Preparation of Ligand Polymers
1. Introduction
Development of polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) has been attracted considerable attentions,1 because polymeric materials could be applied to low-cost production of electro-luminescent (EL) devices exhibiting efficient luminescence for flat-panel displays. As polymeric property of the materials enables the solution processes, such as spin-coating, screen printing, and ink-jet printing (Figure 1), large-area and fine-pixel displays could be easily developed in comparison with the vapor deposition process. In addition to such easy preparation, it is of significant that it requires a fewer number of layers in PLED devices, which enables low driving voltage, even though PLED still has a drawback in lower luminescence efficiency than that of the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) in general.
In contrast to widely developed fluorescent π-conjugated polymers, such as polyfluorenes and polyphenylene vinylenes (PPVs), as polymeric EL materials (Figure 2),2 researches for phosphorescent polymers are still now in progress, because it follows the development of the phosphorescent metal complexes, which are also in progress. Two types of phosphorescent PLED materials are known: (1) host polymers such as poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and poly(9,9-di-
Scheme 1 depicts the general synthetic methodologies for the metallopolymers including the metal complex side chain. Almost all of the luminescent metallopolymers ((D) in Scheme 1) have been synthesized via monomers containing metal-complex pendant units (B) (Scheme 1,
elimination of metal fragments to some extent or failure of polymer weight control. Alternatively, the polymer (D) can be synthesized by polymerization of a ligand-containing monomer followed by the reaction of the copolymer ligand (C) with a metal pendant unit (Scheme 1,
Furthermore, there are few examples that the alpha and/or omega ends of the polmers are capped eith phosphorescent units for EL materials that can be provided by the final combination of the ligand unid units in the polymer ends with metal precursors.
We previously developed metallopolymers produced from methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 4-styryldiphenylphosphine copolymers with an iridium precursor. The iridium polymers performed both photo- and electroluminescence, and showed characteristic features depending upon the content ratios of the iridium and phosphorus in the copolymers.8 However, the devices containing these polymers exhibited rather low luminescent efficiency, because of its low charge-transporting ability caused by the nonconductive polyolefin backbone.
Here, we developed several series of iridium or platinum-containing metallopolymers under mild conditions in
2. Preparation of metallopolymers containing polyolefin main chain
In the previous paper, we have reported that luminescent polymers can be easily prepared by the reaction of the phosphorus ligand copolymers derived from MMA and 4-styryldiphenylphosphine with the iridium precursor under mild conditions.8 Unfortunately, we found that the phosphorus side chain was easily oxidized to form oxide, probably leading to desorption of metal species from the metallopolymer. Alternatively, to improve the luminescent polymers, we used 4-vinylpyridine (Vp) as a linker module comonomer. It has been generally used as a ligand in metallopolymers.9 In this chapter, we have reported preparation of a series of new luminescent metallopolymers. First, pyridine-containing polymers were produced as ligands for metal modules. Then, some amount of iridium complex precursor, [IrCl(piq)2]2 (3), where piq is 1-phenylisoquinoline, was added to the ligand polymer.
Scheme 6 depicts the synthetic procedure for the ligand copolymer 1 and the iridium-containing polymer 5. MMA and Vp were copolymerized in the presence of benzoylperoxide (BPO) at 80 °C for 10 h to form the random copolymer 1.10 The number-averaged molecular weight of 1 was 963000 g/mol, determined by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) which was calibrated using polystyrene standards. The 1H NMR spectroscopy of 1 revealed that the content of Vp was 23 mol%. These copolymers reacted with [IrCl(piq)2]2 (3) in CH2Cl2 efficiently to form 5, as a red compound. The expected quantity of the vinylpyridine iridium unit, [IrCl(piq)(Vp)], in metallopolymer 5 was 49 wt%, which was calculated by the feed ratios of 3 and Vp in 1. The luminescent polymer of platinum analog 6 was also prepared efficiently by the reaction of 1 with a platinum precursor, [PtCl(piq)]2 (4), in CH2Cl2.
In these luminescent polymers, MMA were used as a comonomer in order to reveal the properties of luminescent modules. However, as noted below, the EL efficiencies of the devices including such metallopolymers were extremely low, because of the poor conductivity of MMA copolymer. Therefore, we used
The MMA-copolymerized metallopolymers 5 and 6 were readily soluble in several organic solvents, such as CH2Cl2, and CHCl3, whereas the Vc-copolymerized metallopolymers 7 had poor solubility toward these solvents. Figure 5 shows the 1H NMR spectra for the monomeric complex 14, 1, and 5. Broadened signals due to the aromatic protons of 1 appeared from δ 8.5 to 8.2 and from δ 7.1 to 6.6 (Figure 5 (b)), whereas new broad resonances were observed from δ 10.1 to 6.1 (c), assigned as aromatic protons of the incorporated iridium unit in 5, which provided the similar set of signals to those corresponding to 14 (a). The result suggested that the iridium unit in 5 has the same chemical structure as that of 14. The spectra for 6 were similarly observed. Several broadened signals assigned as aromatic groups of the iridium unit in 7 were also observed as shown in Figure 6 (b) and (d). These signals were shifted to the higher field when these signals were compared with those due to the monomeric analog 14 (Figure 6 (e)), probably due to the shielding effect of the surrounding aromatic groups of the carbazole side chain.
Ligand Polymer | Comonomer | Initiator (mmol) | Yield (%) | Vp Content (mol%) | (×104 g/mol) | PDI | |||
Vp (mmol) | Other (mmol) | ||||||||
0.93 | MMA | 9.3 | BPO | 0.050 | 100 | 23 | 96 | 2.7 | |
1.0 | Vc | 20 | AIBN | 0.10 | 82 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 2.1 | |
2.0 | Vc | 20 | AIBN | 0.10 | 20 | 15 | 3.8 | 3.5 |
Polymer Complex | Feed Polymer Ligand (Pyridine Content / mmol) | Feed Precursor Complex (Metal Content / mmol) | Yield (%) | [IrCl(piq)2(Vp)]y2 Content (wt%) | ||
0.40 | 0.10 | 94 | 49 | |||
0.041 | 0.010 | 94 | 41 | |||
0.20 | 0.049 | 95 | 8.4 | |||
0.20 | 0.050 | 92 | 25 |
3. Preparation of metallopolymers containing conjugated polymer main chain
EL materials containing small molecules as doping luminescent compounds and conjugated polymers, such as PPV and PFO, have been developed as EL materials. Those performing more efficient luminescence have also been developed directly binding chromophores in the side chain of the conjugated polymers (Figure 4 and Scheme 3). 5,7f,7g However, it is unknown that the luminescent iridium or platinum unit directory combines to the end of the conjugated polymers without breaking the π-conjugation, except one example.13 The conjugated binding between the host polymer and the guest chromophore is expected that intramolecular electron transfer occurs easily. Here we developed new
series of conjugated ligand polymers where a pyridyl group was introduced in the both ends of the polymers. As the previous preparation for the polyolefin metallopolymers, the luminescent 1-phenylisoquinoline iridium module was efficiently combined to the ligand polymers after polymerization. The procedures of the ligand polymers 8 and 9 and metallopolymers 10-13 are shown in Schemes 8 and 9. The conjugated polymer was prepared by the polycondensation reaction of two comonomers, 9,9-dioctylfluorene dibromide and bisboronic ester, mediated by a the catalyst system using palladium acetate, tri(
The metallopolymers 12 and 13, in which the 4-
Ligand Polymer | Comonomer | Yield (%) | Pyridine Content (mol%) | (×104 g/mol) | PDI | |||
FlBO (mmol) | FlBr (mmol) | PABr (mmol) | PyBO (mmol) | |||||
5.1 | 6.2 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 34 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 1.4 | |
5.2 | 6.2 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 53 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 1.6 | |
5.2 | 5.0 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 28 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 1.3 | |
5.4 | 5.0 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 52 | 2.6 | 3.9 | 1.4 |
Polymer Complex | Ligand Copolymer | Metal Precursor | Yield (%) | [IrCl(piq)2(py)] Content (wt%) | ||
Pyridine Content (mmol) | Metal Content (mmol) | |||||
0.029 | 0.0051 | 80 | 1.7 | |||
0.032 | 0.0056 | 76 | 1.1 | |||
0.016 | 0.0030 | 68 | 1.7 | |||
0.029 | 0.0055 | 34 | 1.0 |
4. PL behavior of metallopolymers
The corresponding pyridine-substituted monomeric complexes of iridium and platinum (Figure 8 (a)) were also prepared for the first time in order to estimate the luminescent behavior of the metallopolymers containing the similar metal units,14 because polymer backbone sometimes influences luminescence of the metal units significantly both in the solid and solution states.8, 15 The structures of these complexes were well defined and the PL behaviors were compared with those of the metallopolymers.14 All the iridium and platinum complexes and polymers were irradiated at 462 and 433 nm, respectively, to observe the luminescence. As shown in Figure 8 (b), both the luminescent bands for the iridium and platinum complexes 14 and 15 were observed in almost the same area from 570 to 850 nm, although the low-energy absorption bands appeared in the different area (c).
Figure 9 (a) and (b) show the PL spectra of the metallopolymers 5, 6, 7a and 7b in the CH2Cl2 solutions. Similar photoluminescent properties of the metallopolymers in the solutions to those of the monomeric metal analogs were observed when the concentrations of the metal units in the solutions were comparable. For example, red luminescence from 5 was observed and the wavelength at the maximum intensity was 620 nm. The PL spectra for 7 showed the emissions at ~620 nm from the incorporated [IrCl(piq)2] unit. The intensity of the spectrum for the iridium polymer 5 was more than four times stronger than that for the platinum analog 6. Lower intensity for 7a than 7b was coincident with the content ratios of the iridium unit in the metallopolymers (Table 2).
The PL spectra for the conjugated metallopolymers were shown in Figure 10. The spectra indicated that each structure of the metal unit was almost the same as that of the monomeric metal complex. The iridium–containing polymers 10 and 12 exhibited the similar luminescent spectra to that for the monomeric analog 14, whereas the spectra for the platinum polymers 11 and 13 showed a characteristic strong band due to the conjugated main chain under 570 nm in addition to the luminescence emitted by the platinum unit. The
result of the latter suggested that the low-energy absorption band of the conjugated main chain, which was irradiated simultaneously, lies on almost the same wavelength area as that of the platinum unit. It was confirmed by the electronic spectra for these compounds.
5. EL behavior of the metallopolymers
EL behavior of devices containing the metallopolymers and the monomeric metal complexes was investigated. The metallopolymers composed of the conductive conjugated main chain exhibited the best performance among them, indicating that the structures of the polymer backbone closely affect the luminescence behavior, compared with those in the PL measurements.
We prepared several EL devices containing the luminescence layer of the metallopolymers as shown in Table 5. The first device A in entry 1 has only the iridium polymer 5 made from MMA / Vp copolymer, as the luminescence layer. The device performed 7.4 V of threshold voltage at 1 cd/m2 and 0.026 cd/A (at 17.4 V) of maximum current efficiency, better than those of the previously reported iridium polymer made from 4-styryldiphenylphosphine copolymer, 13.2 V of threshold voltage at 1 cd/m2 and 0.06 cd/A (at 20.0 V) of maximum current efficiency.8 The better performance in device A than the phosphine-based copolymer is probably derived from improved conductivity of the pyridine-based copolymer.
When a host polymer 16 was added to the luminescent layer of 5 to make devices B-D, the threshold voltage and maximum current efficiency were improved to some extent. The threshold voltage decreased particularly to the comparable level to the devices Q and R, which were based on the monomeric iridium analog 14. However, the dominant luminescence in these devices was from the host polymer 16 at 435 nm, indicating that energy transfer from the host to the guest polymer may be disrupted by the non-conductive polyolefin main chain and methacrylate side chain. The device E did not emit at least up to 20 V, whereas the emission was slightly observed from the platinum unit but mainly from the host polymer 16 in device F. The behavior was different from the devices T and U, in which the luminescence from the doped platinum complex (605 and 650 nm) into 16 was detected. These results strongly suggest the presence of non-conductive copolymers involved in the metallopolymers lead to poor EL performance.
The devices G and J, in which the Vc copolymer was involved instead of MMA copolymer, showed unexpected high threshold voltage, despite PVK was known as conductive host polymer in EL devices.11 The device S, containing the monomeric 14-doped PVK, also performed high threshold voltage, suggesting that PVK does not perform enough conductivity in the absence of conductive polymers. This high voltage was improved, when the conductive host polymer 16 was added to the luminescent layer. However, the maximum current efficiencies were not so different among devices H, I and K, L, in spite of the different iridium unit content ratios in these metallopolymers 7a and 7b (7a < 7b, see Tables 1-3). Although the total performances of these devices based on the Vc copolymer were still not satisfactory, the energy transfer from the host polymer 16 to the metallopolymers occurred smoothly, leading to decrease of luminescence at 435 nm from the host 16, in comparison with copolyMMA-based devices.
entry | Device | Emitting Layer | Metal Unit Content | (V) | (cd/A, V) | (nm) | ||||
Host | Guest | Feed Ratio (Host / Guest) | (wt%) | |||||||
― | 0 / 100 | Ir | 49 | 7.4 | 0.026, 17.4 | 635 | ||||
80 / 20 | Ir | 9.8 | 5.0 | 0.063, 7.4 | 430 | |||||
90 / 10 | Ir | 4.9 | 5.6 | 0.15, 8.2 | 435 | |||||
95 / 5 | Ir | 2.5 | 4.8 | 0.091, 12.6 | 435 | |||||
― | 0 / 100 | Pt | 41 | ― | ― | ― | ||||
95 / 5 | Pt | 2.1 | 5.6 | 0.096, 9.6 | 435 | |||||
― | 0 / 100 | Ir | 8.4 | 19.2 | 0.026, 20.0 | 625 | ||||
60 / 40 | Ir | 3.4 | 4.2 | 0.13, 6.8 | 430 | |||||
80 / 20 | Ir | 1.7 | 4.6 | 0.14, 7.6 | 430 | |||||
― | 0 / 100 | Ir | 25 | 11.0 | 0.082, 20.0 | 630 | ||||
60 / 40 | Ir | 10 | 4.4 | 0.12, 6.4 | 430 | |||||
80 / 20 | Ir | 5 | 4.0 | 0.097, 5.8 | 430 | |||||
― | 0 / 100 | Ir | 1.7 | 4.0 | 1.14, 4.0 | 625 | ||||
― | 0 / 100 | Pt | 1.1 | 5.4 | 0.14, 7.6 | 605, 650 | ||||
― | 0 / 100 | Ir | 1.7 | 3.4 | 0.47, 3.6 | 620 | ||||
― | 0 / 100 | Pt | 1.0 | 5.8 | 0.36, 10.0 | 605, 650 | ||||
90 / 10 | Ir | 10 | 6.4 | 0.31, 9.2 | 625 | |||||
95 / 5 | Ir | 5.0 | 5.0 | 0.30, 8.2 | 615 | |||||
PVK | 95 / 5 | Ir | 5.0 | 8.0 | 0.014, 19.8 | 630 | ||||
90 / 10 | Pt | 10 | 10.0 | 0.024, 16.2 | 605, 650 | |||||
95 / 5 | Pt | 5.0 | 6.8 | 0.048, 9.8 | 435 |
The devices M, N, O, and P containing metal end-capped conjugated polymers provided satisfactory luminescence performances, compared with the other devices. As shown in Figure 11, negligible luminescence around 435 nm derived from the conjugated main chain was observed in the devices M and O containing iridium-capped polymers 10 and 12, whereas considerable luminescence from the conjugated main chain appeared in the platinum-based devices N and P. We can conclude that iridium-based devices are superior to platinum-based ones in energy-transfer ability in this EL device system. The device O showed the highest performance as a red EL device among all the devices. It is of interest that the performances of the devices M, O, N, P excelled those of the devices Q, R, T, U, which contained the layer of the monomeric complex 14- or 15-doped copolymer 16. We found that these devices M, O, N, P showed more than 1 V lower threshold voltages than those of the devices Q, R, T, U. These devices have the same structure except whether the metal chromophore is bound to the end of the host polymer (M, O, N, P) or exists independently (Q, R, T, U). We considered that direct combination of the conductive polymer and the metal unit led to facile electron transfer to the metal unit, resulting in low threshold voltages and high current efficiency of these devices. As for the iridium unit-containing devices, additional easy energy transfer from the host polymer to iridium caused the highest performance.
6. Conclusion
One of the most important factors to design new devices that contain complicated organic/inorganic/polymeric compounds is how to prepare the compounds easily and efficiently. Here we described the successful preparation of several luminescent polymer materials in a few steps, that contained the simple coordination of the metal module precursor to the pyridine-bound ligand polymers under mild conditions. After several attempts to investigate the EL behavior of the devices containing the obtained metallopolymers, we found that structure of backbone host polymer is quite important for efficient luminescence and low driving voltage in these devices. We also demonstrated that the good EL performance was provided when the guest unit directly bound to the host polymer.
7. Experimental details
7.1. Synthesis of pyridine-capped conjugated copolymers
As a typical example, into a 200-mL three-necked flask equipped with a condenser, 2.77 g (5.2 mmol) of 9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-bis(boronic acid ethylene glycol ester), 2.72 g (5.0 mmol) of 9,9-dioctyl-2,7-dibromofluorene, 0.551 g (1.2 mmol) of 4-(1-methylpropyl)-
7.2. Synthesis of conjugated iridium polymers
As a typical example, under an inert-gas atmosphere, a mixture of [IrCl(piq)2]2 (3) (0.0038 g, 0.0030 mmol) and pyridine-capped copolymer 9a (0.243 g, containing 0.016 mmol of pyridine) in CH2Cl2 (6 mL) was refluxed for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature, the resulting solution was poured into hexane to afford a precipitate, which was filtered and washed with hexane and dried under reduced pressure to obtain light orange powder 10 in 80 % yield (
9. Abbreviations
PL: photo-luminescent
EL: electro-luminescent
PLED: polymer light-emitting diode
OLED: organic light-emitting diode
PPV: polyphenylene vinylene
PVK: poly(vinylcarbazole)
PFO: poly(9,9-di-n-octyl-2,7-fluorene)
MMA: methyl methacrylate
Vp: 4-vinylpyridine
piq: 1-phenylisoquinoline
SEC: size-exclusion chromatography
Vc:
AIBN: azobisisobutylonitrile
BPO: benzoylperoxide
FlBO: 9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-bis(boronic acid ethylene glycol ester)
FlBr: 9,9-dioctyl-2,7-dibromofluorene
PABr: 4-sec-butylphenyl-N,N-bis(4-bromophenyl)amine
PyBO: 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine boronic acid
Acknowledgments
The EL experiments in this study were conducted with kind supports of Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
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