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Habib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1806",title:"Biomimetic Based Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a088e82c9518ba8fca91ac303d66f9b",slug:"biomimetic-based-applications",bookSignature:"Anne George",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21288",title:"Prof.",name:"Anne",surname:"George",slug:"anne-george",fullName:"Anne George"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71947",title:"Determination on Fluidization Velocity Types of the Continuous Refined Salt Fluidized Bed Drying",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92077",slug:"determination-on-fluidization-velocity-types-of-the-continuous-refined-salt-fluidized-bed-drying",body:'The phenomenon in which solid particles float in a gas stream and have a liquid-like property is called a fluidized bed. This phenomenon of fluidization in gas or liquid flow was discovered by Fritz Winkler in the 1920s [1]. This one was investigated by Lewis et al. and had been raised to fluidized theory [2]. The first commercial fluidized bed dryer was installed in USA in 1948 [3]. The fluidized bed technology is used for drying of bulk materials, includes examples such as: vibrating fluidized bed dryer, normal fluidized bed dryer without vibrating device and pulsed fluidized bed dryer.
Mathematical modeling and computer simulation of grain drying are now widely used and become an important tool for designing new dryers, for analyzing existing drying systems and for identifying drying conditions [4]. Identifying the drying conditions is necessary to establish the optimal protocol for ensuring seed quality [5]. To solve the simulation models, equations concerning aerodynamic properties such as the gas stream velocity and particle velocity are the most important components. The aerodynamic properties are affected by shape, density and size of particles [6].
In recent years, the fluidized bed technology has been concerned in the application in the sugar drying and refined salt drying in Vietnam. In the scope of this chapter, we discuss the issues related to the hydrodynamics of refined salt particles in the gas stream at ambient temperature and temperature equivalent to that of drying particle. The focus of this chapter is to determine the velocity values of the gas through the particle layer to form the minimum, homogeneous and critical fluidized layers.
In industrial manufacturing practice, we often encounter the contact, interaction between solid-particle materials and gases. These interaction phenomena are described in Table 1.
Order | Function of gases | Function of solid materials | Equipment in practice |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Heat carrier | Materials do not react to gases |
|
2 | Loading and transportation of particle materials | Materials do not react to gases | Pneumatic solid particle carrier |
3 | Heat carrier and material loading and transportation | Materials do not react to gases | Aerodynamic dryers |
4 | Chemical agents |
|
|
5 | Agitation | Materials do not react to gases | Mixer of different materials in the tank |
Relations and functions of gas interacting with solid particle in real production.
According to Abrahamsen and Geldart [7], the two most important factors affecting the fluidization characteristic of the particle layer are particle size and particle density.
Geldart [8] visually observed the various conditions and classified fluidizable particles into four groups: A, B, C and D. As a result, the classification was related to the influence of the average particle size and particle density on the properties of the fluidized layer, as depicted in Figure 1 and Table 2.
Diagram of the Geldart classification of particles [
Particle group characteristics | C group | A group | B group | D group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Particle size (μm) | 0–3 | 30 ≤ dp ≤ 100 | 100 ≤ dp ≤ 1000 | ≥ 1000 |
Density (kg/m3) | Smallest | 1400 | 400–4500 | Lower than other materials |
The most obvious characteristics of group |
|
|
|
|
Typical granulars |
|
|
|
|
Particle layer expansion |
|
| Medium | Difficult to fluidize evenly (low) |
Properties of air bubbles |
|
|
|
|
Property of mixed solid particles | Very low | High | Solids’ recirculation rates are smaller | Low |
Spaying | None | None | Only occurs in the upper layer |
|
According to the content of this chapter, we focus on approaching, researching and experimenting on the mechanism and principle of interaction between air and the applied material in fluidized bed drying. The approach method is to arrange a stream of heat-carrying air blowing from the bottom of the particle chamber through a gas distributor (the holes arranged at an angle to the cross section of the tank). Hot air stream is evenly distributed and touches the surface of particles in tank (the particle layer was on the gas distributor). The continuous air stream ensures that the contact of particle surfaces with the gas flow is consecutive. The nature of the gas flowing through the particle layer may be laminar, turbulent, or transition flow at the material contact surface. The inflow of hot air affects the velocity of the interaction between the gas stream and the material.
When the material layer is fluidized, its state is converted from a fixed bed to a dynamic state. The particle layer has liquid-like properties. The surface area of the particles contacting with the fluid increases, and therefore the heat transfer ability from fluid to particles rapidly rises.
In order for the fluidization phenomena to occur in the bulk material layer, the air stream must have sufficient pressure and velocity. The air stream flows upward, passes through the particle materials (follow the linear increment) through uncountable air holes of the distributor, which are arranged at the bottom of the particle material layer. When the velocity of air stream is small, pressure exerted on particles is small, the particle layer maintains its original fixed bed (the state from 0 before point A, Figure 2). As the air velocity is increased further, the aerodynamic traction appears, which has opposite effect of the gravitational force of the particles, causing the expansion of particle layers in a volume, and the particles begin to move apart from each other (at point A, Figure 1).
Particle layer states with gas velocity changing [
By further raising the velocity of air stream to the critical value, the friction force between the particles and air is equal to the weight of particles. At this time, the vertical component of the compression pressure is eliminated, the upward-pulling force equals the downward gravity, causing the particle material to be suspended in the air stream. When the gas velocity reaches the critical value, the particle material layer will be converted to complete fluidization state, called the fluidization particle layer and having the liquid-like properties (position from A to B in Figure 2).
By further increasing the velocity of the gas, the bulk density of the particle layers continues to decrease, its fluidization becomes more violent, until the particles no longer form a bed and are swept up and fallen down in the fluidization motion (position from B to C, Figure 2). At this time, each particle material is covered with gas flow, the intensity of the heat and material transfer occurs violently. When granular material is fully fluidized, the bed will conform to the volume of the chamber, its surface remaining perpendicular to gravity; objects with a lower density than the bed density will float on its surface, bobbing up and down, while objects with a higher density sink to the bottom of the bed.
Fluidization has many applications in many technologies of manufacturing practice, such as mixing different types of granular materials; fluidized bed drying; cooling grain after drying; supporting interaction between chemicals in the fluidized bed; granulation technology; film coating technology of medicine and pharmacy; manufacturing technology through the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers; and biomass fuel combustion technology in fluidized bed.
To clarify the dynamics of the fluidized beds for application in refined salt drying in the fluidized bed, the theoretical and experimental issues determining the velocity of gas through the particle layers to form different fluidized layers are described as follows.
When the air stream having sufficient pressure and velocity passes through the static spherical particle layers, they begin to expand (the particles become “flexible”). In this condition, it is called the minimum particulate fluidization state and is described by the modified equation of Ergun (see position A in Figure 1) [12].
For particles of arbitrary shapes, the pressure drop of air stream at the minimum fluidization state is represented by Eq. (2). The spherical value of particle material got in the Eq. (1) [10] is given by:
For the particle layer to be converted from a fixed state to a fluidization state, the pressure of air stream must be large enough to overcome the weight of the particle layers and it is determined by Eq. (3) [10].
In Eq. (3), it is considered that there was no interaction force between particles in layer and no interaction between particles and the wall of the tank. So, that did not cause the pressure increasing effect. Thus, the pressure drop of the air stream was constant while increasing the gas velocity from the smallest fluidization velocity to the value when the entrainment process of particles occurred (position C, Figure 2).
In Eqs. (1) and (2), it is also shown that the pressure drop of the gas stream that is generated through the fluidized particle layer is depended on the particle size (dp), the bed voidage (ε) and the gas temperature (t°C). According to Eq. (3), the pressure drop of the gas stream through the particle layers is dependent upon the material mass (m), the gas distributor grate area (A), particle density (ρp) and gas density (ρf). Thus, we could calculate the minimum fluidization velocity value (Vmf), which was based on Eqs. (1)–(3) for non-spherical particles by solving Eq. (4).
The minimum fluidization velocity (Vmf) is the root of Eq. (4), which is based on available parameters, such as the height of minimum fluidization bed (Hmf), the mass of particles in the air distributor (m), the area for gas distribution or called cross-sectional area of the bed (A), particle density (ρp), air density (ρf), mean particle diameter (dp), spherical degree of particles (ϕ) and void fraction at minimum fluidization particle layer (εmf).
Commonly, the sphere degree of particles (ϕ) must be determined in experiments [10]. The spherical degree of refined salt particles was found out by Bui [13, 14, 15]. Theoretically, in order to fluidize the particle layer, the actual weight of the solid particles must be equal to the force exerted on the particle layers and that is equal to the pressure drop across the bed (ΔP) multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the chamber (A). A minimum fluidization layer which must have determined layer thickness (Hmf), void fraction (εmf), then the expanded volume of the fluidized particles (U) has the value of the Eq. (5):
And the actual gravity of the particle mass has a value of:
The balance of the real gravity components of the particle mass and the upward force exerted on the particle mass of the gas flow was calculated according to
Substituting Eq. (8) into Eq. (1) or Eq. (2) yields Eq. (9).
Giving physical parameters of particle and gas into the Eq. (8), velocity (Vmf) was found out. In case of very small particles, the gas stream regime through the particle layer was laminar flow and the minimum fluidization velocity should be calculated by the Ergun equation [12]. In case of Remf < 1, we use Eq. (9) to calculate the minimum fluidization velocity of gas.
When gas passes through the particle bulk, which can have any shape, the minimum fluidization Reynolds coefficient (Remf) is determined by Eq. (10).
Eq. (11) describes the correlation between Ar and Remf with void fraction at minimum fluidization particle layer (Vmf)
Archimeter (Ar) is determined by Eq. (12) for particles of any shape.
Set up Eq. (13):
Substituting physical parameters into the Eq. (12), which includes the particle density (ρp), the gas density at the temperature of minimum fluidization velocity (ρf), the air dynamic viscosity (μf), spherical degree of particle (ϕ), void fraction at the minimum fluidization velocity (εmf), mean particle diameter (dm) [13, 14, 15] and getting Ar number value into the Eq. (13). Then, we solved the quadratic equation to find out the root of equation Remf in Eq. (10), we got only the positive value. Thus, we calculated the minimum fluidization velocity (Vmf) from Eq. (10).
Kozeny-Carman gave the formula of calculation of the minimum fluidization velocity for a very small particle size with the Remf < 10 in Eq. (14) described in Yates [16].
For spherical particles or sphericity equivalent, the bed voidage of the minimum fluidization εmf = 0.4 ÷ 0.45.
In case of the unavailability of the sphericity of particles, we determine the minimum fluidization velocity (Vmf) by using of the experimental correlation of Wen and Yu [17]. An empirical formula of calculation of the void fraction at minimum fluidization particle layers in Eq. (15) or Eq. (16) with the available sphericity degree of particle (ϕ) or the calculation of the sphericity degree of particle (ϕ) in case void fraction (εmf) at minimum fluidization particle layer is available, which was also described by Wen and Yu equation (cited in Howard, 1989) [10].
We can use the calculation of the void fraction at minimum fluidization particle layers from the other correlation, which is also converted from Wen and Yu.
It is based on the calculation of the void fraction (εmf) (at position A in Figure 2) of Eq. (15) or Eq. (16) and substituting the obtained εmf value into the Ergun Eq. (2), we have Eq. (17).
Using the calculated Ar number from Eq. (12) and substituting the Ar value into Eq. (17), we obtain Eq. (18) to calculate the particle Reynolds number at the minimum fluidization velocity (Remf).
Taking the positive square root, we get Eq. (19):
It was applied to calculate for solid particles with size larger than 100 μm [10]. From the Remf value that was found out in the Eq. (19), Vmf is calculated according to Eq. (10). In case of solid particles with small size (C group of Geldart, 1973) in the specified temperature conditions, the Vmf value is calculated in Eq. (20) by Wen and Yu.
For solid spherical particles with diameters ranging from 0.05 to 4 mm (0.05 mm < dp < 4 mm) and particle density ranging from 850 to 8810 kg/m3 (850 kg/m3 < ρp < 8810 kg/m3), the method of calculation of Vmf was proposed by Beayens and Geldart as shown in Eq. (21) [18].
Then the Vmf can be calculated from Eq. (22) in case of available solid particle and gas parameters.
The minimum fluidization velocity of spherical particles was determined by correlation shown in Eq. (23) by Goroshko described in Howard [10, 19].
where
We get ϕ is 1.0 (ϕ = 1) then solving the Eq. (23) take the spherical degree value, we have the Eq. (25).
Multiplying
And its value was determined by Eq. (27) by Goroshko:
Eq. (27) is different from Eq. (26) by the added value
The minimum fluidization velocity (Vmf) of sphericity particles was defined from the Remf by Goroshko et al. in Eq. (29) [19].
In case of non-spherical particles with different sizes, the Repmf value was error from 15–20% in case we use the Eq. (29) of calculation described in [20]. In the case of rapid calculation, we considered the bed voidage of the minimum fluidization state to be equal to the bed voidage at static particle layers (εo = εmf = 0.4), and the Remf is calculated in Eq. (30) [21].
From the formula of Carman-Kozan
The Leva formula is used in case of Reynolds to be smaller than 10 (Remf < 10). In case of Reynolds to be larger than 10 (Remf > 10), there is an adjustment factor added into this formula.
The formula of Kunii-Levenspiel was simplified from the Ergun formula and it gave out two cases of calculation of the minimum fluidization velocity. In the first case for solid particles of small size with Remf < 20, we have to use Eq. (32).
We have to use Eq. (33) for the larger particle size with Reynolds number larger than 1000 (Remf > 1000).
There is a correlation equation of particle mass balance at the minimum fluidization state (fluidization without bubbles), which was created by Kunii and Levenspiel as shown in Eq. (34).
Thus, we can obtain a correlation as shown in Eq. (35).
According to Ginzburg, described in [18], the bed voidage of minimum fluidization and height of particle layer are calculated by Eq. (36) and Eq. (37).
McCabe et al. proposed εmf = 0.4 ÷ 0.45 for the spherical particle [24]. The bed voidage of minimum fluidization particle layers was 0.5 (εmf = 0.5) for larger particle size. The bed voidage is equal to 1.0 (εt = 1.0) when the particle layers are attracted to the gas stream (see position C in Figure 2).
Experimental arrangement of determining the minimum fluidization velocity is shown in Figure 3.
Model for determination of the minimum fluidization velocity. 1. Centrifugal fan; 2. air heater; 3. thermometer for surface particle temperature measurement; 4. pitot tube for measurement of dynamic pressure and total pressure of air; 5. U-manometer; 6. chamber of fluidization; 7. air distributor; 8. drying air inlet.
In order to gradually increase the bed surface velocity of hot air via the particle layers, the air fan (1) is equipped with an inverter to change the rotation of the fan motor.
The instruments in experiments include a moisture analyzer (Axis AGS100, Germany), measurement error ± 0.01%; a digital electronic scale (Satorius MA45, Germany), measurement error ± 0.001 g; an air velocity meter (Extech SDL350 Taiwan), measurement error ± 0.01 m/s and a digital thermometer (WIKA CTH6300, Germany), measurement accuracy 0.001°C. This instrument has two measuring rate modes including fast at 4/s and slow at 1/s; an inclined manometer (T10, UK), measured range is 0–280 mmwg with error ± 0.1% and a pitot pipe (PT6300, 304 Germany), measurement range is 0–400 mmwg with error ± 0.1%. For measurement on the bulk density and density of refined salt particles, we used instruments such as Graduated pipet, buret, graduated cylinder, all of them made in Germany with error measurement ± 0.01 ml. The HCl acid is used for density measurement of refined salt particles.
The material of refined salt particles was supplied by a combined hydraulic separating-washing-grinding machine in the saturated saltwater condition and which was dried by a continuous centrifugal machines. Samples of refined salt were randomly taken at different sizes at Vinh Hao salt company in Binh Thuan Province, Bac Lieu salt company and Sea salt Research Center of Vietnam for analysis (Table 3) [14].
No. | Equipment/parts | Technical parameter |
---|---|---|
1 | Drying air fan | Flow: 0.63 m3/s; total pressure: 1244 Pa; motor power: 2.2 kW |
2 | Electrical heater | Overall dimension (L × W × H): 600 × 630 × 275 mm; heating power: 1.0 kW; number of heater bars: 6 |
3 | Drying chamber | Overall dimension (L × W × H): 1750 × 300 × 350 mm Fabrication material: SUS304 |
4 | Salt dust settling chamber | Overall dimension (L × W × H): 1750 × 450 × 350 mm Fabrication material: SUS304 |
The basic parameters of the continuous fluidized bed dryer for experiment by authors.
The above section presented nine methods to calculate minimum fluidization velocity based on the physical parameters of particles and physical thermal parameters of gas stream. These parameters were obtained from experiments in combination with the correlation calculation or empirical formulas.
In order to have the basis of comparison and accuracy evaluation of each calculating method in comparison with the empirical method, the theoretical calculation was carried out for refined salt particles with diameters of 1.5 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.9 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.3 mm. On the other hand, to achieve empirical result, samples of dried refined salt particles (of which mean-diameter was determined) were taken randomly from a combined hydraulic-separating-washing-crushing machine, presenting various particle sizes of the raw material that was put in the dryer.
When calculating the pressure drop across a refined salt particle layer, we relied on the empirical results of physical parameters of particles and air (summarized in Table 4). Specific notes for each calculating method are as follows:
Calculation based on Ergun equations and correlations of pressure
Applying to calculate the minimum fluidization velocity (Vmf) for refined salt particles with the fixed bed height (H0) is 30 mm, the bed voidage (ε0) is 0.5 using Eqs. (35) and (36) to find out the minimum fluidization state including Hmf = 1.1 × H0 = 33 mm; bed voidage εmf = 1.1 × ε0 = 0.56. Using the spherical degree value of refined salt particle is 0.71 (ϕ = 0.71) and other parameters were taken from the Table 5 which described in Bui (2009). Then we use the Ergun equations to calculate the minimum fluidization velocity. It is recommended that Remf had no limit [13, 14, 15].
Calculation based on the correlation between (Remf), (Ar) and Kozeny-Carman
In these two calculation methods, the parameters in the calculations are taken from the empirical results according to Table 5.
Determination of the (Vmf) value according to Wen and Yu
According to Wen and Yu methods, the bed voidage of the refined salt particle layer at minimum fluidization state (εmf) was unknown, but we had the value of spherical degree particle from experiments (see Table 5). We put the value of spherical degree into Eq. (5) or Eq. (16) and found out the value of bed voidage (εmf) from which the velocity value of gas passing through the minimum fluidization particle layer (Vmf) was calculated.
Determination of Vmf according to Groshko-Todes
In this method, we also used the results of physical parameters of refined salt particles and air supplied to the dryer from Table 5 to calculate Ar number. The Remf is determined by using Eq. 2 and the obtained result was multiplied by the error coefficient k = 1.2 and it was considered as the result of calculation of Remf for non-spherical salt particles (described by Lebedev, [21]).
In addition, in Todes method there was another calculation by using Eq.(29) based on the available results of the minimum fluidization velocity (εmf = 0.4). We put this value into Eq. (15) and we found out the spherical degree of salt particles according to correlation given by Wen and Yu. Then we put this value into Eq. (12) to determine Ar number. By replacing Eq. (29) with the value of Ar number, we found out Remf, from which we could calculate Vmf value by using Eq. (10).
Determination of Vmf by the formula of Beayens-Geldart, Goroshko, Leva, and Kunii-Levenspiel
The minimum fluidization bed velocity (Vmf) was determined by using theoretical calculation of formulas of Beayens-Geldart, Goroshko, Leva, and Kunii-Levenspiel with the available physical parameters of refined salt particles and gas given in Table 5 [18, 19, 22, 25, 26]. Table 4 shows the calculated results from the formulas of authors published last time.
Determination of the minimum fluidization velocity according to theoretical and empirical methods | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | dh (mm) | Minimum fluidization velocity | |||||||||
Ergun | Re andAr | Ko and Ca | Wen and Yu | Gedar | Go | Todes | Leva | Kunii and Levenspiel | Empirical methods | ||
1 | 1.65 | 1.327 | 0.939 | 3.149 | 0.5414 | 0.45 | 1.1223 | 1.122 | 2.362 | 3.149 | 0.8 |
2 | 1.35 | 1.094 | 0.736 | 2.108 | 0.4002 | 0.331 | 0.9022 | 0.902 | 1.581 | 2.108 | 0.6 |
3 | 1.05 | 0.826 | 0.518 | 1.275 | 0.2625 | 0.219 | 0.6653 | 0.665 | 0.956 | 1.275 | 0.58 |
7 | |||||||||||
4 | 0.75 | 0.522 | 0.298 | 0.651 | 0.1416 | 0.123 | 0.4188 | 0.419 | 0.488 | 0.651 | 0.42 |
5 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 0.115 | 0.234 | 0.0524 | 0.05 | 0.1863 | 0.186 | 0.176 | 0.234 | 0.2 |
6 | 0.225 | 0.058 | 0.029 | 0.059 | 0.0132 | 0.014 | 0.0537 | 0.054 | 0.044 | 0.059 | 0.15 |
Theoretical calculation results of minimum fluidization velocity for refined salt particles from equations and empirical correlation formulas of published authors, which compare to the experimental results of the physical model of author.
The bold values in Table 4 refers to the common average particle size for commercial refined salt in the Vietnamese market.
Technical parameter | Symbol | Unit | Value | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Refined salt particle diameter | dp | mm | 1.65; 1.35; 1.05; 0.75; 0.45; 0.225 | [13, 14] [15] |
Average diameter of particle | dm | mm | 0.953 | |
Static bed voidage | ε0 | 0.51 | ||
Bed voidage in minimum fluidization velocity | εmf | 0.56 | ||
Particle density | ρp | kg/m3 | 2138 | |
Bulk density | ρb | kg/m3 | 982 | |
Spherical degree of particle | ϕ | 0.71 | ||
Gas density (at 160°C) | ρf | kg/m3 | 0.815 | |
Dynamic viscosity (at 160°C) | μf | kg/m.s | 2.45 × 10−5 | |
Fixed refined salt particle bed height | H0 | m | 30 |
Physical parameters of refined salt grains and physical air.
Note: The particle diameter d = 0.953 is the average diameter of the salt particles.
A model in Figure 3 and the other of fluidized bed dryer in Figure 4 was designed by authors to define the minimum fluidization velocity of refined salt particles in experiment. The dryer model was designed with its capacity of 48 kg/hour, the height of salt particle layer at the static bed was 30 mm (H0 ≥ 30 mm). In the experiments, the authors determined the minimum fluidization velocity (Vmf) for refined salt particles with diameter 1.65, 1.35, 1.05, 0.9, 0.65, 0.4 and 0.3 mm. The experimental results of determination of the minimum fluidization velocity of the particle layers with the different particle sizes are shown in Table 4. Besides, these experimental minimum fluidization velocity values were also compared with results of theoretical models that were published by authors presented in the methodology part above (Figure 5).
The model of continuous fluidized bed dryer used in experiments. 1. Air fan; 2. heating chamber; 3. air supplier; 4. air duct; 5. product outlet; 6. drying chamber; 7. dust separation chamber; 8. inlet feeder; 9. cyclone dust collector.
Comparison of the minimum fluidization air velocity between calculated values of published authors and experimental values of the model [
The obtained values of minimum fluidization velocity (Vmf) calculated by the Ergun equation and the correlation between Remf number and Ar number for all particle sizes agreed well with the experimental values. The value of Remf number varies from 0.3 to 51.7. Particles with sizes dp = 0.225; 0.45 and 0.75 had the tendency for laminar flow.
The obtained values of minimum fluidization velocity (vmf) determined by the Kozeny-Carman and Kunii equations for particles with diameter greater than 1 mm (dp > 1 mm) were much larger than experimental values (Vtmf > > Vemf). While, with particles having diameter smaller than 1 mm (dp < 1 mm), the result of calculation was nearly equal to the experimental values. Notably, the void fraction value of the minimum fluidization state from 0.4 to 0.5 (εmf = 0.4–0.5) the calculation result matches the experimental value.
By using the correlation of Wen and Yu to calculate void fraction at (εmf) knowing the spherical properties of particle, we obtained values that were much smaller than the experimental value. The Remf number varied from 0.07 to 21.1.
When using the correlation between Remf and Ar, the obtained values of minimum fluidization velocity fit quite well to experimental results. Reynolds values vary from 0.16 to 36.6.
The minimum fluidization velocity that was calculated according the correlation between Remf and Ar number of Beayens and Geldart (Eq. (19)) gave reasonable results.
The obtained values by using the Goroshko and Todes formula in Eq. (28) were nearly equal to the experimental values.
The calculated value of Vmf according to Beayens and Geldart was the lowest in comparison to other methods.
The difference between the values of Remf calculated according to Goroshko and Ergun was lower than 10–20% for particles that lie in the range of Remf number from 0.28 to 43.7 (Remf = 0.28–43.7). The obtained values of velocity value (Vmf) for particles with diameter smaller than 0.9 mm (dp < 0.9 mm) were closer to the experimental value in comparison with particles with diameter larger than 0.9 mm (dp > 0.9 mm).
The minimum fluidization velocity that was calculated by Leva formula was only suitable for particles with diameter smaller than 0.75 mm (dp < 0.75 mm) and value of Remf number smaller than 10 (Remf < 10). The regime of air flow through the particle layer is laminar flow.
The calculation method of the minimum fluidization velocity according to the Kunii and Levenspiel equations was suitable for particle with diameter dp = (0.225; 0.45; 0.75 mm) and the results were appropriate under the conditions Remf < 20, and the calculation result was close to the experimental value.
The optimal fluidization velocity Vof was in the region from A to C (Figure 2). It meets the conditions:
The air superficial velocity value from A to C (Figure 2) was determined by the two standard equations as follows:
The air velocity through the solid particle layer at the optimum fluidization regime (Vof) was calculated according to Fedorov standard (Fe) by Eq. (39) (as cited in Lebedev [21]), with refined salt particles and drying air parameters taken from Table 5 (tf = 160°C) [13, 15].
According to Ginzburg (1973), Rehf2 was calculated by Eq. (40) [20, 27].
The homogeneous fluidization velocity (Vhf1) was calculated by Eq. (41).
Reynolds value at homogeneous fluidization velocity (Vhf1) was measured according to Archimedes standard by Eq. (42) [20].
where Ar was calculated by Eq. (12):
Substituting parameters of air and refined salt particles into the Eq. (12),
The Ar value is 8818.4
Therefore, Rehf1 = 0.275 × (8818.4)0.52 = 66.917 = 31.53.
The homogeneous fluidization velocity (Vhf1) was calculated by Eq. (43).
Re-calculating the homogeneous fluidization velocity (Vhf1) by using the experimental equation Eq. (44) [27].
From Table 4 for the specific case: Vmf = 0.55 m/s and particle diameter was 0.953 mm.
Both Vhf1 and Vhf2 met the conditions of the Eq. (38). Selecting the optimum velocity Vof:
Re-calculating the standard Reynolds number at reasonable fluidization state (Reof) under the condition of optimum fluidization velocity (Vof = 1.33 m/s)
or
The value of optimum Reynolds number (Reof) was 30 (Reof = 30).
The void fraction of the particle layer at the reasonable fluidization state was determined by the Zabrodski formula (Eq. 46) (described in Lebedev, [21]).
Rehf2 could be recalculated according to the correlation between Rehf2 and Ar Eq. (47).
Substituting value of Rehf2 into Eq. (46), we re-calculated the homogeneous fluidization void fraction (εhf) by Eq. (48).
These two calculation methods generated almost identical results.
In order to have a basis for determining the reasonable dimension of separating chamber of fluidized bed dryer (the chamber was located above the fluidization particle drying tank) and to limit removal of materials from the drying chamber, we defined the theoretical critical velocity (also called the final velocity).
From the calculation result of Remf of the minimum fluidization state (Remf = 10.032), this parameter of the air stream through the particle layer in the transition flow was in range 1 < Remf < 500.
According to the equation of Haider and Levenspiel (described in Wen-ChingYang) [28, 29], the critical velocity was calculated by Eq. (49).
With resistance coefficient (CD) (described in Wen-ChingYang) [27, 28] given by
So, the critical velocity at position C (Figure 2) in the specific case had the value:
In fact, during the drying process, to ensure the drying productivity and quality, the dryer operator must observe the fluidization particle layer and adjust the inlet doors of drying air capacity at appropriate the air velocity value in the range from A to C (Figure 2) and the correlation of velocity types Vmf < Vhf < Vcf.
We re-calculated the void fraction of particle layer with average particle diameter dp = ϕdm = 0.953 mm at the theoretical critical velocity in fluidization particle layer condition.
Substituting the above value into Eq. (52), we get:
Using Eq. (46) to re-calculate the void fraction of particle layer at the complete fluidization state:
When the void fraction of particle layer was 1 (ε = 1), the fluidization particle layer turned to the transport regime in the air stream (called pneumatic transportation).
Most of the used correlations in the calculations and the formulas given by the authors, as mentioned above, were derived from the experiments with temperature close to the ambient temperature. So, when we use them in calculations in specific cases, they should consider the accuracy. The extrapolation should be used in the cases of the states at the temperature higher than the ambient temperature.
The mentioned theoretical calculations show the necessity for the determining of the minimum fluidization velocity of the solid particle layer with high accuracy. The sphericity of particle and void fraction of the particle layer were often not known, therefore it is required to get their values from the range of experimental variables. Empirically, the void fraction of the particles in the minimum fluidization layer at the ambient temperature is not the same as that in the increasing gas temperature.
The best method to determine the minimum fluidization velocity is to conduct the experiments. Firstly, we directly measured the pressure drop across the particle layer when the air velocity gradually decreased. Secondly, we built the graphs and read the results of the minimum fluidization velocity value.
However, if we were forced to find out the fluidization velocity without carrying out experiments to measure the pressure drop across the particle layer, the best way would be to determine the void fraction at the minimum fluidization velocity. Then we calculated the spherical property of the particle using the Ergun equations or correlation between Ar and Remf in Eqs. (10)–(12) to count out the minimum air velocity through the particle fluidization layer. This velocity value also had accuracy close to the experimental one.
The average particle diameter considered spherical degree of the particles of different sizes was 953 μm (dm = 953 μm). This diameter represented the size of the particles in dry grinding technology with the hammer crusher. It is also in the common size distribution range of the combined washing-grinding hydraulic-separation technology in Vietnam’s market. Besides, the particle diameter of 953 μm (dp = 953 μm) is also used in calculating the value of all types of velocity, characterized for the medium particle size of the refined salt production technology in Vietnam.
We calculated the values of three characteristic velocity types of fluidized bed drying for particles with average size dm = dp = 953 μm, including the minimum fluidization velocity Vmf = 0.55 m/s with void fraction εmf = 0.56; reasonable fluidization velocity Vhf = 1.33 m/s corresponding to the void fraction of particle layer εhf = 0.615; and the critical velocity of the air flow through the particle bulk Vcf = 2.3 m/s with the void fraction value of fluidization particle layer εcf = 0.73.
In fact, during the drying process, to ensure the drying productivity and quality, the dryer operator must observe the fluidization particle layer and adjust the inlet doors of drying air capacity at appropriate air velocity value in the range from A to C (Figure 2) to make sure the correlation of velocity types Vmf < Vhf < Vcf.
cross sectional area of the bed
area for gas distribution
height of the bed, m
Archimedes number, dimensionless
initial bed height, m
void fraction at static particle layer
minimum fluidization bed height, m
void fraction at minimum fluidization particle layer
pressure drop across the bed, N/m2
void fraction at homogeneous fluidization particle layer
Reynolds number
terminal void fraction
Reynolds number at the minimum fluidization velocity
Reynolds number at the homogeneous fluidization velocity
spherical particle diameter, m
equivalent spherical mean diameters, m
Reynolds number at the fluidization terminal velocity
sphericity degree, dimensionless
Reynolds number at the optimum fluidization velocity
Fedorov standard, dimensionless
bed surface velocity or superficial velocity, m/s
acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
minimum fluidization velocity, m/s
solid particle density, kg/m3
theoretical minimum fluidization velocity, m/s
particle bulk density, kg/m3
experimental minimum fluidization velocity, m/s
air density, kg/m3
homogeneous fluidization velocity, m/s
Kozeny-Carman coefficient
optimum homogeneous fluidization velocity, m/s
mass of particles, kg
terminal velocity or critical velocity, m/s
mass of particles bulk, kg
air dynamic viscosity, kg/ms
specific surface area, cm−1, cm2/g
cubic volume of particle layer, m3
weight of particle, mass, N
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Moreover, the cost of mass production should be minimized as much as possible. To meet part of that request, the antennas of these devices should have small size, lower weight, operating in multiple frequency bands and/or be broadband. There are many research methods to achieve this goal, one of which is using the fractal geometries for the shape of antenna elements. In recent years, there are many fractal shapes that have been proposed for such applications, and the designed antennas have significantly improved antenna features such as smaller size, operating in multi-frequency bands, with improved power gain and efficiency. In recent years, the new approach for modern antenna the metamaterials, MTM, is adopted, and sometimes that based on the fractal geometry is adopted.",book:{id:"5804",slug:"fractal-analysis-applications-in-physics-engineering-and-technology",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis - Applications in Physics, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Wojciech Jan Krzysztofik",authors:[{id:"198646",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:"Jan",surname:"Krzysztofik",slug:"wojciech-krzysztofik",fullName:"Wojciech Krzysztofik"}]},{id:"53920",doi:"10.5772/67216",title:"Integral-Equation Formulations of Plasmonic Problems in the Visible Spectrum and Beyond",slug:"integral-equation-formulations-of-plasmonic-problems-in-the-visible-spectrum-and-beyond",totalDownloads:1790,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Computational modeling of nano-plasmonic structures is essential to understand their electrodynamic responses before experimental efforts in measurement setups. Similar to the other ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, there are alternative methods for the numerical analysis of nano-plasmonic problems, while the optics literature is dominated by differential equations that require discretizations of the host media with artificial truncations. These approaches often need serious assumptions, such as periodicity, infinity, or self-similarity, in order to reduce the computational load. On the other hand, surface integral equations based on integro-differential operators can bring important advantages for accurate and efficient modeling of nano-plasmonic problems with arbitrary geometries. Electrical properties of materials, which may be obtained either experimentally or via physical modeling, can easily be inserted into integral-equation formulations, leading to accurate predictions of electromagnetic responses of complex structures. This chapter presents the implementation of such accurate, efficient, and reliable solvers based on appropriate combinations of surface integral equations, discretizations, numerical integrations, fast algorithms, and iterative techniques. As a case study, nanowire transmission lines are investigated in wide-frequency ranges, demonstrating the capabilities of the developed implementations.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Abdulkerim Çekinmez, Barişcan Karaosmanoğlu and Özgür Ergül",authors:[{id:"195936",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ozgur",middleName:null,surname:"Ergul",slug:"ozgur-ergul",fullName:"Ozgur Ergul"},{id:"203161",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdulkerim",middleName:null,surname:"Cekinmez",slug:"abdulkerim-cekinmez",fullName:"Abdulkerim Cekinmez"},{id:"203162",title:"MSc.",name:"Bariscan",middleName:null,surname:"Karaosmanoglu",slug:"bariscan-karaosmanoglu",fullName:"Bariscan Karaosmanoglu"}]},{id:"57485",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70870",title:"Small-Angle Scattering from Mass and Surface Fractals",slug:"small-angle-scattering-from-mass-and-surface-fractals",totalDownloads:1410,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The concepts of mass and surface fractals are introduced, and the corresponding small-angle scattering (SAS; X-rays, neutrons) intensities are computed. It is shown how to resolve the fractal structure of various complex systems from experimental scattering measurements, and how obtained data are related to specific features of the fractal models. We present and discuss various mass and surface fractal structures, including fractals generated from iterated function systems and cellular automata. In addition to the fractal dimension and the overall fractal size, the suggested analysis allows us to obtain the iteration number, the number of basic units which form the fractal and the scaling factor.",book:{id:"6216",slug:"complexity-in-biological-and-physical-systems-bifurcations-solitons-and-fractals",title:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems",fullTitle:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems - Bifurcations, Solitons and Fractals"},signatures:"Eugen Mircea Anitas",authors:[{id:"213626",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Anitas",slug:"eugen-anitas",fullName:"Eugen Anitas"}]},{id:"40437",doi:"10.5772/48811",title:"FSM Scenarios of Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Incompressible Fluids",slug:"fsm-scenarios-of-laminar-turbulent-transition-in-incompressible-fluids",totalDownloads:1790,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2508",slug:"nonlinearity-bifurcation-and-chaos-theory-and-applications",title:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos",fullTitle:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"N.M. Evstigneev and N.A. Magnitskii",authors:[{id:"96107",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai A.",middleName:"Alexandrovich",surname:"Magnitskii",slug:"nikolai-a.-magnitskii",fullName:"Nikolai A. Magnitskii"},{id:"151627",title:"Dr.",name:"N. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Evstigneev",slug:"n.-m.-evstigneev",fullName:"N. M. Evstigneev"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:6815,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Over the last hundred years, many techniques have been developed for the solution of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"64463",title:"Fractal Analysis of Time-Series Data Sets: Methods and Challenges",slug:"fractal-analysis-of-time-series-data-sets-methods-and-challenges",totalDownloads:2944,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Many methods exist for quantifying the fractal characteristics of a structure via a fractal dimension. As a traditional example, a fractal dimension of a spatial fractal structure may be quantified via a box-counting fractal analysis that probes a manner in which the structure fills space. However, such spatial analyses generally are not well-suited for the analysis of so-called “time-series” fractals, which may exhibit exact or statistical self-affinity but which inherently lack well-defined spatial characteristics. In this chapter, we introduce and investigate a variety of fractal analysis techniques directed to time-series structures. We investigate the fidelity of such techniques by applying each technique to sets of computer-generated time-series data sets with well-defined fractal characteristics. Additionally, we investigate the inherent challenges in quantifying fractal characteristics (and indeed of verifying the presence of such fractal characteristics) in time-series traces modeled to resemble physical data sets.",book:{id:"7293",slug:"fractal-analysis",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis"},signatures:"Ian Pilgrim and Richard P. Taylor",authors:[{id:"262574",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Pilgrim",slug:"ian-pilgrim",fullName:"Ian Pilgrim"},{id:"262816",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",slug:"richard-taylor",fullName:"Richard Taylor"}]},{id:"64807",title:"Fractal Antennas for Wearable Applications",slug:"fractal-antennas-for-wearable-applications",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the design and fabrication of different types of flexible and inflexible wearable fractal for modern wireless applications with body-area-networks (BANs). A wearable antenna is intended to be a part of clothing used for modern wireless communication purposes. Fractal technology allowed us to design compact antennas and integrate multiple communication services into one device. The proposed antennas were simulated and measured by CST simulator version 2017 and Agilent N9918A VNA respectively. Furthermore, these antennas were fabricated using folded copper. The measured results agree well with the simulated results.",book:{id:"7293",slug:"fractal-analysis",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis"},signatures:"Mohamed I. Ahmed and Mai F. Ahmed",authors:[{id:"261304",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"mohamed-ismail-ahmed",fullName:"Mohamed Ismail Ahmed"},{id:"272048",title:"Dr.",name:"M. F.",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"m.-f.-ahmed",fullName:"M. F. Ahmed"}]},{id:"67141",title:"A Review on Fractional Differential Equations and a Numerical Method to Solve Some Boundary Value Problems",slug:"a-review-on-fractional-differential-equations-and-a-numerical-method-to-solve-some-boundary-value-pr",totalDownloads:1904,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Fractional differential equations can describe the dynamics of several complex and nonlocal systems with memory. They arise in many scientific and engineering areas such as physics, chemistry, biology, biophysics, economics, control theory, signal and image processing, etc. Particularly, nonlinear systems describing different phenomena can be modeled with fractional derivatives. Chaotic behavior has also been reported in some fractional models. There exist theoretical results related to existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial and boundary value problems with fractional differential equations; for the nonlinear case, there are still few of them. In this work we will present a summary of the different definitions of fractional derivatives and show models where they appear, including simple nonlinear systems with chaos. Existing results on the solvability of classical fractional differential equations and numerical approaches are summarized. Finally, we propose a numerical scheme to approximate the solution to linear fractional initial value problems and boundary value problems.",book:{id:"7662",slug:"nonlinear-systems-theoretical-aspects-and-recent-applications",title:"Nonlinear Systems",fullTitle:"Nonlinear Systems -Theoretical Aspects and Recent Applications"},signatures:"María I. Troparevsky, Silvia A. Seminara and Marcela A. Fabio",authors:[{id:"296689",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Troparevsky",slug:"maria-ines-troparevsky",fullName:"Maria Ines Troparevsky"},{id:"296690",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Seminara",slug:"silvia-alejandra-seminara",fullName:"Silvia Alejandra Seminara"},{id:"296691",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela Antonieta",middleName:null,surname:"Fabio",slug:"marcela-antonieta-fabio",fullName:"Marcela Antonieta Fabio"}]},{id:"54899",title:"Fractals in Antennas and Metamaterials Applications",slug:"fractals-in-antennas-and-metamaterials-applications",totalDownloads:2341,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Recently, telecommunication systems have been requiring more advanced features in the design and operation. Among others a smaller size of devices, which can be integrated for multiple mobile communication systems, applied in one user’s device board, such as PDA or smart phone. Moreover, the cost of mass production should be minimized as much as possible. To meet part of that request, the antennas of these devices should have small size, lower weight, operating in multiple frequency bands and/or be broadband. There are many research methods to achieve this goal, one of which is using the fractal geometries for the shape of antenna elements. In recent years, there are many fractal shapes that have been proposed for such applications, and the designed antennas have significantly improved antenna features such as smaller size, operating in multi-frequency bands, with improved power gain and efficiency. In recent years, the new approach for modern antenna the metamaterials, MTM, is adopted, and sometimes that based on the fractal geometry is adopted.",book:{id:"5804",slug:"fractal-analysis-applications-in-physics-engineering-and-technology",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis - Applications in Physics, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Wojciech Jan Krzysztofik",authors:[{id:"198646",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:"Jan",surname:"Krzysztofik",slug:"wojciech-krzysztofik",fullName:"Wojciech Krzysztofik"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"966",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:114,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:7,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. Escribano",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGnzQAG/Profile_Picture_1633076636544",institutionString:"Consultant and Independent Researcher in Industry Sector, Spain",institution:null},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"216995",title:"Prof.",name:"Figen",middleName:null,surname:"Kırkpınar",slug:"figen-kirkpinar",fullName:"Figen Kırkpınar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMzxQAG/Profile_Picture_1625722918145",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRt8pQAC/Profile_Picture_1622531020756",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"176987",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María-José",middleName:"Carrascosa",surname:"Argente",slug:"maria-jose-argente",fullName:"María-José Argente",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9vOQAS/Profile_Picture_1630330499537",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",middleName:null,surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321396/images/system/321396.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"183723",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xiaojun-liu",fullName:"Xiaojun Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/183723/images/system/183723.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. Nkanga",slug:"carotenoids-in-cassava-manihot-esculenta-crantz",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. 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He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"20",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Nutrition",keywords:"Sustainable Animal Diets, Carbon Footprint, Meta Analyses",scope:"An essential part of animal production is nutrition. Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). We must develop animal feed that does not compete with human food, use antibiotics, and explore new growth promoters options, such as plant extracts or compounds that promote feed efficiency (e.g., monensin, oils, enzymes, probiotics). These new feed options must also be environmentally friendly, reducing the Carbon footprint, CH4, N, and P emissions to the environment, with an adequate formulation of nutrients.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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