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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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Tool mark identification is a fascinating forensic science discipline. By comparing the pattern of the tool marks in question and the pattern of the tool marks generated by the tool in a laboratory environment, a skilled analyst can give an opinion based on the accuracy of the questioned tool mark produced by a specific item [1]. This assists the forensic investigator in matching the marks on tools to crime scenes. Forensic tool mark identification includes firearms identification, an area of tool mark investigation that specializes in identifying different firearms and parts of a firearm being used at crime scenes. It also includes fracture matching or a physical fit [2], whereby two specific objects are analyzed to determine whether they have been at one time a single unit. If that is the case, the investigator will further analyze how the two objects come into contact and how they affect each other.
Tool marks can be generally understood as impressions or marks that are produced by a tool [3]. When a tool contacts a surface with sufficient force, a mark or an indentation is permanently left on the receptive surface.
A striation, as defined by AFTE, is a range of marks on the surface of an object [4]. These marks are produced by a combination of impact and motion. A pry mark made by the tip of screwdriver is a type of striated tool mark [2]. Similarly, an impression can be defined as a range of marks on the surface of an object [4]. As with a striation, an impression is produced by a mixture of impact and motion. Notably, impressions are not caused by strong impact but appear on a surface as soft or shallow indentations. A hammer impact is a type of impressed tool mark.
Tools may be connected to tool marks and vice versa due to certain patterns or anomalies during the manufacturing process embedded in their surface. It is argued that patterns and anomalies of the tool mark are specific to each tool; the distinguishing features of a particular tool may be one aspect, just as the markings on a bullet can lead to a particular one and can be identified and compared visually. In consideration of this, a forensic investigator can become familiar with the manufacturing processes used to manufacture the working surface [5] of a tool and can compare the class features with the same surface of the tool such that it is possible to measure the uniqueness of a tool and its tool mark. Knowledge and understanding of tool manufacturing methods, along with close examination of tools and markings of tools, will make it easier to carry out this particular recognition.
There was no direct way in the past to associate a tool mark with the tool itself, and little progress has been achieved with the advent of modern forensic technology. In using tools to gain entry, a burglar will invariably leave tool marks behind that are of forensic significance and potentially incriminating, which can provide vital evidence to investigators and prosecutors. Given this, the essential factors that influence both tool mark production and the subsequent inspection of such marks in the forensic examination can be determined. These factors include the following:
The surface material that the tool is functioning on
The material used in order to construct the tool
The relative hardness of each material
The manufacturing procedure followed in order to construct the tool
The tool operational surface [6].
Since many previous centuries, a historical understanding of the tool mark has been recognized that marks can be connected directly to tools, but few written references are typically found on this specific subject. A cited example often comes from China in the Twelfth century, where various wound shapes created by cutting tools such as sickles were considered, but even in China, there is little evidence of their importance.
Henry Goddard (1800–1883) of Scotland Yard is remembered as the first investigating officer to collect forensic evidence by analyzing a bullet and its related pattern to investigate a murder [7]. In 1835, using a bullet recovered from the autopsy victim’s body, a defect was discovered that could be traced back to the original mold from which the bullet was made. In 1891, Hans Gross published a book entitled “Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik” detailing all the basic precautions for the analysis of tool marks [8].
In 1953, a popular book entitled “Crime Investigation” textbook written by the renowned criminalist, Paul Leland Kirk (May 9th, 1902 – June 5th, 1970), explains the need for cast marks found in crime scenes if the item with the mark cannot be transported to the laboratories and makes a strong distinction between “compression marks” and “sliding marks.” In his book, he examined immersed marks by using macrography while comparison microscope was used to analyze striated marks, along with the examination of physical fit. In the 1974 edition, there is a reference to the work by Biasotti [9],
In 1958, a book entitled ‘An Introduction to Tool Labels, Weapons and the Striagraph’ was written by John E. Davis, a prominent criminalist and the chief of the Oakland Police Department (CA) Criminalistics Division (Crime Lab). This textbook also introduced a new advanced piece of research equipment called “Striagraph,” which was able to calculate, trace and record microsurface contours and was the precursor to advanced laser and digital imaging techniques for future bullet surface scanning technology [10].
The Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE), an international nonprofit organization devoted to facilitating the identification of firearms and tool marks, was founded in the United States in 1969 [11].
Tools are mostly directly related to object markings, because at the time of tool production, such designs or irregularities are imprinted on their surface, so it is implied that these patterns and variations might be part of the identification features of a particular object; for example, marking bullets can lead to a particular firearm. Furthermore, these substantially different types and irregularities of the instrument can be visually identified and compared using forensic techniques [12].
The term “tool mark” is defined in a number of ways. A widely accepted AFTE definition defines tool mark as “If any object or instrument reaches the surface with enough force to allow its signature design to be indented, this form of marking is referred to as a tool mark.”. In another definition [6], it is stated that “An instrument that is considered to be sufficiently stronger from two objects acquires comprehensive force when it comes into contact with each other, which leads to the softer one being marked.”.
Biasotti and Murdock [13] state that “When two objects begin to interact, the extremely hard object will stamp the surface of the softer object. The relative hardness of the two artifacts, the pressures and motions, and the appearance of the microscopic discrepancies on the object are all factors influencing the character of the generated toolmarks.” It is necessary to establish the correlation between a tool mark and the tool that produced it in criminal investigations such as burglaries. For instance, if a burglar chooses wooden or metal bars to force entrance into a home, the marks left by the tool on the doorway are strong evidence of the involvement of that tool for that legitimate purpose at the scene of the crime. If the tool is linked with, or close to, a suspect, it enables for the identification of a link between the accused person and the incidence of the crime.
Generally, there are three categories of tool marks left by tools on the surfaces they hit. These impressions are produced by the possibility of a compression action, sliding action or cutting action occurring.
A compression impression: Probably the most common and most negative representation of the surface of the tool, caused by pressure, blow or gouge of the tool on the surface of a wood, metal or other surface. Compression is imprinted on softer material when tool surface presses against its surface [14]. For instance, a screwdriver is most often used to tighten or loosen screws. However, if it is used to pry open a widow, it will leave impressions in the windowsill.
Friction marks (sliding action): The second type is a mark of abrasive wear or resistance left by the tool’s sliding or chopping action that creates striations on a marked surface. Friction marks are fine parallel striations and are a characteristic feature left by a tool scraped across a smooth surface, such as dressed wood or metal. It is common to focus on such striations when making bullet and tool mark comparisons. Parallel lines have the potential to be matched using microscopic comparison. There are an infinite number of ways to apply a tool to a surface, and the resultant striations are the effects of every variation. For example, when a crowbar is forced into the area between a door and the front part of the door to force the door wide open, pressure is applied to the tool handle. An abrasion or friction mark is created by forced application of the crowbar. The majority of bull cutter marks on rods or wires, screwdriver scratch marks and knife or axe cut marks are examples of friction mark markings.
Cutting edges are not as commonly used in the commission of crimes as prying tools with blunt edges, so finding marks of cutting tools is not frequent. There is a high significance in cut marks being positively identified with the tool producing them. A cutting impression is a combination of these two impression types, as is found in scissors.
From these three tool mark impression types, both the class and individual characteristics of the tool can be identified; for instance, marks left on a doorway from a pry bar can be matched back to that specific pry bar.
During tool mark analysis, the analyst may discern what type of tool made a particular mark, and whether a tool in evidence is the tool that made it. The tool mark can also be compared to another tool mark to ascertain if the marks were made by similar, or the same, tools.
A well-known and extensively used forensic methodology is the comparison of tool marks, which is typically regarded to provide convincing trial evidence and facilitate the investigation of a crime. However, there is a great deal of ambiguity as to the uniqueness of such marks and, in particular, the probability of more than one tool replicating a mark. According to Houck and Siegel [15, 16], tool mark examiners need to have a conceptual understanding of how to produce and machine a variety of tools. Limitations on comparative forensics have initiated the need for an objective, as each tool has specific surface characteristics for the identification of tool marks to facilitate scientific research. In 2009 National Academies report, researchers recommend reinforcing the scientific justification for the standards and specifications for the tool mark identification in forensic science.
The forensic principle of comparison explains that only the like can be compared with the notion of comparison. It reinforces the need for samples and specimens to be included for comparison with the objects in question. Therefore, the prime purpose of forensic comparison is to establish which characteristics and specifications of the samples in question obtained from the crime scene (including a tool or a population of reference items, screw bag or plastic bag roll) varied or directly correlate with those obtained from the source on the control item. Comparing features, however, is a deceptively simple process, but understanding what the outcome implies is much more difficult if one does not understand exactly what the characteristics and specifications are or how they were acquired.
Another challenging part of a comparison is to examine the manufacturing patterns associated with the “control” object. The manufacturing process leaves distinctive microscopic striations on the tool’s operating surfaces as the marks produced depend not only on the type of tool being used but also on how it is used (as a hammer, or lever or force exerted), the contact position (leading angle or trailing angle) and other factors that may help to identify the metal tools [16].
There are three categories of features that an examiner will need to identify:
Class features: A combination of features that facilitate the positioning of the sample in a class of related material properties. Champod et al. [17] state that the class characteristics of a tool are usually unique and macroscopic; for example, class characteristics of firearms are correlated with the tensile strength of the weapon and projectile or cartridge steel and the rifling in the firearms barrel that is transferred to the bullet.
Subclass features: Attributes that are not specific to a particular object but provide some discriminatory practices among groups of tools with features of the very same class. They appear during processing but are not necessarily introduced. Over time, the reference of subclass functionality can evolve. Nichols [4] explains what qualifies a characteristic as subclass: “If one were to examine a cast of the bore of a firearm, such characteristics would have to exist for the entire length of the cut surface. If a certain characteristic appeared after the cut surface had already started, then it would be an imperfection caused by the current process. If it disappeared before the end of the cut surface, then it is gone and by definition of its absence cannot be passed onto the next cut surface. Therefore, the only characteristics capable of being defined a subclass would be those that persist for the entire length of the cut surface.”
Individual/unique characteristic: Individual characteristics relate to the specific characteristics of both the questioned samples and the reference samples, which share a similar origin with a high degree of reliability. Examples of evidence possessing individual characteristics are fingerprints, tool marks and markings on bullets.
Therefore, in order to analyze the results, it is imperative to understand the sets of features and details generated during the production process and then use, how they will be portrayed in a mark and how to differentiate between the different types, as this will determine what you can say about the comparison. The quality of the situation mark in a mark comparison is always the main limitation. Information that may have been visible on a tool may not have been replicated in a mark for certain variables, such as the physical parameters of the material. If they are considerably weaker than the tool, the information of interest cannot be replicated completely.
However, occasionally, the difference will be significant and on occasions may even be to the extent that one expert will say the tool was responsible and the other that it was not the tool. Occasionally, while the difference is apparent, it may be to the degree that one analyst states that the tool was accountable and the other that it was not the tool. With all this perspective, the importance of the independent critical results test of a secondary tool mark expert should not be overlooked. However, this is not always necessary, and in order to settle the debate, a third expert may be required to conduct a verification.
AFTE Theory of Identification (1998) classified four categories of tool examination:
Identification is the inference that the class traits of two samples appear to be the same and that the individual features are reasonably agreed to conclude that the same weapon was shot. If they agree, for instance, two copper jacketed bullets are found.
Inconclusive agreement of class characteristics is defined as “the outcome of a comparison in which there is some agreement of individual characteristics and all discernible class characteristics, but insufficient for identification, agreement of all discernible class characteristics due to an absence, insufficient, or lack of reproducibility, agreement of all discernible class characteristics and disagreement of individual characteristics but insufficient for an elimination”.
A substantial disparity between distinguishable class characteristics and/or individual characteristics is triggered by elimination, or exclusion from the analysis. For fired bullet comparisons, an exclusion is usually based on observed differences in some of the general rifling properties.
In the absence of microscopic marks, “Inappropriate for comparative analysis,” appears.
The purpose of the analysis and comparison of the tool mark is to determine whether a mark or a series of marks in dispute have been made by a specific tool. Careful examination of the questioned tool mark(s) typically offers descriptions of the class characteristics and size of the tool responsible for making the marks in question, if the tool is damaged and how the tool was used to produce the alleged marks [10]. A tool mark analysis primarily initiates with a morphological examination of the tool and its features. For each tool mark, such as branding, cutting, compression, crimping, engraving, firing, etc., Klees [18] therefore suggests a categorization system to enhance the common classification systems found in the literature and to provide a more standard way. Tool mark analysts are objective and conceptual analysts who seek to assess if they are combating a tool mark and a similar tool. They use their results on the basis of their assessment of the evidence. Tool mark examiners collect information about a piece of evidence in order to establish a hypothesis about what occurred, so that it can be linked with certain other observations and results. Tool mark analysts are unbiased and conceptual analysts who aim to determine whether a tool mark and a particular tool are being countered. They employ their conclusions on the basis of their analysis of the proof. In order to create a hypothesis about what happened, tool mark examiners collect information about a piece of evidence so that it can be combined with other information and conclusions.
Physical fits, also pointed to as “mechanical fits,” can be identified in a massive variety of criminal investigations, even as part of a more detailed instance of the tool mark. A physical fit exam is required when it is imperative to ensure that two or more parts of the product that have been partitioned, broken, cut and often forcibly removed were actually attached or fitted together [19]. Further, Jayaprakash [20] emphasizes on the unique characteristics that make a fundamental paradigm relevant for individualization. Restricted physical comparison literature reviewed that in the course of the trial, the objective scientific reliability and admissibility of such physical comparisons tend to be regarded with skepticism.
Features participating in physical matching and comparing rendered definitive judgments in patterned evidence that eliminate ambiguity during investigation and also an array of measurable units that comprise the entire pattern area, raising the probability of a pattern of verisimilitude known to trigger infinity that provides evidential justification for individuality [19].
Physical fit examinations fall into four main categories:
Broken portions that will potentially be refitted, otherwise referred to as “jigsaw” suits.
Broken items require a thorough tool mark examination such as microscopic comparison and casting in an effort to validate that the parts match together and therefore to form an inference.
Broken, torn or split objects where knowledge of the manufacture and appearance of marks left on the surface of the material must be taken into account in order to facilitate a fit.
Objects that were actually built to fit together were perhaps in touch for a period of time. Typically, these examinations require an analysis of what matter has been passed or is a function of the contact.
Collection, processing and examination of impression and tool mark evidence are one of the major components of forensics. The disadvantages associated with the selection and preservation factors are an unacceptable mix, creating a negative impression of resources and environmental factors. These restrictions relate to lack of detail, compromise of class perception and individualization of features used to position a particular piece of evidence at the scene of a crime. It is necessary to initially make the best cast possible with the inherent destructive potential of impression and tool mark casting. Occasionally, the circumstances of a crime scene impact the availability of casting techniques, contributing to the continuity of a cast [21].
A wide range of casting materials are often utilized to manufacture casts of tool marks: negative molding, low-melting metal alloys (e.g., wood metal) and silicone rubber. The material that most closely fits the specifications of an efficient casting material is silicone rubber. A tool mark’s microscopic detail is carefully repeated; it is impact resistant when kept at room temperature and is comparatively cheap.
The silicone rubber casting material is supplied as a partly polymerized base with which a catalyst must be mixed in order to allow polymerization. Forensic professionals focus on Microsil Silicone Casting Medium to recreate the subtlest tool markings and impressions. Laboratory studies have shown that they are superior to other established flexible silicone casting techniques by substantially improving the visibility of tool marks, firing pin impressions and latent fingerprint lifts. Microsil increases the likelihood of positive acknowledgment.
An automated tool mark identification system uses an acquisition method for the processing of 3D data from tool marks left by tools on the sample surface, a signature generation module for the generation of tool mark signatures from the data collected and an analysis unit for the comparison of pairs of tool mark signatures in order to obtain a numerical similarity value representing their identical characteristics. The process is carried out with the aid of an integrated computer [22].
A wide variety of different tool marks are found at the crime scene due to the different shapes and surface where the tool mark is rendered. Bolt cutters, wire cutters or crowbars have been used to break a door in many cases of burglary. These tools can produce marks that appear in various patterns: impressions and striation marks. Therefore, the Netherlands in collaboration with the Dutch Police developed a database for tool marks, known as Tool Mark Imaging System Database (TRAX). The device is designed for collection, restoration and comparing of tool images and their textual descriptors’ width, kind of tool mark, etc.) [23].
In practice, the investigator of the tool marks produces negative test tool marks using the suspect tool to compare microscopic surface characteristics between known test tool marks and evidence tool marks. It is recognized that the contrast between a suspected tool and a known test marks is always quicker and more effective than casting or even photography techniques [24]. It is also suggested to use known test tool marks developed in the very same way as the actual tool marks questioned. Traditionally, test tool marks are generated on sheets of soft metal or metal alloy, bars or tubes such as lead, wood alloy and, more recently, lead tape. Firstly, without losing the working surface of the tool, these surfaces are flexible enough to allow test casts with the finest tools. Second, their malleable nature enables the reproduction of the fine scrapes and ridges present on the instrument’s working surface in the case of striation marks. Finally, the resulting known test tool marks are accurate, highly detailed, negative impressions of the working surface of the tool [10].
Impressions retrieved from crime scene are compared with reference tools to identify the impressions and to determine if they share a common origin. If there is a good fit between the two impressions, it is necessary to categorize the attributes and explain the probability of it being made randomly or on purpose. In the instance of a negative match between features, a careful investigation is required to determine whether the differences are significant or not and if there is a sensible and fair interpretation that can be made.
The forensic examiners can build a complete probative importance of the decision based on such similar and non-similar findings in order to present it as substantial court evidence. This also demonstrates the examiner’s extensive knowledge in explaining and analyzing the fabrication process as well as the tool’s wear and tear over time.
The following concerns will arise while an expert is doing a mark comparison.
Mark the Class and individual characteristic such as substrate and pressure used to create the impression and so forth.
Determine the number and characteristics of the impression present on the questioned tool as well as whether or not you would anticipate to see them reproduced in an impression and how well they relate (or do not) to tool attributes.
This would be a problem if characteristics like pressed lines, milling, and broaching were designed in such a way that they could appear on numerous tools made in a similar way and be indistinguishable from other tools. Similarly, if qualities like grending or damage breakdown were produced at random and regarded unique, no other instrument would have them.
Extraneous particles detected on the surface of impressions retrieved from crime scenes and at the surface of reference tools may be affected by external factors such as the nature of the substrate, the direction and the amount of pressure applied.
Evaluation is the framework of a conclusive judgment based on analysis and interpretation in significant detail by weighing what the findings mean in reference to the prosecution and the defense statements. There are (at least) three perspectives about how investigators can report their conclusions.
In one approach, the examiner must make claims that represent the balance of probabilities. The investigator either makes a conclusion about the forensic evidence’s reliability based on the balance of likelihoods or makes a judgment about the relative probability of the observed findings under alternative theories.
The second method necessitates a two-step study.
The examiner starts by comparing the objects (tools) to see if there are any significant differences that rule out the possibility of a common source. When identifying characteristics are noted, the investigator decides that the items do not share a common source, a process known as “exclusion.”
When the objects cannot be differentiated (i.e., the likelihood of a common source cannot be ruled out), the examiner then evaluates the rarity or uniqueness of the shared features as a second step. If the examiner believes that the shared features are so unique that they are peculiar (one-of-a-kind), the examiner may infer (and report) that the items are all from the same source—this conclusion is often called individualization or identification. If the examiner believes the shared characteristics are not identical, he or she could state the uniqueness of the related features or the probability that a random tool of the same kind will have them. Similarly, the examiner may claim unequivocally that the artifacts are indistinguishable or that they “play,” without mentioning the match’s rarity. Eventually, the analyst may conclude the comparison inconclusive.
In a third approach, the examiner will use numbers (e.g., “there is a 99% chance this tool mark was produced by the suspected tool”) or words (e.g., “it is extremely likely that these marks were made by the same tool”) to draw conclusions about the likelihood that the objects have a similar source. These conclusions are sometimes called source probabilities. This third approach is distinguished from both the first (balance of likelihoods) and the second (two-step analysis) approaches in that it allows the examiner to take a position or make judgments about the prior odds that the items being compared have a common source. To put it another way, the examiner’s decision must be based on more than an assessment of the physical characteristics of the tools being comparison.
Additionally, after these two requirements are accomplished, evaluative reports that can be used in court should be generated [25, 26]:
A mandating authority or party has asked the forensic practitioner to analyze and/or compare material (typically recovered trace material with reference material from known potential sources).
The forensic practitioner attempts to evaluate findings in relation to specific conflicting propositions established by the unique case circumstances or as specified by the mandating authority.
In court, the results of forensic examinations should be evaluated using a probability ratio relying on the findings, associated data and expert knowledge, case-specific propositions and conditioning information. Since the value of the results is dependent on the case information and propositions, this should be emphasized in the report.
The forensic expert opinion should be carried out on the basis of four precepts first stated in an AFSP paper [27]:
Balance: in order to reinforce the truth, the expert should accept at least one pair of the hypothesis proposed by the prosecution and defense, and if it is not possible to find a reasonable alternative for any reason, the expert will be able to examine only one proposition, but will make it clear that the strength of the proof cannot be measured.
Logic: evaluative reports should address the likelihood of the findings given the propositions and relevant background information, rather than the likelihood of the propositions given the findings and background information. Statements that transpose the conditional should not be included in the report.
Robustness: the opinion of an expert should be resilient and satisfy the reliability standards set by other experts for cross-examination.
Transparency: by addressing and evaluating hypotheses, examination results, and theoretical facts, it would be necessary for the expert to demonstrate how he came to his inference.
To be these above things, experts need to make it express exactly what they have done and with what technique, what highlights have been thought of and why, what grants have been made and why and, last and most importantly, by unmistakably spreading out an indictment and a defense viewpoint upon which to consider the outcomes. These perspectives will without a doubt be restricting and, in instrument mark assessments, as a rule address the expected wellspring of the mark(s). The indictment view that “the submitted tool made the scene mark” is not hard to define [28].
A significant aspect of many forensic investigations is the interpretation of tool marks that may have an impact on a number of disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology and pathology. The reason for the determination of the tool mark is not specific but usually refers to the recognition, adjustment and comparison of the marks/indentations left on the surface after contact with the tool. Mark evidence involves the analysis of any object where a mark or impression has been rendered during criminal conduct to link the mark with the object or tool that made it.
The AFTE argues that the idea of identification appears contextual, an evaluation that helps researchers to establish protocols that are more precise and detailed. However, new technologies and tools provide the forensic community with a new basis and support to understand, refine and spread the methodology to the experts, which helps to interpret the marks of the tool. Technologies used in surface characterization is constantly changing, and computers are becoming more and more efficient, making it less burdensome for extensive computations, so new methodologies can be more sophisticated. These modern methodologies generally involve first converting a tool mark scan to a digitized striae depth representation in given distances along the mark, collected using a profilometer or similar tool, rather than manually aligning two photographs or imprints of the tool marks. Forensic databases can provide a measure of the accuracy of the identification of certain recognition characteristics, helping to become beneficial in the analysis of evidence. The results of the use of databases will apply not only to court documents but also to organizational activities.
When evidence marks are forwarded for analysis, the investigator shall be given four plausible explanations when assessing the marks: recognition, inconclusive, elimination or unacceptable. Examiners often come down on the side of uncertainty and only accept identification when this conclusion is unanimously accepted. The anticipated qualities of a forensic evaluation are defined by four principles: rational, unambiguous, balanced and rigorous, facilitating the field to transition from a collection of concealed secrets within professionals to a formal body of information from which one can be qualified to be an examiner. Therefore, it is evident that tool mark evaluation and interpretation are complex operations requiring consideration of several intrinsic and extrinsic variables, and so it is not surprising that this is a field of research that has attracted significant interest and discussion over a fairly long history.
“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
Association of Weapon and Tool Mark Examiners Tool Mark Imaging System Database
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Two UNESCO World Heritage sites will be discussed briefly: Otrar and the surrounding oasis, a medieval complex of sites along the Great Silk Route, and Tamgaly, a petroglyph and archaeological reserve. These two UNESCO World Heritage archaeological sites or preserves will be contrasted with the Talgar Iron Age sites (400 BC–100 CE) situated in a rapidly changing landscape due to economic development and infrastructure (pipelines, railways, roads, and housing) about 12–15 km east of the major city of Almaty. The goal of this article is to discuss the complexity of the entangled sectors of cultural and historic preservation, economic development, tourism, and global transnational heritage within the framework of sustainability.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Claudia Chang",authors:[{id:"296402",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"claudia-chang",fullName:"Claudia Chang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68136",title:"Globalization of the Cruise Industry: A Tale of Ships Part II - Asia Post 1994",slug:"globalization-of-the-cruise-industry-a-tale-of-ships-part-ii-asia-post-1994",totalDownloads:906,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Cruising has grown over 7% a year since 1980. Sustained rapid expansion in North America, followed by local expansion in Europe and Asia, has made cruising a global industry, with 365 ships and estimated sales of $37.8 US billion (CIN, 2017). This global development has been fueled by innovation and introduction of market changing resident ships appealing to the mass traveler which were quickly matched by competitors, establishment of industry and port marketing organizations, awareness of cruising as a vacation option, and availability of suitable port and berthing facilities. When these four conditions coexisted the industry experienced rapid growth. Since 1966, the cruise industry has developed from a Miami-centered industry to a global industry centered in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia/New Zealand. Given the high cost of state-of-the-art ships, their deployment is a good indication of industry’s confidence in market growth. This chapter chronicles the development of the Asian cruise industry from 1994 through 2017. Data from Cruise Industry News Annual Reports (CIN) and Berlitz Complete Guide to Cruising and Cruise Ships (Ward) are examined and conclusions are drawn.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Andrew O. 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This trend exists due to a number of reasons, such as the desire of states to create a positive image of their country, the expansion of international cooperation, changes in the global and domestic political situation, the protection of national interests, the prevention of conflicts between states, etc. Cultural diplomacy, beyond historical precedents, consists of a relatively new practice of a country’s foreign policy, which has traditionally focused on trade and security and defense issues. It is true that in European countries there are institutions of cultural foreign relations since the beginning of the century, but in the last decade the issues, related to the projection of the international image of countries, have become more important.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Alexander Rozanov, Maria Ivanchenko, Alexandra Baranova, Elena N. Antonova, Mikhail Smirnov, Olga Belyaeva, Maria Ilicheva, Ludmila Ilicheva, Maria Krotovskaya, Tatiana Grabovich, Zaru Utekova, Dmitry Medvedev, Natalya Ogneva, Furat Al-Mutairi, Elvira Shishlo, Amina Surpkelova, Irina Kopachevskaya, Irina Sokurova, Yulia Borisova, Fernando Joao, Artyom Pakulskikh, Polina Chernova, Alexandra Khramova, Oksana Gryuk, Jesus Yaniz Gonzalez, Valentina Komleva, Alina Papsheva and Arkadi Bessonov",authors:[{id:"233092",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Rozanov",slug:"alexander-rozanov",fullName:"Alexander Rozanov"},{id:"312194",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentina",middleName:"Vycheslavovna",surname:"Komleva",slug:"valentina-komleva",fullName:"Valentina Komleva"},{id:"312195",title:"Ms.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Baranova",slug:"alexandra-baranova",fullName:"Alexandra Baranova"},{id:"312196",title:"Dr.",name:"Furat",middleName:null,surname:"Al Mutairi",slug:"furat-al-mutairi",fullName:"Furat Al Mutairi"},{id:"312197",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanchenko",slug:"maria-ivanchenko",fullName:"Maria Ivanchenko"},{id:"312198",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Arkadi",middleName:null,surname:"Bessonov",slug:"arkadi-bessonov",fullName:"Arkadi Bessonov"},{id:"312199",title:"Ms.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Papsheva",slug:"alina-papsheva",fullName:"Alina Papsheva"},{id:"312200",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludmila",middleName:null,surname:"Ilicheva",slug:"ludmila-ilicheva",fullName:"Ludmila Ilicheva"},{id:"312201",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Khramova",slug:"aleksandra-khramova",fullName:"Aleksandra Khramova"},{id:"316768",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ilicheva",slug:"maria-ilicheva",fullName:"Maria Ilicheva"},{id:"317753",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",middleName:null,surname:"Gryuk",slug:"oksana-gryuk",fullName:"Oksana Gryuk"}]},{id:"71206",title:"Uprising and Human Rights Abuses in Southern Cameroon-Ambazonia",slug:"uprising-and-human-rights-abuses-in-southern-cameroon-ambazonia",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In 2016, lawyers, teachers and students in the two Anglophone regions initially led demonstrations and strikes, which eventually involved a wider section of the population. This mobilization was against their marginalization by the Francophone-dominated government in which they were chronically under-represented in all aspects of national life: political appointments and professional training and had been treated as second-class citizens since their reunification. They argued that their vibrant economic and political institutions had been completely erased, and their education and judicial systems had been undermined and degraded. Activists spread videos that show security forces abusing human rights (by suppressing peaceful gatherings, beating, harassing, arresting and killing protesters, burning their houses, schools and hospitals) in order to produce a counter-narrative to the ‘official story’ that main-stream media had been producing. We collected and analyzed 30 videos to better appreciate the human rights abuses. The videos provide information that cannot be provided by other types of data. They are used as ‘proofs of facts’ and they contain much more visual information on bodily movement and acoustic data. The videos show appalling images not just of how French-speaking soldiers tortured Anglophones but also their inability to communicate with them adequately although they share the same country.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Nanche Billa Robert",authors:[{id:"285893",title:"Dr.",name:"Nanche Billa",middleName:null,surname:"Robert",slug:"nanche-billa-robert",fullName:"Nanche Billa Robert"}]},{id:"72097",title:"Towards Global Peace and Sustainability: Role of Education in Peace-Building in the Great Lakes Region of Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"towards-global-peace-and-sustainability-role-of-education-in-peace-building-in-the-great-lakes-regio",totalDownloads:676,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The Great Lakes Region of sub-Saharan Africa is well known for being volatile and turbulent in terms of peace and stability. For over 60 years, almost all countries in the region have experienced some kind of political and social turmoil such as civil war, coup de tat, and genocides. In 1960, the first democratically elected Congolese prime minister was assassinated. There were unprecedented social and political havoc in a nearby “other Congo” characterized by power struggle between various political and ethnic factions in the post-independence Congo Brazzaville. In Burundi and Rwanda, ethnic tensions between the Tutsi and Hutu engulfed the developmental dreams of nationalist freedom fighters until 2015. Though arguably stable, Tanzania has experienced its own share of socio-political messy including the 1998 Mwembechai and 2001 Pemba massacres. Efforts to build a sense of sustainable peace and development based on mutual understanding and socio-political harmony has brought limited success. In all these countries, the missing link in building sustainable peace and security has been a lack of education. The chapter intends to fill this gap by critically analyzing the potential role of basic education, especially pre-primary and early grades education, in sustainable peace-building in the sub-Saharan context.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Laurent Gabriel Ndijuye and Pambas Basil Tandika",authors:[{id:"301740",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Ndijuye",slug:"laurent-gabriel-ndijuye",fullName:"Laurent Gabriel Ndijuye"},{id:"319403",title:"Dr.",name:"Pambas Basilius",middleName:null,surname:"Tandika",slug:"pambas-basilius-tandika",fullName:"Pambas Basilius Tandika"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"476",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11970,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11971,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11972,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. She specializes in the subject of brands, brand equity, and brand management in production, service, and trade enterprises. She combines this subject with marketing and marketing management in both theoretical and practical aspects. Prof. Hanna Górska-Warsewicz also analyzes brands in the context of trademarks, legal regulations and the protection of intangible. She is an author or co-author of over 200 publications in this field, including 8 books. She works with the business sector and has participated in projects for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. Nkanga",slug:"carotenoids-in-cassava-manihot-esculenta-crantz",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. 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He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. 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He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. 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Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. 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