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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10968",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Aspects of Modern Metrology",title:"Applied Aspects of Modern Metrology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In the modern era of scientific and technological development, the role of measurements and metrology in scientific research is becoming more and more important due to the increase in the testing of various products. Moreover, requirements for the accuracy and reliability of measurement results are increasing significantly and their ranges are expanding. Improving measurement accuracy allows us to identify the shortcomings of certain technological processes and either eliminate them or reduce their influence. This leads to better-quality products and contributes to saving energy and other resources, as well as raw materials and materials. This book discusses relevant aspects of practical metrological activity to establish traceability of measurements while increasing their accuracy and reliability. It also presents procedures for the calibration and testing of measuring instruments.",isbn:"978-1-80355-049-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-048-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-050-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95661",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"applied-aspects-of-modern-metrology",numberOfPages:150,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"688f4a581f96ea8041bc2dff50f6256e",bookSignature:"Oleh Velychko",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10968.jpg",numberOfDownloads:633,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 18th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 16th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 15th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 4th 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"223340",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleh",middleName:null,surname:"Velychko",slug:"oleh-velychko",fullName:"Oleh Velychko",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223340/images/system/223340.jpg",biography:"Prof. Oleh Velychko received a master’s degree in Radio Engineering and a Ph.D. in Metrology. Since 2005, he has been Director of the Institute of Electromagnetic Measurements of the State Enterprise ”Ukrmetrteststandard,” Kyiv, Ukraine. He has experience in creating and comparing national standards of electrical quantities. He is also a committee member for the International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the Euro-Asian Cooperation of National Metrological Institutions (COOMET). Prof. Velychko has published several book chapters.",institutionString:'State Enterprise "Ukrmetrteststandard"',position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1417",title:"Metrology",slug:"technology-metrology"}],chapters:[{id:"79215",title:"Evaluation of the Long-Term Stability of Metrology Instruments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100511",slug:"evaluation-of-the-long-term-stability-of-metrology-instruments",totalDownloads:120,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to emphasize the issue of the long-term stability of instruments used in metrology. This issue is a concern mentioned in the IEC/ISO17025:2017 standard and the JCGM100:2008 guide. Control charts are mentioned in these key documents as tools to assess whether a measurement process is under statistical control or not. Control charts (Shewhart charts, CUSUM chart, EWMA chart) are introduced and tested with simulated and real datasets from metrology instruments that operate at the ionizing department of the BIPM. The interest and the limits of such statistical analysis are discussed. They take their basis in a measurement model composed of Gaussian white noise. Although a measurement monitored over a relatively short period may be consistent with this model, it has been observed that the autocorrelation of the measurement data acquired over a long period limits the relevance of control charts. In this case, time series analysis seems more appropriate than conventional control charts. As an illustration, an optimal Bayesian smoother is introduced to demonstrate how to deconvolve the low-frequency random noise and refine the evaluation of uncertainty according to the measurement model for long-term measurement.",signatures:"Romain Coulon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79215",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79215",authors:[{id:"424337",title:"Dr.",name:"Romain",surname:"Coulon",slug:"romain-coulon",fullName:"Romain Coulon"}],corrections:null},{id:"78194",title:"The Data Evaluation of Interlaboratory Comparisons for Calibration Laboratories",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99489",slug:"the-data-evaluation-of-interlaboratory-comparisons-for-calibration-laboratories",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"National accreditation agencies in different countries have set quite strict requirements for accreditation of testing and calibration laboratories. Interlaboratory comparisons (ILCs) are a form of experimental verification of laboratory activities to determine technical competence in a particular activity. Successful results of conducting ILCs for the laboratory are a confirmation of competence in carrying out certain types of measurements by a specific specialist on specific equipment. To obtain reliable results of ILC accredited laboratories, it is necessary to improve the methods of processing these results. These methods are based on various data processing algorithms. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the most optimal method of processing the obtained data, which would allow to obtain reliable results. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the calibration laboratories (CLs) when evaluating the results of ILС. Such features are related to the need to provide calibration of measuring instruments for testing laboratories. The evaluation results for ILCs for CLs are presented. The results for all participants of ILCs were evaluated using the En and z indexes. The obtained results showed that for the such ILCs it is also necessary to evaluate the data using the z index also.",signatures:"Oleh Velychko and Tetyana Gordiyenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78194",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78194",authors:[{id:"223340",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleh",surname:"Velychko",slug:"oleh-velychko",fullName:"Oleh Velychko"},{id:"94982",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetyana",surname:"Gordiyenko",slug:"tetyana-gordiyenko",fullName:"Tetyana Gordiyenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"79131",title:"New Trends of Optical Measurements",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100589",slug:"new-trends-of-optical-measurements",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Some of the achievements of modern optical metrology are offered for the reader at this chapter. Optical testing methods have always attracted by their important advantages: distance, non-destructive impact on the test object and, of course, high accuracy. So, using of polarization optics approach, the authors were able to implement the methods for controlling the surface roughness for the moving surface with the measurement accuracy of 10 angstroms. It has become possible to make a breakthrough in the basic methods of measurements from the nano to the femto or pico units of the measured quantity value over the past decades. Control of nano (micro) particle motion by an optical field and their use for testing complex optical fields; ultra-precise determination of the optical parameters of both solid and liquid and gas-like substances by optical methods; by interference methods and many other, are proposed for consideration here. Some biomedical applications are also offered for reader’s familiarization. Particularly, the results of 3D Stokes-polarimetric mapping of microscopic biological images with digital holographic reproduction of layer-by-layer ellipticity polarization maps in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors with different degrees of differentiation are presented. The authors have shown that using of polarization-holographic measurements in biomedical applications makes it possible to obtain a reliable diagnostic of pathological states both of biological fluids and solid-state objects.",signatures:"Oleg Angelsky, Peter Maksymyak, Claudia Zenkova, Olexander Ushenko and Jun Zheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79131",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79131",authors:[{id:"426771",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Angelsky",slug:"oleg-angelsky",fullName:"Oleg Angelsky"},{id:"426773",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Maksymyak",slug:"peter-maksymyak",fullName:"Peter Maksymyak"},{id:"426774",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Zenkova",slug:"claudia-zenkova",fullName:"Claudia Zenkova"},{id:"426775",title:"Prof.",name:"Olexander",surname:"Ushenko",slug:"olexander-ushenko",fullName:"Olexander Ushenko"},{id:"426777",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jun-zheng",fullName:"Jun Zheng"}],corrections:null},{id:"79155",title:"Calibration of Tanks and Ships’ Tanks for Storage and Transportation of Liquids by Laser Scanning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100565",slug:"calibration-of-tanks-and-ships-tanks-for-storage-and-transportation-of-liquids-by-laser-scanning",totalDownloads:124,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The goal of the research is to improve the accuracy of measurement the volume and mass of oil and oil products by the stationary measuring tanks and ships’ tanks. It is possible to achieving this goal only by using the laser scanning at tanks calibration. Metrological and other technical requirements for laser scanners have been developed. It is proved by the results of mathematical modeling that only the compliance of scanners with the developed requirements makes it possible to achieve the set goal. It has been developed methods of measurements by laser scanners that allow to achieve an increase in the accuracy of determination the interval capacities of all types of the tanks. Methods, formulae and algorithms for interval capacities of tanks calculation are very complicated. Therefore, the interlaboratory comparisons for the interval capacities, calculated by laboratories own software developed for processing the results of the specified calibration are proposed. It is concluded that the developed requirements, methods and algorithms will allow, in several times, to increase the accuracy of determining the interval capacities of the tanks with a significant reduction in time for measurements and processing of their results.",signatures:"Oleksandr Samoilenko and Volodymyr Zaets",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79155",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79155",authors:[{id:"424366",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleksandr",surname:"Samoilenko",slug:"oleksandr-samoilenko",fullName:"Oleksandr Samoilenko"},{id:"436957",title:"Mr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Zaets",slug:"volodymyr-zaets",fullName:"Volodymyr Zaets"}],corrections:null},{id:"79767",title:"Properties of Tactile Sensors Based on Resistive Ink and the Dimension of Electrodes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101210",slug:"properties-of-tactile-sensors-based-on-resistive-ink-and-the-dimension-of-electrodes",totalDownloads:105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the ongoing research, which aims to select suitable electrodes for their use in the pressure distribution measurement system Plantograf. In our research, we examine more materials, especially Yokohama conductive rubber CS57-7RSC and also conductive inks, which are represented type DZT-3 K, Graphit 33 and mixture of Loctite-Henkel conductive inks type Loctite 7004Hr and Loctite NCI 7002EC. All materials can be used as a converter between pressure and electrical quantities in the design of planar pressure transduces. We build on our previous works, where were examined the properties of conductive rubber, conductive inks and electrodes. Next part is focused on the newest results of our research. Due to the still incomplete results in the given issue, we decided to perform an extensive and original measurement of a total of 172 combinations of different electrode sizes, the ratio of conductive ink mixtures and the thickness of the applied ink layer. Thanks to this, it will be possible in the future to select a suitable combination of electrodes and inks when designing tactile pressure sensors for industrial or medical applications without the need to perform time-consuming preparatory measurements and exclude unsuitable ink-electrode combinations.",signatures:"Jaromír Volf, Viktor Novák, Vladimír Ryženko and Stanislava Papežová",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79767",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79767",authors:[{id:"426411",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromír",surname:"Volf",slug:"jaromir-volf",fullName:"Jaromír Volf"},{id:"426413",title:"MSc.",name:"Viktor",surname:"Novák",slug:"viktor-novak",fullName:"Viktor Novák"},{id:"429116",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimír",surname:"Ryzenko",slug:"vladimir-ryzenko",fullName:"Vladimír Ryzenko"},{id:"436893",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislava",surname:"Papežová",slug:"stanislava-papezova",fullName:"Stanislava Papežová"}],corrections:null},{id:"79116",title:"Methodological Aspects of Using Comparators for Metrological Traceability of Instrument Transformers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100508",slug:"methodological-aspects-of-using-comparators-for-metrological-traceability-of-instrument-transformers",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Instrument transformers are widely used in accounting the electricity as well as in protecting the energy generation systems. The accuracy of both voltage and current transformers is a critical parameter in terms of ensuring the reliability of functioning whether high-voltage or low-voltage networks. Two approaches are predominant in characterizing the voltage transformers with high primary rated voltage, these are applying either reference capacitor or reference transformer. Both methods require a device that enables the comparison of either two currents or two voltages. The errors of current transformers are determined by using the means of comparing two secondary currents, one of which is an output of reference transformer and the other is an output of a device under test. The calibration of such comparators may be a very sophisticated procedure. As metrological traceability depends on the measuring instruments and working standards used in calibration, the application of the proposed specific combinations of measuring instruments allows identifying the metrological traceability routes when calibrating the comparators.",signatures:"Valentyn Isaiev and Iurii Anokhin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79116",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79116",authors:[{id:"425339",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Valentyn",surname:"Isaiev",slug:"valentyn-isaiev",fullName:"Valentyn Isaiev"},{id:"425340",title:"Mr.",name:"Iurii",surname:"Anokhin",slug:"iurii-anokhin",fullName:"Iurii Anokhin"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The major advantage of blockchain technology is that it offers a way to structure data without the need for any central authority [1, 2, 3]. In this context, the meaning of a blockchain in terms of accounting and finance function is to have a distributed ledger based on database structure that contains an ever-increasing number of accounting records [3, 4, 5, 6]. In such a blockchain-based database, all records are in blocks, rather than being combined in a single file. Each block is chained to the next one in linear and chronological order using cryptographic infrastructure and signature [1, 2, 7]. Thus, if a change is attempted in the records, it can be seen by all participants within a predefined verification in governance structure [8, 9, 10]. This approach refers to a situation where future businesses especially financial and accounting processes thereof are affected and forced to change [5, 11, 12]. In this context, future accounting and finance functions will be carried out based on algorithms [5, 11].
The organization of this chapter is as follows: Firstly, the impacts of blockchain on accounting and finance functions are explained. In this context, the effects of blockchain applications that change the “balance of power” between stakeholders are examined [9]. At the same time, areas of change regarding the future strategic position of CFOs and the restructuring process of accounting and finance functions come up for discussion. Secondly, blockchain algorithm samples in the field of accounting, finance, and auditing are presented by using bibliometric methods, i.e., “VOSviewer” [13] and “Bibliometrix” via R Program [14]. “VOSviewer” is a software tool based on web of science (WOS), and this tool is mainly used for constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks [13]. In conclusion, policy recommendations are made based on the survey results for the professionals and academics to contribute to the literature.
Blockchain is a creative response to replace a trusted intermediary position in various fields and processes of accounting and finance functions [1, 2]. In the literature, Yermack [15] first demonstrated the advantages offered by the blockchain-based accounting system. Accordingly, Yermack states that a company that has an accounting and finance function based on blockchain algorithms, offers an infrastructure for both the internal and external stakeholders to access financial statements at any time [15]. Such an infrastructure eliminates the need to wait for the announcement of periodic financial reports. In this respect, the impact of blockchain on accounting and finance functions is directly related to the transformation in governance structure of organizations and hence, this important event is a cutting edge since the Securities Exchange Act in 1934 [16].
Whatever sector you take into consideration, the common feature of them all is that they have an accounting and finance function. Therefore, the effect of blockchain technology is observed in all sectors and economic units all around the world [8, 17]. When it comes to accounting and finance function, the first thing that comes to mind is the book recording system and the management of monetary movements. It is generally accepted that companies, that perform these two functions effectively, efficiently, and economically, will gain competitive advantage. Recently, blockchain-based algorithm has been defined as a new turning point for this competition. The main reason for this is that it reduces costs and improves the corporate functioning thanks to its distributed ledger structure that eliminates intermediaries and provides accuracy in transactions [3, 4, 6].
The benefits of blockchain technology go well beyond the cost advantage, transparency, and increased efficiency [8]. It transforms organizational culture as a fundamental tool of digital governance, especially with a perspective that forms the subject of this study. In this respect, the most important contribution of this transformation is that it changes the balance of power and promotes trust among stakeholders [9]. It is a fact that with the blockchain technology, the elements of double entry system such as debit and credit transactions, recording systems, and the balance sheet structure, which form the basis of accounting and auditing standards, become redundant [18, 19].
According to Yermack [10] and Byström [20], if a company performs all their transactions through the blockchain-based infrastructure, there will be a permanent time stamp in every transaction. This means that the entire ledger of the company will be instantly accessible for the authorized stakeholders. Therefore, considering the accounting and finance function of such a company, the purpose, scope, and frequency of implementation of processes and transactions, and the controls and audits performed for them will need to be changed. Although digitalization and automation are being used in every field of business environment, there will always be a need for human in decision-making processes [21]. In this context, there is a similar situation for CFOs who are the top managers of the digitalized accounting and finance functions.
One of the priorities of the CFO, which plays a strategic role in the corporate structure, is to create the fundamental building blocks of a strong, stable, and reliable financial functioning for a company [22]. In general, what is expected from a CFO is to perform an accurate and secure analysis of financial data by providing data reliability with an approach that adopts an advanced level of security.
It is important to have clean, reliable, and consistent data required for financial analysis and financial reporting, which are among the main responsibilities of accounting and finance functions. A great deal of effort is put to ensure that the data is accurate and reliable. This great effort put is considered a significant cost item for businesses as well as a risk factor that has the power to affect reputation [23].
Blockchain technologies for reliable financial analysis and reporting through effective and efficient, as well as transparent and consistent data are recognized as a revolutionary contribution to the accounting and finance functions [5, 11]. In this context, the use of smart contracts offered by the blockchain-based infrastructure, can be expressed as an example of how technology can provide more reliability, assurance, and efficiency for CFOs [22].
There are various examples of blockchain applications in finance field which are discussed in detail in the relevant literature. Each of these are practices that strengthen the strategic role of the CFO and shape its agenda [4, 8]. In the Figure 1, based on the main articles of this survey, the areas where the block chain is used for improving the strategic role of CFO and the accounting and finance function are summarized.
Use-cases of blockchain in accounting and finance functions. Source: Compiled by the authors.
Firstly, blockchain ensures the end-to-end visibility in the supply chain management process [8, 21]. With the help of blockchain, it increases the quality of record keeping and reduces costs by ensuring the reliability and consistency of the data of all units that are related to finance. In this way, all business units are integrated via blockchain as considering “single source of true data” [24].
With untouched transactions and money transfers, the cash flow management of a company is realized with low cost and protected against misuse and fraud risks [5, 17, 24]. It should be noted that blockchain is the genesis of trust, which is not rely on any central party and distributed to the participants in a network. However, effective results are obtained when blockchain applications are supported by artificial intelligence in a wide variety of areas such as smart contract management, inventory management and treasury management [17, 25]. Thus, a solid reporting management supported by above mentioned process management and controls starting with reliable data entry based on the blockchain is achieved [24, 25]. This is the guide for the entire board of directors, and stakeholders of the company under the strategic leadership of the CFOs.
The most basic feature of a blockchain is that it simplifies the way people or businesses transact [2, 7, 11]. For this, there is an online general ledger that uses data in the blockchain infrastructure. It helps users to manage the trading book of all transactions made securely and without the contribution or intervention of a third party [1, 5]. The implementation of the innovative structure of the blockchain that simplifies the system, makes it transparent and reduces costs, means the restructuring of businesses using this type of infrastructure. In order for this restructuring to be effective and efficient i.e., “business process optimization (BPO)” [23], the business model [12] must be transformed, depending on blockchain technologies [7].
It is a fact that the blockchain-based algorithms contain a complete history of every transaction. Notwithstanding there are important advantages of blockchain technology, there are also issues that still await research [23, 26]. For example, although sensor data received in a blockchain application can be verified, it is not possible to identify data that has been manipulated in the “off-chain environment” [5, 7], that is, previously corrupted. Therefore, the way to reliably process blockchain algorithms is to determine the techniques to detect corrupted data incoming to the ledger before processing and posting [27].
In this section, the data, methodology and the key findings are explained respectively as follows. Although the main subject of this study is to investigate the impact of blockchain on accounting and finance, an approach that includes the auditing of these areas, constitutes a more appropriate scope. In particular, the primary field of internal audit, internal control, and risk management in the literature is mostly based on analysis of the effectiveness of accounting and finance functions [9, 18, 28]. Therefore, digital transformation process necessitates the use of digital auditing and monitoring techniques in the governance of these functions. In this respect, expanding the scope by including auditing in the survey, becomes a common intersection point for our work to make more accurate policy recommendations.
In this study, bibliometric method is used for executing the survey on blockchain algorithms in the field of accounting, finance, and auditing. In this respect, both VOSviewer [13] and R programs [14] are used, respectively. Bibliometric methods help to examine scientific studies from a diverse perspective by applying statistical analysis for books, articles, and other publications [29]. With this method, researchers are given the opportunity to move from “micro focus” to “macro focus” [30]. Thus, the researchers could examine and interpret the dynamics of the field they are studying with a broad perspective. As a result of the bibliometric network analysis made, inferences are obtained regarding various patterns of authors, documents, and countries [31]. The basic work steps of this analysis are shown in the Figure 2 below:
The basic steps of bibliometric network analysis. Source: [
The filtering words used to find relevant publications from the web of science (WOS) database are as follows: “Blockchain”, “Algorithms”, “Accounting”, “Finance”, “Digital Auditing”, “Auditing”, and “Artificial Intelligence”. There are (435) relevant articles obtained from the WOS. Since the discovery of blockchain has been a recent event, the survey period is intentionally chosen for the period 2005–2021. In this respect, after applying the basic steps in Figure 2, the mapping is formed by VOSviewer which is shown in Figure 3. The bibliometric network analysis findings are explained and discussed in the below section.
Bibliometric network of Blockchain, accounting, auditing and finance. Source: [
When the filtering area on the web of science is set as “blockchain” only, over a million articles are listed. However, when other keywords are added together with the blockchain by making the field specific and analyzed at the same time, the number decreases considerably as shown in Figure 3. Accordingly, the findings are obtained and discussed as follows.
The findings of the bibliometric network analysis are summarized based on “Co-citation” aspects for the period 2005–2021 considering the SSCI indexed articles. In bibliometric network analysis, a total of (6) basic clustering structures have emerged. Hence, there are basically (39) items, (6) clusters, (200) links and (469) strength of the “Co-citation” mapping. The keywords that make up these clusters are presented in Appendix A and findings are discussed as follows:
The first set of bibliometric network analysis reveals a strong interaction between blockchain and finance. In the literature, it has been determined that the other keywords, that are mainly considered together with finance and blockchain, are “accounting profession”, “artificial intelligence”, “audit”, “big data”, “internet of things” and “machine learning”. This means, it can be stated that the perspective of the “accounting profession” has changed with “fintech” in the financial sector. In addition, “machine learning”, “big data”, “internet of things”, and “artificial intelligence” are shown as the main source of this change. The point to note here is that the keyword “audit” has been processed in terms of the private sector within this cluster. However, the scope of “public auditing” in Cluster 2 within the context of auditing, mainly deals with compliance auditing and tax regulations relevant for public sector.
In bibliometric network analysis of the Cluster 2, the keywords are presented as “access control”, “cloud computing”, “cloud storage”, “data integrity”, “data privacy”, and “privacy” respectively. Hence, it is understood that the scope and purpose of blockchain applications in the public sector differ from those of the private sector. Here, it can be stated that especially prominent keywords give priority to the purpose of making the legislative harmonization process in public business processes safe and confidential. At the same time, it is observed that data security and data storage conditions are the main areas of discussion to reveal the social benefit in the digitalization process.
In Cluster 3, there are keywords such as “digitalization”, “distributed ledger technology” and “traceability”, which are directly related to the blockchain implementation process and can be considered an integral part of the technical characteristics of blockchain. On the other hand, the key words defining the “supply chain management”, “supply chain finance”, and “smart contracts” applications that stand out among the sectoral best practices, are also included in the list.
Keywords in this cluster, which are closely related to accounting, can be expressed as “auditing”, “blockchain technology”, “permissioned blockchain” and “security” respectively. Accounting and “auditing” are generally regarded as intertwined practices. One of the primary audit areas in auditing in the literature is financial statements and financial management processes. Therefore, the keywords given in this cluster as “blockchain technology”, “permissioned blockchain” and “security” are also supportive of the current situation of accounting profession and related findings in the literature.
When it comes to blockchain, “bitcoin” comes to mind first. The keywords associated with bitcoin such as “crowd funding”, “cryptocurrency” and “Ethereum” are clearly monitored in this cluster. In the literature, developments that are closely related to accounting and finance, especially covering these keywords, are discussed. “Crowd funding”, which has the potential to change the corporate functioning of accounting and finance, can be given as an important example among these clusters.
The consensus algorithm is a concept that is closely related to the blockchain. This concept is considered widespread as to be mapped under a separate cluster within this bibliometric network analysis. In addition, there are other important and related keywords which are as follows: “decentralization”, “distributed ledger”, “peer to peer computing”, and “smart contract”.
The “Conceptual Structure Map” based on the correspondence analysis method is performed by using R program and the findings are presented in Figure 4. This analysis is performed by using R code, namely “bibliometrix” package with BiblioShiny App which is used for “performing bibliometric analysis and building data matrices for co-citation, coupling, scientific collaboration analysis and co-word analysis” [14]. In this respect, Figure 4 can be seen as the big picture concerning the blockchain in the literature and hence, based on the block chain and related concepts that are the subject of bibliometric network analysis, it is stated in the literature that there will be considerable technological developments that deeply affect accounting, finance, and audit processes.
Conceptual structure map of Blockchain, accounting, auditing and finance. Source: [
The prominent and top (10) journals, in which these studies were conducted, are given below in Figure 5. For instance, the first journal in the list is “COMPUTER SCIENCE INFORMATION SYSTEMS” and the second is “BUSINESS FINANCE”. Accordingly, it is seen that journal structures are interdisciplinary and the whole list is presented in Appendix B.
Top 10 journals related to the bibliometric network survey. Source: [
Looking at the development of the literature on blockchain over the years, it is predicted that a significant acceleration has been observed in 2020 and this will increase further in the coming years. This situation is clearly monitored in the Figure 6.
Publications and citations related to Blockchain (2005–2021). Source: [
In addition, it has been determined that China is by far the first among the contributing countries among the top (20) countries. This is true for China in the case of both single and multiple country publications. This is presented in Figure 7. The countries included here are generally similar to the G20 countries. However, it can be stated that there is no ranking proportional to their economic size. China is by far the top three, followed by the USA and the UK. This situation indicates that China, the USA and the UK will be the countries producing technology and determining innovation policies in the future.
The list of top 20 corresponding Author’s country. SCP: Single country publications (intra country collaboration); MCP: Multiple country publications (inter country collaboration). Source: [
In this study, the developments in the literature in the field of accounting, finance and auditing with block chain algorithms were investigated through bibliometric network analysis. According to the findings obtained by using VOSviewer and R program for this analysis, the development areas seen in the literature are collected under six basic clusters. When the interaction areas within these clusters are examined, the first is; It can be stated that private sector and public sector distinction has emerged. Latter, it is concluded that finance, blockchain and auditing are intertwined. Third, it has been revealed that the interaction of public auditing with the blockchain differs and the data security perspective comes to the fore. Fourth, it has been determined that there is an important literature dealing with accounting, finance, auditing, and blockchain interaction. Fifth, it is revealed that a separate literature on the blockchain and bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in general has developed. This cluster gives a significant clue for the emergence of new financial instruments in the near future. Sixth, since the blockchain is based on algorithms, it has been demonstrated that algorithmic applications have evolved significantly to the extent of being located in a separate cluster.
In this context, it is concluded that the three countries, that contribute the most to the literature, have the power to determine the areas of change in the fields of accounting, finance, and audit in the future. These countries are China, USA, and the UK respectively, and the ranking is evaluated in accordance with the expectations within the framework of general economic standards and approaches.
While this survey is a pioneering work, the limitations arising from the current state of the blockchain are also worth mentioning. There is a need for standardization of the blockchain. When this structure is standardized, it may be possible for it to become widespread and to be more accepted in the field of finance. Since the blockchain is not yet subject to generally accepted legal regulations, it may cause difficulties in registration and valuation processes in the financial field. Difficulties may also arise if the consensus lead time on the blockchain is prolonged. Therefore, it would be appropriate to cooperate at international level on blockchain-related issues in order to use resources effectively.
“The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.”
Cluster 1 (8 items) | Cluster 2 (8 items) | Cluster 3 (8 items) | Cluster 4 (5 items) | Cluster 5 (4 items) | Cluster 6 (5 items) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Finance | Public auditing | Blockchain | Accounting | Bitcoin | Consensus algorithm |
Accounting profession | Access control | Digitalization | Auditing | Crowd funding | Decentralization |
Artificial intelligence | Cloud computing | Distributed ledger technology | Block chain technology | Cryptocurrency | Distributed ledger |
Audit | Cloud storage | Smart contracts | Permissioned blockchain | Ethereum | Peer to peer computing |
Big data | Data integrity | Supply chain finance | Security | Smart contract | |
Fintech | Data privacy | Supply chain management | |||
Internet of things | Data sharing | Traceability | |||
Machine learning | Privacy |
Computer Science Information System
Business Finance
Engineering Electrical Election
Telecommunications
Business
Management
Computer Science Theory Methods
Economics
Computer Science Software Engineering
Engineering Industrial
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World cereal equivalent (CE) food demand is projected to be around 10,094 million tons in 2030 and 14,886 million tons in 2050, while its production is projected to be 10,120 million tons in 2030 and 15,970 million tons in 2050 having a marginal surplus. India and China are capturing large share of global food demand. The developing country will demand more animal origin foods due to income growth in the future. The growth rate of world demand for cereals will decline till 2050. Global water demand is projected to increase by 55% between 2000 and 2050 from 3500 to 5425 km3. Evidence showed that climate change will have adverse impact on world water resources and food production with high degree of regional variability and scarcity. A number of options are suggested for development of global water resource and food production.",book:{id:"7645",slug:"desalination-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Desalination",fullTitle:"Desalination - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Sheikh Mohammad Fakhrul Islam and Zahurul Karim",authors:[{id:"288119",title:"Prof.",name:"S.M. Fakhrul",middleName:null,surname:"Islam",slug:"s.m.-fakhrul-islam",fullName:"S.M. Fakhrul Islam"},{id:"288121",title:"Prof.",name:"Zahurul",middleName:null,surname:"Karim",slug:"zahurul-karim",fullName:"Zahurul Karim"}]},{id:"60850",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76624",title:"Wastewater Treatment Using Membrane Technology",slug:"wastewater-treatment-using-membrane-technology",totalDownloads:2971,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Water contamination by heavy metals, cyanides and dyes is increasing globally and needs to be addressed as this will lead to water scarcity as well as water quality. Different techniques have been used to clean and renew water for human consumption and agricultural purposes but they each have limitations. Among those techniques, membrane technology is promising to solve the issues. Nanotechnology present a great potential in wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. In addition, nanotechnology supplement water supply through safe use of modern water sources. This chapter reviews recent development in membrane technology for wastewater treatment. Different types of membrane technologies, their properties, mechanisms advantages, limitations and promising solutions have been discussed.",book:{id:"6539",slug:"wastewater-and-water-quality",title:"Wastewater and Water Quality",fullTitle:"Wastewater and Water Quality"},signatures:"Azile Nqombolo, Anele Mpupa, Richard M. Moutloali and Philiswa\nN. Nomngongo",authors:[{id:"191669",title:"Dr.",name:"Philiswa",middleName:null,surname:"Nomngongo",slug:"philiswa-nomngongo",fullName:"Philiswa Nomngongo"}]},{id:"9113",doi:"10.5772/7588",title:"Photocatalytic Processes on the Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Water",slug:"photocatalytic-processes-on-the-oxidation-of-organic-compounds-in-water",totalDownloads:5778,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"3704",slug:"new-trends-in-technologies",title:"New Trends in Technologies",fullTitle:"New Trends in Technologies"},signatures:"C. J. Philippopoulos and M. D Nikolaki",authors:null},{id:"70242",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90256",title:"Advancements in the Fenton Process for Wastewater Treatment",slug:"advancements-in-the-fenton-process-for-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Fenton is considered to be one of the most effective advanced treatment processes in the removal of many hazardous organic pollutants from refractory/toxic wastewater. It has many advantages, but drawbacks are significant such as a strong acid environment, the cost of reagents consumption, and the large production of ferric sludge, which limits Fenton’s further application. The development of Fenton applications is mainly achieved by improving oxidation efficiency and reducing sludge production. This chapter presents a review on fundamentals and applications of conventional Fenton, leading advanced technologies in the Fenton process, and reuse methods of iron containing sludge to synthetic and real wastewaters are discussed. Finally, future trends and some guidelines for Fenton processes are given.",book:{id:"9415",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-applications-trends-and-prospects",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes",fullTitle:"Advanced Oxidation Processes - Applications, Trends, and Prospects"},signatures:"Min Xu, Changyong Wu and Yuexi Zhou",authors:[{id:"307479",title:"Dr.",name:"Changyong",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"changyong-wu",fullName:"Changyong Wu"},{id:"307546",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuexi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yuexi-zhou",fullName:"Yuexi Zhou"},{id:"311139",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"min-xu",fullName:"Min Xu"}]},{id:"67689",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86952",title:"Membrane Distillation: Basics, Advances, and Applications",slug:"membrane-distillation-basics-advances-and-applications",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Membrane technology as an emerging separation process has become competitive with other separation techniques in recent decades. Among pressure-driven and isothermal membrane processes, membrane distillation (MD) as a thermally driven process has come out to put an end to hardships of such processes like distillation. MD process can be used in a wide variety of applications such as desalination and wastewater treatment. Generally, MD is a process which water is a main component of the feed solution and only water vapor can pass through a hydrophobic membrane pores. With four main configurations different from each other by their condensation procedure, the performance of MD process is limited due to the lack of appropriate module, membrane, and energy consumption rate. In recent years, many experiments have been carried out to find well-suited membrane type and module. Also, applying solar or waste heat as heat source and the capability of coupling with other processes like forward osmosis and osmotic distillation distinguish MD process from other membrane processes. This chapter addresses membrane characteristics, MD applications, transport mechanisms, and process challenges.",book:{id:"8915",slug:"advances-in-membrane-technologies",title:"Advances in Membrane Technologies",fullTitle:"Advances in Membrane Technologies"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Shirzad Kebria and Ahmad Rahimpour",authors:[{id:"289042",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimpour",slug:"ahmad-rahimpour",fullName:"Ahmad Rahimpour"},{id:"289043",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Shirzad Kebria",slug:"mohammad-reza-shirzad-kebria",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Shirzad Kebria"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70242",title:"Advancements in the Fenton Process for Wastewater Treatment",slug:"advancements-in-the-fenton-process-for-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Fenton is considered to be one of the most effective advanced treatment processes in the removal of many hazardous organic pollutants from refractory/toxic wastewater. It has many advantages, but drawbacks are significant such as a strong acid environment, the cost of reagents consumption, and the large production of ferric sludge, which limits Fenton’s further application. The development of Fenton applications is mainly achieved by improving oxidation efficiency and reducing sludge production. This chapter presents a review on fundamentals and applications of conventional Fenton, leading advanced technologies in the Fenton process, and reuse methods of iron containing sludge to synthetic and real wastewaters are discussed. Finally, future trends and some guidelines for Fenton processes are given.",book:{id:"9415",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-applications-trends-and-prospects",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes",fullTitle:"Advanced Oxidation Processes - Applications, Trends, and Prospects"},signatures:"Min Xu, Changyong Wu and Yuexi Zhou",authors:[{id:"307479",title:"Dr.",name:"Changyong",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"changyong-wu",fullName:"Changyong Wu"},{id:"307546",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuexi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yuexi-zhou",fullName:"Yuexi Zhou"},{id:"311139",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"min-xu",fullName:"Min Xu"}]},{id:"71660",title:"Applications of Chemical Kinetics in Heterogeneous Catalysis",slug:"applications-of-chemical-kinetics-in-heterogeneous-catalysis",totalDownloads:1104,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Chemical kinetics is a key subdiscipline of physical chemistry that studies the reaction rate in every elemental step and corresponding catalytic mechanism. It mainly concludes molecular reaction dynamics, catalytic dynamics, elemental reaction dynamics, macrodynamics, and microdynamics. Such a research field has wide applications in heterogeneous catalysis. Based on the Arrhenius plot fitted by the catalytic conversions below 15% without the mass transfer effect and heat transfer effect, the apparent activation energy echoing with the intrinsically catalytic sites and the pre-exponential factor echoing with the relative number of active sites can be, respectively, derived from the slope and intercept of the Arrhenius plots, which can be used to compare the intrinsically catalytic activity of different catalysts and the relative amount of active sites. Reaction orders of both reactants and products are derived from the reaction rate equation and also fitted by the catalytic conversions below 15% without the mass transfer effect and heat transfer effect. According to the acquired reaction orders, the reaction mechanism can be proposed and even defined in some simple reactions. Therefore, investigations of chemical kinetics are of extreme importance and meaning in heterogeneous catalysis.",book:{id:"9415",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-applications-trends-and-prospects",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes",fullTitle:"Advanced Oxidation Processes - Applications, Trends, and Prospects"},signatures:"Zhenhua Zhang, Li-Ping Fan and Yue-Juan Wang",authors:[{id:"312555",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhenhua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhenhua-zhang",fullName:"Zhenhua Zhang"},{id:"316868",title:"Ms.",name:"Li-Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",slug:"li-ping-fan",fullName:"Li-Ping Fan"},{id:"316869",title:"Prof.",name:"Yue-Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yue-juan-wang",fullName:"Yue-Juan Wang"}]},{id:"77416",title:"Application of Water Quality Index for the Assessment of Water from Different Sources in Nigeria",slug:"application-of-water-quality-index-for-the-assessment-of-water-from-different-sources-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:516,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Water quality index (WQI) provides a single number that expresses the overall water quality, at a certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. The objective of WQI is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. A number of indices have been developed to summarize water quality data in an easily expressible and easily understood format. The WQI is basically a mathematical means of calculating a single value from multiple test results. This chapter discusses, in detail, the application of a water quality index for the assessment of water quality to different several water sources in Nigeria.",book:{id:"9921",slug:"promising-techniques-for-wastewater-treatment-and-water-quality-assessment",title:"Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment",fullTitle:"Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment"},signatures:"Ruth Olubukola Ajoke Adelagun, Emmanuel Edet Etim and Oko Emmanuel Godwin",authors:[{id:"256167",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Edet Etim",slug:"emmanuel-edet-etim",fullName:"Emmanuel Edet Etim"},{id:"345734",title:"Mr.",name:"Oko",middleName:null,surname:"Emmanuel Godwin",slug:"oko-emmanuel-godwin",fullName:"Oko Emmanuel Godwin"},{id:"345735",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",middleName:null,surname:"Olubukola Ajoke Adelagun",slug:"ruth-olubukola-ajoke-adelagun",fullName:"Ruth Olubukola Ajoke Adelagun"}]},{id:"71348",title:"Water Treatment and Desalination",slug:"water-treatment-and-desalination",totalDownloads:1049,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Water covers a large area of the earth that reaches about three quarters of the surface of this planet, but we cannot say that all of this water is fresh or drinkable; according to many statistics, the percentage of fresh water reaches about 1% of the total water on earth. But with the great need for fresh water, whether for drinking or other purposes such as agriculture, the search for water treatment methods has become much larger. One of the most important of these methods that have been developed is desalination of seawater using desalination plants; therefore, we will address here the most important methods used in desalination and water treatment.",book:{id:"7645",slug:"desalination-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Desalination",fullTitle:"Desalination - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Mona M. Amin Abdel-Fatah and Ghada Ahmed Al Bazedi",authors:[{id:"286268",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel-Fatah",slug:"mona-abdel-fatah",fullName:"Mona Abdel-Fatah"},{id:"295973",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghada",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Basedi",slug:"ghada-al-basedi",fullName:"Ghada Al-Basedi"}]},{id:"69228",title:"Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach",slug:"advances-in-passive-cooling-design-an-integrated-design-approach",totalDownloads:2073,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Incorporating passive cooling devices within building design requires analysis of device variables and actions to improve cooling performance, maximize efficiency, and integrate with building elements. Improving devices performance requires understanding the relation of devices to design stages, building elements, and working mechanism, and actions performed by devices to enhance cooling process and effectiveness. Therefore, designers could integrate passive devices as intrinsic design elements. The current research introduces SARS as an innovative classification of passive devices based on cooling actions that are performed by a device like storing, avoidance, removal or slowing (SARS). All actions, devices, and variables were discussed and analyzed to help integrate them within design stages: analysis, designing, and performance. Understanding actions will help maximize the performance of the devices, combine two or more devices together, and integrate the devices’ deign in design process. Combining more devices together to perform more than one function will move passive design to a new level to become as whole building design approach and to be a core design element.",book:{id:"8496",slug:"zero-and-net-zero-energy",title:"Zero and Net Zero Energy",fullTitle:"Zero and Net Zero Energy"},signatures:"Ahmed A.Y. 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