Advantages and problems of telemedicine.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1674",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can hardly be overemphasized in today’s academic and professional arena. More professionals and academics have been using GIS than ever – urban & regional planners, civil engineers, geographers, spatial economists, sociologists, environmental scientists, criminal justice professionals, political scientists, and alike. As such, it is extremely important to understand the theories and applications of GIS in our teaching, professional work, and research. “The Application of Geographic Information Systems” presents research findings that explain GIS’s applications in different subfields of social sciences. With several case studies conducted in different parts of the world, the book blends together the theories of GIS and their practical implementations in different conditions. It deals with GIS’s application in the broad spectrum of geospatial analysis and modeling, water resources analysis, land use analysis, infrastructure network analysis like transportation and water distribution network, and such. The book is expected to be a useful source of knowledge to the users of GIS who envision its applications in their teaching and research. This easy-to-understand book is surely not the end in itself but a little contribution to toward our understanding of the rich and wonderful subject of GIS.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0824-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5014-5",doi:"10.5772/1944",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",numberOfPages:386,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"64025602056a0bbbf592650987da0df5",bookSignature:"Bhuiyan Monwar Alam",publishedDate:"October 31st 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1674.jpg",numberOfDownloads:77133,numberOfWosCitations:51,numberOfCrossrefCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:71,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:8,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:149,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 13th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 11th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 15th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 15th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 14th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"100231",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhuiyan Monwar",middleName:null,surname:"Alam",slug:"bhuiyan-monwar-alam",fullName:"Bhuiyan Monwar Alam",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/100231/images/3347_n.jpg",biography:"Bhuiyan Monwar Alam (Ph.D., Florida State University) is an Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning in the Department of Geography and Planning at the University of Toledo, Ohio, USA. He works on transportation planning, modeling and policy analysis, traffic safety, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), geospatial analysis and modeling, water resources management, environmental planning, and history of urbanization and planning in South Asia. His recent research focuses on the relationships between urban form, active transportation and health, and effective and efficient applications of GIS in this field of study. He has also been investigating the demand change for public transit in the United Stated in last two decades: 1900-2000 and 2000-2010, and whether recent economic downturn have had any impacts on such demand. 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Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, C. Mangwandi and G.M. 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Labbe, Lee E. Gunter, Poornima Sukumar, Anne Borland, Jin-Gui Chen, Stan D. Wullschleger, Timothy J. Tschaplinski and Gerald A. 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Quitain, Shunsaku Katoh and Motonobu Goto",authors:[{id:"31504",title:"Dr.",name:"Motonobu",middleName:null,surname:"Goto",fullName:"Motonobu Goto",slug:"motonobu-goto"},{id:"37904",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",middleName:"Tibigin",surname:"Quitain",fullName:"Armando Quitain",slug:"armando-quitain"},{id:"37905",title:"Dr.",name:"Shunsaku",middleName:null,surname:"Katoh",fullName:"Shunsaku Katoh",slug:"shunsaku-katoh"}]},{id:"20070",title:"Fertilizer Potential of Biofuel Byproducts",slug:"fertilizer-potential-of-biofuel-byproducts",signatures:"Amber Moore",authors:[{id:"24938",title:"Prof.",name:"Amber",middleName:"Dawn",surname:"Moore",fullName:"Amber Moore",slug:"amber-moore"}]},{id:"20071",title:"The Past, Present, and Future of Biofuels – Biobutanol as Promising Alternative",slug:"the-past-present-and-future-of-biofuels-biobutanol-as-promising-alternative",signatures:"Köpke Michael, Noack Steffi and Dürre Peter",authors:[{id:"37463",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Dürre",fullName:"Peter Dürre",slug:"peter-durre"},{id:"38074",title:"Dr.",name:"Steffi",middleName:null,surname:"Noack",fullName:"Steffi Noack",slug:"steffi-noack"},{id:"38075",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Köpke",fullName:"Michael Köpke",slug:"michael-kopke"}]},{id:"20072",title:"DMF - A New Biofuel Candidate",slug:"dmf-a-new-biofuel-candidate",signatures:"Guohong Tian, Ritchie Daniel and Hongming Xu",authors:[{id:"44550",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongming",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Hongming Xu",slug:"hongming-xu"},{id:"100409",title:"Dr.",name:"Guohong",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",fullName:"Guohong Tian",slug:"guohong-tian"},{id:"100412",title:"Mr.",name:"Ritchie",middleName:null,surname:"Daniel",fullName:"Ritchie Daniel",slug:"ritchie-daniel"}]},{id:"20073",title:"Biofuels: From Hopes to Reality",slug:"biofuels-from-hopes-to-reality",signatures:"Carioca J.O.B., Friedrich, H. and Ehrenberger, S.",authors:[{id:"82687",title:"Dr",name:"José Osvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Beserra Carioca",fullName:"José Osvaldo Beserra Carioca",slug:"jose-osvaldo-beserra-carioca"},{id:"82693",title:"Dr",name:"Horst",middleName:null,surname:"Friedrich",fullName:"Horst Friedrich",slug:"horst-friedrich"},{id:"82694",title:"Mrs",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Ehrenberger",fullName:"Simone Ehrenberger",slug:"simone-ehrenberger"}]},{id:"20074",title:"Bioproduction of Hydrogen with the Assistance of Electrochemical Technology",slug:"bioproduction-of-hydrogen-with-the-assistance-of-electrochemical-technology",signatures:"Soundarrajan Chandrasekaran and Dachamir Hotza",authors:[{id:"25552",title:"Prof.",name:"Dachamir",middleName:null,surname:"Hotza",fullName:"Dachamir Hotza",slug:"dachamir-hotza"},{id:"44695",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Soundarrajan",middleName:null,surname:"Chandrasekaran",fullName:"Soundarrajan Chandrasekaran",slug:"soundarrajan-chandrasekaran"}]},{id:"20075",title:"A Genetic-Fuzzy System for Modelling of Selected Processes in Diesel Engine Fuelled by Biofuels",slug:"a-genetic-fuzzy-system-for-modelling-of-selected-processes-in-diesel-engine-fuelled-by-biofuels",signatures:"Michał Kekez and Leszek Radziszewski",authors:[{id:"38787",title:"Dr.",name:"Michał",middleName:null,surname:"Kekez",fullName:"Michał Kekez",slug:"michal-kekez"},{id:"38812",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Radziszewski",fullName:"Leszek Radziszewski",slug:"leszek-radziszewski"}]},{id:"20076",title:"Determination of the Impact of Biogas on the Engine Oil Condition Using a Sensor Based on Corrosiveness",slug:"determination-of-the-impact-of-biogas-on-the-engine-oil-condition-using-a-sensor-based-on-corrosiven",signatures:"C. Schneidhofer, S. Sen and N. Dörr",authors:[{id:"38255",title:"MSc",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Schneidhofer",fullName:"Christoph Schneidhofer",slug:"christoph-schneidhofer"},{id:"38280",title:"BSc.",name:"Sedat",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",fullName:"Sedat Sen",slug:"sedat-sen"},{id:"38281",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Dörr",fullName:"Nicole Dörr",slug:"nicole-dorr"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"533",title:"Heat Analysis and Thermodynamic Effects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43307d6e3a4a15728222e1ae75451353",slug:"heat-analysis-and-thermodynamic-effects",bookSignature:"Amimul Ahsan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/533.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",surname:"Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"625",title:"Heat Conduction",subtitle:"Basic Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc597dbd40f10cbb8c09323c48d8bb15",slug:"heat-conduction-basic-research",bookSignature:"Vyacheslav S. Vikhrenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66215",title:"Prof.",name:"Vyacheslav",surname:"Vikhrenko",slug:"vyacheslav-vikhrenko",fullName:"Vyacheslav Vikhrenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"926",title:"Thermodynamics",subtitle:"Kinetics of Dynamic Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"650764e8e17cc7d7bd87cbee632246f1",slug:"thermodynamics-kinetics-of-dynamic-systems",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Moreno Piraján",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14015",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Moreno Piraján",slug:"juan-carlos-moreno-pirajan",fullName:"Juan Carlos Moreno Piraján"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2024",title:"Heat Transfer",subtitle:"Engineering Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed5e7988b2accd68f0d32fded936163f",slug:"heat-transfer-engineering-applications",bookSignature:"Vyacheslav S. Vikhrenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2024.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66215",title:"Prof.",name:"Vyacheslav",surname:"Vikhrenko",slug:"vyacheslav-vikhrenko",fullName:"Vyacheslav Vikhrenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2230",title:"An Overview of Heat Transfer Phenomena",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7bb8831521deb0cadc8f29532d083b50",slug:"an-overview-of-heat-transfer-phenomena",bookSignature:"Salim N. Kazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",surname:"Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"296",title:"Developments in Heat Transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06bca9a8a622c1fa728dc3943bff471e",slug:"developments-in-heat-transfer",bookSignature:"Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/296.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6625",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Aurelio",surname:"Dos Santos Bernardes",slug:"marco-aurelio-dos-santos-bernardes",fullName:"Marco Aurelio Dos Santos Bernardes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79319",title:"Empirical Study on Medical Information and Communication Technology System in Dentistry in Southeast Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101080",slug:"empirical-study-on-medical-information-and-communication-technology-system-in-dentistry-in-southeast",body:'Telemedicine has great potential to address some challenges faced by both developed and developing countries in providing accessible, cost-effective, high-quality health care services [1]. It has been developed by such information and communication technologies (ICTs) in medical fields (medical ICT) [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. However, there are few studies on the effect of ICT on dentistry in areas with low medical supply from a long-term perspective. To build sustainable health care as set forth by the United Nations, it is necessary to conduct and present a case study on the role of ICT in medical care.
Therefore, this chapter reports the results of an international joint project that medical ICT was effective on clinical introduction of the digital imaging system in dentistry in Laos. The report of this project activity will state the importance of continuing human resource development in the field of international health care in the long term.
ICTs have great potential to address some challenges faced by both developed and developing countries in providing accessible, cost effective, high-quality health care services [1]. Based on expertise, telemedicine uses medical ICTs to overcome geographical barriers and increase access to health care services. In Japan, at a broad level, telemedicine is divided into two types [9].
Medical treatment is provided to patients by the physician in charge. A patient at home interacts with the physician in charge located in a remote medical facility through the video telephone system. Simultaneously, based on the transmitted information, the physician in charge determines the physical and mental condition of the patient and the patient’s medical treatment. This type of telemedicine is sometimes referred to as “telecare.” “Telenursing” is an example of this type, where a nurse performs a key role and aids patients in home care.
This telemedicine is conducted primarily between the physician in charge and medical specialist and is referred to as “narrow sense telemedicine.”
Besides, it is mainly classified into teleradiology, telepathology, teledermatology, and telepsychiatry. In WHO report, each field is defined as follows.
Teleradiology is the use of ICT to transmit digital radiological images (e.g., X-ray images) from one location to another for the interpretation and/or consultation.
Telepathology is the use of ICT to transmit digitized pathological results (e.g., microscopic images of cells) for interpretation and/or consultation.
Teledermatology is the use of ICT to transmit medical information concerning skin conditions (e.g., skin tumors) for interpretation and/or consultation.
Telepsychiatry is the use of ICT for psychiatric evaluations and/or consultation via video and telephony.
Of the four fields of telemedicine that were highlighted in the survey, teleradiology has the highest rate of established service provision. Teleradiology is built on the medical ICT system of diagnostic imaging studies from one location to another for conferences or consultations.
In Japan, the teleradiology system is well used to support underserviced hospitals in the depopulated area to have timely access to a radiologist. Recent telemedicine research has developed the system that integrates functions of telemedicine and video conference (Figure 1).
Rapid application development system (RAD) developed by ViewSend ICT. ViewSendRAD provides a real-time 3-in-1 telemedsolution for telemedicine, tele-radiology, and videoconferencing. This product is designed to be a real-time software solution –collaboration, consultation, or training. These functions were advantageous to sharing information and deepening understanding of imaging data in the joint research.
Digital panoramic radiography (DPR) and cone-beam-type of computed tomography (CBCT) were developed and patented by Nihon University School of Dentistry in the late 1980s and 1990s, respectively [10] (Figure 2). These technologies were transferred to Morita Corporation (Kyoto).
Schematic diagram of the CBCT device used in this study. Left: measurement principle. Right: maxillofacial tomographic image. These figures are taken from Ref. [
Regarding CBCT, Nihon University School of Dentistry obtained the Kinki Bureau of International Trade and Industry Regional New Industry Creation Technology Development Subsidy (1997–1999) to develop a commercial machine and pharmaceutical approval in 2001. CBCT allows three-dimensional diagnostic imaging of the teeth and inner ear. The National Health Insurance has covered it since 2012 in Japan, and since then, it has become an essential diagnostic imaging in dental care. Presently, CBCT machines are available at a rate of 1 per 10,000 people in Japan. We have installed the Veraviewepocs R100, a model of CBCT, at the University of Health Sciences (UHS). Veraviewepocs R100 can be used to perform panoramic tomography and CBCT. This CBCT has four types of fields of view (FOV): diameter of 4 cm and height of 4 cm, 4 cm × 8 cm, 8 cm × 8 cm and 10 cm× 8 cm. The optimal size of FOV was selected according to the purpose of diagnosis.
When FOV with a diameter of 4 cm and height of 4 cm is used, its dose is several times that of panoramic tomography but only approximately 1/100 that of conventional CT.
The spatial resolution of CBCT is calculated via the modulation transfer function using the wire method. It was as good as >10% at 2.0-line pair/mm. It was few times higher than that of conventional CT.
As described above, this device was characterized by low radiation dose and high resolution. It was optimized for dental practice. Currently, it has been further improved and provides detailed views of very fine anatomical structures in the head and neck, such as the temporal bone, paranasal sinus, eye sockets, jaw, and skull base. Consequently, it can be used for ENT (ear, nose, and throat) and plastic surgery, and all dental indications.
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (hereinafter referred to as Laos) is an Association of Southeast Asian Nations member country with a population of approximately 6.49 million (as of 2019) in a land area (approximately 240,000 km2) equivalent to Japan’s mainland [11]. There are 429 dentists in Laos. Among these, 153 have dental clinics in Vientiane city, and 72 work in the UHS (as of 2019). Compared to neighboring countries, there are scarce medical personnel and resources, causing delay of home medical care system for the elderly population.
Currently, as life expectancy increases, the needs for dentistry for the elderly population have become apparent (i.e., oral tumors, and periodontal disease) in the world [12]. Diagnostic imaging is becoming essential in the field of dentistry from the viewpoint of medical safety.
The DPR and the CBCT images have been widely used for diagnosing diseases in the complex maxillofacial area and have become indispensable for safe and secure medical care in the dental field [13, 14]. However, in Laos, DPR and CBCT are expensive, so only one pair of DPR and CBT devices are installed at the University of Health Sciences (UHS), which is the only medical university in the country. Thus, there has been an unsolved problem in the effective utilizing of the digital medical imaging devices in community medicine in Laos.
The establishment of medical ICT system has been expected to solve these problems of sharing digital imaging data among medical institutes.
Recently, regional medical cooperation using medical ICT has been developed in Japan [15, 16], and medical imaging data have been provided and shared using a mobile tablet terminal application among medical institutions [17]. Therefore, we were inspired to take advantage of medical ICT to solve the inconvenient situation of the CBCT in Laos, as the joint research project between Nihon University and UHS (Duration 2011–2020).
The outline of the project is as follows.
Purpose: Our project aims to provide DPR and CBCT images to dentists by constructing the medical ICT network using smartphones and tablet type terminals (data terminal equipment) from UHS in Vientiane city.
Based on the sustainability of effective utilization of this medical ICT, likewise, we have developed an approach of sharing information on digital medical imaging among dentist in Laos.
Significance: Our project is important to demonstrate the accessibility of providing and sharing image data information between different medical institutions using medical ICT in Laos. As a result, the foundation of a medical ICT system utilizing data terminal equipment will be established in the Southeast Asian region, and a model for building the spread and deployment of Japanese-style medical care overseas will be created.
Contents: We conducted technical training on medical ICT using data terminal equipment for university faculty members and then examine the problems and solutions to diagnostic situations based on medical ICT with them in Laos. Furthermore, we verify the economic effects of medical ICT in the country in collaboration with local dental institutions.
From the perspective of sustainability in the application of dental diagnostic imaging in Laos, we decided to gradually start technology transfer to clinical dentists through joint research among researchers. Our project started from the stage of clinical research as the first phase to empirical research as the second phase, utilizing the medical ICT system.
In this joint research project, we first trained clinical researchers for digital image on maxillofacial radiology in Laos. In the next stage, we supported researchers to create an environment where they could train radiology professionals.
Clinical research planning was conducted to clarify changes in the development and aging of the jawbone of Lao people by digital imaging via telemedicine. The research theme was a morphological study on the cortical bone of the mandible in Lao people, using digital panoramic images.
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem confronting both developed and developing countries [18, 19]. Osteoporosis can affect both children and adults and is especially detected in postmenopausal women. The typical clinical presentation of osteoporosis is the radiographic detection of bone fractures, largely in the absence of causative trauma. These fractures occur due to a reduction in bone mineral density and general reduction in bone mass. Osteoporosis is usually diagnosed by measuring bone mineral density of the spine or femur. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is recommended for precise diagnosis of low bone mass. No DXA equipment is currently available in Laos. Recently, it has been reported that mandibular cortical bone thickness is associated with bone mineral density and can be an effective indicator for the diagnosis of bone litigation. Therefore, we are conducting joint research to create a standard mandibular cortical wide (MCW) in Laos. Our diagnostic imaging study aimed to establish the diagnosis technology for osteoporosis using digital imaging of the jawbone. To proceed with this study, an ICT system for diagnostic imaging between Japan and Laos was required.
In most countries, such a medical ICT system has been developed with Picture Archiving and Communication System and enterprise communication in teleradiology fields.
We have already installed the teleradiology system (View Send ICT, Tokyo) between Japan and Laos (Figure 3). The definition of a network with built security complied with the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “Guidelines for Security Management of Medical Information Systems” using Virtual Private Network encryption. We designed a system that does not cause information leakage. Under these research conditions, we conducted clinical research on dental imaging.
Network overview of teleradiology in the first phase.
A conference was held in real time between researchers in Japan and Laos by sharing image information and using a TV monitor, utilizing the medical ICT function. Researchers shared information on morphological measurement of the teeth and jawbones on images (Figure 4).
Diagnostic imaging using medical ICT.
In 2015, as part of a quality assessment of our teleradiology collaboration, Matsumoto et al. [20] evaluated the validity of patient information gathered during teleradiology, panoramic imaging technique at the Lao PDR UHS, and ability of Laotian oral and maxillofacial radiologists to interpret images and detect temporomandibular joint (TMJ) abnormalities [20]. A total of 2446 joints from 1223 radiographs were evaluated for TMJ abnormalities to compare the image interpretation abilities of Laotian and Japanese radiologists. They reported that the kappa coefficient was 0.836 for the comparison of the judgments of the two observers in detecting TMJ abnormalities on radiographs (
In the same year, Sisounthone et al. also established the average MCW in 519 Laotian subjects (age, 7–79 years; mean, 38.21 years) [21] (Figure 5). According to these results, the average MCW showed significant differences between all age groups. The average MCW in the youngest age group of 7–19 years was 2.90 ± 0.81 mm (range, 1.50–5.80), which was higher than the data obtained for the 4–6 years age group in this study. They also described a statistically significant sexual dimorphism in overall average MCW. In summary, the MCW of Laotian children aged 4–6 years increases slightly, but changes were more significant following adolescence.
Changing in MCW in Laotian people. Left: measurement of MCW. Yellow bars indicate MCW. Right: Changing of MCW in Lao people. These figures are taken from Ref. [
In 2018, Souksavanh et al. established MCW standards for Laotian preschool children (4–6 years) at Vientiane [22]. According to their study, MCW increased slightly with increasing age but had no significant difference between age groups.
Moreover, the positive correlation between MCW and height was significant, but no significant correlation was noted between MCW and weight, suggesting that MCW in this period is not a useful indicator for the diagnosis of osteogenesis in children. They concluded that further studies were needed to examine if other panoramic radio morphometric indices could be more relevant in children.
In this way, the introduction of the medical ICT system has been shown to be effective tool in promoting international joint research in the field of medical imaging, indicating the possibility of effective calibration of image reading among dentists in Laos.
After previous research achievements, the foundation for clinical research using dentistry images was formed in Laos. We determined that the diagnostic imaging technique was shared between Japan and Laos, based on research achievements. As the second step, the educational system was developed to support the diagnostic imaging technique utilizing telemedicine for dentists in Laos.
The purposes of the medical ICT systems in the second phase were as follows.
To determine the symptoms of stomatognathic lesions on digital images accurately.
To operate medical ICT equipment correctly.
To explain the symptoms to the patient using digital images adequately.
Medical ICT is known to be developed to the point where image data can be shared with mobile tablet terminals/smartphones that use data terminal devices.
Recently, many studies confirmed the effect of tablet terminals in medical education. The use of mobile tablet terminals has an impact on how medical residents approach medical education, clinical practice, and patient education [23, 24]. The educational tool may be useful in collecting data on mobile tablet terminals used by other graduate medical education programs.
In 2018, as a clinical training tool, therefore, we adopted new ICT system, using the mobile tablet (View Send ICT, Tokyo). This system allows dentists to receive image data from a university hospital on a mobile tablet terminal in Vientiane city. This system created an environment in which the dentist who requested the diagnosis could view the image data anywhere in the city (Figure 6).
Overview of the medical ICT system in phase 2.
The workshop was held with the Laotian collaborators who participated in the first phase as the main members. The purpose of the workshop was to transfer the techniques of digital image reading and telemedicine operation for faculty members.
A total of 72 faculty members enrolled in the digital medical imaging class in the Faculty of Dentistry, UHS (hereinafter referred to as the Faculty of Dentistry). Following the lecture of radiology, a hands-on seminar on medical ICT was held (Figure 7). In the seminar, the digital panoramic images were sent and downloaded as teaching materials from the medical image database of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UHS to the tablet terminal (iPad🄬), and the participants will be informed about the operative method of diagnostic imaging. Participants had the training of reading images using tablet terminal. Ten clinically experienced dentists were selected from the seminar participants. The dentist requests the dental radiology room of the Faculty of Dentistry to perform image examination by DPR or CBCT for the patient, and always shares the image data with the tablet terminal. The dentist explained regarding oral diseases to the patient with a tablet terminal. The demonstration experiment period was 90 days.
Medical ICT system using the tablet terminal. Left: Digital image data (A) are transferred through PC server (B) to the tablet terminal (C). Right: Workshop for dentists (teachers).
A total of 171 medical ICTs were used in all clinical departments in 3 months (66 actual days excluding holidays). Of these, the numbers of requests for CBCT and DPR imaging were 126 and 45, respectively. Medical ICT has been used in approximately 700 cases (January 2021). The average daily medical ICT utilization rate for all clinical departments was 2.6 cases/day. For example, in the case of dental hospitals of Nihon University, telemedicine is used approximately 10 cases a month. Because of the difference in medical conditions in Japan and Laos, it is not possible to simply compare them, but the number of telemedicine cases in Laos tended to be larger. These results suggested the possibility that the use of DPR and CBCT in university hospitals has a positive effect on access to dental imaging in Laos. After this 90-day test period, we interviewed 10 hospital faculty members about the advantages and problems of telemedicine using the questionnaire (Table 1).
Question 1 Which is the effect of using telemedicine? | Case |
a. Accuracy in diagnosis | 6 |
b. Increase in number of patients | 2 |
c. Improvement in patient satisfaction | 5 |
d. Others () | 0 |
e. No change | 0 |
Question 2 What are the problems to be solved in telemedicine system? | |
a. Image data accuracy | 2 |
b. Communication speed | 6 |
c. Operation and system complexity | 2 |
d. Number of imaging cases | 0 |
e. No problem | 0 |
Question 3 Do you think this telemedicine service is useful in Laos? | |
a. Yes, I think so very much | 10 |
b. Yes, I think so | 0 |
c. No, I do not think so | 0 |
d. No, I do not think at all | 0 |
Advantages and problems of telemedicine.
Respondents listed three points, “accuracy of diagnosis”, “improvement in patient satisfaction”, and “increase in the number of patients” as the effect of using telemedicine. The evaluation of medical ICT seemed to be positive. Use of tablet terminals may promote the sharing of digital medical imaging data between university hospital and dentists or dentists and patients, in the dental fields.
However, they pointed out three problems, “communication speed”, “image accuracy”, and “complexity of operations and the system”. The reasons of these problems were the internet environment (low capacity) and operation of the mobile tablet terminal (inexperienced).
All respondents answered “Yes, I think so very much” for the question on the usefulness of telemedicine in their country. They seemed to understand the need for telemedicine through clinical training.
Given these results, we continued discussions to improve the problems of medical ICT in the hospital. As a result of the discussion, we were able to agree on problem extraction and countermeasures (Figure 8). As a future development, we will support the spread of digital medical imaging diagnosis by improving medical ICT under the plan-do-check-act cycle.
Improvement of medical ICT system based on opinions from faculty members.
Outcome of this project that lasts 10 years suggest an importance to share the common goal of training specialists under the international collaboration.
For the introduction of medical ICT in community medicine, it is necessary to further examine the clinical evidence. As the further step, we will continue to develop the network of teleradiology in order to contribute sustainable oral health in Laos.
The results of our project show that information sharing of dental images by tablet terminals is effective in Laos. In this project, both Laotians and Japanese shared the common goal of training specialists. We concluded that teleradiology can usefully improve dental services in Laos.
This work has received funding from the Nihon University Chairman of the Board of Trustees Grant and the Nihon University President Grant Initiative.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
We would like to thank Mr. Kenei Shie, President of ViewSend ICT for providing technical support for the activities of this research project for more than 10 years.
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",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. 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Cells encode “receptors” containing Ub-/Ubl-binding domains that interpret and translate each modification into appropriate cellular responses. Among the different Ubls, NEDD8, which is the ubiquitin’s closest relative, retains many of the structural determinants that enable ubiquitin the ability to target proteins to degradation. Nevertheless, the direct involvement of NEDD8 conjugation to proteasome recruitment has been proved only in a few cases. To date, well-defined major NEDD8 substrates are primarily members of the cullin family, and cullin neddylation does not appear to mark these proteins for degradation. Various studies have demonstrated that selectivity between ubiquitin and NEDD8 is guaranteed by small but substantial differences. Nevertheless, several issues still need to be addressed, mainly concerning which interaction surfaces mediate NEDD8 function and what domains recognize them. Recently, two novel domains identified in KHNYN and N4BP1 proteins have shed new light on this research area. Here, I discuss some recent reports that contributed to shed light on the mechanisms underlining the discrimination between ubiquitin and NEDD8. Understanding the details of these molecular mechanisms represents a prominent facet for the identification of new therapeutic targets.",book:{id:"8301",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-system-current-insights-into-mechanism-cellular-regulation-and-disease",title:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System",fullTitle:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System - Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease"},signatures:"Elena Santonico",authors:[{id:"271923",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Santonico",slug:"elena-santonico",fullName:"Elena Santonico"}]},{id:"28199",doi:"10.5772/31082",title:"F0F1 ATP Synthase: A Fascinating Challenge for Proteomics",slug:"f0f1-atp-synthase-a-fascinating-challenge-for-proteomics",totalDownloads:5557,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"780",slug:"proteomics-human-diseases-and-protein-functions",title:"Proteomics",fullTitle:"Proteomics - Human Diseases and Protein Functions"},signatures:"Federica Dabbeni-Sala, Amit Kumar Rai and Giovanna Lippe",authors:[{id:"85523",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Lippe",slug:"giovanna-lippe",fullName:"Giovanna Lippe"},{id:"149272",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Dabbeni-Sala",slug:"federica-dabbeni-sala",fullName:"Federica Dabbeni-Sala"},{id:"149273",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Rai",slug:"amit-kumar-rai",fullName:"Amit Kumar Rai"}]},{id:"65025",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82883",title:"E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer and Their Pharmacological Targeting",slug:"e3-ubiquitin-ligases-in-cancer-and-their-pharmacological-targeting",totalDownloads:1681,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Ubiquitination plays many critical roles in protein function and regulation. Consequently, mutation and aberrant expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases can drive cancer progression. Identifying key ligase-substrate relationships is crucial to understanding the molecular basis and pathways behind cancer and toward identifying novel targets for cancer therapeutics. Here, we review the importance of E3 ligases in the regulating the hallmarks of cancer, discuss some of the key and novel E3 ubiquitin ligases that drive tumor formation and angiogenesis, and review the clinical development of inhibitors that antagonize their function. We conclude with perspectives on the field and future directions toward understanding ubiquitination and cancer progression.",book:{id:"8301",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-system-current-insights-into-mechanism-cellular-regulation-and-disease",title:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System",fullTitle:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System - Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease"},signatures:"Joseph Y. Ong and Jorge Z. Torres",authors:[{id:"186645",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",slug:"jorge-torres",fullName:"Jorge Torres"},{id:"264944",title:"Mr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"joseph-ong",fullName:"Joseph Ong"}]},{id:"28201",doi:"10.5772/31113",title:"Identification of the Novel Plasminogen Receptor, Plg-RKT",slug:"identification-of-the-novel-plasminogen-receptor-plg-rkt",totalDownloads:2435,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"780",slug:"proteomics-human-diseases-and-protein-functions",title:"Proteomics",fullTitle:"Proteomics - Human Diseases and Protein Functions"},signatures:"Lindsey A. Miles, Nicholas M. Andronicos, Emily I. Chen, Nagyung Baik, Hongdong Bai, Caitlin M. Parmer, Shahrzad Lighvani, Samir Nangia, William B. Kiosses, Mark P. Kamps, John R. Yates III and Robert J. Parmer",authors:[{id:"85634",title:"Dr.",name:"Lindsey A.",middleName:null,surname:"Miles",slug:"lindsey-a.-miles",fullName:"Lindsey A. 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Yates, III"},{id:"85781",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert J.",middleName:null,surname:"Parmer",slug:"robert-j.-parmer",fullName:"Robert J. Parmer"},{id:"123594",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Nangia",slug:"samir-nangia",fullName:"Samir Nangia"},{id:"123595",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahrzad",middleName:null,surname:"Lighvani",slug:"shahrzad-lighvani",fullName:"Shahrzad Lighvani"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70577",title:"Proteoforms: General Concepts and Methodological Process for Identification",slug:"proteoforms-general-concepts-and-methodological-process-for-identification",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The term proteoform is used to denote all the molecular forms in which the protein product of a single gene can be found. The most frequent processes that lead to transcript modification and the biological implications of these changes observed in the final protein product will be discussed. Proteoforms arising from genetic variations, alternatively spliced RNA transcripts and post-translational modifications will be commented. This chapter will present an evolution of the techniques used to identify the proteoforms and the importance of this identification for understanding of biological processes. This chapter highlights the fundamental concepts in the field of top-down mass spectrometry (TDMS), and provides numerous examples for the use of knowledge obtained from the identification of proteoforms. The identification of mutant proteins is one of the emerging areas of proteogenomics and has the potential to recognize novel disease biomarkers and may point to useful targets for identification of therapeutic approaches.",book:{id:"9352",slug:"proteoforms-concept-and-applications-in-medical-sciences",title:"Proteoforms",fullTitle:"Proteoforms - Concept and Applications in Medical Sciences"},signatures:"Jucélia da Silva Araújo and Olga Lima Tavares Machado",authors:[{id:"30130",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga Lima Tavares",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",slug:"olga-lima-tavares-machado",fullName:"Olga Lima Tavares Machado"},{id:"310148",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucelia",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva Araujo",slug:"jucelia-da-silva-araujo",fullName:"Jucelia Da Silva Araujo"}]},{id:"65025",title:"E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer and Their Pharmacological Targeting",slug:"e3-ubiquitin-ligases-in-cancer-and-their-pharmacological-targeting",totalDownloads:1681,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Ubiquitination plays many critical roles in protein function and regulation. Consequently, mutation and aberrant expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases can drive cancer progression. Identifying key ligase-substrate relationships is crucial to understanding the molecular basis and pathways behind cancer and toward identifying novel targets for cancer therapeutics. Here, we review the importance of E3 ligases in the regulating the hallmarks of cancer, discuss some of the key and novel E3 ubiquitin ligases that drive tumor formation and angiogenesis, and review the clinical development of inhibitors that antagonize their function. We conclude with perspectives on the field and future directions toward understanding ubiquitination and cancer progression.",book:{id:"8301",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-system-current-insights-into-mechanism-cellular-regulation-and-disease",title:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System",fullTitle:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System - Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease"},signatures:"Joseph Y. Ong and Jorge Z. Torres",authors:[{id:"186645",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",slug:"jorge-torres",fullName:"Jorge Torres"},{id:"264944",title:"Mr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"joseph-ong",fullName:"Joseph Ong"}]},{id:"65109",title:"Ubiquitin Signaling in Regulation of the Start of the Cell Cycle",slug:"ubiquitin-signaling-in-regulation-of-the-start-of-the-cell-cycle",totalDownloads:1578,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. Among the diverse signaling outcomes associated with ubiquitination, the most well-established is the targeted degradation of substrates via the proteasome. During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation.",book:{id:"8301",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-system-current-insights-into-mechanism-cellular-regulation-and-disease",title:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System",fullTitle:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System - Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease"},signatures:"Michael James Emanuele and Taylor Paige Enrico",authors:[{id:"264977",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Emanuele",slug:"michael-emanuele",fullName:"Michael Emanuele"},{id:"282200",title:"Ms.",name:"Taylor",middleName:null,surname:"Enrico",slug:"taylor-enrico",fullName:"Taylor Enrico"}]},{id:"60432",title:"Protein-Based Detection Methods for Genetically Modified Crops",slug:"protein-based-detection-methods-for-genetically-modified-crops",totalDownloads:1430,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The generation of genetically modified (GM) crops is rapidly expanding each and every year around the world. The well-being and quality assessment of these harvests are vital issues with respect to buyers’ interests. This drove the administrative specialists to execute an arrangement of extremely strict strategies for the endorsement to develop and use GMOs and to produce an interest in scientific techniques equipped for identifying GM crops. The GM crops have been added to the effective fuse of various attributes by presenting transgenes, for example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal qualities, in various crop species. GM crops give critical financial, natural, well-being and social advantages to both small and large agriculturists. The detection strategies incorporate either DNA-based or protein-based measures. Different immunoassays or catalyst connected immunosorbent tests are delicate and more affordable; however, they need experienced technicians. A very simple method, that is, immunochromatographic (ICS) test, is set up in the world, which is modest, compact and simple to utilize. The ICS is a semiquantitative method for indicative screening and semi-measurement of new remote proteins presented through hereditary change of plants. The strip is the easiest method for the assessment of several Bt crop plants for insecticidal quality.",book:{id:"6635",slug:"protein-protein-interaction-assays",title:"Protein-Protein Interaction Assays",fullTitle:"Protein-Protein Interaction Assays"},signatures:"Kausar Malik, Haleema Sadia and Muhammad Hamza Basit",authors:[{id:"238750",title:"Prof.",name:"Kausar",middleName:null,surname:"Malik",slug:"kausar-malik",fullName:"Kausar Malik"},{id:"243713",title:"Dr.",name:"Haleema",middleName:null,surname:"Sadia",slug:"haleema-sadia",fullName:"Haleema Sadia"},{id:"243714",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Hamza",middleName:null,surname:"Basit",slug:"muhammad-hamza-basit",fullName:"Muhammad Hamza Basit"}]},{id:"60064",title:"Rapid Endosomal Recycling",slug:"rapid-endosomal-recycling",totalDownloads:1342,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Peripheral membrane proteins are endocytosed by constitutive processes of membrane invaginations, followed by internalization driven by diverse endocytic machinery available at the cell surface. It is believed that after endocytic uptake, cargo proteins proceed either through the endosomal recycling circuit of the cell or travel toward late endosomes for degradation. In this chapter, we analyzed trafficking of seven cargo molecules (transferrin receptor, fully conformed MHC-I, non-conformed MHC-I, cholera-toxin B subunit, CD44, ICAM1, and G-protein-coupled receptor Rae-1) known to use the distinct endocytic route. For that purpose, we developed the software for multicompartment analysis of intracellular trafficking. We demonstrate that all endocytosed molecules are rapidly recycled and propose that the rapid recycling is a constitutive process that should be considered in the analysis of intracellular trafficking of peripheral membrane proteins.",book:{id:"6649",slug:"peripheral-membrane-proteins",title:"Peripheral Membrane Proteins",fullTitle:"Peripheral Membrane Proteins"},signatures:"Hana Mahmutefendić, Gordana Blagojević Zagorac, Senka Maćešić\nand Pero Lučin",authors:[{id:"152008",title:"Prof.",name:"Pero",middleName:null,surname:"Lučin",slug:"pero-lucin",fullName:"Pero Lučin"},{id:"245873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hana",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmutefendić",slug:"hana-mahmutefendic",fullName:"Hana Mahmutefendić"},{id:"245875",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Blagojević Zagorac",slug:"gordana-blagojevic-zagorac",fullName:"Gordana Blagojević Zagorac"},{id:"245876",title:"Prof.",name:"Senka",middleName:null,surname:"Maćešić",slug:"senka-macesic",fullName:"Senka Maćešić"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"913",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. 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