\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10706",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",title:"Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"During the past two years, the world has been fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had many negative effects on people’s quality of life, physical health, and mental health. Nobody is oblivious to the general information related to the virus or the deleterious health effects it has been linked to, yet there is a lot more to it than the general knowledge. In this book, we shed light on the virus itself and its properties, epidemiology, immune response, various clinical scenarios and consequences, and diagnostic and management dilemmas. Finally, we discuss COVID vaccines and the related myths and misinformation that have led to vaccine hesitancy and mistrust.",isbn:"978-1-83968-217-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-216-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-246-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94676",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"fighting-the-covid-19-pandemic",numberOfPages:458,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1a5246f0b6ba4f0e9ad1fbfa4134c598",bookSignature:"Manal Mohammad Baddour",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10706.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3655,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 29th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 26th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 27th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 16th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 14th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"174598",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Baddour",slug:"manal-mohammad-baddour",fullName:"Manal Mohammad Baddour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174598/images/system/174598.jpeg",biography:"Manal Mohammad Baddour is a Professor of Medical Microbiology and Immunology in the Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. She obtained a Ph.D. in Microbiology and Immunology from the same university in 1995. \n\nDr. Baddour was ranked first among high school examinees in Saudi Arabia in 1979. She has also been listed in the Marquis Who’s Who in the World 2009 and in the Academic Keys Who’s Who list for Medicine Higher Education. \n\nShe has held several positions including secretary general of the Permanent Scientific Committee for Promotion of Professors and Associate Professors in Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Egypt. She is also an editor and reviewer for numerous scientific journals. She has edited or authored several books and has thirty-six journal publications to her credit. She is an assessor for promotion files of faculty members from Egyptian, Jordanian, and Saudi Arabian universities. \n\nDr. Baddour is a member of several organizations including the Gerson Lehrman Group for Healthcare & Biomedical Council; Society for General Microbiology, England; Egyptian Society for Medical Microbiology; Egyptian Association of Immunologists; Egyptian Society for Infection Control; Egyptian Medical Syndicate; Alexandria Medical Syndicate Council; African Association of Physiological Sciences, South Africa; and African Regional Training Network for Medical and Allied Health Sciences, South Africa.",institutionString:"Alexandria University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1129",title:"Epidemiology",slug:"epidemiology"}],chapters:[{id:"77392",title:"Knowing Our Rival–Coronaviridae: The Virus Family",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98806",slug:"knowing-our-rival-coronaviridae-the-virus-family",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will describe the biological nature of viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family. Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 which, with its ever-expanding attack around the globe has become the topic of discussion of the current era. The disease is caused by a SARS-CoV-2 virus which belongs to the Coronaviridae family. This family of the virus has a history of pandemic significance through its attacks of SARS and MERS since the year 2000. They are known to have affinity towards respiratory tract and any disease that erupts out of their group have caused mild and severe respiratory infections globally. Thus, understanding the virus by learning the characteristics of its familial strain will help us to combat their attack even after mutation in the future. This chapter also discusses the pathogenesis of each virus organism in this family, as well as their clinical characteristics and diagnostics, in order to understand their disease-causing pattern and the efficacy of vaccination in mitigating the worst outcomes of the disease.",signatures:"Maanasa Rajagopalan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77392",authors:[{id:"347193",title:"Dr.",name:"Maanasa",surname:"Rajagopalan",slug:"maanasa-rajagopalan",fullName:"Maanasa Rajagopalan"}],corrections:null},{id:"77651",title:"COVID-19: An Updated Insight of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99097",slug:"covid-19-an-updated-insight-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:239,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) out-broke in the city of Wuhan in China and widely spread across the globe in a pandemic manner, causing societal and economic disruptions. Though the origin of the novel virus is still a debating topic, it is certain that SARS-CoV-2 acquired human to human transmission capacity. Regardless of aggressive containment and quarantine approaches, the number of confirmed cases continues to rise and being reported due to its highly infectious nature. As of the time, there is a little scope for the antiviral drugs or vaccines for the treatment of coronavirus infection; due to the vigorous mutation rate in the viral genome. However, existing anti-parasite drugs like ivermectin and chloroquine could effectively inhibit the virus has been reported. Few of the vaccines have come up with certain degree of efficacy and many are under the clinical trial phase. The research on novel coronavirus is still in the preliminary stage. In this chapter, we systematically summarize the origin, transmission route, molecular characterization, pathogenic mechanism, contagious nature, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, mutation and infection as well as prevention strategy of coronavirus disease based on the recently available literature. In addition to this, this chapter presents updated insights of the current state of knowledge pertaining to novel coronavirus and can be referred for potential future studies.",signatures:"Raghunath Satpathy and Prangya Ranjan Rout",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77651",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77651",authors:[{id:"347252",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghunath",surname:"Satpathy",slug:"raghunath-satpathy",fullName:"Raghunath Satpathy"},{id:"416313",title:"Dr.",name:"Prangya Ranjan",surname:"Rout",slug:"prangya-ranjan-rout",fullName:"Prangya Ranjan Rout"}],corrections:null},{id:"77515",title:"COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis and Statistics of Confirmed Cases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98891",slug:"covid-19-pandemic-analysis-and-statistics-of-confirmed-cases",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Coronavirus COVID-19 started in December 2019, and it has spread rapidly across China and the whole world. In this chapter, we analyzed the number of confirmed cases in US, India, France, Russia and Brazil. Additionally, we took into account Latin American countries like Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Chile and Mexico. We noticed, how some countries got a low death rate, despite its high number of confirmed cases (US). Additionally, it is interesting, how some countries with a high percentage of obesity got the highest death rate (Mexico). Also, we noticed a decreasing number in confirmed cases after a intensive vaccination plan (US). Finally, we evaluated Weibull Long Short-Term Memory (W-LSTM) and Multiplicative Trend Exponential Smoothing (MTES) to predict confirmed cases, in this case, W-LSTM showed a more realistic forecasting.",signatures:"Vicente Enrique Machaca Arceda, Miguel Angel Machaca Arceda and Pamela Claudia Laguna Laura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77515",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77515",authors:[{id:"347173",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Vicente Enrique",surname:"Machaca Arceda",slug:"vicente-enrique-machaca-arceda",fullName:"Vicente Enrique Machaca Arceda"},{id:"416530",title:"BSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",surname:"Machaca Arceda",slug:"miguel-angel-machaca-arceda",fullName:"Miguel Angel Machaca Arceda"},{id:"416531",title:"BSc.",name:"Pamela Claudia",surname:"Laguna Laura",slug:"pamela-claudia-laguna-laura",fullName:"Pamela Claudia Laguna Laura"}],corrections:null},{id:"77976",title:"Demographic, Clinical and Radiological Features of Healthcare Workers and Two Index Cases That Were Infected with COVID-19 (SARS-Cov-2)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99148",slug:"demographic-clinical-and-radiological-features-of-healthcare-workers-and-two-index-cases-that-were-i",totalDownloads:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To evaluate the index cases leading to the transmission of healthcare workers (HCWs) in Rize/Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Faculty of Medicine Education and Research Hospital with COVID-19 infection and the clinical features of infected HCWs. The first two COVID-19 test positive patients treated at Rize/Turkey between 10.03.2020 and 12.04.2020 and HCWs those who examined these two patients whose COVID-19 PCR test results were positive were included in this study. In Rize/Turkey, the first and second cases of positive COVID-19 which was recorded on 13.03.2020 on 25.03.2020, 27 HCWs (female, 63%, n = 17 and male, 37%, n = 10 and the mean age was 33.2 ± 6.9 years) who contacted during the treatment of these cases and became COVID-19 positive were examined. The median of symptom duration (days) of the HCWs was 5 days (range: 0–17 days). Fever, 55.6% (n = 15); malaise, 44.4% (n = 12); cough, 40.7% (n = 11); sore throat, 33.3% (n = 9); myalgia, 33.3% (n = 9); dyspnea, 14.8% (n = 4); diarrhea, 22.2% (n = 6); vomiting, 14.8% (n = 4); anosmia, 18.5% (n = 5); ageusia, 22.2% (n = 6) and headache, 37% (n = 10) of the cases. The rates of headache in female HCWs infected with COVID-19 were found to be significantly higher compared to men (52.9%). None of them had severe clinical situation requiring intensive care follow-up or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Laboratory measurements of HCWs were carried out at the first when they had symptoms and when they recovered, and results were compared accordingly. The thorax computerized tomography (CT) findings of HCWs were normal in 74.1% (n = 20) of total. HCWs were initially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Early measures provided by the Health authorities, access to diagnosis and treatment, and the young age average in HCWs prevented severe outcomes such as severe clinical course and mortality at the beginning of the outbreak.",signatures:"Ayse Erturk, Ugur Kostakoglu, Ilknur Esen Yildiz, Nur Hursoy, Sevda Ozdemir Al, Songul Ozyurt, Neslihan Ozcelik, Hatice Beyazal Polat and Aysegul Copur Cicek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77976",authors:[{id:"347352",title:"Prof.",name:"ayse",surname:"erturk",slug:"ayse-erturk",fullName:"ayse erturk"}],corrections:null},{id:"77771",title:"Coronavirus Disinfection Physical Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99091",slug:"coronavirus-disinfection-physical-methods",totalDownloads:144,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since 2019, the spread of the Coronavirus pandemic becomes the global health crisis. To fight the pandemic, several measures were adopted such as: Hygiene measure, massive test, social distancing, quarantine and distancing. Disinfection is an important operation in the fight against the spread of Corona virus pandemic. The disinfection methods are of chemical and physical type. In this work, we focused our interest to the physical methods. These methods are classified in three principal categories: irradiation techniques, heat treatment and mechanical techniques. All the different aspect of techniques are exposed in this chapter. The efficiency of the used techniques is also discussed.",signatures:"Moez Guettari and Ahmed El Aferni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77771",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77771",authors:[{id:"228088",title:"Dr.",name:"Moez",surname:"Guettari",slug:"moez-guettari",fullName:"Moez Guettari"},{id:"349723",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"El Aferni",slug:"ahmed-el-aferni",fullName:"Ahmed El Aferni"}],corrections:null},{id:"77575",title:"Immune Response to COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98964",slug:"immune-response-to-covid-19",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) invades the host’s cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). ACE2 and TMPRSS2 molecules are highly expressed on the respiratory tract but are also expressed in other organs such as kidneys, heart, and intestine, which could partially explain the multiple organ infection, damage, and failure. During the COVID-19 disease course, patients may develop a dysregulation in the immune response, with an exacerbated production of pro-inflammatory molecules and hypercoagulation, which can collaborate to the increase in tissue damage and death. This chapter will cover general aspects of the innate and adaptive immune response during COVID-19, the impact of comorbidities on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, and the immune response generated by COVID-19 vaccines.",signatures:"Ricardo Wesley Alberca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77575",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77575",authors:[{id:"347669",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ricardo Wesley",surname:"Alberca",slug:"ricardo-wesley-alberca",fullName:"Ricardo Wesley Alberca"}],corrections:null},{id:"77675",title:"Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Infection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99088",slug:"clinical-characteristics-of-covid-19-infection",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The typical clinical symptoms of the patients who suffered from the novel viral pneumonia were fever, cough, and myalgia or fatigue with abnormal chest CT, and the less common symptoms were sputum production, headache, hemoptysis, and diarrhea. This new infectious agent is more likely to affect older males to cause severe respiratory diseases. Major risk factors for severe illness and mortality from COVID-19 are age, comorbidities such as: heart disease, hypertension, prior stroke, diabetes, chronic lung disease, and chronic kidney disease and associated with adverse outcomes. Loss of taste and smell preceding the onset of respiratory symptoms has been reported.",signatures:"Mohamed Abdullah Jaber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77675",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77675",authors:[{id:"347257",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdullah Jaber",slug:"mohamed-abdullah-jaber",fullName:"Mohamed Abdullah Jaber"}],corrections:null},{id:"77612",title:"Loss of Smell and Taste as Clinical Onset of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99087",slug:"loss-of-smell-and-taste-as-clinical-onset-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Initially, symptoms of COVID-19 associated with Ear-Nose-Throat were thought to be flulike symptoms in the foreground. Such as fever, chills, cough, dyspnoea, myalgia, headache, sore throat. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was not a noticeable symptom at first. As the number of cases has risen worldwide, sudden onset hyposmia/anosmia has received increasing attention as a symptom of COVID-19. The reported incidence of anosmia varies internationally: as low as 30% in South Korea, and as high as 88% in Europe. The loss of smell that occurs in COVID-19 infection its general character is sudden onset anosmia. There is currently no specific treatment for COVID-19 related anosmia. Olfactory dysfunction can heal spontaneously. However, not a small number of patients may have permanent impairment.",signatures:"Nihal Seden",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77612",authors:[{id:"347230",title:"Dr.",name:"Nihal",surname:"Seden",slug:"nihal-seden",fullName:"Nihal Seden"}],corrections:null},{id:"75899",title:"Cardiovascular System and SARS-CoV-2: Etiology, Physiopathology and Clinical Presentation: A Systematic Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97076",slug:"cardiovascular-system-and-sars-cov-2-etiology-physiopathology-and-clinical-presentation-a-systematic",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East Respiratory Distress Syndrome (MERS) outbreaks it was observed a particularly elevated incidence of cardiovascular disease among patients. With COVID-19, this correlation becomes evident again. However, the cardiovascular impacts by COVID-19 pandemic are not yet well established although publications about its potential deleterious effects are constant. Thus, aimed to carry a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis, the following question was used as a guide: what practical contributions does the scientific literature produced in the period of 2019-2020 has to offer about the impact of the COVID-19 on cardiovascular system? A systematic review of the literature using the Virtual Health Library (VHL) and PubMed with the following descriptors: #1 “cardiovascular disease” [MeSH] AND #2 “COVID-19” [keyword], as well as their equivalents in the Portuguese and Spanish language, during the period from December 2019 to March 2020 was performed. One hundred articles were found in Pubmed and twenty-seven were selected. In VHL there are 59 articles and four were selected totaling thirty-one papers. The findings were then divided into three subcategories: Etiology, Physiopathology and Risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 in Cardiovascular System; Clinical presentation, laboratory markers and imagenological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 in cardiovascular system; and Anti-Hypertensive Drugs, Cardiovascular System and SARS-CoV-2. When it comes to the cardiovascular system, these issues are aggravated and urge as a joint commitment from researchers, medical and governmental organizations to carry out more robust studies with bold methodologies aimed at mapping prognostic factors and assertive therapeutic approaches in the management of cardiovascular complications of COVID- 19.",signatures:"Jucier Gonçalves Júnior, Estelita Lima Cândido, Gislene Farias de Oliveira and Modesto Leite Rolim Neto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75899",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75899",authors:[{id:"325872",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucier Gonçalves",surname:"Junior",slug:"jucier-goncalves-junior",fullName:"Jucier Gonçalves Junior"},{id:"325992",title:"Dr.",name:"Estelita Lima",surname:"Cândido",slug:"estelita-lima-candido",fullName:"Estelita Lima Cândido"},{id:"347185",title:"Dr.",name:"Gislene Farias De",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gislene-farias-de-oliveira",fullName:"Gislene Farias De Oliveira"},{id:"347186",title:"Dr.",name:"Modesto Leite",surname:"Rolim-Neto",slug:"modesto-leite-rolim-neto",fullName:"Modesto Leite Rolim-Neto"}],corrections:null},{id:"77664",title:"Post COVID-19 Conditions and the Cardiovascular System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99197",slug:"post-covid-19-conditions-and-the-cardiovascular-system",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One out of four patients affected by COVID-19 will experience persistent (>3-4 weeks) signs and symptoms (Post COVID-19 conditions or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 – PASC) and this fact will have a major significance for the healthcare and economic systems in the upcoming years. The cardiovascular system is one of the key targets for the Post COVID-19 syndrome, given the pathogenesis of the virus and prevalence of ACE-2 receptors. According to our initial personal experience via the campaign “Life after COVID” of the Bulgarian Cardiac Institute, a substantial proportion of patients having suffered from COVID-19 develop long-term cardiovascular consequences. They could range from rhythm disorder and blood pressure variation, through impairment of myocardial mechanics and heart failure, and to acute vascular manifestations of Post COVID-19 conditions, such as acute coronary syndrome, acute pulmonary embolism, and acute limb ischemia. These cardiovascular complications require special and dedicated medical attention, and we could share our personal experience on the matter.",signatures:"Iana Simova, Denislava Hristova, Hristina Tzanovska, Denis Nikolov, Diliana Iakova, Anyuta Ivanova, Maria-Magdalena Pintova, Pavlin Pavlov, Ognyan Matkov, Todor Samardjiev, Vladimir Kornovski, Jordan Krasnaliev, Todor Kundurzhiev, Nikolay Dimitrov and Toni Vekov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77664",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77664",authors:[{id:"347581",title:"Prof.",name:"Iana",surname:"Simova",slug:"iana-simova",fullName:"Iana Simova"},{id:"416409",title:"Dr.",name:"Denislava",surname:"Hristova",slug:"denislava-hristova",fullName:"Denislava Hristova"},{id:"416410",title:"Dr.",name:"Hristina",surname:"Tzanovska",slug:"hristina-tzanovska",fullName:"Hristina Tzanovska"},{id:"416411",title:"Dr.",name:"Denis",surname:"Nikolov",slug:"denis-nikolov",fullName:"Denis Nikolov"},{id:"416412",title:"Dr.",name:"Diliana",surname:"Iakova",slug:"diliana-iakova",fullName:"Diliana Iakova"},{id:"416414",title:"Dr.",name:"Aniuta",surname:"Ivanova",slug:"aniuta-ivanova",fullName:"Aniuta Ivanova"},{id:"416415",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Magdalena",surname:"Pintova",slug:"maria-magdalena-pintova",fullName:"Maria-Magdalena Pintova"},{id:"416416",title:"Dr.",name:"Ognyan",surname:"Matkov",slug:"ognyan-matkov",fullName:"Ognyan Matkov"},{id:"416417",title:"Dr.",name:"Todor",surname:"Samardjiev",slug:"todor-samardjiev",fullName:"Todor Samardjiev"},{id:"416418",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Kornovski",slug:"vladimir-kornovski",fullName:"Vladimir Kornovski"},{id:"416419",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordan",surname:"Krasnaliev",slug:"jordan-krasnaliev",fullName:"Jordan Krasnaliev"},{id:"416420",title:"Prof.",name:"Todor",surname:"Kundurzhiev",slug:"todor-kundurzhiev",fullName:"Todor Kundurzhiev"},{id:"416421",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Dimitrov",slug:"nikolay-dimitrov",fullName:"Nikolay Dimitrov"},{id:"416422",title:"Prof.",name:"Toni",surname:"Vekov",slug:"toni-vekov",fullName:"Toni Vekov"},{id:"416434",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavlin",surname:"Pavlov",slug:"pavlin-pavlov",fullName:"Pavlin Pavlov"}],corrections:null},{id:"78277",title:"COVID-19 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99647",slug:"covid-19-and-type-2-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-COV-2 virus has evolved into a global crisis and is a major concern especially for the diabetes community. People with diabetes mellitus have increased morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 infection. Conversely, COVID-19 infection and treatment may predispose to hyperglycemia. Potentially modifiable risk factors have been discussed and urgent need to mitigate the risks is warranted. In this book chapter we summarize the available evidence on COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus including link between COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, management and complications.",signatures:"Ritwika Mallik and Mohammed S.B. Huda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78277",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78277",authors:[{id:"356482",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed S.B.",surname:"Huda",slug:"mohammed-s.b.-huda",fullName:"Mohammed S.B. Huda"},{id:"428233",title:"Dr.",name:"Ritwika",surname:"Mallik",slug:"ritwika-mallik",fullName:"Ritwika Mallik"}],corrections:null},{id:"77285",title:"Pregnancy and COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98710",slug:"pregnancy-and-covid-19",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pregnancy is a physiological state that alters the body’s response to infections. COVID-19 has been found to cause severe disease in pregnancy with morbidity and mortality that is higher than in non-pregnant adults. There is risk of transmission of SARS-CoV2 infection to fetus during ante-natal period, intra-partum and post-delivery from an infected mother. It is necessary to provide an un-interrupted ante-natal care and delivery services to pregnant women during the pandemic. Tele-consultation is important modality to reduce the physical exposure of pregnant women to the hospital environment and should be utilised. Screening, isolation, testing and treatment for SARS-CoV2 infection in pregnant women should follow the local guidelines and remain essentially the same as in non-pregnant adults. Admission, if required, should be in a facility that can provide obstetric maternal and fetal monitoring in addition to care for COVID-19 illness. Use of nitrous oxide and inhalational oxygen for fetal indication should be avoided during labor. Second stage of labor is considered an aerosol generating procedure and should be managed with adequate precautions. Mode of delivery should be as per obstetric indications. Regional anaesthesia should be preferred during caesarean. COVID-19 is not a contra-indication to breast feeding. For antenatal women, COVID-19 vaccination can be considered after shared decision making.",signatures:"Sushruti Kaushal and Harpreet Kaur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77285",authors:[{id:"347217",title:"Dr.",name:"Harpreet",surname:"Kaur",slug:"harpreet-kaur",fullName:"Harpreet Kaur"},{id:"357302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sushruti",surname:"Kaushal",slug:"sushruti-kaushal",fullName:"Sushruti Kaushal"}],corrections:null},{id:"77970",title:"Neurological Involvement in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99309",slug:"neurological-involvement-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The respiratory system is the most common target of COVID-19, however, various experimental studies and case reports have shown its affinity for neural tissues. In this chapter, we described pathogenesis and propagation of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the nervous system, potential routes of the SARS-CoV-2 invasion in the brain, as well as indirect effects of COVID-19 on multiorgan disorders. We have also presented all of the reported neurological manifestations in COVID-19 with an explanation of possible underlying pathways. Among patients who tested positive on SARS-CoV-2, various neurological irregularities have been described, affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In general, neurological complications in COVID-19 patients occur within 1 and 14 days, in most cases on average on the 5th day of the incubation period. We have demonstrated all of the reported neurological findings, whereas the most commonly reported were headache, dizziness, myalgia, hypogeusia, hyposmia, and impaired consciousness. More serious neurological conditions in COVID-19 included meningitis, encephalitis, and ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke.",signatures:"Valentina Opancina, Kristijan Krstic, Predrag Sazdanovic, Nebojsa Zdravkovic, Ruzica Radojevic Marjanovic and Radisa Vojinovic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77970",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77970",authors:[{id:"240937",title:"Prof.",name:"Radisa",surname:"Vojinovic",slug:"radisa-vojinovic",fullName:"Radisa Vojinovic"},{id:"347171",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",surname:"Opancina",slug:"valentina-opancina",fullName:"Valentina Opancina"},{id:"419154",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristijan",surname:"Krstic",slug:"kristijan-krstic",fullName:"Kristijan Krstic"},{id:"419248",title:"Prof.",name:"Predrag",surname:"Sazdanovic",slug:"predrag-sazdanovic",fullName:"Predrag Sazdanovic"},{id:"419249",title:"Prof.",name:"Nebojsa",surname:"Zdravkovic",slug:"nebojsa-zdravkovic",fullName:"Nebojsa Zdravkovic"},{id:"419289",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruzica",surname:"Radojevic Marjanovic",slug:"ruzica-radojevic-marjanovic",fullName:"Ruzica Radojevic Marjanovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"77830",title:"“Neurocovid”: An Analysis of the Impact of Covid-19 on the Older Adults. Evolving Psychological and Neuropsychological Understanding",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99414",slug:"-neurocovid-an-analysis-of-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-older-adults-evolving-psychological-and-neu",totalDownloads:131,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"When SARS-CoV-2 began to spread, older adults experienced disproportionately greater adverse effects from the pandemic, including exacerbation of pre-existing physical and cognitive frailty conditions. More severe complications, higher mortality, and concerns about disruptions to their daily routines and access to care. Knowledge about the impact of COVID-19 on the brain is rapidly accumulating and this is reflected in the increasing use of the term “neurocovid”. Co-involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system had already been observed in SARS patients, but COVID-19 seems to invade it with greater affinity than other coronaviruses. This chapter provides an overview of the expanding understanding of the multiple ways in which COVID-19 affects the human brain, discuss the likelihood of long-term sequelae of neurocovid, and their implications for cognitive functions and behaviors in the elderly.",signatures:"Sara Palermo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77830",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77830",authors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],corrections:null},{id:"75822",title:"Consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Mental Health: Integrative Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96816",slug:"consequences-of-the-sars-cov-2-pandemic-on-mental-health-integrative-review",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The lack of specific treatment and knowledge about the exact pathophysiology of the 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its vaccines makes the organic aspects of the pandemic a concern and puts the psychiatric consequences and psychological effects of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, in second place. Hence, the psychiatric impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have not been well established yet. We have performed an integrative literature review in three electronic databases: Medline, PsycINFO, and Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress (PILOTS). The findings were then divided into five subcategories: impacts of COVID-19 on the mental health of psychiatric patients; use of technology as an ally in combating impacts on mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; mental health promotion measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic for the population; mental health promotion measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic for health professionals; and mental health in specific groups in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study has showed that the situation and measures proposed to fight the COVID-19 pandemic cause stress, anxiety, fear, and uncertainty in the population. Psychiatric patients, the elderly, refugees, and migrant workers are more vulnerable due to the stigmatization and lack of specialized support in health services and reduced access to medications. Therefore, they require care from governments and health authorities. In addition, measures to promote hospital health for health professionals seem to be essential to improve care and reduce the psychologic/psychiatric impacts on professionals. Thus, technology is a valuable ally in this process.",signatures:"Jucier Gonçalves Júnior, Gislene Farias de Oliviera and Modesto Leite Rolim-Neto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75822",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75822",authors:[{id:"325872",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucier Gonçalves",surname:"Junior",slug:"jucier-goncalves-junior",fullName:"Jucier Gonçalves Junior"},{id:"347185",title:"Dr.",name:"Gislene Farias De",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gislene-farias-de-oliveira",fullName:"Gislene Farias De Oliveira"},{id:"347186",title:"Dr.",name:"Modesto Leite",surname:"Rolim-Neto",slug:"modesto-leite-rolim-neto",fullName:"Modesto Leite Rolim-Neto"}],corrections:null},{id:"78678",title:"COVID-19 in India: Problems, Challenges and Strategies (Psychological Aspects)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100111",slug:"covid-19-in-india-problems-challenges-and-strategies-psychological-aspects-",totalDownloads:162,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The pandemic COVID-19 is a global challenge which has infected and killed people worldwide. Some people do not show any symptom while some have fever, cough, sore throat, general weakness and fatigue and muscular pain and in most severe cases, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock all leading to death. It has adversely affected the economy and social integrity of countries. There is rising concern about the mental health challenges of the general population (children, adults, or elderly), along with health workers and family of infected people. This study aims to determine effect of COVID-19 on mental health of people in India. It also focuses on the stigma and discriminating factors in our society and ways to cope with such conditions. A structured survey was conducted with 250 participants of different age groups. Our analysis focuses on the factors affecting mental health of any person, changes in behavior and daily routine due to stress, anxiety or fear of transmission of virus in their family and friends, some are worried for their lifestyle and career. There is a need to understand that pandemic is affecting everyone, either physically or mentally. There must be increase in the study of the aspects of mental health during the pandemic and methods to cope with issues like discrimination for better mental health during pandemic period.",signatures:"Sarika Jain and Manish Yadav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78678",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78678",authors:[{id:"354182",title:"Dr.",name:"sarika",surname:"jain",slug:"sarika-jain",fullName:"sarika jain"},{id:"435340",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Yadav",slug:"manish-yadav",fullName:"Manish Yadav"}],corrections:null},{id:"78248",title:"COVID-19 and Multiorgan Dysfunction Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99676",slug:"covid-19-and-multiorgan-dysfunction-syndrome",totalDownloads:173,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the leading cause of death in COVID-19 infection, however, multi-organ dysfunction due to COVID-19 and/or because of co-morbidities is a usual accompaniment causing unfavorable outcome. Early detection of organ failure and giving appropriate organ support may improve the chances of survival. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis; electrolytes coupled with clinical picture and with organ related laboratory investigations may help in diagnosis of MODS and sepsis in COVID-19 SEVERE SYNDROME. Acute kidney injury (AKI), myocarditis, thromboembolism, acute liver de-compensation, hospital acquired infections, cardiac arrest, glycemic variability, thyroid dysfunction and other organ failure may lead to MODS. As patients having multiple organ syndrome requires ICU admission and interventions like intubation, hemodialysis and other extracorporeal treatment support knowing holistically about “COVID-19 MODS” is important for treating physicians.",signatures:"Jitendra D. Lakhani, Sajni Kapadia, Rohit Choradiya, Roop Preet Gill and Som J. Lakhani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78248",authors:[{id:"348628",title:"Prof.",name:"Jitendra",surname:"D. Lakhani",slug:"jitendra-d.-lakhani",fullName:"Jitendra D. Lakhani"},{id:"416797",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajani",surname:"Kapadia",slug:"sajani-kapadia",fullName:"Sajani Kapadia"},{id:"416798",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",surname:"Chordiya",slug:"rohit-chordiya",fullName:"Rohit Chordiya"},{id:"416799",title:"Dr.",name:"Roop",surname:"Gill",slug:"roop-gill",fullName:"Roop Gill"},{id:"416800",title:"Dr.",name:"Som J.",surname:"Lakhani",slug:"som-j.-lakhani",fullName:"Som J. Lakhani"}],corrections:null},{id:"78555",title:"COVID-19 and Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99896",slug:"covid-19-and-catastrophic-antiphospholipid-syndrome",totalDownloads:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One year after the beginning of the epidemic, mortality continues to be high despite several different protocols being tried. Critical patients with Covid 19 in some degree of organ failure and thrombotic events meet the diagnostic criteria of a complete or incomplete catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) or at least we may need to consider a partial form of it. The findings of autopsies and the involvement of different organs and systems are similar to those of CAPS. Currently the only therapy that has been shown to reduce mortality include steroids, anticoagulation and an antinuclear antibody. The same therapy has been shown to be effective for CAPS.",signatures:"Hisyovi Cardenas Suri, David Jimomila Bening and Benjamín Demah Nuertey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78555",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78555",authors:[{id:"347297",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisyovi",surname:"Cardenas Suri",slug:"hisyovi-cardenas-suri",fullName:"Hisyovi Cardenas Suri"},{id:"416522",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Jimomila Bening",slug:"david-jimomila-bening",fullName:"David Jimomila Bening"},{id:"446433",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamín",surname:"Demah Nuertey",slug:"benjamin-demah-nuertey",fullName:"Benjamín Demah Nuertey"}],corrections:null},{id:"77900",title:"Fighting COVID-19: The Medical Laboratory Involvement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99459",slug:"fighting-covid-19-the-medical-laboratory-involvement",totalDownloads:255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) virus has infected many people across the globe. The health system particularly medical laboratory has been overwhelmed by the pandemic, and many health professionals including medical laboratory professionals have lost their lives during the fight against the virus. Medical laboratory science is the bedrock of medical practice and the role of medical laboratory science in containing the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be overemphasized as they are also behind the testing of clinical specimens from infected and any recovered patients. As disease detectives, Medical laboratory scientists and other medical laboratory professionals’ role in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic include; diagnosis, monitoring, development of vaccines, testing protocols, testing kits, offering advice to the guide government policy on containment of the virus.: Various methods and techniques such as virological cell culture, genomic sequencing, amplification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) /gene Xpert systems, immunological testing, biosensors and rapid diagnostic techniques (RDTs) have been employed towards discovery, testing and epidemiology since the onset of COVID-19. The medical laboratory workers and other health workers are so visible at the COVID-19 frontline and are being recognized and applauded for the role played in the recovery of patients affected with the virus. The medical laboratory component is very germane in the COVID-19 vaccine research and vaccination so as to provide pre- and post-vaccination laboratory data.",signatures:"Obeta M. Uchejeso, Jwanse I. Rinpan, Mantu E. Chongs and Maureen O. Ekpere-Ezeugwu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77900",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77900",authors:[{id:"329113",title:"Dr.",name:"Obeta",surname:"M. Uchejeso",slug:"obeta-m.-uchejeso",fullName:"Obeta M. Uchejeso"},{id:"331230",title:"MSc.",name:"Jwanse",surname:"I. Rinpan",slug:"jwanse-i.-rinpan",fullName:"Jwanse I. Rinpan"},{id:"333607",title:"MSc.",name:"Mantu",surname:"E. Chongs",slug:"mantu-e.-chongs",fullName:"Mantu E. Chongs"},{id:"416206",title:"MSc.",name:"Maureen O.",surname:"Ekpere-Ezeugwu",slug:"maureen-o.-ekpere-ezeugwu",fullName:"Maureen O. Ekpere-Ezeugwu"}],corrections:null},{id:"77810",title:"Evolution of Diagnostic Methods and Prevalence Detection of COVID-19: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99241",slug:"evolution-of-diagnostic-methods-and-prevalence-detection-of-covid-19-a-review",totalDownloads:89,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In clinical, research, and public health laboratories, many diagnostic methods are used to detect the coronavirus. Some tests directly detect infection by detecting viral RNA, while others detect the disease indirectly by detecting host antibodies. Several studies on SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic methods have found varying throughput, batching capacity, infrastructure requirements, analytical efficiency, and turnaround times ranging from minutes to hours. Serosurvey studies have been conducted for antibodies to understand, model, and forecast the prevalence of the disease in an area. While on the research and predictive modeling side, sampling and analysis of sewage have been conducted to determine the number of RNA copies and hence the prevalence. Certain studies indicate usefulness of GIS (Geographic Information System) for understanding the pervasiveness of COVID-19 in an area as well. The current chapter deals with the evolution of diagnostic techniques for COVID-19 and discusses use of specific techniques and appropriateness in certain specified conditions. It also focuses on understanding the methods used for assessing the prevalence of COVID-19 in a particular region to extract mitigative strategies from it, either by prediction or management of the affected area.",signatures:"Hemant Bherwani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77810",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77810",authors:[{id:"347215",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Hemant",surname:"Bherwani",slug:"hemant-bherwani",fullName:"Hemant Bherwani"}],corrections:null},{id:"77621",title:"Usefulness of the Hemogram in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98950",slug:"usefulness-of-the-hemogram-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"SARS-CoV2 infection has devastating consequences on healthcare systems and has caused 3 million deaths by April 2021. Identifying patients at risk of death is a priority. Moderate–severe COVID-19 cases seem to associate a cytokine release that follows endothelial injury, triggering a hyperinflammatory and procoagulant state in which leukocytes and platelets are protagonists. Our group has published some reports about the usefulness of the hemogram in COVID-19. Hemogram-derived ratios, mainly the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the novelty neutrophil-to-platelet ratio (NPR), obtained on admission and their rate of change during hospitalization, can easily detect patients with high risk of mortality. Hemogram is a tool available to all hospitals and analyzing the hemogram-derived ratios would provide much more information than could be extracted by evaluating the counts in isolation. We now know that in COVID-19 it is essential to start early anti-inflammatory treatment when patient deteriorates and the hemogram could be a good indicator of this situation. More comprehensive studies are needed to determine how useful these hemogram-derived ratios and prognostic scores are. In the next chapter we will present information related to this aspect as well as our group’s research on the usefulness of the hemogram in COVID-19.",signatures:"Sara Jimeno, Alejandro Peixoto, Sara Velázquez, Paula Sol Ventura, Salvador I. García Adasme and Alejandro López-Escobar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77621",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77621",authors:[{id:"350502",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"López-Escobar",slug:"alejandro-lopez-escobar",fullName:"Alejandro López-Escobar"},{id:"416342",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Jimeno",slug:"sara-jimeno",fullName:"Sara Jimeno"},{id:"416343",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Peixoto",slug:"alejandro-peixoto",fullName:"Alejandro Peixoto"},{id:"416344",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Velázquez",slug:"sara-velazquez",fullName:"Sara Velázquez"},{id:"416345",title:"Mr.",name:"Salvador I.",surname:"García-Adasme",slug:"salvador-i.-garcia-adasme",fullName:"Salvador I. García-Adasme"},{id:"416346",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",surname:"Ventura Wichner",slug:"paula-ventura-wichner",fullName:"Paula Ventura Wichner"}],corrections:null},{id:"77533",title:"COVID-19 Vaccine: A Way Out of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98736",slug:"covid-19-vaccine-a-way-out-of-crisis",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"COVID-19 pandemic has taken toll on the entire globe at physical, emotional and administrative level; straining each and every aspect to its fullest. As on April 19/2021, COVID-19 has infected more than 140 million people around world with around 3 million deaths worldwide. Covid-19 vaccine has emerged as an important direction to walk the world out of this crisis. This chapter covers the basic aspects and principles of vaccination and Immunology and its application in COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter further covers the different type of vaccines being developed, their dosage schedule and route of administration, common adverse events and myths related to them.",signatures:"Aman Sachdeva and Arup Saha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77533",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77533",authors:[{id:"415348",title:"Dr.",name:"Aman",surname:"Sachdeva",slug:"aman-sachdeva",fullName:"Aman Sachdeva"},{id:"416535",title:"Dr.",name:"Arup",surname:"Saha",slug:"arup-saha",fullName:"Arup Saha"}],corrections:null},{id:"77283",title:"Myths: Barriers to Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98711",slug:"myths-barriers-to-fighting-the-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Myths are widely dispersed but false ideologies or misconceptions. With the thousands of deaths recorded daily and the negative toll of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on public health, national economy, and human interaction, it remains surprising how people are still being swayed by conspiracy theories. Due to the novelty of the disease, the quest for an answer, what works, and what does not work gave room for the propagation of misinformation, especially on social media. Identifying and debunking myths is very important in managing disease outbreak, since myths can negatively influence the response of people to preventive and containment strategies. Major proponents of COVID-19 myths have promoted their falsehood on the guise that it is a biological weapon engineered to control the world population. Others have also falsely claimed the use of antibiotics or other antiviral drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 and that COVID-19 is no worse than the common flu or it is just the disease of the elderly. This has promoted refusal to take up the COVID-19 vaccine and increased non-adherence to the preventive guidelines. Myths have been a major stumbling block to curtailing the menace of COVID-19. All hands must be on deck to fight this.",signatures:"Olabode Omotoso, Teibo John and Gbenga Ojo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77283",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77283",authors:[{id:"348192",title:"Mr.",name:"Olabode",surname:"Omotoso",slug:"olabode-omotoso",fullName:"Olabode Omotoso"},{id:"416536",title:"MSc.",name:"Gbenga",surname:"Ojo",slug:"gbenga-ojo",fullName:"Gbenga Ojo"},{id:"416537",title:"Mr.",name:"John",surname:"Teibo",slug:"john-teibo",fullName:"John Teibo"}],corrections:null},{id:"77282",title:"Myths Surrounding Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates: A Guide to Fight Back",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98714",slug:"myths-surrounding-covid-19-vaccine-candidates-a-guide-to-fight-back",totalDownloads:131,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Covid-19 pandemic has propelled public health officials into the socio-political sphere due to the need for constantly updated information on behalf of the public. However, many individuals choose to acquire health information/guidance from indirect sources, including social media, news organizations, and general word of mouth. As a result, myths and false narratives about various essential health topics, including vaccine characteristics and protective measures, can circulate un-verified between millions of individuals with little recourse. These can further widen the “gap” between public knowledge and current research, resulting in lower vaccine uptake (vaccine hesitancy) and protective measure adherence. Such actions have profound implications as nations attempt to achieve herd immunity and end the pandemic once and for all. Thus, it is vital that public health officials, health providers, researchers, and the general public be able to differentiate common Covid-19 myths from facts and be prepared to approach such interactions via sound reasoning and research-based evidence. This chapter will serve as a guide to accomplish just that.",signatures:"John Zizzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77282",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77282",authors:[{id:"347174",title:"M.D.",name:"John",surname:"Zizzo",slug:"john-zizzo",fullName:"John Zizzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"77774",title:"Covid-19 Vaccines and Institutional Trust",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99124",slug:"covid-19-vaccines-and-institutional-trust",totalDownloads:115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Major public and private laboratories entered into a race to find an effective Covid-19 vaccine. With the arrival of the vaccines, governments have to implement vaccination programs to achieve the necessary immunization levels to prevent further transmission of the disease. In this context, the ethical dilemma of compulsory vaccination vs. voluntary vaccination has been raised. Underlying this dilemma lies the problem of the ethical models on which the political decisions of governments in health matters based. The chapter proposes and argues the need to base health policy decisions on an ethical “first person” model, based on personal responsibility, that allows us to move from a normative ethic to an ethic of responsible behavior. This change in the ethical model, together with certain proposals for political action, will help us to restore institutional trust, so that the necessary levels of collective immunity against Covid-19 can be achieved through the voluntary vaccination of the citizens.",signatures:"Fermín Jesús González-Melado and María Luisa Di Pietro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77774",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77774",authors:[{id:"349316",title:"Dr.",name:"Fermín Jesús",surname:"González-Melado",slug:"fermin-jesus-gonzalez-melado",fullName:"Fermín Jesús González-Melado"},{id:"416173",title:"Prof.",name:"María Luisa",surname:"Di Pietro",slug:"maria-luisa-di-pietro",fullName:"María Luisa Di Pietro"}],corrections:null},{id:"75843",title:"Pharmacotherapy for COVID-19: A Ray of Hope",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97012",slug:"pharmacotherapy-for-covid-19-a-ray-of-hope",totalDownloads:234,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Most viral infections have limited treatment options available and the same holds for COVID-19, its causative agent being the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Drugs used in the past against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) viruses, which belong to the same family of viruses as the novel Coronavirus included ribavirin, interferon (alfa and beta), lopinavir-ritonavir combination, and corticosteroids. There remains controversy regarding their efficacy to date, except for the last one. Hence, large-scale multicentric trials are being conducted involving multiple drugs. Chloroquine and hydroxy-chloroquine were initially taking the race ahead but have now been rejected. Remdesivir was a promising candidate, for which the FDA had issued an emergency use authorization, but now is not recommended by the WHO. Convalescent plasma therapy had promising results in the early severe viremia phase, but the PLACID trial made an obscure end. Only corticosteroids have shown demonstrable benefits in improving mortality rates among severe COVID-19 cases. Many new modalities like monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are discussed. In this chapter, we review the therapeutic drugs under investigation for the COVID-19 treatment, their mode of action, degree of effectiveness, and recommendations by different centers regarding their use in current settings.",signatures:"Mayank Kapoor, Prasan Kumar Panda and Vivek Mohanty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75843",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75843",authors:[{id:"269294",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasan Kumar",surname:"Panda",slug:"prasan-kumar-panda",fullName:"Prasan Kumar Panda"},{id:"348097",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",surname:"Kapoor",slug:"mayank-kapoor",fullName:"Mayank Kapoor"},{id:"348098",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivek",surname:"Mohanty",slug:"vivek-mohanty",fullName:"Vivek Mohanty"}],corrections:null},{id:"77142",title:"Home Care as a Safe Alternative during COVID-19 Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98529",slug:"home-care-as-a-safe-alternative-during-covid-19-crisis",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High mortality rate for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been reported worldwide in nursing home residents, and the global concern about the safety of patients and professionals in these institutions is relevant. A large part of post-acute and chronic patient care in Brazil is performed at home through Home Care (HC) services. The objectives of this chapter are to describe the main measures that can be implemented in patient homes in order to keep professionals, patients, and family members safe and to analyze the safety of choosing the home as the place of care during a pandemic, especially in contrast to the results observed in long-term care facilities. COVID-19 infection data among home care patients, obtained after a year of severe epidemic in Brazil, demonstrate that home care is safe and is associated with a low incidence and low lethality related to the new coronavirus.",signatures:"Heloisa Amaral Gaspar and Claudio Oliveira Flauzino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77142",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77142",authors:[{id:"347923",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Heloisa",surname:"Amaral Gaspar",slug:"heloisa-amaral-gaspar",fullName:"Heloisa Amaral Gaspar"},{id:"347927",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Oliveira Flauzino",slug:"claudio-oliveira-flauzino",fullName:"Claudio Oliveira Flauzino"}],corrections:null},{id:"78423",title:"Tackling COVID-19 through the One Health Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99677",slug:"tackling-covid-19-through-the-one-health-approach",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Covid-19 pandemic is currently ravaging the globe with enormous morbidity and mortality. This pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 started from China and has spread across the globe. Initial reports indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 initially emerged among animals from where they transfer to humans. Different strategies deployed to curtail the pandemic have yielded little result. Therefore, the One-Health concept may compliment existing strategies. The One Health places emphasis on the between the animal-human-ecosystem interface and how this can be used to tackle public health problems, including the COVID-19 pandemic. One Health Surveillance will involve tracking viral pathogens in animals to access risk of transfer to humans. It will also stimulate targeted approaches for prevention and treatment of viral zoonotic infections. There should be an integrated and interdisciplinary One-Health surveillance that should incorporate veterinary, medical or public health and environmental scientists to synergise surveillance effort to track emergence of infectious diseases in the future.",signatures:"Ayodele Oluwaseun Ajayi, Olawale Peter Odeleye and Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78423",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78423",authors:[{id:"349152",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayodele Oluwaseun",surname:"Ajayi",slug:"ayodele-oluwaseun-ajayi",fullName:"Ayodele Oluwaseun Ajayi"},{id:"416539",title:"Mr.",name:"Olawale Peter",surname:"Odeleye",slug:"olawale-peter-odeleye",fullName:"Olawale Peter Odeleye"},{id:"418468",title:"Mrs.",name:"Oluwabukola Atinuke",surname:"Popoola",slug:"oluwabukola-atinuke-popoola",fullName:"Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5294",title:"Steps Forwards in Diagnosing and Controlling Influenza",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"15d072595f188560cf6edce50307b529",slug:"steps-forwards-in-diagnosing-and-controlling-influenza",bookSignature:"Manal Mohammad Baddour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5294.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174598",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal Mohammad",surname:"Baddour",slug:"manal-mohammad-baddour",fullName:"Manal Mohammad Baddour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4786",title:"Updates on Brucellosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc389e7ef54fb572ca89ae1ac6e5f3ec",slug:"updates-on-brucellosis",bookSignature:"Manal Mohammad Baddour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4786.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174598",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal Mohammad",surname:"Baddour",slug:"manal-mohammad-baddour",fullName:"Manal Mohammad Baddour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7082",title:"Surgical Infections",subtitle:"Some Facts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5cab76ab84efa06f84fce22420ee43d",slug:"surgical-infections-some-facts",bookSignature:"Manal Mohammad Baddour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7082.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174598",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal Mohammad",surname:"Baddour",slug:"manal-mohammad-baddour",fullName:"Manal Mohammad Baddour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1810",title:"Epidemiology",subtitle:"Current Perspectives on Research and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac7d05ca923379f2deb51dc563d0d050",slug:"epidemiology-current-perspectives-on-research-and-practice",bookSignature:"Nuno Lunet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58911",title:"Prof.",name:"Nuno",surname:"Lunet",slug:"nuno-lunet",fullName:"Nuno Lunet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10470",title:"Current Perspectives on Viral Disease Outbreaks",subtitle:"Epidemiology, Detection and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c14777459bf484d53004a121bf8c761e",slug:"current-perspectives-on-viral-disease-outbreaks-epidemiology-detection-and-control",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9504",title:"Science-Based Approaches to Respond to COVID and Other Public Health Threats",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"355f26e9a65d22c4de7311a424d1e3eb",slug:"science-based-approaches-to-respond-to-covid-and-other-public-health-threats",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10535",title:"SARS-CoV-2 Origin and COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Globe",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"043fa3e57c1448a9cf8155587a8cac3d",slug:"sars-cov-2-origin-and-covid-19-pandemic-across-the-globe",bookSignature:"Vijay Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10535.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fcb1804d36a2b0eed63e5a37ba463702",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-inter",title:"Erratum - Public Perceptions of Values Associated with Wildfire Protection at the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Synthesis of National Findings",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68989.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68989",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68989",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68989",chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9952",leadTitle:null,title:"Pyrophosphate Biology and Medicine - Advances, Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tPyrophosphate (PPi) has long been recognized as a by-product of diverse biosynthetic reactions and was initially identified as a key endogenous inhibitor of biomineralization. PPi is synthesized from extracellular ATP by ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase from extracellular ATP hydrolysis. Vascular calcification refers to the deposition of calcium phosphate, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals, in cardiovascular tissues including arteries and myocardium. It is correlated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in diabetic patients and in those with chronic kidney disease. Many enzymes implicated in the metabolism of pyrophosphate have been associated with vascular calcifications. Pyrophosphate may also act as a signaling molecule to regulate gene expression. Thus, it is necessary to outline our current insight regarding pyrophosphate metabolism and how it regulates bone mineralization and inhibits harmful soft tissue calcification. Therapies based on pyrophosphate metabolism have been compelling in animal models, including renal failure, and hold hope as promising therapies to prevent vascular calcification. This work intends to summarize recent progress and future directions for the study of pyrophosphate metabolism and how it regulates bone mineralization and prevents harmful soft tissue calcification, how dysregulation of PPi results in human diseases as well as the development of novel molecules and strategies that can interrogate and manipulate the cellular actions of pyrophosphate.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a92844c6dd3fd62f42adecd405e4a314",bookSignature:"Mr. Abdullah Al Hasan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9952.jpg",keywords:"Biology of Pyrophosphate, Pyrophosphate-Dependent Metabolism, Inositol Pyrophosphate Pathway, Pathological Perspectives, Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition, Vascular Calcification,, Medical Perspectives, Epidemiology, Pharmacological Perspectives, Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate, Pyrophosphate Metabolites, Thiamine Pyrophosphate Riboswitches, Terpene Byiosynthesis",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 12th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 24th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 23rd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 11th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 10th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"228533",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Al Hasan",slug:"abdullah-al-hasan",fullName:"Abdullah Al Hasan",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Abdullah Al Hasan received his MPharm degree in Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. During his study, he worked on the biology of natural products at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka. After his post-graduation, he got a permanent position in the Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Bangladesh in 2013. He established his own research group in 2016 in that department with the main objective of studying the structural biology of drug action with a particular focus on drug design and drug discovery. His team is also deeply engaged in nano-scale science and technology with a focus on targeted drug delivery and cancer research.",institutionString:"Southeast University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Southeast University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"17161",title:"Video Based Face Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network",doi:"10.5772/17930",slug:"video-based-face-recognition-using-convolutional-neural-network",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/17161.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17161",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17161",totalDownloads:3820,totalViews:117,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:62,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 24th 2010",dateReviewed:"March 24th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 1st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/17161",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/17161",book:{id:"483",slug:"new-approaches-to-characterization-and-recognition-of-faces"},signatures:"Shefa A. Dawwd and Basil Sh. Mahmood",authors:[{id:"29854",title:"Dr.",name:"Shefa",middleName:null,surname:"Dawwd",fullName:"Shefa Dawwd",slug:"shefa-dawwd",email:"shefadawwd@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"40207",title:"Dr.",name:"Basil",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",fullName:"Basil Mahmood",slug:"basil-mahmood",email:"basil_mahmood@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"483",type:"book",title:"New Approaches to Characterization and Recognition of Faces",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Approaches to Characterization and Recognition of Faces",slug:"new-approaches-to-characterization-and-recognition-of-faces",publishedDate:"August 1st 2011",bookSignature:"Peter Corcoran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/483.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-515-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4471-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:"M",surname:"Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"566"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"17155",type:"chapter",title:"Automatic Face Recognition System for Hidden Markov Model Techniques",slug:"automatic-face-recognition-system-for-hidden-markov-model-techniques",totalDownloads:4900,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Peter M. Corcoran and Claudia Iancu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:"M",surname:"Corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran"},{id:"29148",title:"Ms.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Iancu",fullName:"Claudia Iancu",slug:"claudia-iancu"}]},{id:"17156",type:"chapter",title:"Large-Scale Face Image Retrieval: A Wyner-Ziv Coding Approach",slug:"large-scale-face-image-retrieval-a-wyner-ziv-coding-approach",totalDownloads:2217,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jean-Paul Kouma and Haibo Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28891",title:"Mr",name:"Jean-Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kouma",fullName:"Jean-Paul Kouma",slug:"jean-paul-kouma"}]},{id:"17157",type:"chapter",title:"3D Face Recognition",slug:"3d-face-recognition",totalDownloads:4403,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Naser Zaeri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32275",title:"Dr.",name:"Naser",middleName:null,surname:"Zaeri",fullName:"Naser Zaeri",slug:"naser-zaeri"}]},{id:"17158",type:"chapter",title:"Face Image Synthesis and Interpretation Using 3D Illumination-Based AAM Models",slug:"face-image-synthesis-and-interpretation-using-3d-illumination-based-aam-models",totalDownloads:2074,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Salvador E. Ayala-Raggi, Leopoldo Altamirano-Robles and Janeth Cruz-Enriquez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32485",title:"Dr",name:"Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"Ayala-Raggi",fullName:"Salvador Ayala-Raggi",slug:"salvador-ayala-raggi"}]},{id:"17159",type:"chapter",title:"Processing and Recognising Faces in 3D Images",slug:"processing-and-recognising-faces-in-3d-images",totalDownloads:2509,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eyad Elyan and Daniel C Doolan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36834",title:"Dr.",name:"Eyad",middleName:null,surname:"Elyan",fullName:"Eyad Elyan",slug:"eyad-elyan"},{id:"62602",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"C",surname:"Doolan",fullName:"Daniel Doolan",slug:"daniel-doolan"}]},{id:"17160",type:"chapter",title:"Real-Time Video Face Recognition for Embedded Devices",slug:"real-time-video-face-recognition-for-embedded-devices",totalDownloads:2689,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Gabriel Costache, Sathish Mangapuram, Alexandru Drimbarean, Petronel Bigioi and Peter Corcoran",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:"M",surname:"Corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran"},{id:"33880",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Costache",fullName:"Gabriel Costache",slug:"gabriel-costache"},{id:"47577",title:"Mr.",name:"Sathish",middleName:null,surname:"Mangapuram",fullName:"Sathish Mangapuram",slug:"sathish-mangapuram"},{id:"47578",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexandu",middleName:null,surname:"Drimbarean",fullName:"Alexandu Drimbarean",slug:"alexandu-drimbarean"},{id:"47579",title:"Dr.",name:"Petronel",middleName:null,surname:"Bigioi",fullName:"Petronel Bigioi",slug:"petronel-bigioi"}]},{id:"17161",type:"chapter",title:"Video Based Face Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network",slug:"video-based-face-recognition-using-convolutional-neural-network",totalDownloads:3820,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shefa A. Dawwd and Basil Sh. Mahmood",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29854",title:"Dr.",name:"Shefa",middleName:null,surname:"Dawwd",fullName:"Shefa Dawwd",slug:"shefa-dawwd"},{id:"40207",title:"Dr.",name:"Basil",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",fullName:"Basil Mahmood",slug:"basil-mahmood"}]},{id:"17162",type:"chapter",title:"Adaptive Fitness Approach - an Application for Video-Based Face Recognition",slug:"adaptive-fitness-approach-an-application-for-video-based-face-recognition",totalDownloads:2163,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alaa Eleyan, Hüseyin Özkaramanli and Hasan Demirel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"6994",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Demirel",fullName:"Hasan Demirel",slug:"hasan-demirel"},{id:"37366",title:"Dr.",name:"Alaa",middleName:null,surname:"Eleyan",fullName:"Alaa Eleyan",slug:"alaa-eleyan"},{id:"52654",title:"Prof.",name:"Huseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Ozkaramanli",fullName:"Huseyin Ozkaramanli",slug:"huseyin-ozkaramanli"}]},{id:"17163",type:"chapter",title:"Real Time Robust Embedded Face Detection Using High Level Description",slug:"real-time-robust-embedded-face-detection-using-high-level-description",totalDownloads:3083,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Khalil Khattab, Philippe Brunet, Julien Dubois and Johel Miteran",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28713",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalil",middleName:null,surname:"Khattab",fullName:"Khalil Khattab",slug:"khalil-khattab"},{id:"47156",title:"Dr.",name:"Julien",middleName:null,surname:"Dubois",fullName:"Julien Dubois",slug:"julien-dubois"},{id:"47157",title:"Dr.",name:"Johel",middleName:null,surname:"Miteran",fullName:"Johel Miteran",slug:"johel-miteran"},{id:"100165",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Brunet",fullName:"Philip Brunet",slug:"philip-brunet"}]},{id:"17164",type:"chapter",title:"Face Discrimination Using the Orientation and Size Recognition Characteristics of the Spreading Associative Neural Network",slug:"face-discrimination-using-the-orientation-and-size-recognition-characteristics-of-the-spreading-asso",totalDownloads:1827,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kiyomi Nakamura and Hironobu Takano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27284",title:"Dr.",name:"Hironobu",middleName:null,surname:"Takano",fullName:"Hironobu Takano",slug:"hironobu-takano"},{id:"28757",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiyomi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",fullName:"Kiyomi Nakamura",slug:"kiyomi-nakamura"}]},{id:"17165",type:"chapter",title:"The Methodology for Facial Features Detection",slug:"the-methodology-for-facial-features-detection",totalDownloads:2752,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jacek Naruniec",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32191",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacek",middleName:null,surname:"Naruniec",fullName:"Jacek Naruniec",slug:"jacek-naruniec"}]},{id:"17166",type:"chapter",title:"Exploring and Understanding the High Dimensional and Sparse Image Face Space: a Self-Organized Manifold Mapping",slug:"exploring-and-understanding-the-high-dimensional-and-sparse-image-face-space-a-self-organized-manifo",totalDownloads:2232,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edson C. Kitani, Emilio M. Hernandez, Gilson A. Giraldi and Carlos E. Thomaz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19215",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilson",middleName:null,surname:"Giraldi",fullName:"Gilson Giraldi",slug:"gilson-giraldi"},{id:"30204",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Thomaz",fullName:"Carlos Thomaz",slug:"carlos-thomaz"},{id:"46611",title:"MSc",name:"Edson",middleName:null,surname:"Kitani",fullName:"Edson Kitani",slug:"edson-kitani"},{id:"46612",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez",fullName:"Emilio Hernandez",slug:"emilio-hernandez"}]},{id:"17167",type:"chapter",title:"The Effects of Right/Left Temporal Lobe Lesions on the Recognition of Familiar Faces",slug:"the-effects-of-right-left-temporal-lobe-lesions-on-the-recognition-of-familiar-faces",totalDownloads:2914,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guido Gainotti, Monica Ferraccioli and Camillo Marra",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48868",title:"Dr.",name:"Guido",middleName:null,surname:"Gainotti",fullName:"Guido Gainotti",slug:"guido-gainotti"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"229",title:"Reviews, Refinements and New Ideas in Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73465ad0d0df2ebdbac76610a57c4b75",slug:"reviews-refinements-and-new-ideas-in-face-recognition",bookSignature:"Peter M. Corcoran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/229.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"17168",title:"Hidden Markov Models in Automatic Face Recognition - A Review",slug:"hidden-markov-models-in-automatic-face-recognition-a-review",signatures:"Peter Corcoran and Claudia Iancu",authors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:"M",surname:"Corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran"},{id:"29148",title:"Ms.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Iancu",fullName:"Claudia Iancu",slug:"claudia-iancu"}]},{id:"17169",title:"GMM vs SVM for Face Recognition and Face Verification",slug:"gmm-vs-svm-for-face-recognition-and-face-verification",signatures:"Jesus Olivares-Mercado, Gualberto Aguilar, Karina Toscano-Medina, Mariko Nakano and Hector Perez Meana",authors:[{id:"30416",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Meana",fullName:"Hector Perez Meana",slug:"hector-perez-meana"},{id:"43113",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Olivares-Mercado",fullName:"Jesus Olivares-Mercado",slug:"jesus-olivares-mercado"},{id:"46586",title:"Dr.",name:"Gualberto",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar",fullName:"Gualberto Aguilar",slug:"gualberto-aguilar"},{id:"46587",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariko",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",fullName:"Mariko Nakano",slug:"mariko-nakano"},{id:"85308",title:"Dr.",name:"Karina",middleName:null,surname:"Toscano-Medina",fullName:"Karina Toscano-Medina",slug:"karina-toscano-medina"}]},{id:"17170",title:"New Principles in Algorithm Design for Problems of Face Recognition",slug:"new-principles-in-algorithm-design-for-problems-of-face-recognition",signatures:"Vitaliy Tayanov",authors:[{id:"31356",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",middleName:null,surname:"Tayanov",fullName:"Vitaliy Tayanov",slug:"vitaliy-tayanov"}]},{id:"17171",title:"A MANOVA of LBP Features for Face Recognition",slug:"a-manova-of-lbp-features-for-face-recognition",signatures:"Yuchun Fang, Jie Luo, Qiyun Cai, Wang Dai, Ying Tan and Gong Cheng",authors:[{id:"39196",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuchun",middleName:null,surname:"Fang",fullName:"Yuchun Fang",slug:"yuchun-fang"},{id:"45754",title:"Prof.",name:"Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",fullName:"Jie Luo",slug:"jie-luo"},{id:"45755",title:"Mr.",name:"Qiyun",middleName:null,surname:"CAI",fullName:"Qiyun CAI",slug:"qiyun-cai"},{id:"45756",title:"Mr.",name:"Wang",middleName:null,surname:"DAI",fullName:"Wang DAI",slug:"wang-dai"},{id:"45757",title:"Mr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Ying Tan",slug:"ying-tan"},{id:"45758",title:"Mr.",name:"Gong",middleName:null,surname:"CHENG",fullName:"Gong CHENG",slug:"gong-cheng"}]},{id:"17172",title:"Recent Advances on Face Recongition using Thermal Infrared Images",slug:"recent-advances-on-face-recongition-using-thermal-infrared-images",signatures:"César San Martin, Roberto Carrillo, Pablo Meza, Heydi Mendez-Vazquez, Yenisel Plasencia, Edel García-Reyes and Gabriel Hermosilla",authors:[{id:"28931",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"San Martin",fullName:"Cesar San Martin",slug:"cesar-san-martin"},{id:"47442",title:"MSc",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Meza",fullName:"Pablo Meza",slug:"pablo-meza"},{id:"47443",title:"MSc",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Carrillo",fullName:"Roberto Carrillo",slug:"roberto-carrillo"},{id:"88468",title:"Prof.",name:"Yenisel",middleName:null,surname:"Plasencia",fullName:"Yenisel Plasencia",slug:"yenisel-plasencia"},{id:"88469",title:"Dr.",name:"Edel",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Edel Garcia",slug:"edel-garcia"},{id:"88470",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Hermosilla",fullName:"Gabriel Hermosilla",slug:"gabriel-hermosilla"}]},{id:"17173",title:"Thermal Infrared Face Recognition – A Biometric Identification Technique for Robust Security system",slug:"thermal-infrared-face-recognition-a-biometric-identification-technique-for-robust-security-system",signatures:"Mrinal Kanti Bhowmik, Kankan Saha, Sharmistha Majumder, Goutam Majumder, Ashim Saha, Aniruddha Nath Sarma, Debotosh Bhattacharjee, Dipak Kumar Basu and Mita Nasipuri",authors:[{id:"33231",title:"Mr.",name:"Mrinal",middleName:null,surname:"Kanti Bhowmik",fullName:"Mrinal Kanti Bhowmik",slug:"mrinal-kanti-bhowmik"},{id:"47022",title:"Dr.",name:"Debotosh",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharjee",fullName:"Debotosh Bhattacharjee",slug:"debotosh-bhattacharjee"},{id:"47023",title:"Mr.",name:"Dipak Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",fullName:"Dipak Kumar Basu",slug:"dipak-kumar-basu"},{id:"104795",title:"Mr.",name:"Kankan",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",fullName:"Kankan Saha",slug:"kankan-saha"},{id:"104930",title:"Mr.",name:"Goutam",middleName:null,surname:"Majumder",fullName:"Goutam Majumder",slug:"goutam-majumder"},{id:"104932",title:"Ms.",name:"Sharmistha",middleName:null,surname:"Majumder",fullName:"Sharmistha Majumder",slug:"sharmistha-majumder"},{id:"104935",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashim",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",fullName:"Ashim Saha",slug:"ashim-saha"},{id:"104937",title:"Mr.",name:"Aniruddha",middleName:null,surname:"Nath Sarma",fullName:"Aniruddha Nath Sarma",slug:"aniruddha-nath-sarma"},{id:"104942",title:"Prof.",name:"Mita",middleName:null,surname:"Nasipuri",fullName:"Mita Nasipuri",slug:"mita-nasipuri"}]},{id:"17174",title:"Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Face Recognition",slug:"dimensionality-reduction-techniques-for-face-recognition",signatures:"Shylaja S. Sharath, Balasubramanya Murthy K N and Natarajan S",authors:[{id:"30867",title:"Prof.",name:"Shylaja",middleName:null,surname:"S. Sharath",fullName:"Shylaja S. Sharath",slug:"shylaja-s.-sharath"},{id:"46940",title:"Dr.",name:"Subramanyam",middleName:null,surname:"Natarajan",fullName:"Subramanyam Natarajan",slug:"subramanyam-natarajan"},{id:"46941",title:"Dr.",name:"K. N. Balasubramanya",middleName:null,surname:"Murthy",fullName:"K. N. Balasubramanya Murthy",slug:"k.-n.-balasubramanya-murthy"}]},{id:"17175",title:"Face and Automatic Target Recognition Based on Super-Resolved Discriminant Subspace",slug:"face-and-automatic-target-recognition-based-on-super-resolved-discriminant-subspace",signatures:"Widhyakorn Asdornwised",authors:[{id:"33259",title:"Dr.",name:"Widhyakorn",middleName:null,surname:"Asdornwised",fullName:"Widhyakorn Asdornwised",slug:"widhyakorn-asdornwised"}]},{id:"17176",title:"Efficiency of Recognition Methods for Single Sample per Person Based Face Recognition",slug:"efficiency-of-recognition-methods-for-single-sample-per-person-based-face-recognition",signatures:"Milos Oravec, Jarmila Pavlovicova, Jan Mazanec, Lubos Omelina, Matej Feder and Jozef Ban",authors:[{id:"8419",title:"Prof.",name:"Miloš",middleName:null,surname:"Oravec",fullName:"Miloš Oravec",slug:"milos-oravec"},{id:"47114",title:"Prof.",name:"Jarmila",middleName:null,surname:"Pavlovicova",fullName:"Jarmila Pavlovicova",slug:"jarmila-pavlovicova"},{id:"47115",title:"MSc.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Mazanec",fullName:"Jan Mazanec",slug:"jan-mazanec"},{id:"47116",title:"MSc.",name:"Lubos",middleName:null,surname:"Omelina",fullName:"Lubos Omelina",slug:"lubos-omelina"},{id:"47117",title:"MSc.",name:"Matej",middleName:null,surname:"Feder",fullName:"Matej Feder",slug:"matej-feder"},{id:"47118",title:"MSc",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Ban",fullName:"Jozef Ban",slug:"jozef-ban"}]},{id:"17177",title:"Constructing Kernel Machines in the Empirical Kernel Feature Space",slug:"constructing-kernel-machines-in-the-empirical-kernel-feature-space",signatures:"Huilin Xiong and Zhongli Jiang",authors:[{id:"29966",title:"Dr.",name:"Huilin",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",fullName:"Huilin Xiong",slug:"huilin-xiong"}]},{id:"17178",title:"Additive noise robustness of phase-input joint transform correlators for face recognition",slug:"additive-noise-robustness-of-phase-input-joint-transform-correlators-for-face-recognition",signatures:"Alin Cristian Teusdea and Gianina Adela Gabor",authors:[{id:"33953",title:"Dr.",name:"Alin Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Teusdea",fullName:"Alin Cristian Teusdea",slug:"alin-cristian-teusdea"},{id:"45289",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianina Adela",middleName:null,surname:"Gabor",fullName:"Gianina Adela Gabor",slug:"gianina-adela-gabor"}]},{id:"17179",title:"Robust Face Localization Using Dynamic Time Warping Algorithm",slug:"robust-face-localization-using-dynamic-time-warping-algorithm",signatures:"Somaya Majed",authors:[{id:"38165",title:"Dr.",name:"Somaya",middleName:null,surname:"Majed",fullName:"Somaya Majed",slug:"somaya-majed"}]},{id:"17180",title:"Video-based Face Recognition using Spatio-Temporal Representations",slug:"video-based-face-recognition-using-spatio-temporal-representations",signatures:"John See, Chikkannan Eswaran and Mohammad Faizal Ahmad Fauzi",authors:[{id:"45814",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"See",fullName:"John See",slug:"john-see"},{id:"95774",title:"Prof.",name:"Chikkannan",middleName:null,surname:"Eswaran",fullName:"Chikkannan Eswaran",slug:"chikkannan-eswaran"}]},{id:"17181",title:"Real-time Multi-Face Recognition and Tracking Techniques Used for the Interaction between Humans and Robots",slug:"real-time-multi-face-recognition-and-tracking-techniques-used-for-the-interaction-between-humans-and",signatures:"Chin-Shyurng Fahn and Chih-Hsin Wang",authors:[{id:"35484",title:"Prof.",name:"Chin-Shyurng",middleName:null,surname:"Fahn",fullName:"Chin-Shyurng Fahn",slug:"chin-shyurng-fahn"},{id:"35493",title:"Prof.",name:"Chih-Hsin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Chih-Hsin Wang",slug:"chih-hsin-wang"}]},{id:"17182",title:"Face Recognition without Identification",slug:"face-recognition-without-identification",signatures:"Anne Cleary",authors:[{id:"32335",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Cleary",fullName:"Anne Cleary",slug:"anne-cleary"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"457",title:"Recent Application in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"recent-application-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Jucheng Yang and Norman Poh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/457.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36689",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"458",title:"State of the art in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"state-of-the-art-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Jucheng Yang and Loris Nanni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/458.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36689",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"483",title:"New Approaches to Characterization and Recognition of Faces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3f1bf72c797d16b397647b14a119ae3",slug:"new-approaches-to-characterization-and-recognition-of-faces",bookSignature:"Peter Corcoran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/483.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"503",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:"Design and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0daf4d5b8a5b92756a1e31f400043333",slug:"biometric-systems-design-and-applications",bookSignature:"Zahid Riaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/503.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"8211",title:"Mr.",name:"Zahid",surname:"Riaz",slug:"zahid-riaz",fullName:"Zahid Riaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"118",title:"Biometrics",subtitle:"Unique and Diverse Applications in Nature, Science, and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"biometrics-unique-and-diverse-applications-in-nature-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Midori Albert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22615",title:"Dr.",name:"Midori",surname:"Albert",slug:"midori-albert",fullName:"Midori Albert"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"483",title:"New Approaches to Characterization and Recognition of Faces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3f1bf72c797d16b397647b14a119ae3",slug:"new-approaches-to-characterization-and-recognition-of-faces",bookSignature:"Peter Corcoran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/483.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"65287",title:"Introductory Chapter: Simulation and Modeling",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83663",slug:"introductory-chapter-simulation-and-modeling",body:'The influx of data in the world today needs analysis that no method can handle. Some reports estimated the influx of data to reach 163 zettabytes by 2025 and hence the need for simulation and modeling theory and practice. Simulation and modeling tools and techniques are of most importance in this day and age. While simulation carries the needed work, tools of visualizing the results help in decision-making process. Simulation ranges of simple queue to molecular dynamics include seismic reliability analysis, structural integrity assessment, games, reliability engineering, and system safety. This book will introduce simulation and modeling to practitioners, researchers, and novice users to the world of imagination.
Simulation and modeling programs are not like any other computer program. Section 1 can look at the amount of research being conducted in the scientific community, and the facts are reflected in Section 2. Section 3 shows the distinguishing factors of simulation. Section 4 presents classical simulation approaches and their handling of the time elements which is one of the distinguishing factors of simulation. Section 5 sheds light on the reasons why we simulation. Section 6 explains furthermore the different uses of simulation especially in training. Section 7 discusses the answer of proof of correctness or validation and verification question that is the second distinguishing feature of simulation.
Simulation is a very important topic in the research community. According to the IEEE digital library in the year 2014, scientific journals and magazines published 9478 scientific research papers. In the year 2015, 10,371 scientific research papers were published, while in the year 2016, 11,133 scientific papers were published in journals and magazines. According to the same source in the year 2017, 12,206 scientific research papers were published. Hence, in the 4 years (2014–2017), 43,188 scientific research papers were published. The number indicates how rich the simulation topic is with undiscovered topics and many unsolved problems. Hence, the simulation topic is worth investigating.
There are four distinguishing characteristics that differentiate simulation from any computer program: time use simulation is an indexing variable, simulation objective is to achieve correctness, simulation is computational intensive, and there is no typical use of simulation [1]. As time is an indexing variable, the use of such variable can be discrete or continues. Such use of the time variable is reflected in the approaches and method of simulation.
The second feature is reflected in the discussion of validation and verification of the simulation program. The section lists ways of validation and verification. To achieve correctness is a major goal of any simulation program; furthermore, the proof of correctness is a challenge of simulation.
The third feature is also another challenge in simulation world. Simulation major feature is the time indexing variable, which is a challenge on its own. Another element that makes simulation computational intensive is animation. Animation in relation with time variable is very challenging to master in any simulation program.
The fourth feature is distinguishing of simulation; there is no typical use of simulation. Simulation is colored with its use. The uses of simulation range from transport systems to molecule interactions. Hence, simulation is colored from within its use.
Simulation and modeling is an approach used when everything fails. Simulation and modeling applications range from nuclear reactions to transport systems. Hence, there are two types of simulation approaches: discrete simulation approaches and continuous simulation approaches. Process interaction approach, event scheduling approach, activity scanning approach, stock and flow approach, and three-phase approach all belong to the first family. In process interaction approach, the computer program emulates the flow of an object through the system. Transaction flow approach is a simpler version of process interaction approach. Event scheduling approach advances time to the moment when something happens next. The third approach, activity scanning approach, is based on two phases: the first phase is the execution after a fixed amount of time, and the second phase is the execution after the satisfaction of some condition. The third approach is a three-phase approach; as the name is suggesting, it has three phases: A, B, and C. To better understand the simulation approaches, Figure 1 reflects the flow charts of each of them.
Flow charts of the three classical simulation approaches [
To handle concurrent discrete event dynamic systems, Petri nets were developed by Carl Adam in the beginning of the 1960s, a theory for discrete parallel system. Such idea is reflected in the chapter “Petri Net Models Optimized for Simulation.”
Simulation and modeling needs imagination and innovations to be developed from scratch. Yet, simulation is needed and hence the question “why do we simulate?” Simulation allows experimentation rather than direct, costly, time-consuming experimentation. Simulation allows time control where the user can compress and expand time element. Simulation experiments can be replicated, so as to answer questions like “why did this happen?” Simulation allows the user to explore possibilities. Simulation allows the user to explore different possibilities while identifying constrains and predict obstacles. Playing with what-if scenarios, simulation is used to train pilots as well as medical professionals in the case of new technology.
Simulation is used to train people in a number of arenas for many reasons: either the training situation is too dangerous to conduct or too delicate or too expensive. A study by Abu-Taieh and Abutayeh [2], they listed 12 areas where simulation is used for vocational training: to train pilots, many simulators are used. Rather than using the real plane to teach the pilot to fly, a simulator is used to train the pilot. Another use is to conduct chemical experiments by simulating the experiments. As such, the experimenter is in a safe environment while knowledge is transferred on handling chemical materials.
Another training arena is physics experiments. Simulators are used to conduct physics experiments. To teach things like motion, energy, power, sound, heat, electricity, magnets, circuits, light, and radiation, a simulator is used to teach their attributes and to visualize the experiments as seen in [3].
Mathematics, algebra, number theory, mathematical functions, trigonometry, data analysis, graphs, trees, networks, enumerative combinations, iteration, and recursion are hard topics to understand and visualize. Simulation is used as an explanatory tool and a visualizing method. Nelson [4] listed five reasons to use simulation in mathematics.
Simulation is used to study environmental and ecological systems. Since such arena is overwhelmed with variables that no mathematical formula can solve, simulation is used to study, visualize, understand, and explain environmental phenomena.
To study, understand, and explain cosmology and astrophysics, many computer-based simulators are used. Simulation in this case enhances the understanding of cosmology and astrophysics by visualization. Simulators are also used to train medical students in surgery training. Such concept is used to train novice surgeons to gain expertise and self-confidence before conducting the real surgery.
Simulators are also used in civil engineering, interior design, and architectural engineering designs. Since real-life experimentation is lengthy and expensive, simulators in such arena save time, money, and effort by delivering virtual product which can be altered rather than delivering real-life product. In Marshall et al. [5], healthcare delivery is discussed using simulation. Other uses of simulation are to design, understand, test, and visualize computers and communication networks as seen in [6, 7].
To learn financial planning and to model marketing simulation is used, namely, in Crystal Ball and Analytica, among others. Business modeling, risk analysis, cost/benefit analysis, and risk management are also taught using simulators. In military training, virtual reality (VR) and virtual augmented reality (VAR) are used. Simulators like mission rehearsal exercise (MRE).
A published research [8, 9] classified 56 simulation environment according to their 22 uses: air traffic control and space systems, supply chain management, business process reengineering and workflows, transportation systems, complex system design evaluation, aerospace, computer and communication networks, oil and gas, computer performance evaluation, construction, education and training, financial modeling, healthcare systems, parcels and parcel handling(queue), manufacturing systems, de-bottlenecking, military/combat systems, what-if scenarios, satellite and wireless communications systems, robotic and mechanical systems, service systems, and decision and risk analysis.
This section is an answer to the second distinguishing feature of simulation. VV&T in simulation is the most important quest. There is no point in simulating the wrong model and no point in simulating the model incorrectly. Validation answers to the question “Are we building the right model?” Verification answers to the question “Are we building the product right?” These two questions have been raised back in 1995 when Balci [10] published a research paper listing 15 simulation VV&T principles, as follows:
In the same paper, Balci [10] divided the V&V techniques into two categories: V&V techniques for simulation models and V&V techniques for object-oriented simulation models. The V&V techniques for simulation models were further divided into four subcategories: informal, static, dynamic, and formal. V&V techniques for object-oriented simulation models were divided into three subcategories: conventional, adaptive, and specific. The informal subcategory included 8 V&V techniques, and the static subcategory included 19 techniques. The dynamic subcategory included 50 techniques. The formal subcategory included eight techniques. The adaptive subcategory included 15 techniques, while the specific subcategory included 31 techniques. In total, Balci listed more than 130 validation and verification techniques; as such, this only reflects the importance of validation and verification in simulation.
Some published work like [8, 9, 11, 12] discussed the validation and verification quest. The first two sources listed the different methods and tools for VV&T, and the third source developed a method from within the system development life cycle of simulation.
Playing the virtual world with time element is a joy and challenge. Hence, simulation to simulators is an open-ended question. This chapter showed the importance of simulation from academic and scientific point of view and then the distinguishing elements of simulation. Two distinguishing features stood out: time element and the correctness of the simulation program. Time element handling is reflected in Section 4. Correctness of the simulation program is discussed in Section 7. In the overall picture, simulation and modeling is like an addictive game that one can never get tired of.
I would like to acknowledge the efforts and support of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University College of Computer and Information Sciences Dean Prof. Auhood Alfaries and the University of Jordan for their moral support and encouragement. Also, I would to acknowledge the Publisher intechopen.com and their people (Dajana Pemac, Author Service Manager, and Danijela Vladika), for the opportunity and their support, patience, and hard work.
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
',metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\n\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13388},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33638}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16,19,25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11876",title:"Esophageal Surgery - Current Principles and Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9592bd7a6a3809cdc6a66f6100233aaa",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Andrea Sanna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11876.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"327116",title:"M.D.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Sanna",slug:"andrea-sanna",fullName:"Andrea Sanna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11706",title:"Forensic and Legal Medicine - State of the Art, Practical Applications and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0514220e40dc2f90b1dcd0445248b72",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Roberto Scendoni and Dr. Francesco De Micco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11706.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333983",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Scendoni",slug:"roberto-scendoni",fullName:"Roberto Scendoni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11849",title:"Allergic Disease - New Developments in Diagnosis and Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8143d42f6db2a6e7e23c330f0d54a277",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Öner Özdemir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11849.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"62921",title:"Dr.",name:"Öner",surname:"Özdemir",slug:"oner-ozdemir",fullName:"Öner Özdemir"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11584",title:"Recent Advances in Distinctive Migraine Syndromes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44a6090845f971a215ddf013f1dc2027",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Theodoros Mavridis, Dr. Georgios Vavougios and Associate Prof. Dimos-Dimitrios Mitsikostas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11584.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320230",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",surname:"Mavridis",slug:"theodoros-mavridis",fullName:"Theodoros Mavridis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11733",title:"Injury and Sports Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e2fdeca45129f6d5ba446f502c5a6373",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Thomas Robert Wojda and Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11733.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415286",title:"M.D.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Robert Wojda",slug:"thomas-robert-wojda",fullName:"Thomas Robert Wojda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11872",title:"Peripheral Arterial Disease - The Challenges of Revascularization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80be3d16e4c8f89f3501ed408729f695",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ana Terezinha Guillaumon, Dr. Daniel Emilio Dalledone Siqueira and Dr. Martin Geiger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11872.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"251226",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezinha",surname:"Guillaumon",slug:"ana-terezinha-guillaumon",fullName:"Ana Terezinha Guillaumon"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11698",title:"Pigmentation Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2ac6c9f424eec37ed85232c2c97ef6f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11698.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11701",title:"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ba8e8f4710bed414568846f8162a4942",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ahmet Mesrur Halefoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11701.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51736",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmet Mesrur",surname:"Halefoğlu",slug:"ahmet-mesrur-halefoglu",fullName:"Ahmet Mesrur Halefoğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:74},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:82},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"210",title:"Computational Neuroscience",slug:"computational-neuroscience",parent:{id:"18",title:"Neuroscience",slug:"life-sciences-neuroscience"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:139,numberOfWosCitations:71,numberOfCrossrefCitations:57,numberOfDimensionsCitations:132,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"210",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8821",title:"New Frontiers in Brain",subtitle:"Computer Interfaces",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58effd86e005fc9a6416c380f19e5f42",slug:"new-frontiers-in-brain-computer-interfaces",bookSignature:"Nawaz Mohamudally, Manish Putteeraj and Seyyed Abed Hosseini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119486",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamudally",slug:"nawaz-mohamudally",fullName:"Nawaz Mohamudally"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6610",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",subtitle:"Engaging Brain State Dynamics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81a5621637cfaad35284f268db29bb60",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6610.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3548",title:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e37aa76c89bf5fe53740593a6c9668e1",slug:"functional-brain-mapping-and-the-endeavor-to-understand-the-working-brain",bookSignature:"Francesco Signorelli and Domenico Chirchiglia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3548.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74494",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Signorelli",slug:"francesco-signorelli",fullName:"Francesco Signorelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1473,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]},{id:"45295",doi:"10.5772/56504",title:"The Crossmodal Influence of Odor Hedonics on Facial Attractiveness: Behavioural and fMRI Measures",slug:"the-crossmodal-influence-of-odor-hedonics-on-facial-attractiveness-behavioural-and-fmri-measures",totalDownloads:2008,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"3548",slug:"functional-brain-mapping-and-the-endeavor-to-understand-the-working-brain",title:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain",fullTitle:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain"},signatures:"Francis McGlone, Robert A. Österbauer, Luisa M. Demattè and\nCharles Spence",authors:[{id:"165119",title:"Prof.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"McGlone",slug:"francis-mcglone",fullName:"Francis McGlone"}]},{id:"42003",doi:"10.5772/54550",title:"A High Performance MEG Based BCI Using Single Trial Detection of Human Movement Intention",slug:"a-high-performance-meg-based-bci-using-single-trial-detection-of-human-movement-intention",totalDownloads:2327,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3548",slug:"functional-brain-mapping-and-the-endeavor-to-understand-the-working-brain",title:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain",fullTitle:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain"},signatures:"Peter T. Lin, Kartikeya Sharma, Tom Holroyd, Harsha Battapady,\nDing-Yu Fei and Ou Bai",authors:[{id:"15950",title:"Prof.",name:"Ou",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",slug:"ou-bai",fullName:"Ou Bai"},{id:"163850",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"peter-lin",fullName:"Peter Lin"}]},{id:"44859",doi:"10.5772/56496",title:"Brain Mapping of Developmental Coordination Disorder",slug:"brain-mapping-of-developmental-coordination-disorder",totalDownloads:3513,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3548",slug:"functional-brain-mapping-and-the-endeavor-to-understand-the-working-brain",title:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain",fullTitle:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain"},signatures:"Mitsuru Kashiwagi and Hiroshi Tamai",authors:[{id:"164580",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",middleName:null,surname:"Kashiwagi",slug:"mitsuru-kashiwagi",fullName:"Mitsuru Kashiwagi"},{id:"165639",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tamai",slug:"hiroshi-tamai",fullName:"Hiroshi Tamai"}]},{id:"45296",doi:"10.5772/56505",title:"FDG- PET Imaging in Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases",slug:"fdg-pet-imaging-in-neurodegenerative-brain-diseases",totalDownloads:3955,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3548",slug:"functional-brain-mapping-and-the-endeavor-to-understand-the-working-brain",title:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain",fullTitle:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain"},signatures:"L. K. Teune, A. L. Bartels and K. L. Leenders",authors:[{id:"165395",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Bartels",slug:"anna-bartels",fullName:"Anna Bartels"},{id:"165527",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Teune",slug:"laura-teune",fullName:"Laura Teune"},{id:"165528",title:"Prof.",name:"Klaus",middleName:null,surname:"Leenders",slug:"klaus-leenders",fullName:"Klaus Leenders"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67368",title:"Speech Enhancement Using an Iterative Posterior NMF",slug:"speech-enhancement-using-an-iterative-posterior-nmf",totalDownloads:857,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Over the years, miscellaneous methods for speech enhancement have been proposed, such as spectral subtraction (SS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimators. These methods do not require any prior knowledge about the speech and noise signals nor any training stage beforehand, so they are highly flexible and allow implementation in various situations. However, these algorithms usually assume that the noise is stationary and are thus not good at dealing with nonstationary noise types, especially under low signal-to-noise (SNR) conditions. To overcome the drawbacks of the above methods, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is introduced. NMF approach is more robust to nonstationary noise. In this chapter, we are actually interested in the application of speech enhancement using NMF approach. A speech enhancement method based on regularized nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) for nonstationary Gaussian noise is proposed. The spectral components of speech and noise are modeled as Gamma and Rayleigh, respectively. We propose to adaptively estimate the sufficient statistics of these distributions to obtain a natural regularization of the NMF criterion.",book:{id:"8821",slug:"new-frontiers-in-brain-computer-interfaces",title:"New Frontiers in Brain",fullTitle:"New Frontiers in Brain - Computer Interfaces"},signatures:"Sunnydayal Vanambathina",authors:[{id:"279891",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunnydayal",middleName:null,surname:"Vanambathina",slug:"sunnydayal-vanambathina",fullName:"Sunnydayal Vanambathina"}]},{id:"61167",title:"SSVEP-Based BCIs",slug:"ssvep-based-bcis",totalDownloads:1488,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter describes the method of flickering targets, eliciting fundamental frequency changes in the EEG signal of the subject, used to drive machine commands after interpretation of user’s intentions. The steady-state response of the changes in the EEG caused by events such as visual stimulus applied to the subject via a computer screen is called steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP). This feature of the EEG signal can be used to form a basis of input to assistive devices for locked in patients to improve their quality of life, as well as for performance enhancing devices for healthy subjects. The contents of this chapter describe the SSVEP stimuli; feature extraction techniques, feature classification techniques and a few applications based on SSVEP based BCI.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Rajesh Singla",authors:[{id:"239060",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Singla",slug:"rajesh-singla",fullName:"Rajesh Singla"}]},{id:"45322",title:"Ceasing Thoughts and Brain Activity: MEG Data Analysis",slug:"ceasing-thoughts-and-brain-activity-meg-data-analysis",totalDownloads:1980,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3548",slug:"functional-brain-mapping-and-the-endeavor-to-understand-the-working-brain",title:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain",fullTitle:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain"},signatures:"Takaaki Aoki, Michiyo Inagawa, Kazuo Nishimura and Yoshikazu\nTobinaga",authors:[{id:"127287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuo",middleName:null,surname:"Nishimura",slug:"kazuo-nishimura",fullName:"Kazuo Nishimura"}]},{id:"44859",title:"Brain Mapping of Developmental Coordination Disorder",slug:"brain-mapping-of-developmental-coordination-disorder",totalDownloads:3513,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3548",slug:"functional-brain-mapping-and-the-endeavor-to-understand-the-working-brain",title:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain",fullTitle:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain"},signatures:"Mitsuru Kashiwagi and Hiroshi Tamai",authors:[{id:"164580",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",middleName:null,surname:"Kashiwagi",slug:"mitsuru-kashiwagi",fullName:"Mitsuru Kashiwagi"},{id:"165639",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tamai",slug:"hiroshi-tamai",fullName:"Hiroshi Tamai"}]},{id:"45276",title:"Brain Function in Fibromyalgia: Altered Pain Processing and Cognitive Dysfunction",slug:"brain-function-in-fibromyalgia-altered-pain-processing-and-cognitive-dysfunction",totalDownloads:2420,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3548",slug:"functional-brain-mapping-and-the-endeavor-to-understand-the-working-brain",title:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain",fullTitle:"Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain"},signatures:"Francisco Mercado, Paloma Barjola, Marisa Fernández-Sánchez,\nVirginia Guerra and Francisco Gómez-Esquer",authors:[{id:"164446",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Mercado",slug:"francisco-mercado",fullName:"Francisco Mercado"},{id:"165707",title:"Dr.",name:"Marisa",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Sánchez",slug:"marisa-fernandez-sanchez",fullName:"Marisa Fernández-Sánchez"},{id:"165708",title:"Ms.",name:"Paloma",middleName:null,surname:"Barjola",slug:"paloma-barjola",fullName:"Paloma Barjola"},{id:"165709",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Esquer",slug:"francisco-gomez-esquer",fullName:"Francisco Gómez-Esquer"},{id:"168646",title:"Ms.",name:"Virginia",middleName:null,surname:"Guerra",slug:"virginia-guerra",fullName:"Virginia Guerra"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"210",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 1st, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA and her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82903",title:"Walking Accessibility to Primary Healthcare Services: An Inequity Factor for Olders in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106265",signatures:"Eduarda Marques da Costa, Ana Louro, Nuno Marques da Costa, Mariana Dias and Marcela Barata",slug:"walking-accessibility-to-primary-healthcare-services-an-inequity-factor-for-olders-in-the-lisbon-met",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82622",title:"Contemporary Geographical Gerontology: Reconciling Space and Place in Population Ageing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105863",signatures:"Hamish Robertson",slug:"contemporary-geographical-gerontology-reconciling-space-and-place-in-population-ageing",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hamish",surname:"Robertson"}],book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82610",title:"Perspective Chapter: The Role of Learning Styles in Active Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105964",signatures:"Armando Lozano-Rodríguez, Fernanda Inez García-Vázquez and José Luis García-Cué",slug:"perspective-chapter-the-role-of-learning-styles-in-active-learning",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81909",title:"Educational Paradigm with Ubuntu Mindset: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals in Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104929",signatures:"George Frempong and Raavee Kadam",slug:"educational-paradigm-with-ubuntu-mindset-implications-for-sustainable-development-goals-in-education",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82288",title:"Dental Emergency and Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105495",signatures:"Navneet Kaur",slug:"dental-emergency-and-conditions",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:22,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:25,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/17161",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"17161"},fullPath:"/chapters/17161",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()