\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3838",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Geoscience Remote Sensing",title:"Advanced Geoscience Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nowadays, advanced remote sensing technology plays tremendous roles to build a quantitative and comprehensive understanding of how the Earth system operates. 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Maged has earned many degrees including a post-doctoral in radar remote sensing from the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, a Ph.D. in environmental remote sensing from the Universiti Putra Malaysia, a Master of Science in physical oceanography from the University Pertanian Malaysia, general and special diploma of Education and a Bachelor of Science in physical oceanography from the University of Alexandria in Egypt. 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Gnade",slug:"bruce-e.-gnade"}]},{id:"16751",title:"Charge Transport in Ferroelectric Thin Films",slug:"charge-transport-in-ferroelectric-thin-films",signatures:"Lucian Pintilie",authors:[{id:"21029",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Pintilie",fullName:"Lucian Pintilie",slug:"lucian-pintilie"}]},{id:"16752",title:"Hydrogen in Ferroelectrics",slug:"hydrogen-in-ferroelectrics",signatures:"Hai-You Huang, Yan-Jing Su and Li-Jie Qiao",authors:[{id:"27367",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Chu",fullName:"Chu",slug:"chu"},{id:"29711",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai-You",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Hai-You Huang",slug:"hai-you-huang"},{id:"363979",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan-Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Yan-Jing Su",slug:"yan-jing-su"},{id:"363980",title:"Dr.",name:"Li-Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Qiao",fullName:"Li-Jie Qiao",slug:"li-jie-qiao"}]},{id:"16753",title:"Thermal Conduction Across Ferroelectric Phase Transitions: Results on Selected Systems",slug:"thermal-conduction-across-ferroelectric-phase-transitions-results-on-selected-systems",signatures:"Jacob Philip",authors:[{id:"30551",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacob",middleName:null,surname:"Philip",fullName:"Jacob Philip",slug:"jacob-philip"}]},{id:"16754",title:"The Induced Antiferroelectric Phase - Structural Correlations",slug:"the-induced-antiferroelectric-phase-structural-correlations",signatures:"Marzena Tykarska",authors:[{id:"30717",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Tykarska",fullName:"Tykarska",slug:"tykarska"}]},{id:"19311",title:"Piezoelectric Effect in Rochelle Salt",slug:"piezoelectric-effect-in-rochelle-salt",signatures:"Andriy Andrusyk",authors:[{id:"26871",title:"Dr.",name:"Andriy",middleName:null,surname:"Andrusyk",fullName:"Andriy Andrusyk",slug:"andriy-andrusyk"}]},{id:"16756",title:"Piezoelectricity in Lead-Zirconate-Titanate Ceramics – Extrinsic and Intrinsic Contributions",slug:"piezoelectricity-in-lead-zirconate-titanate-ceramics-extrinsic-and-intrinsic-contributions",signatures:"Johannes Frantti and Yukari Fujioka",authors:[{id:"30737",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Frantti",fullName:"Johannes Frantti",slug:"johannes-frantti"},{id:"38455",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukari",middleName:null,surname:"Fujioka",fullName:"Yukari Fujioka",slug:"yukari-fujioka"}]},{id:"16757",title:"B-site Multi-element Doping Effect on Electrical Property of Bismuth Titanate Ceramics",slug:"b-site-multi-element-doping-effect-on-electrical-property-of-bismuth-titanate-ceramics",signatures:"Jungang Hou and R. 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Vaz and Charles H. 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K. Bain, Prem Chand and K. Veerabhadra Rao",authors:[{id:"25044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Bain",fullName:"Ashim Bain",slug:"ashim-bain"},{id:"31754",title:"Dr.",name:"Prem",middleName:null,surname:"Chand",fullName:"Prem Chand",slug:"prem-chand"},{id:"31755",title:"Dr.",name:"K.Veerabhadra",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",fullName:"K.Veerabhadra Rao",slug:"k.veerabhadra-rao"}]},{id:"16771",title:"Compositional and Optical Gradient in Films of PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT) Family",slug:"compositional-and-optical-gradient-in-films-of-pbzrxti1-xo3-pzt-family",signatures:"Ilze Aulika, Alexandr Dejneka, Silvana Mergan, Marco Crepaldi, Lubomir Jastrabik, Qi Zhang, Andreja Benčan, Maria Kosec and Vismants Zauls",authors:[{id:"27354",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilze",middleName:null,surname:"Aulika",fullName:"Ilze Aulika",slug:"ilze-aulika"},{id:"29564",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreja",middleName:null,surname:"Bencan",fullName:"Andreja Bencan",slug:"andreja-bencan"},{id:"37063",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandr",middleName:null,surname:"Dejneka",fullName:"Alexandr Dejneka",slug:"alexandr-dejneka"},{id:"364296",title:"Dr.",name:"Mergan",middleName:null,surname:"Silvana",fullName:"Mergan Silvana",slug:"mergan-silvana"},{id:"364297",title:"Dr.",name:"Crepaldi",middleName:null,surname:"Marco",fullName:"Crepaldi Marco",slug:"crepaldi-marco"},{id:"364298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jastrabik",middleName:null,surname:"Lubomir",fullName:"Jastrabik Lubomir",slug:"jastrabik-lubomir"},{id:"364299",title:"Dr.",name:"Kosec",middleName:null,surname:"Maria",fullName:"Kosec Maria",slug:"kosec-maria"},{id:"364300",title:"Dr.",name:"Zauls",middleName:null,surname:"Vismants",fullName:"Zauls Vismants",slug:"zauls-vismants"}]},{id:"16772",title:"Photo-induced Effect in Quantum Paraelectric Materials Studied by Transient Birefringence Measurement",slug:"photo-induced-effect-in-quantum-paraelectric-materials-studied-by-transient-birefringence-measuremen",signatures:"Toshiro Kohmoto and Yuka Koyama",authors:[{id:"27366",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kohmoto",fullName:"Toshiro Kohmoto",slug:"toshiro-kohmoto"},{id:"38550",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaka",middleName:null,surname:"Koyama",fullName:"Yaka Koyama",slug:"yaka-koyama"}]},{id:"16773",title:"Photoluminescence in Doped PZT Ferroelectric Ceramic System",slug:"photoluminescence-in-doped-pzt-ferroelectric-ceramic-system",signatures:"M. D. Durruthy-Rodríguez and J. M. Yáñez-Limón",authors:[{id:"44226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Dolores",surname:"Durruthy-Rodríguez",fullName:"Maria Durruthy-Rodríguez",slug:"maria-durruthy-rodriguez"},{id:"357727",title:"Dr.",name:"J. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Yáñez-Limón",fullName:"J. M. Yáñez-Limón",slug:"j.-m.-yanez-limon"}]},{id:"16774",title:"Photovoltaic Effect in Ferroelectric LiNbO3 Single Crystal",slug:"photovoltaic-effect-in-ferroelectric-linbo3-single-crystal",signatures:"Zhiqing Lu, Kun Zhao and Xiaoming Li",authors:[{id:"27553",title:"Prof.",name:"Kun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Kun Zhao",slug:"kun-zhao"},{id:"34794",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiqing",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Zhiqing Lu",slug:"zhiqing-lu"},{id:"34798",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaoming",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xiaoming Li",slug:"xiaoming-li"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"174",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Material Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4489eb7544dc5c1014f4e1280e677371",slug:"ferroelectrics-material-aspects",bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/174.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"424",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Physical Effects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9d8a531dfb92ccd58e2a8b9a426dcd4",slug:"ferroelectrics-physical-effects",bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/424.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"428",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Characterization and Modeling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"ferroelectrics-characterization-and-modeling",bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/428.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"429",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"ferroelectrics-applications",bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/429.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1873",title:"Advanced Magnetic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24a0c00844ead5d9264572db1b120866",slug:"advanced-magnetic-materials",bookSignature:"Leszek Malkinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115596",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Malkinski",slug:"leszek-malkinski",fullName:"Leszek Malkinski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"428",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Characterization and Modeling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"ferroelectrics-characterization-and-modeling",bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/428.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3210",title:"Advances in Ferroelectrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4706ad2bc11c32090c362c0026f67d37",slug:"advances-in-ferroelectrics",bookSignature:"Aimé Peláiz Barranco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3210.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14679",title:"Dr.",name:"Aimé",surname:"Peláiz-Barranco",slug:"aime-pelaiz-barranco",fullName:"Aimé Peláiz-Barranco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78392",title:"Synthesis and Study of Structural and Dielectric Properties of Dy-Ho Doped Mn-Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99264",slug:"synthesis-and-study-of-structural-and-dielectric-properties-of-dy-ho-doped-mn-zn-ferrite-nanoparticl",body:'Nano-ferrites, which are currently being studied, have piqued curiosity on account of their remarkable electrical properties. Due to their extraordinary physical and chemical properties, spinel ferrites nanoparticles have become a significant field of research in nanotechnology, nanoscience, and nanoelectronics [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. A kind of high resistance spinel ferrite with a conventional AFe2O4 formula, where A alludes to divalent (+2) metal ions. In deciding their significant applications, dielectric and electrical examinations of spinel ferrites assume a vital role. Doping has a considerable impact on the semiconductive property of spinel ferrites. The high electrical resistance of soft ferrites, which prevents undesirable eddy current losses in AC fields, is the most important asset they create for being qualified for high-frequency applications. Spinel ferrites might be utilized in a MCS (microwave communication system) [7], magnetic transmitter feeder [8], pulsed current monitor [9] and gas sensor [10]. Spinel ferrites, on the other hand, have excellent chemical stability and biocompatibility under physiological conditions [11]. Impedance spectroscopy was used to explore the electrical characteristics of spinel ferries. Electrical similar circuits with inductors, capacitors and resistors are commonly utilized models for complex impedance. A comprehensive impedance examination can provide the necessary information of a material’s dielectric characteristics. This research enables for the separation of distinct total impedance contributions arising from bulk conductivity and interfacial phenomena, such as grain boundary, grain, and other electrode interface results.
Mn-Zn ferrites are relied upon to be mixed ferrites with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions affecting dielectric characteristics at both A-site and B-site. As a result, Mn-Zn ferrites offer a wide range of electrical properties that can be applied to a wide range of technological applications, including telecommunications [12]. Few researchers are researching the effect of rare earth such as Sm, Gd, Eu, and Ce among others, on the varied properties of Mn-Zn ferrite, according to a thorough literature assessment [13, 14]. The dielectric properties of Zn0.2Ni0.8-xCuxFe2O4 (x = 0 to 0.6) can be enhanced by replacing Ni2+ with Cu2+, according to Houshair et al. Rao et al. [15] examined on the cation distribution of Ni-Zn-Mn ferrite NPs. Bharamagoudar et al. [16] reported that the Mn1 − xZnxFe2O4 (where, x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) were prepared by solution combustion method and the dielectric constant decrements with enhancing of Zn content. In addition, Qian et al. [17] found that introducing Nd into Ni-Zn ferrite increased the dielectric properties. Impedance spectroscopy, in particular, has been carried out in various research. Rare earth (RE) metal ions (Dy&Ho) with larger ionic radii can cause crystal structure distortions [18]. As a result, replacing trivalent iron with RE metal ions at the Fe site improves dielectric and structural properties in Mn-Zn ferrites. There have been several studies on the integration of RE ions into Mn-Zn ferrites.
The main goal of this work is therefore to understand the dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent, ac conductivity, cole-cole plot and impedance spectroscopy of Dy-Ho doped Mn–Zn ferrite. As indicated by the investigation accomplished, replacing of Fe3+ ions with a larger Dy3+-Ho3+ ions results in a significant rise in dielectric and ac conductivity. In our current paper, we investigated the structure, dielectric properties of the current systems.
Stoichiometric quantity of metal nitrates such as manganese nitrate, zinc nitrate, ferrous nitrate, dysprosium nitrate, holmium nitrate and reducing agents as stoichiometry quantities of fuels glucose and urea were mixed in 30 ml distilled water, and the combined solution was taken in a borosil glass beaker. Then combined solution was continuously stirred for 60 min to achieve a homogeneous solution. At 450°C, this homogeneous solution was kept in a box style muffle furnace that had been preheated. The solution boils, froths, and then burns with a smoldering flame at first. The combustion process will be completed within 20 minutes. The flow chart of solution combustion method as shown in Figure 1.
Flow chart of solution combustion method for Dy-Ho doped M-Zn Ferrite NPs.
The XRD was characterized by utilizing CuKα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) and the 2θ diffractogram was run from 20° to 80° with a stage size of 0.02 We can deduce crystalline phase and structure from XRD patterns. The surface morphology of the all samples were analyzed by SEM images and the images were carried out by using JEOL (model JSM-840). For dielectric studies, the pellet of the sample was prepared using hydraulic press. The silver was pasted on it to get the electrical contact and heated in an oven for 2 hours at 55°C. The impedance spectroscopy measurement was performed in the frequency range up to 10 MHz using an Novocontrol Alfa A impedance analyzer.
The Figure 2 depicts the XRD pattern of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs. The single-phase cubic structure was verified for all samples, and the pattern matched data card ICDD#10–0319 perfectly. The miller indices (hkl) suggested a spinel cubic structure without appearance of secondary phases. The lattice constant (a) values of were estimated by using the following relation [19].
The XRD patterns of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs.
For x = y = 0.005 to 0.03 concentration, the values of ‘a’ were found 8.3964 to 8.4245 Å, respectively. Eq. (1) was utilized to estimate the crystallite size of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs using the Debye Scherrer Equation [20, 21];
The “λ” denotes the X-ray wavelength, the “β” denotes the FWHM value, k is the Scherrer constant and θ denotes the diffraction angle. The crystallite sizes measured were 11.88 to 6.44 nm for x = 0.005 to 0.03, respectively. Large ionic radius of rare-earth ions increases the lattice parameter value while decreasing the average crystallite size, which is a popular trend [22]. However, in some cases, such as in our investigation, the researcher found different actions. The introduction of the Dy3+-Ho3+ ions cause increases in the lattice parameter in our analysis. As the large ionic radius of Dy3+ (0.912 Å) and Ho3+ (0.901 Å) ions replaces the small ionic radius of Fe3+ (0.645 Å) ion at the B-site position, the lattice structure becomes asymmetric [23]. The hopping length at tetrahedral and octahedral sites was estimated by using following equations
and observed the increase of hopping lengths with the increase of Ho3+ content as the lattice parameter increased gradually [24].
SEM micrographs of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) nanoparticles are shown in Figure 3. The existence of surface morphology with pores, holes, and on their surfaces can be seen in the figures. The development of the fuels during the combustion process resulted in the formation of the dry frothy powder. We are unable to measure grain size due to the porous nature of the samples. The micrographs show that the particles are agglomerated, showing that the magnetic nanoparticles in powder form have a strong connection [25].
SEM micrographs of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) nanoparticles.
The variation of real part of dielectric constant (
The variation of real part of dielectric constant (
The variation of real part of dielectric constant (
The variation of imaginary part of dielectric constant with applied frequency of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs.
The concept of polarization and the hopping process can be used to understand the dielectric behavior of ferrite materials [28]. The following is the explanation for the observed dielectric loss in the ferrite samples: at lower frequency region the electron exchange between Fe2+ and Fe3+ is predominant and it follows the applied electric field. As the increase of frequency, the electron exchange between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions does not follow the applied electric field.
The variation of dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) with applied frequency as shown in Figure 6. Dielectric loss tangent in the ferrites is due to the lag of polarization with respect to the applied field [29, 30]. Ferrites with high tanδ are suitable candidates for the manufacturing of high frequency heating systems. Tanδ decreases with the applied frequency for each sample. This can be ascribed based on Koop’s phenomenological model [31, 32]. At low frequencies region non conducting grain boundary gives maximum contribution for polarization. At lower frequency grain boundary contribution dominates results high resistivity and high value of dielectric loss tangent. Large quantity of energy is required for electron exchange between Fe3+ ions and Fe2+ ions at low frequency ensuing high value of loss tangent. At higher frequencies, small quantity of energy is enough for exchange of electron between Fe2+ and Fe3+ gives low resistivity and low value of loss tangent [33, 34]. At x = y = 0.005 concentration sample shows hump at mid of the frequencies, which was happened due to exchange of electron between ions frequency is matched with the applied frequency [35].
The variation of dielectric loss tangent with applied frequency of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs.
The variation of AC conductivity (
The variation of AC conductivity with applied frequency of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs.
The variation of real part of impedance (Z′) with applied frequency as shown in Figure 8. The spectra unmistakably shows that the Z′ is diminishes with enhancing the frequency. Furthermore, because to the charge space polarization of the spinel ferrite sample [37], it remains constant at high frequency region. The imaginary part of impedance (Z″) varies with applied frequency, as shown in Figure 9. This spectrum (Z″ V/s log f) also named as loss spectrum. The frequency grows as Z″ decreases, and it reaches its maximum value at a certain frequency. The frequency then increases as Z″ decreases. Furthermore, the highest peak value rises as the concentrations of dysprosium and holmium rise. It results in the presence of relaxation time in the samples, which occurs as a result of space charge relaxation, which occurs when the sample is made up of grain borders and grain [38]. Furthermore, as the frequency shifts from low to high, the conduction mechanism shifts as well.
The variation of real part of impedance (Z′) with applied frequency ofMn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs.
The variation of imaginary part of impedance (Z″) with applied frequency ofMn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs.
The Cole-Cole plots (Z″ along y-axis and Z′ along y-axis) as shown in Figure 10. shows the and this plot is called Cole-Cole plots. The occurrence of a non-Debye kind of relaxation phenomenon in the Dy-Ho doped Mn-Zn ferrite NPs is confirmed by the Cole-Cole plots complex impedance spectra of the semicircle spectra. Further, the maximum peak increases with increasing the Dy-Ho concentration. For the analogous circuit model, three series sets of capacitance and resistance are created in parallel. The complex impedance formula of an equivalent circuit is shown in Eq. (4) [39, 40].
Cole-Cole plots of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs.
Where Rb is the resistance of the material and Cb is the capacitance of the material, Rel and Cel is the contact impedance between material in the electrode. The capacitance and resistance assigned by Cgb and Rgb, respectively and brought about by the combination of grain boundary.
The synthesis of Mn0.5Zn0.5DyxHoyFe2-x-yO4 (x = y = 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) NPs by solution combustion technique. The lattice parameters increases with increase of Dy-Ho content due to ionic radius of Dy3+ (0.912 Å) and Ho3+ (0.901 Å) ions greater than of Fe3+ (0.645 Å) ions. SEM micrographs shows the porous nature for all samples. The development of the fuels during the combustion process resulted in the formation of the dry frothy powder. The Dielectric properties of all the samples were explained by using Koop’s phenomenological theory. The
Brian Jeevan Fernandes thanks University Grant Commission, Govt of India for the Dr. D.S. Kothari Post Doctoral Fellowship.
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In order to fulfil the EU goal stated in the 2020 climate and energy package and beyond, the implementation of high-performance buildings is crucial. Part of the solution is properly designed, flexible and adequately controlled building envelope that can contribute to reduced energy consumption and to increased occupancy comfort. In the presented chapter first, a structured treatment of the indoor environment formation is proposed that can be used in order to define appropriate fields of interventions when designing building automation systems. Furthermore, interaction between adaptive building envelope elements, indoor and exterior environment is discussed and elaborated. Second, the conventional and artificial intelligence control approaches used in building automation are discussed and commented, whereas advantages and disadvantages of each group are discussed. At the end, an example of building automation system designed on the principles of a holistic treatment of indoor environment in buildings is presented. The discussed system was designed at the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering using a combination of conventional and artificial intelligence control methods.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Mitja Košir",authors:[{id:"182476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitja",middleName:null,surname:"Košir",slug:"mitja-kosir",fullName:"Mitja Košir"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"39423",title:"Output Tracking Control for Fuzzy Systems via Static-Output Feedback Design",slug:"output-tracking-control-for-fuzzy-systems-via-static-output-feedback-design",totalDownloads:2310,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2229",slug:"fuzzy-controllers-recent-advances-in-theory-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Controllers",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Controllers - Recent Advances in Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Meriem Nachidi and Ahmed El Hajjaji",authors:[{id:"25659",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"El Hajjaji",slug:"ahmed-el-hajjaji",fullName:"Ahmed El Hajjaji"},{id:"141360",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Nachidi",slug:"meriem-nachidi",fullName:"Meriem Nachidi"}]},{id:"51207",title:"Human Movement Control",slug:"human-movement-control",totalDownloads:2103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Control theory is used to design automatic systems, which are able to maintain a desired behaviour despite of the disturbances. It is present in different machines we use every day; in fact, technical systems in our homes and all the industries are hard to imagine today without these concepts. Moreover, the same theories can be used for modelling life processes as a collection of inputs, outputs, plants and control loops. Feedback is one of the main concepts behind control; in particular, several examples of physiological control mechanisms for regulating life aspects can be found in the human anatomy, for example, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, body movements, the equilibrium, etc. Those processes can be damaged by the aging effects, diseases, accidents or when the mechanism has been broken and cannot be recovered naturally; consequently, it will be required external assistance. A relative new field in control theory is related with developing technology for helping with physiological and medicals problems. However, in comparison with machines, those physiological processes are highly nonlinear, with delays and slow responses. Another problem is when human becomes the operators using their capacities of decision making to close the control loop, as they are prone to errors and mistakes. For those reasons, the biomedical system needs to be carefully designed and several aspects have to be considered. This chapter gives a small review of some internal and external control processes within the human body and discusses how to interact with them for designing biomedical devices. Under this design scheme, a practical application of a smart electric wheelchair for assisting persons with strong disabilities is presented. These assistive robotic systems are in close contact with the user, and thus, it is determinant to have a user-friendly relation between the human and the interface. Therefore, intuitive interfaces were included in the design and an intelligent navigation assistant to guarantee a collision-free path.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"David Balderas and Mario Rojas",authors:[{id:"183076",title:"M.Sc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Balderas Silva",slug:"david-balderas-silva",fullName:"David Balderas Silva"},{id:"184877",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas",slug:"mario-rojas",fullName:"Mario Rojas"}]},{id:"51070",title:"Fuzzy PD Controller in NAO System's Platform",slug:"fuzzy-pd-controller-in-nao-system-s-platform",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Humanoid robotic platforms rarely achieve the desire trajectory because of the deviation generated during the robot walking. This problem is due to different circumstances such as robot manufacturing, wear and tear of mechanic parts, or variations of floor flatness. Currently, one of the humanoid robots on the market is the robotic platform developed by Aldebaran Robotics called NAO robot, and it is used for different purposes where the robot needs to navigate into controlled spaces. NAO presents the issue of deviation during walking; therefore, a Fuzzy PD Controller is developed and implemented for this platform to reduce the orientation error and to ensure reliability during navigation. Inertial sensors are used to get the orientation reference and for feedback of the closed-loop control. Consequently, a robust control was implemented and tested in different conditions of floor and velocity during the robot’s navigation such as robot races and maze resolution. Experimental results show that fuzzy controller achieves significant improvements in the trajectories of NAO.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Edgar Omar López‐Caudana and César Daniel González Gutiérrez",authors:[{id:"26464",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Lopez-Caudana",slug:"edgar-lopez-caudana",fullName:"Edgar Lopez-Caudana"},{id:"185936",title:"Mr.",name:"César Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"González Gutiérrez",slug:"cesar-daniel-gonzalez-gutierrez",fullName:"César Daniel González Gutiérrez"}]},{id:"51186",title:"Aircraft Landing Control Using the H-inf Control and the Dynamic Inversion Technique",slug:"aircraft-landing-control-using-the-h-inf-control-and-the-dynamic-inversion-technique",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The chapter presents the automatic control of aircraft during landing, taking into account the sensor errors and the wind shears. Both planes—longitudinal and lateral-directional—are treated; the new obtained automatic landing system (ALS) will consists of two subsystems—the first one controls aircraft motion in longitudinal plane, while the second one is for the control of aircraft motion in lateral-directional plane. These two systems can be treated separately, but in the same time, these can be put together to control all the parameters which interfere in the dynamics of aircraft landing. The two new ALSs are designed by using the H-inf control, the dynamic inversion, optimal observers, and reference models. To validate the new obtained ALS, one uses the dynamics associated to the landing of a Boeing 747, software implements the theoretical results and analyzes the accuracy of the results and the precision standards' achievement with respect to the requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Romulus Lungu and Mihai Lungu",authors:[{id:"181904",title:"Prof.",name:"Romulus",middleName:null,surname:"Lungu",slug:"romulus-lungu",fullName:"Romulus Lungu"}]},{id:"51936",title:"Models for the Reliability Analysis of Digital Instrumentation and Control Systems for Nuclear Power Plants",slug:"models-for-the-reliability-analysis-of-digital-instrumentation-and-control-systems-for-nuclear-power",totalDownloads:1779,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to discuss two approaches for reliability analysis of digital instrumentation and control systems in nuclear power plants taking into account the regulatory side. Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) and Markov/Cell-to-Cell Mapping Technique (CCMT) are discussed and case studies developed are presented. These case studies involve simplified control systems for a steam generator and a pressurizer of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) plant for the purpose of evaluating each method. Advantages and limitations of each approach are addressed. For the DFM approach, three concerns in the literature are addressed: modeling of the system itself, incorporation of the methodology results into existing Probabilistic Safety Assessments (PSA), and identification of software failures. The Markov/CCMT, which has been used in dynamic probabilistic safety assessments, is approached by means of a simplified digitally controlled water volume control system. The Markov/CCMT methodology results in detailed data of the system reliability behavior in relation to time. However, it demands a higher computational effort than usual as the complexity (i.e., number of components and failure states) of the system increases. As a regulatory research conclusion, the methodologies presented can be used on PSA risk informed assessment, contributing to the regulatory side.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Jonathan M. O. Pinto, Ian B. Gomes, Pedro L. C. Saldanha, Eustério\nB. Furieri and Paulo F. F. e Melo",authors:[{id:"26628",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Frutuoso e Melo",slug:"paulo-frutuoso-e-melo",fullName:"Paulo Frutuoso e Melo"},{id:"30429",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Luiz da C.",middleName:null,surname:"Saldanha",slug:"pedro-luiz-da-c.-saldanha",fullName:"Pedro Luiz da C. Saldanha"},{id:"182207",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:"Marcello",surname:"Pinto",slug:"jonathan-pinto",fullName:"Jonathan Pinto"},{id:"182465",title:"MSc.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",slug:"ian-gomes",fullName:"Ian Gomes"},{id:"182572",title:"MSc.",name:"Eustério",middleName:null,surname:"Furieri",slug:"eusterio-furieri",fullName:"Eustério Furieri"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1297",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.