretin, F. Pichot, R. Ferrigno and S. Tingry",authors:[{id:"27529",title:"Dr.",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"Tingry",fullName:"Sophie Tingry",slug:"sophie-tingry"},{id:"27557",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelkadder",middleName:null,surname:"Zebda",fullName:"Abdelkadder Zebda",slug:"abdelkadder-zebda"},{id:"27558",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Innocent",fullName:"Christophe Innocent",slug:"christophe-innocent"},{id:"27559",title:"Dr.",name:"Louis",middleName:null,surname:"Renaud",fullName:"Louis Renaud",slug:"louis-renaud"},{id:"27560",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Cretin",fullName:"Marc Cretin",slug:"marc-cretin"},{id:"27561",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédéric",middleName:null,surname:"Pichot",fullName:"Frédéric Pichot",slug:"frederic-pichot"},{id:"27562",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosaria",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrigno",fullName:"Rosaria Ferrigno",slug:"rosaria-ferrigno"}]},{id:"17498",title:"Energy Paths due to Blue Tower Process",slug:"energy-paths-due-to-blue-tower-process",signatures:"Kiyoshi Dowaki",authors:[{id:"29883",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Dowaki",fullName:"Kiyoshi Dowaki",slug:"kiyoshi-dowaki"}]},{id:"17499",title:"Advances in the Development of Bioethanol: A Review",slug:"advances-in-the-development-of-bioethanol-a-review",signatures:"Giovanni Di Nicola, Eleonora Santecchia, Giulio Santori and Fabio Polonara",authors:[{id:"47975",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Di Nicola",fullName:"Giovanni Di Nicola",slug:"giovanni-di-nicola"}]},{id:"17500",title:"Effect of Fried Dishes Assortment on Chosen Properties of Used Plant Oils as Raw Materials for Production of Diesel Fuel Substitute",slug:"effect-of-fried-dishes-assortment-on-chosen-properties-of-used-plant-oils-as-raw-materials-for-produ",signatures:"Marek Szmigielski, Barbara Maniak, Wiesław Piekarski and Grzegorz Zając",authors:[{id:"31304",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Szmigielski",fullName:"Marek Szmigielski",slug:"marek-szmigielski"},{id:"86571",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:"Anna",surname:"Maniak",fullName:"Barbara Maniak",slug:"barbara-maniak"},{id:"86577",title:"Prof.",name:"Wiesław",middleName:null,surname:"Piekarski",fullName:"Wiesław Piekarski",slug:"wieslaw-piekarski"},{id:"86582",title:"Dr.",name:"Grzegorz",middleName:null,surname:"Zając",fullName:"Grzegorz Zając",slug:"grzegorz-zajac"}]},{id:"17501",title:"Recent Development of Miniatured Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 657",slug:"recent-development-of-miniatured-enzymatic-biofuel-cells-657",signatures:"Yin Song, Varun Penmasta and Chunlei Wang",authors:[{id:"28377",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunlei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Chunlei Wang",slug:"chunlei-wang"},{id:"46854",title:"Ms",name:"Yin",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Yin 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\n
1. Introduction
\n
Through extensive research, we found that nearly half of all major accidents and economic losses were caused by failure of the equipments that are inherently high risk in the petrochemical industry. While most equipment failures were attributed to the current maintenance decision method in the petrochemical industry that was backward and unscientific. Moreover, the conventional maintenance methods could not guide the maintenance personnel to carry out timely maintenance for reliability and safety of the mechanical equipment. As we all known, some maintenance decision models and maintenance methods are widely applied in different industries, such as aerospace, electricity generation, and transportation. But there were no effective decision-making methods or scientific theoretical models to satisfy the special mechanical equipment in the petrochemical industry. So that there are some negative outcomes, including surplus repair, insufficient repair, unreasonable repair intervals, higher maintenance costs, and so on, which were brought about in their maintenance work [1]. At present, based on the different attention focuses in each industry and the different model and method choices in the maintenance and management process, many research results are related to the maintenance decision method. Bertolini and Bevilacqua [2] proposed a new maintenance decision method to adopt a modified FEMCA analysis and a type of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach based on different important levels of the power plant equipment. Bertolini and Bevilacqua presented a new maintenance decision technique to determine the better maintenance strategies for the critical centrifugal pumps in an oil refinery [3]. A maintenance decision method of a multi-criteria classification of equipment was proposed by Gómez de León Hijes and Cartagena by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and oil pipeline projects were effectively evaluated by Dey with a multiple attribute decision-making technique [4, 5]. Chang et al. applied a new maintenance decision model to estimate the production availability in offshore installations [6]. In the study above, some mathematical models, including AHP and MCS, are often used for making maintenance decisions. However, through research and investigation, very few applications of both AHP and MCS exist for making maintenance decisions of the mechanical equipment based on their different risk levels. Moreover, there are some differences between the mechanical equipment in the petrochemical industry and the ones in other industries, such as types and distribution of the failure, the methods and costs of the maintenance, and requirements for reliability and safety, due to the factors of harsh construction environments, complicated working conditions, and extremely high safety requirements in the production process [7].
\n
Thus, these existing maintenance decision models and the maintenance strategies applied to the equipment in other industries are not directly suitable for the mechanical equipment in the petrochemical industry [8]. Therefore, it is necessary to study the maintenance decision method belonging to the mechanical equipment in the petrochemical production process by focusing on the features of its high risks and hazards [9]. A new framework is put forward for making maintenance decisions based on the different risk levels of the mechanical equipment. Finally, through the framework of maintenance decision making, a more reasonable and more effective maintenance strategy can be devised for the mechanical equipment to guarantee the reliability and security of the production operation.
\n
The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, the influence factors of the risk level of the mechanical equipment are defined, and their scoring criteria are formulated. In Section 3, an evaluation model for the risk level of the mechanical equipment is established using AHP, and then, the MCS approach is applied to reduce the subjective influences in the scoring process. Then, three MDMETs for the mechanical equipment are obtained based on their categories of different risk levels in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 provides some discussion and conclusions.
\n
\n
\n
2. Maintenance decision method based on risk level
\n
\n
2.1 Definition of evaluation indexes and scoring criteria of risk level
\n
Through the FMECA of the mechanical equipment in the petrochemical industry, from the four aspects of reliability, economics, monitorability, and maintainability, 10 influencing factors directly related to its risk level were analyzed, as shown in Table 1 [10].
\n
In order to ensure that the evaluation of the risk level of machinery and equipment is not too complicated, and that the accuracy of evaluation is balanced, and the degree of influence of each factor is more effectively quantified. Therefore, by experts, professional maintenance personnel and field operators through the review pointed out that the risk level of influencing factors according to the situation divided into 3–5 levels, using a 10-point system for scoring. The scoring standards for the 10 influencing factors related to the risk level of mechanical equipment are as follows [11].
\n
\n
2.1.1 Influence of failure on personnel safety (PS)
\n
For petroleum and petrochemical companies, ensuring production safety is the most important issue. Among·the petroleum and petrochemical companies’ mechanical equipment, some object failures will cause casualties to the platform personnel. The PS indicator is divided into five levels, and the scoring standards are formulated as shown in Table 2.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Index
\n
Serial number
\n
Factors of affecting risk Level
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Reliability factor
\n
1
\n
Personnel safety (PS)
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
Environment and health (EH)
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
System functions (SF)
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
Failure frequency (FF)
\n
\n
\n
Economic factor
\n
5
\n
Production loss (PL)
\n
\n
\n
6
\n
Maintenance costs (MC)
\n
\n
\n
Monitorability factor
\n
7
\n
Inspectability (IN)
\n
\n
\n
Maintainability factor
\n
8
\n
Downtime (DT)
\n
\n
\n
9
\n
Maintenance difficulties (MD)
\n
\n
\n
Other factor
\n
10
\n
Service length (SL)
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Influencing factors of risk level about the mechanical equipment.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
Casualty
\n
Grading
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
No impact at all
\n
0
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
Minor injury
\n
1–3
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
Seriously injured
\n
4–7
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
One death
\n
8–9
\n
\n
\n
5
\n
Mass casualties
\n
10
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Scoring criteria of PS.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.2 Influence of failure on environment and health (EH)
\n
Whether object failures have an impact on the environment and health is receiving much more attention from enterprises, which will cause social public opinion and bring disaster to enterprises. Therefore, considering the degree of the impact of object failures on the environment, the determination of the EH-scoring standard is mainly based on the country and the enterprise environmental safety system and requirements. The EH index is divided into five levels, and the scoring standards are shown in Table 3.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
Pollution degree
\n
Grading
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
No pollution
\n
0
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
Slight pollution
\n
1–3
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
Local pollution
\n
4–7
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
Severe pollution
\n
8–9
\n
\n
\n
5
\n
Major pollution
\n
10
\n
\n\n
Table 3.
Scoring criteria of EH.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.3 Influence of failure on system function (SF)
\n
The SF index mainly considers the impact of object failure on the entire production system or the function of mechanical equipment. In order to ensure continuous production operations, the important mechanical equipment in petrochemical companies generally has certain spare. During the production operation, once such mechanical equipment failure, you can immediately switch the standby equipment and quickly resume operations, which can effectively control downtime and avoid large economic losses. Therefore, the degree of impact of object failures with spare parts on system functions will be reduced accordingly. Therefore, in evaluating the object failures on the system, it needs to be divided into two cases: the object has standby and no standby. Based on the actual production process, the level of the SF index is determined, and its scoring standards are established, as shown in Table 4.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
Influence level
\n
Grading
\n
\n
\n
Have spare
\n
No spare
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
Total loss of system function
\n
6
\n
10
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
Basic loss of system function
\n
5
\n
8–9
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
Significant decrease in system function
\n
3–4
\n
6–7
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
Reduced system functionality
\n
1–2
\n
1–5
\n
\n
\n
5
\n
System function has no effect
\n
0
\n
0
\n
\n\n
Table 4.
Scoring criteria of SF.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.4 Influence of failure frequency (FF)
\n
The FF index is related to the trouble-free working time (MTBF) of the object. The MTBF value of the mechanical equipment of petroleum and petrochemical enterprises that has been in operation for a period of time can generally be obtained by analyzing the historical records of the operation of mechanical equipment. Relevant mechanical equipment reliability data are obtained through on-site operation and maintenance personnel’s correction. Therefore, the FF index is divided into six levels by the MAXIMO system, the SAP management system, and the historical maintenance records of mechanical equipment during on-site maintenance. The specific scoring criteria are shown in Table 5.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
MTBF (hours)
\n
Grading
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
>10,000
\n
0
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
5000–10,000
\n
1–2
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
3000–5000
\n
3–4
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
1500–3000
\n
5–6
\n
\n
\n
5
\n
500–1500
\n
7–8
\n
\n
\n
6
\n
<500
\n
9–10
\n
\n\n
Table 5.
Scoring criteria of FF.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.5 Influence of failure on production loss (PL)
\n
The PL indicator is due to the failure of components, subsystems, or systems, which will cause changes in product operation, cause standby products to be put into operation, and cause production problems such as drilling stoppages, which will cause economic losses in the enterprise. In combination with the production of offshore oil and gas, in the case of production loss caused by failure, the PL index is divided into six levels, and the specific scoring standards are shown in Table 6.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
Outage loss
\n
Score
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
No loss
\n
0
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
Little loss
\n
1–2
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
Loss
\n
3–4
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
Big loss
\n
5–7
\n
\n
\n
5
\n
Great loss
\n
8–10
\n
\n\n
Table 6.
Scoring criteria of PL.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.6 Influence of maintenance cost (MC)
\n
The MC index needs to consider the complexity of the maintenance object, the labor cost of maintenance, the cost of spare parts, and the inventory cost. Therefore, considering the above aspects of the mechanical equipment of petroleum and petrochemical enterprises, MC is divided into four levels, and the specific scoring standards are shown in Table 7.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
Maintenance cost (Yuan)
\n
Score
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
<10,000
\n
0–2
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
10,000–50,000
\n
3–5
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
50,000–150,000
\n
6–8
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
>150,000
\n
9–10
\n
\n\n
Table 7.
Scoring criteria of MC.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.7 Influence of inspectability (IN)
\n
The IN indicator mainly considers whether the object can be monitored, the number of monitoring parameters, the monitoring cost, and the technical level of the monitoring personnel. The maintenance of the mechanical equipment in petrochemical enterprise cannot be separated from the monitoring of its important subsystems and components. A comprehensive analysis of the existing monitoring technology of mechanical equipment in petroleum and petrochemical enterprises has determined the difficulty of monitoring the object, that is, the IN index is divided into four levels, and the specific scoring standards are shown in Table 8.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
Ease of monitoring
\n
Score
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
Low
\n
0–2
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
Medium
\n
3–5
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
High
\n
6–8
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
Very high
\n
9–10
\n
\n\n
Table 8.
Scoring criteria of IN.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.8 Influence of downtime (DT)
\n
The outage time includes the time required for the outage, maintenance, and start-up of mechanical equipment, so the DT index is related to factors such as the structure type, power, temperature, and pressure of the object. According to the distribution of outage time caused by object failure in offshore oil and gas production, the DT index is divided into four levels according to the working hours. The scoring standards are shown in Table 9.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
Working hours (h)
\n
Score
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
<2
\n
0–2
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
2–8
\n
3–5
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
8–12
\n
6–8
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
>12
\n
9–10
\n
\n\n
Table 9.
Scoring criteria of DT.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.9 Influence of maintenance difficulties (MDs)
\n
From the perspective of object maintenance, MD is an important indicator that affects the level of object risk, which is related to the difficulty of the object (including height and surrounding environment), the complexity of the object, and the supply of spare parts. Based on a comprehensive consideration of on-site maintenance of mechanical equipment in petroleum and petrochemical enterprises, the MD index is divided into four levels, and its scoring standards are shown in Table 10.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
Ease of maintenance
\n
Score
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
Easily
\n
0–2
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
General
\n
3–5
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
More difficult
\n
6–8
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
Difficult
\n
9–10
\n
\n\n
Table 10.
Scoring criteria of MD.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.10 Influence of service length (SL)
\n
From the perspective of mechanical equipment maintenance management, object service age (or operating time) and frequency of use are also indicators that affect its risk level. The SL index is related to the service life of the mechanical equipment, the operating environment and working conditions, the frequency of use (continuous operation, interval operation, and temporary use), the past failures, and the maintenance of the mechanical equipment. Therefore, through discussions with field operations and maintenance personnel, it was determined that the SL index of mechanical equipment in petroleum and petrochemical enterprises is divided into four levels, and its scoring standards are shown in Table 11.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Serial number
\n
Length of service (year)
\n
Score
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
<3
\n
0–2
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
3–8
\n
3–5
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
8–12
\n
6–8
\n
\n
\n
4
\n
>12
\n
9–10
\n
\n\n
Table 11.
Scoring criteria of SL.
\n
\n
\n
\n
2.2 Research on risk assessment methods of mechanical equipment
\n
\n
2.2.1 Establishment of risk assessment model for mechanical equipment
\n
After completing the scoring according to each evaluation index, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the risk level of the object. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the rating vector\n\n\nV\n\n of its evaluation index and its corresponding weight value vector \n\nW\n\n [12]. The object’s risk level evaluation index can be expressed as
Among them, \n\nF\n\n·\n\n\n is a comprehensive evaluation function that reflects the degree of influence of each evaluation index on the object risk level and can be a function of various forms. Using a simpler linear weighted model, the formula for calculating the object risk level evaluation index, namely,\n\n\nIndex\n\n, is as follows:
where \n\nn\n\n is the number of evaluation indicators; \n\n\nv\ni\n\n\n is the rating value of the \n\ni\n\nth evaluation index of the evaluated object; and \n\n\nw\ni\n\n\n is the weight value of the \n\ni\n\nth evaluation index of the evaluated object.
\n
Therefore, the magnitude of evaluation value \n\nIndex\n\n indicates the risk level, so that the objects can be sorted and screened based on their different risk levels.
\n
From Eq. (2), we can know that the weight \n\n\nw\ni\n\n\n of the influencing factors will have a great influence on the final value of the risk level evaluation index\n\n\nIndex\n\n. Therefore, the AHP method is used for this calculation above. The specific calculation steps are as follows:
\n
Step 1: Constructing a judgment matrix \n\nD\n\n through pairwise comparisons among the evaluation indexes,
where \n\n\nu\nij\n\n\n is a relative risk level value that of the \n\ni\n\nth evaluation index compared with the\n\nj\n\nth evaluation index and \n\n\nu\nji\n\n\nu\nji\n\n\n is the relative risk level value that of the \n\nj\n\nth evaluation index compared with the \n\ni\n\nth evaluation index.
\n
Thus, the value of \n\n\nu\nji\n\n\n is the reciprocal value of \n\n\nu\nij\n\n\n, namely \n\n\nu\nji\n\n×\n\nu\nij\n\n=\n1\n\n . The definition and fundamental scale of the relative risk level are shown in Table 12.
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Important scale
\n
Definition
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
Equally important
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
Moderately important
\n
\n
\n
5
\n
Strongly more important
\n
\n
\n
7
\n
Very strongly important
\n
\n
\n
9
\n
Extremely more important
\n
\n
\n
2, 4, 6, 8
\n
Situation between the above levels
\n
\n\n
Table 12.
The definition and fundamental scale of the relative risk level.
\n
Step 2: Calculating the maximum eigenvalue\n\n\n\nλ\nmax\n\n\n of the judgment matrix\n\n\nD\n\n using the system of homogeneous linear equations as follows:
where CR is the random consistency ratio of the judgment matrix; CI is the general consistency index of the judgment matrix; and RI is the mean random consistency index of the judgment matrix.
\n
For 2 to 9th-order judgment matrix, the value of RI is shown in Table 13.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
\nn\n
\n
2
\n
3
\n
4
\n
5
\n
\n\n\n
\n
RI
\n
0.00
\n
0.58
\n
0.9
\n
1.12
\n
\n
\n
\nn\n
\n
6
\n
7
\n
8
\n
9
\n
\n
\n
RI
\n
1.24
\n
1.32
\n
1.41
\n
1.45
\n
\n\n
Table 13.
RI values of the 2 to 9th-order judgment matrix.
\n
Step 5: Performing consistency adjustment and weight ordering.
\n
If \n\nCR\n<\n0.01\n\n, the consistency of the judgment matrix \n\nD\n\n is satisfactory, which means that the weight apportionment of each evaluation index is reasonable; if not, the judgment matrix \n\nD\n\n should be adjusted until the consistency meets the above requirement. At this time, the maximum eigenvector of the judgment matrix \n\nD\n\n corresponds to the weight value of each factor. The priority of mechanical equipment can be determined according to the weight of each factor.
\n
\n
\n
2.2.2 Analysis of eliminating the subjective factors based on the MCS
\n
Because the scoring process of the influencing factors of the risk level of mechanical equipment has subjective factors and differences among individual experts, based on the AHP analysis method to determine the ranking of the influencing factors of each level of risk, the Monte Carlo simulation method is used for calculation [13]. In the calculation process of the Monte Carlo method, the weight of each evaluation factor can be changed by generating random numbers, so that the robustness of the risk level ranking of mechanical equipment is enhanced, and the ranking results are less affected by subjective factors. The logic block diagram of the Monte Carlo simulation is shown in Figure 1 [12].
\n
Figure 1.
Logic block diagram of the Monte Carlo simulation.
\n
As shown in Figure 1, a certain random numbers in [0, 1] are generated in the calculation process. The random numbers are regarded as the weight value of certain evaluation indexes and assigned with the priority order obtained in the previous calculation process [14]. In other words, for any group of random numbers, the largest random number will be assigned to the top priority, the smallest one will be assigned to the lowest priority, and the rest of random numbers will be assigned to the other evaluation indexes in order of priority from large to small. Then, in an MCS computation, the total score of all evaluation indexes can be calculated using Eq. (1), and the risk level of the mechanical equipment will be obtained and ranked according to the calculated\n\n\nIndex\n\n . Through N times simulation calculations in the MCS, a number of ranking values are obtained based on different risk levels of the same mechanical equipment. Then, the risk level of a single equipment can be displayed from their sequence of cumulative frequency reaching 1, namely, the faster cumulative frequency of one mechanical equipment reaches “1,” so that it will be a higher risk level.
\n
\n
\n
\n
2.3 Research on maintenance decision-making methods based on the risk level of mechanical equipment
\n
According to statistical data about the priority orders of the mechanical equipment from their evaluation risk levels in the previous step, their cumulative frequency can be plotted with a curve chart. Based on the principle of establishing a cumulative frequency curve chart, the percentage of the area on the right side of the curve from the total area can be taken as another representation evaluating the risk level of the mechanical equipment [15]. A larger area percentage is indicating that one mechanical equipment has a higher risk level. According to their different area percentages, namely, the different risk levels among them, the mechanical equipment can be divided into three categories, including Classes A, B, and C. Class A is an area percentage of 0–30% of mechanical equipment. Class B is an area percentage of 30–80% of mechanical equipment. Class C is an area percentage of 80–100% of mechanical equipment [16, 17].
\n
According to different own characteristics and failure modes of the mechanical equipment in the petrochemical industry, the existing maintenance methods include Lubrication, Service, Corrective Maintenance, Time-based Maintenance, Hidden Failure Detection, and Condition-based Maintenance. In order to reasonably establish maintenance decisions of mechanical equipment tree (MDMET) and effectively implement the existing maintenance methods above, the failure mode, failure effect, and failure cause of the three categories of mechanical equipment are determined based on the FMEA method. Then, the MDMETs on the mechanical equipment of the petrochemical industry are established by referencing the logic decision diagram in the reliability centered maintenance (RCM) theory. The MDMETs are shown in detail as follows [18, 19, 20]:
The failure consequence of Class A of mechanical equipment has little or no influence on the function of the whole system or causes lower maintenance costs. Increasing the spare part inventory or decreasing the failure frequency for Class A of mechanical equipment cannot affect the production process. A MDMET of Class A of mechanical equipment is shown in Figure 2.
When Class B of mechanical equipment has been failed, it might result in severe failure consequences, but it usually does not influence personnel safety and environment. The failure frequency of Class B of mechanical equipment could be reduced through reasonable maintenance strategies, so that failure consequences could be decreased as well. But these maintenance strategies might cause higher maintenance costs. A MDMET of Class B of mechanical equipment is shown in Figure 3, which includes corrective maintenance, time-based maintenance, and hidden failure detection.
The failure of Class C of mechanical equipment might endanger the personnel safety, pollute the environment, and cause the significant economic consequences. In order to ensure the operation reliability and maintenance economy of Class C of mechanical equipment, some special maintenance strategies should be applied, and the failure frequency should be reduced by increasing the maintenance costs with advanced maintenance methods. A MDMET of Class C of mechanical equipment is shown in Figure 4, which includes corrective maintenance, time-based maintenance, hidden failure detection, and condition-based maintenance.
\n\n
Figure 2.
MDMET of Class A of mechanical equipment
\n
Figure 3.
MDMET of Class B of mechanical equipment.
\n
Figure 4.
MDMET of Class C of mechanical equipment.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. Conclusions
\n
The aim of this study was to present the framework for making maintenance decisions for mechanical equipment to improve their reliability and security and to decrease safety accidents and economic losses. The framework adopts the idea of different equipment classifications based on their own risk level with different MDMETs. We summarized 10 evaluation indexes for evaluating the risk level of the mechanical equipment and defined a set of scoring criteria to quantify the subjective evaluation in the petrochemical industry. The evaluation model of the risk level was established based on the AHP and the MCS, which calculate the weight of the evaluation indexes and remove the subjective effects in the scoring process. Moreover, we divided the mechanical equipment into three categories based on their risk level and established their MDMETs.
\n
From the discussion above, we can conclude that the framework for making maintenance decisions, combining the quantitative and qualitative methods with the mathematical model and decision-making theory, can be effectively applied to mechanical equipment and provides them with reasonable and scientific maintenance strategies. The framework is suitable not only for mechanical equipment but also for other similar equipment on the premise that the evaluation index and scoring criteria are revised based on their respective features. This framework also includes three analysis methods for the risk level of the mechanical equipment, which can be put into use for other equipment or systems to filter out the unimportant parts. Moreover, the analyzed methods and results in this study will help the study of asset integrity management (AIM) in oil companies.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"maintenance decision method, mechanical equipment, risk level, petrochemical industry, maintenance decision-making tree",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71590.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71590.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71590",totalDownloads:527,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"December 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"February 26th 2020",datePrePublished:"March 31st 2020",datePublished:"March 3rd 2021",dateFinished:"March 29th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Maintenance decision method of the mechanical equipment still has some deficiencies and shortcomings, including unreasonable maintenance methods, surplus or insufficient repair, and unscientific inspection and repair intervals, especially for equipment with different risks. As a consequence, more frequent failures and higher maintenance costs of the mechanical equipment occur along with some major safety accidents and economic losses in the process of production. To overcome these problems, a framework for maintenance decision method based on risk level is presented for mechanical equipment in the petrochemical industry. First, 10 evaluation indexes and a set of scoring criteria quantifying the subjective evaluation are defined to evaluate the risk level of each mechanical equipment. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the weight of the evaluation indexes and the evaluation model of the risk levels were established. Then, the subjective effects in the scoring process were removed using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach. Next, maintenance decision-making trees of the mechanical equipment were formulated by referencing the logic decision tree of reliability-centered maintenance. Finally, the feasibility of the framework was effectively verified by testing a well-control system in the oil field, for which the risk level and maintenance methods were obtained.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71590",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71590",signatures:"Yang Tang, Xin Yang and Guorong Wang",book:{id:"10020",type:"book",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",fullTitle:"Operations Management - Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",publishedDate:"March 3rd 2021",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-202-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-187-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-203-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316780",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Yang Tang",slug:"yang-tang",email:"tangyanggreat@126.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"318769",title:"Mr.",name:"Xin",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Xin Yang",slug:"xin-yang",email:"yx978351429@163.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"318770",title:"Prof.",name:"Guorong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Guorong Wang",slug:"guorong-wang",email:"swpi2002@163.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Maintenance decision method based on risk level",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Definition of evaluation indexes and scoring criteria of risk level",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"Table 4.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"Table 5.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"Table 6.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"Table 7.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"Table 8.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"Table 9.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"Table 10.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"Table 11.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"2.2 Research on risk assessment methods of mechanical equipment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"Table 12.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"2.2.2 Analysis of eliminating the subjective factors based on the MCS",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"2.3 Research on maintenance decision-making methods based on the risk level of mechanical equipment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"3. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nDoostparast M, Kolahan F, Doostparast M. A reliability-based approach to optimize preventive maintenance scheduling for coherent systems. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2014;126:98-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2014.01.010\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nBertolini M, Bevilacqua M. A combined goal programming—AHP approach to maintenance selection problem. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2006;91(7):839-848\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nDey PK. Analytic hierarchy process helps evaluate project in Indian oil pipelines industry. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 2004;24(6):588-604. DOI: 10.1108/01443570410538122\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nBevilacqua M, Braglia M, Gabbrielli R. Monte Carlo simulation approach for a modified FMECA in a power plant. Quality and Reliability Engineering International. 2000;16(4):313-324\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nChang KP, Chang D, Zio E. Application of Monte Carlo simulation for the estimation of production availability in offshore installations. In: Simulation Methods for Reliability and Availability of Complex Systems. London: Springer; 2010. pp. 233-252\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nGómez de León Hijes FC, Cartagena JJR. Maintenance strategy based on a multicriterion classification of equipments. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2006;91(4):444-451. DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2014.3.028\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nPerrons RK, Richards MG. Applying maintenance strategies from the space and satellite sector to the upstream oil and gas industry: A research agenda. Energy Policy. 2013;61:60-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.081\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nHmida JB, Gaspard AJ, Lee J. TQM-based equipment maintenance in oilfield service industries. Global Perspectives on Engineering Management. 2013;2(2):60-69\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nTriantaphyllou E et al. Determining the most important criteria in maintenance decision making. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering. 1997;3(1):16-28\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nGang D, Ren MP, Yu YF, Li XF, et al. Risk ranking and well control measures of drilling blowout in Xinjiang oilfield. Advanced Materials Research. 2013;616:844-849\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nTang Y, Liu Q, Jing J, et al. A framework for identification of maintenance significant items in reliability centered maintenance. Energy. 2017;118:1295-1303. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.011\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nSaaty TL. Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of Services Sciences. 2008;1(1):83-98\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nArunraj NS, Maiti J. Risk-based maintenance policy selection using AHP and goal programming. Safety Science. 2010;48(2):238-247. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2009.09.005\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nAzizi A, Fathi K. Selection of optimum maintenance strategies based on a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Management Science Letters. 2014;4(5):893-898. DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2014.3.028\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nMarseguerra M, Zio E. Optimizing maintenance and repair policies via a combination of genetic algorithms and Monte Carlo simulation. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2000;68(1):69-83. DOI: 10.1016/S0951-8320(00)00007-7\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nEti MC, Ogaji SOT, Probert SD. Reducing the cost of preventive maintenance (PM) through adopting a proactive reliability-focused culture. Applied Energy. 2006;83(11):1235-1248\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nKyriakidis EG, Dimitrakos TD. Optimal preventive maintenance of a production system with an intermediate buffer. European Journal of Operational Research. 2006;168(1):86-99\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nTang Y, Zou Z, Jing J, et al. A framework for making maintenance decisions for oil and gas drilling and production equipment. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2015;26:1050-1058. DOI: 10.1016/j.jngse.2015.07.038\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nMurthy DNP, Atrens A, Eccleston JA. Strategic maintenance management. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering. 2002;8(4):287-305\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nShen Q, Lo K-K, Wang Q. Priority setting in maintenance management: A modified multi-attribute approach using analytic hierarchy process. Construction Management and Economics. 1998;16(6):693-702. DOI: 10.1080/014461998371980\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Yang Tang",address:"tangyanggreat@126.com",affiliation:'
School of Mechatronic Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
School of Mechatronic Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
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Ghista",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35845/images/2172_n.jpg",biography:"As R. S. Kye has written in the article Professor with a mission, [Dhanjoo Ghista] is a professor of professors, a world authority in biomedical engineering and physics, author or editor of several textbooks in subjects ranging from cardiovascular physics to African Rural Development and inventor of life-saving implant devices. A pioneer of research into the effect of space travel on astronauts, his work as the founder and leading exponent of the new science of societal engineering has received recognition from academics and institutions alike.\r\n\r\nAlong with having being editor-in-chief of Automedica (an international journal of high-tech medicine), Prof. Dr. Dhanjoo N. Ghista has published over 450 works in the fields of engineering science, biomedical engineering, medical science, and social sciences. He has also published 29 books on biomedical engineering, engineering physiology, cardiovascular physics, orthopedic mechanics, medical and life physics, spinal injury biomedical engineering, socio-economic democracy and world government, and African development. He is a pioneer in the fields of biomedical engineering, healthcare engineering and management, governance and economy, and urban-rural sustainable community development, and is committed to the advancement of rural communities and developing countries.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Framingham State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"37804",title:"Dr.",name:null,surname:"Anetor",slug:"anetor",fullName:"Anetor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"39082",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidenori",surname:"Koyama",slug:"hidenori-koyama",fullName:"Hidenori Koyama",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"40741",title:"Prof.",name:"Segun",surname:"Adeola",slug:"segun-adeola",fullName:"Segun Adeola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"40742",title:"Mrs.",name:"Gloria",surname:"Anetor",slug:"gloria-anetor",fullName:"Gloria Anetor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"47785",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Hancock",slug:"john-hancock",fullName:"John Hancock",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"51050",title:"Ms.",name:"Karolina",surname:"Siewiera",slug:"karolina-siewiera",fullName:"Karolina Siewiera",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"51051",title:"Mr.",name:"Slawomir",surname:"Gierszewski",slug:"slawomir-gierszewski",fullName:"Slawomir Gierszewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"51076",title:"Mrs",name:"Ijeoma",surname:"Esiaba",slug:"ijeoma-esiaba",fullName:"Ijeoma Esiaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"89583",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"tetsuya-yamamoto",fullName:"Tetsuya Yamamoto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hyogo College of Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
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The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
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Services included are:
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An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
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Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
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Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
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English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
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XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
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Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
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Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
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If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
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Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
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Open Access Funding
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To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
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For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
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Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
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Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
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Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
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Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
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+5,700 OA books published
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Most competitive prices in the market
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+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
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Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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