\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"273",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Research on Melanoma - A Glimpse into Current Directions and Future Trends",title:"Research on Melanoma",subtitle:"A Glimpse into Current Directions and Future Trends",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book Research on Melanoma: A Glimpse into Current Directions and Future Trends, is divided into sections to represent the most cutting-edge topics in melanoma from around the world. The emerging epigenetics of disease, novel therapeutics under development and the molecular signaling aberrations are explained in detail. Since there are a number of areas in which unknowns exist surrounding the complex development of melanoma and its response to therapy, this book illuminates and comprehensively discusses such aspects. It is relevant for teaching the novice researcher who wants to initiate projects in melanoma and the more senior researcher seeking to polish their existing knowledge in this area. Many chapters include visuals and illustrations designed to easily guide the reader through the ideas presented.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-293-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6481-4",doi:"10.5772/797",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"research-on-melanoma-a-glimpse-into-current-directions-and-future-trends",numberOfPages:428,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"03dcadf8ca228b0a39a14c7614a712f2",bookSignature:"Mandi Murph",publishedDate:"September 12th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/273.jpg",numberOfDownloads:44686,numberOfWosCitations:51,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:46,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:110,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 28th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 25th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 1st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 30th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"32293",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandi",middleName:null,surname:"Murph",slug:"mandi-murph",fullName:"Mandi Murph",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32293/images/163_n.jpg",biography:"Mandi Murph is a Georgia Cancer Coalition Scholar and an Assistant Professor in the College of Pharmacy at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. Before coming to Georgia, Murph was a postdoctoral fellow in Systems Biology at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. She won a young investigator award from the Biochemical Journal. She is an author on publications in Cancer Cell, Molecular Cancer, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Molecular Cancer Research, PLoS ONE, Clinical Cancer Research and the Journal of Biological Chemistry. She has received grant funding from the Georgia Cancer Coalition and the National Cancer Institute, which is part of the National Institutes of Health.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1077",title:"Dermatological Oncology",slug:"dermatological-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"19089",title:"Predictive Capacity and Functional Significance of MicroRNA in Human Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/18686",slug:"predictive-capacity-and-functional-significance-of-microrna-in-human-melanoma",totalDownloads:2055,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xiaobo Li and Yaguang Xi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19089",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19089",authors:[{id:"32242",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaguang",surname:"Xi",slug:"yaguang-xi",fullName:"Yaguang Xi"},{id:"51393",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaobo",surname:"Li",slug:"xiaobo-li",fullName:"Xiaobo Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"19090",title:"Epigenetic Changes in Melanoma and the Development of Epigenetic Therapy for Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/19088",slug:"epigenetic-changes-in-melanoma-and-the-development-of-epigenetic-therapy-for-melanoma",totalDownloads:1689,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Duc P. Do and Syed A.A. Rizvi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19090",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19090",authors:[{id:"33548",title:"Dr.",name:"Duc",surname:"Do",slug:"duc-do",fullName:"Duc Do"},{id:"60880",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed",surname:"Rizvi",slug:"syed-rizvi",fullName:"Syed Rizvi"}],corrections:null},{id:"19091",title:"Genetic, Epigenetic and Molecular Changes in Melanoma: A New Paradigm for Biological Classification",doi:"10.5772/19966",slug:"genetic-epigenetic-and-molecular-changes-in-melanoma-a-new-paradigm-for-biological-classification",totalDownloads:2602,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Stefania Staibano, Massimo Mascolo, Maria Siano, Gennaro Ilardi and Gaetano De Rosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19091",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19091",authors:[{id:"36959",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefania",surname:"Staibano",slug:"stefania-staibano",fullName:"Stefania Staibano"},{id:"36990",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaetano",surname:"De Rosa",slug:"gaetano-de-rosa",fullName:"Gaetano De Rosa"},{id:"48394",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Mascolo",slug:"massimo-mascolo",fullName:"Massimo Mascolo"},{id:"48395",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Siano",slug:"maria-siano",fullName:"Maria Siano"},{id:"93383",title:"Dr.",name:"Gennaro",surname:"Ilardi",slug:"gennaro-ilardi",fullName:"Gennaro Ilardi"}],corrections:null},{id:"19958",title:"A Bromophosphonate Analogue of Lysophosphatidic Acid Surpasses Dacarbazine in Reducing Cell Proliferation and Viability of MeWo Melanoma Cells",doi:"10.5772/18702",slug:"a-bromophosphonate-analogue-of-lysophosphatidic-acid-surpasses-dacarbazine-in-reducing-cell-prolifer",totalDownloads:1954,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Duy Nguyen, Oanh Nguyen, Honglu Zhang, Glenn D. Prestwich and Mandi M. Murph",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19958",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19958",authors:[{id:"32293",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandi",surname:"Murph",slug:"mandi-murph",fullName:"Mandi Murph"},{id:"50335",title:"Prof.",name:"Glenn",surname:"Prestwich",slug:"glenn-prestwich",fullName:"Glenn Prestwich"},{id:"53495",title:"Mr.",name:"Duy",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"duy-nguyen",fullName:"Duy Nguyen"},{id:"53496",title:"Ms.",name:"Oanh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"oanh-nguyen",fullName:"Oanh Nguyen"},{id:"77500",title:"Dr.",name:"Honglu",surname:"Zhang",slug:"honglu-zhang",fullName:"Honglu Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"19093",title:"Low-Anticoagulant Heparins in the Treatment of Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/19859",slug:"low-anticoagulant-heparins-in-the-treatment-of-metastasis",totalDownloads:2428,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Narayanam V. Rao, Glenn D. Prestwich, John R. Hoidal and Thomas P. Kennedy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19093",authors:[{id:"50335",title:"Prof.",name:"Glenn",surname:"Prestwich",slug:"glenn-prestwich",fullName:"Glenn Prestwich"},{id:"36545",title:"Dr.",name:"Narayanam",surname:"Rao",slug:"narayanam-rao",fullName:"Narayanam Rao"},{id:"50336",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Hoidal",slug:"john-hoidal",fullName:"John Hoidal"},{id:"50337",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Kennedy",slug:"thomas-kennedy",fullName:"Thomas Kennedy"}],corrections:null},{id:"19094",title:"Novel Antifolates as Produgs for the Treatment of Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/19674",slug:"novel-antifolates-as-produgs-for-the-treatment-of-melanoma",totalDownloads:2667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jose Neptuno Rodriguez-Lopez, Luis Sanchez-del-Campo, Magali Saez-Ayala, Maria F. Montenegro and Juan Cabezas-Herrera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19094",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19094",authors:[{id:"35809",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Neptuno",surname:"Rodriguez-Lopez",slug:"jose-neptuno-rodriguez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Neptuno Rodriguez-Lopez"},{id:"35830",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Sanchez-del-Campo",slug:"luis-sanchez-del-campo",fullName:"Luis Sanchez-del-Campo"},{id:"35831",title:"Dr.",name:"Magali",surname:"Saez-Ayala",slug:"magali-saez-ayala",fullName:"Magali Saez-Ayala"},{id:"35832",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",surname:"Cabezas-Herrera",slug:"juan-cabezas-herrera",fullName:"Juan Cabezas-Herrera"},{id:"35833",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria F.",surname:"Montenegro",slug:"maria-f.-montenegro",fullName:"Maria F. Montenegro"}],corrections:null},{id:"19095",title:"The Potential of Triterpenoids in the Treatment of Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/19582",slug:"the-potential-of-triterpenoids-in-the-treatment-of-melanoma",totalDownloads:3604,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"J. Sarek, M. Kvasnica, M. Vlk, M. Urban, P. Dzubak and M. Hajduch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19095",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19095",authors:[{id:"35431",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",surname:"Sarek",slug:"jan-sarek",fullName:"Jan Sarek"},{id:"52759",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Kvasnica",slug:"miroslav-kvasnica",fullName:"Miroslav Kvasnica"},{id:"52760",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Vlk",slug:"martin-vlk",fullName:"Martin Vlk"},{id:"52761",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",surname:"Dzubak",slug:"petr-dzubak",fullName:"Petr Dzubak"},{id:"67647",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",surname:"Urban",slug:"milan-urban",fullName:"Milan Urban"},{id:"67649",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Hajduch",slug:"marian-hajduch",fullName:"Marian Hajduch"}],corrections:null},{id:"19096",title:"New Molecular Targets for the Systemic Therapy of Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/20367",slug:"new-molecular-targets-for-the-systemic-therapy-of-melanoma",totalDownloads:2663,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kausar Begam Riaz Ahmed and Michael A. Davies",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19096",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19096",authors:[{id:"38597",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Davies",slug:"michael-davies",fullName:"Michael Davies"},{id:"38611",title:"Ms",name:"Kausar Begam",surname:"Riaz Ahmed",slug:"kausar-begam-riaz-ahmed",fullName:"Kausar Begam Riaz Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"19097",title:"BRAF V600E Mutated Gene Variant as a Circulating Molecular Marker in Metastatic Melanoma Patients",doi:"10.5772/20779",slug:"braf-v600e-mutated-gene-variant-as-a-circulating-molecular-marker-in-metastatic-melanoma-patients",totalDownloads:2597,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Viviana Vallacchi, Licia Rivoltini and Monica Rodolfo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19097",authors:[{id:"40489",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",surname:"Rodolfo",slug:"monica-rodolfo",fullName:"Monica Rodolfo"},{id:"51700",title:"Dr.",name:"Viviana",surname:"Vallacchi",slug:"viviana-vallacchi",fullName:"Viviana Vallacchi"},{id:"51701",title:"Dr.",name:"Licia",surname:"Rivoltini",slug:"licia-rivoltini",fullName:"Licia Rivoltini"}],corrections:null},{id:"19098",title:"Ultraviolet Light as a Modulator of Melanoma Development",doi:"10.5772/22928",slug:"ultraviolet-light-as-a-modulator-of-melanoma-development",totalDownloads:2134,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Graeme Walker and Elke Hacker",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19098",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19098",authors:[{id:"49832",title:"Dr.",name:"Graeme",surname:"Walker",slug:"graeme-walker",fullName:"Graeme Walker"},{id:"49836",title:"Dr.",name:"Elke",surname:"Hacker",slug:"elke-hacker",fullName:"Elke Hacker"}],corrections:null},{id:"19099",title:"Dual Roles of the Melanoma CAM (MelCAM/METCAM) in Malignant Progression of Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/22529",slug:"dual-roles-of-the-melanoma-cam-melcam-metcam-in-malignant-progression-of-melanoma",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Guang-Jer Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19099",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19099",authors:[{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"19100",title:"Dual Function of Wnts in Human Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/23354",slug:"dual-function-of-wnts-in-human-cutaneous-melanoma",totalDownloads:2086,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ksenia Kulikova, Alexey Kibardin, Nikolay Gnuchev, Georgii Georgiev and Sergey Larin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19100",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19100",authors:[{id:"51676",title:"Dr.",name:"Ksenia",surname:"Kulikova",slug:"ksenia-kulikova",fullName:"Ksenia Kulikova"},{id:"51690",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexey",surname:"Kibardin",slug:"alexey-kibardin",fullName:"Alexey Kibardin"},{id:"51691",title:"Prof.",name:"Gnuchev",surname:"Nikolay",slug:"gnuchev-nikolay",fullName:"Gnuchev Nikolay"},{id:"51692",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgiev",surname:"Georgii",slug:"georgiev-georgii",fullName:"Georgiev Georgii"},{id:"51693",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Larin",slug:"sergey-larin",fullName:"Sergey Larin"}],corrections:null},{id:"19101",title:"A POU3F2-MITF-SHC4 Axis in Phenotype Switching of Melanoma Cells",doi:"10.5772/19769",slug:"a-pou3f2-mitf-shc4-axis-in-phenotype-switching-of-melanoma-cells",totalDownloads:2505,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Thomas Strub, Dominique Kobi, Dana Koludrovic and Irwin Davidson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19101",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19101",authors:[{id:"36137",title:"Dr.",name:"Irwin",surname:"Davidson",slug:"irwin-davidson",fullName:"Irwin Davidson"},{id:"46090",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Strub",slug:"thomas-strub",fullName:"Thomas Strub"},{id:"46091",title:"Prof.",name:"Dana",surname:"Koludrovic",slug:"dana-koludrovic",fullName:"Dana Koludrovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"19102",title:"The Role of Cellular Differentiation and Cell Fate in Malignant Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/20002",slug:"the-role-of-cellular-differentiation-and-cell-fate-in-malignant-melanoma",totalDownloads:2203,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Paul Kuzel and Andy J. Chien",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19102",authors:[{id:"37120",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",surname:"Chien",slug:"andy-chien",fullName:"Andy Chien"}],corrections:null},{id:"19103",title:"Role of Angiogenesis and Microenvironment in Melanoma Progression",doi:"10.5772/20413",slug:"role-of-angiogenesis-and-microenvironment-in-melanoma-progression",totalDownloads:1827,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Roberto Ria, Antonia Reale and Angelo Vacca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19103",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19103",authors:[{id:"38835",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Ria",slug:"roberto-ria",fullName:"Roberto Ria"},{id:"41824",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonia",surname:"Reale",slug:"antonia-reale",fullName:"Antonia Reale"},{id:"41825",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Vacca",slug:"angelo-vacca",fullName:"Angelo Vacca"}],corrections:null},{id:"19104",title:"Stromal Microenvironment Alterations in Malignant Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/22912",slug:"stromal-microenvironment-alterations-in-malignant-melanoma",totalDownloads:2312,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Svetlana Brychtova, Michala Bezdekova, Jaroslav Hirnak, Eva Sedlakova, Martin Tichy and Tomas Brychta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19104",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19104",authors:[{id:"49772",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",surname:"Brychtova",slug:"svetlana-brychtova",fullName:"Svetlana Brychtova"},{id:"49816",title:"MSc.",name:"Michala",surname:"Bezdekova",slug:"michala-bezdekova",fullName:"Michala Bezdekova"},{id:"49817",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",surname:"Hirnak",slug:"jaroslav-hirnak",fullName:"Jaroslav Hirnak"},{id:"49819",title:"MSc.",name:"Eva",surname:"Sedlakova",slug:"eva-sedlakova",fullName:"Eva Sedlakova"},{id:"49820",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Tichy",slug:"martin-tichy",fullName:"Martin Tichy"},{id:"49821",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Brychta",slug:"tomas-brychta",fullName:"Tomas Brychta"}],corrections:null},{id:"19105",title:"Current Insight Into the Metastatic Process and Melanoma Cell Dissemination",doi:"10.5772/19277",slug:"current-insight-into-the-metastatic-process-and-melanoma-cell-dissemination",totalDownloads:2840,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Isabelle Bourgault-Villada, Michelle Hong, Karen Khoo, Muly Tham, Benjamin Toh,Lu-En Wai and Jean-Pierre Abastado",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19105",authors:[{id:"34324",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",surname:"Abastado",slug:"jean-pierre-abastado",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Abastado"},{id:"72150",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",surname:"Bourgault-Villada",slug:"isabelle-bourgault-villada",fullName:"Isabelle Bourgault-Villada"},{id:"83524",title:"Mrs.",name:"Michelle",surname:"Hong",slug:"michelle-hong",fullName:"Michelle Hong"},{id:"83525",title:"Ms.",name:"Karen",surname:"Khoo",slug:"karen-khoo",fullName:"Karen Khoo"},{id:"83526",title:"Dr.",name:"Muly",surname:"Tham",slug:"muly-tham",fullName:"Muly Tham"},{id:"83527",title:"Mr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Toh",slug:"benjamin-toh",fullName:"Benjamin Toh"},{id:"83529",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu-En",surname:"Wai",slug:"lu-en-wai",fullName:"Lu-En Wai"}],corrections:null},{id:"19106",title:"Increased Resistance of Vasculogenic Mimicry-Forming Uveal Melanoma Cells against Cytotoxic Agents in Three-Dimensional Cultures",doi:"10.5772/19222",slug:"increased-resistance-of-vasculogenic-mimicry-forming-uveal-melanoma-cells-against-cytotoxic-agents-i",totalDownloads:1717,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Klara Valyi-Nagy, Andras Voros, Eva Gagyi and Tibor Valyi-Nagy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19106",authors:[{id:"34115",title:"Prof.",name:"Tibor",surname:"Valyi-Nagy",slug:"tibor-valyi-nagy",fullName:"Tibor Valyi-Nagy"},{id:"45508",title:"Prof.",name:"Klara",surname:"Valyi-Nagy",slug:"klara-valyi-nagy",fullName:"Klara Valyi-Nagy"},{id:"45509",title:"Dr.",name:"Andras",surname:"Voros",slug:"andras-voros",fullName:"Andras Voros"},{id:"94070",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",surname:"Gagyi",slug:"eva-gagyi",fullName:"Eva Gagyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"19107",title:"The Role of Adhesion Receptors in Melanoma Metastasis and Therapeutic Intervention Thereof",doi:"10.5772/18903",slug:"the-role-of-adhesion-receptors-in-melanoma-metastasis-and-therapeutic-intervention-thereof",totalDownloads:3167,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Michael Alexander and Gerd Bendas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19107",authors:[{id:"32941",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Alexander",slug:"michael-alexander",fullName:"Michael Alexander"},{id:"50037",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerd",surname:"Bendas",slug:"gerd-bendas",fullName:"Gerd Bendas"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"520",title:"Melanoma in the Clinic",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Management and Complications of Malignancy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d46978920ee70714be6f18821b032ec",slug:"melanoma-in-the-clinic-diagnosis-management-and-complications-of-malignancy",bookSignature:"Prof. Mandi Murph",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/520.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32293",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandi",surname:"Murph",slug:"mandi-murph",fullName:"Mandi Murph"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4505",title:"Melanoma",subtitle:"Current Clinical Management and Future Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76c7ed8efb5ff54d54a70619ce251f9f",slug:"melanoma-current-clinical-management-and-future-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Mandi Murph",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4505.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32293",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandi",surname:"Murph",slug:"mandi-murph",fullName:"Mandi Murph"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3314",title:"Recent Advances in the Biology, Therapy and Management of Melanoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84012ed89a4be2c8ab72efb9d5041cc6",slug:"recent-advances-in-the-biology-therapy-and-management-of-melanoma",bookSignature:"Lester M. Davids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156528",title:"Dr.",name:"Lester",surname:"Davids",slug:"lester-davids",fullName:"Lester Davids"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"992",title:"Skin Cancers",subtitle:"Risk Factors, Prevention and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23a6e5be04656e2ea63fb12f604c856e",slug:"skin-cancers-risk-factors-prevention-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Caterina AM La Porta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/992.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64852",title:"Prof.",name:"Caterina",surname:"La Porta",slug:"caterina-la-porta",fullName:"Caterina La Porta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"271",title:"Breakthroughs in Melanoma Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f91bca0caeb10f87fdb0f0be2d74f2ca",slug:"breakthroughs-in-melanoma-research",bookSignature:"Yohei Tanaka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/271.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36633",title:"Dr.",name:"Yohei",surname:"Tanaka",slug:"yohei-tanaka",fullName:"Yohei Tanaka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3543",title:"Melanoma",subtitle:"From Early Detection to Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1967c96a87db80e9bbbabf9293f43ad0",slug:"melanoma-from-early-detection-to-treatment",bookSignature:"Guy Huynh Thien Duc",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3543.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50372",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy Huynh Thien",surname:"Duc",slug:"guy-huynh-thien-duc",fullName:"Guy Huynh Thien Duc"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2029",title:"Skin Cancer Overview",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b525c9854f23b7a3488a7edc6ec1a80",slug:"skin-cancer-overview",bookSignature:"Yaguang Xi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32242",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaguang",surname:"Xi",slug:"yaguang-xi",fullName:"Yaguang Xi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3323",title:"Highlights in Skin Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e02ed90ccd31d7381b24ace99358ff43",slug:"highlights-in-skin-cancer",bookSignature:"Pierre Vereecken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157965",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Vereecken",slug:"pierre-vereecken",fullName:"Pierre Vereecken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"812",title:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7c8fd79acb7cb4add9c935231b708a9",slug:"squamous-cell-carcinoma",bookSignature:"Xiaoming Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/812.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63745",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoming",surname:"Li",slug:"xiaoming-li",fullName:"Xiaoming Li"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"523",title:"Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2cd3cbc443f75eb4ccd3664349adeab7",slug:"treatment-of-metastatic-melanoma",bookSignature:"Rachael Morton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52974",title:"Ms.",name:"Rachael",surname:"Morton",slug:"rachael-morton",fullName:"Rachael Morton"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterial",title:"Corrigendum to: Risk Assessment and Health, Safety, and Environmental Management of Carbon Nanomaterials",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80612.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80612",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80612",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80612",chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7067",leadTitle:null,title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tA premature birth is a birth that takes place more than three weeks before the baby's estimated due date. In other words, a premature birth is one that occurs before the start of the 37th week of pregnancy. Premature babies, especially those born very early, often have complicated medical problems. Preterm birth occurs for a variety of reasons. Most preterm births happen spontaneously, but some are due to early induction of labour or caesarean birth, whether for medical or non-medical reasons. Common causes of preterm birth include multiple pregnancies, infections and chronic conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure; however, often no cause is identified. There could also be a genetic influence. Better understanding of the causes and mechanisms will advance the development of solutions to prevent preterm birth. WHO has developed new guidelines with recommendations for improving outcomes of preterm births. This set of key interventions can improve the chances of survival and health outcomes for preterm infants. The guidelines include interventions provided to the mother – for example steroid injections before birth, antibiotics when her water breaks before the onset of labour, and magnesium sulfate to prevent future neurological impairment of the child. This book aims to provide readers with comprehensive information on preterm birth, current causes of preterm birth, possible consequences, and updated information on precautions to prevent premature birth.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"ea8108b2971a40781e14e73cbd807825",bookSignature:"Prof. Amita Ray",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7067.jpg",keywords:"Preterm Birth, Risk Factors, Preterm Labor Mechanisms, Preventing Preterm Birth, Preterm Birth Prevalence, Prematurity, Premature Birth Complications, Neonatal Outcomes, Neonatal Morbidity, Cost of Prematurity, Treatment Strategies, Preterm-labor Symptoms",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 17th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 25th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2018",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"251100",title:"Prof.",name:"Amita",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"amita-ray",fullName:"Amita Ray",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251100/images/system/251100.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Amita Ray MBBS, MS, has worked as a clinician and medical teacher in various medical colleges all over India for the past thirty years. She has a master’s degree in Obstetrics and Gynecology. She held a fellowship in Urogynecology and Gynae-Oncology at the Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia, and a fellowship in High-Risk Pregnancy Management at the Royal Oman Hospital, Sultan Quaboos University, Oman. \n\nShe is passionate about her work among underprivileged women with pregnancy complications in tribal and rural areas. Dr. Ray is equally passionate about medical education. She completed a master’s in Health Professionals Education and is a teaching faculty at a medical college. She has guided several post-graduate dissertations and introduced several innovative projects in health education, which have improved medical teacher efficiency in resource-constrained settings as a part of her Foundation for Advancement of Medical Education and Research (FAIMER) Fellowship.\n\nShe has several publications in reputed national and international journals including British, American, and South Asian journals of obstetrics and gynecology. She has authored and co-authored several book chapters\nin obstetrics and gynecology textbooks used as a part of undergraduate and postgraduate education in India. \n\nShe is passionate about evidence-based medicine and is an active member of different Cochrane Groups. She has authored and co-authored Cochrane Reviews for the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group, Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Group, and Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group.\n\nDr. Ray is currently a professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India. She is also the vice-principal and medical superintendent of the same institution.",institutionString:"IQ City Medical College and Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"257171",firstName:"Ljerka",lastName:"Bilan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"bilan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8557",title:"Empowering Midwives and Obstetric Nurses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6d90f0978fbce94e13061740cb1d4bc",slug:"empowering-midwives-and-obstetric-nurses",bookSignature:"Amita Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251100",title:"Prof.",name:"Amita",surname:"Ray",slug:"amita-ray",fullName:"Amita Ray"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7143",title:"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"An Overview with Some Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfca671469ec9093b41cd7a144b2a6a9",slug:"gestational-diabetes-mellitus-an-overview-with-some-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Amita Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7143.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251100",title:"Prof.",name:"Amita",surname:"Ray",slug:"amita-ray",fullName:"Amita Ray"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"15260",title:"Optical and Electrical Spectrum Analysis of Optoelectronic Devices",doi:"10.5772/15052",slug:"optical-and-electrical-spectrum-analysis-of-optoelectronic-devices",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/15260.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15260",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15260",totalDownloads:6130,totalViews:126,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:25,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 3rd 2010",dateReviewed:"September 20th 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 19th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/15260",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/15260",book:{id:"86",slug:"optoelectronic-devices-and-properties"},signatures:"Ning Hua Zhu, Wei Chen, Wei Li, Li Xian Wang, Xiao Qiong Qi and Bang Hong Zhang",authors:[{id:"19593",title:"Dr.",name:"Ning Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Ning Hua Zhu",slug:"ning-hua-zhu",email:"nhzhu@semi.ac.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"21968",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Wei Chen",slug:"wei-chen",email:"wchen@semi.ac.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"21969",title:"Mr.",name:"Li Xian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Li Xian Wang",slug:"li-xian-wang",email:"lxwang@semi.ac.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"21970",title:"Dr.",name:"Bang Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Bang Hong Zhang",slug:"bang-hong-zhang",email:"zhbh@semi.ac.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"86",type:"book",title:"Optoelectronic Devices and Properties",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Optoelectronic Devices and Properties",slug:"optoelectronic-devices-and-properties",publishedDate:"April 19th 2011",bookSignature:"Oleg Sergiyenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/86.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-204-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4906-4",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:65,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"58036",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Sergiyenko",slug:"oleg-sergiyenko",fullName:"Oleg Sergiyenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1226"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"15235",type:"chapter",title:"Organic-Organic Semiconductor Interfaces for Molecular Electronic Devices",slug:"organic-organic-semiconductor-interfaces-for-molecular-electronic-devices",totalDownloads:3625,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ji-Seon Kim and Craig Murphy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17779",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji-Seon",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Ji-Seon Kim",slug:"ji-seon-kim"},{id:"24197",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Murphy",fullName:"Craig Murphy",slug:"craig-murphy"}]},{id:"15233",type:"chapter",title:"A Study of Adhesion of Silicon Dioxide on Polymeric Substrates for Optoelectronic Applications",slug:"a-study-of-adhesion-of-silicon-dioxide-on-polymeric-substrates-for-optoelectronic-applications",totalDownloads:6997,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"E. Amendola, A. Cammarano and D. Acierno",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18308",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenio",middleName:null,surname:"Amendola",fullName:"Eugenio Amendola",slug:"eugenio-amendola"},{id:"21739",title:"Dr.",name:"Aniello",middleName:null,surname:"Cammarano",fullName:"Aniello Cammarano",slug:"aniello-cammarano"},{id:"21740",title:"Prof.",name:"Domenico",middleName:null,surname:"Acierno",fullName:"Domenico Acierno",slug:"domenico-acierno"}]},{id:"15239",type:"chapter",title:"Organic Semiconductor Based Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Devices",slug:"organic-semiconductor-based-heterostructures-for-optoelectronic-devices",totalDownloads:3301,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anca Stanculescu and Florin Stanculescu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21373",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Stanculescu",fullName:"Anca Stanculescu",slug:"anca-stanculescu"},{id:"21611",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin",middleName:null,surname:"Stanculescu",fullName:"Florin Stanculescu",slug:"florin-stanculescu"}]},{id:"15241",type:"chapter",title:"Thin-Film Diamond Phototransistors",slug:"thin-film-diamond-phototransistors",totalDownloads:2270,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Linjun Wang, Jian Huang, Ke Tang, Jijun Zhang and Yiben Xia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"6655",title:"Dr.",name:"Linjun",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Linjun Wang",slug:"linjun-wang"},{id:"18380",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jian Huang",slug:"jian-huang"},{id:"18381",title:"MSc.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Ke Tang",slug:"ke-tang"},{id:"18382",title:"Prof.",name:"Yiben",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",fullName:"Yiben Xia",slug:"yiben-xia"},{id:"19699",title:"PhD.",name:"Jijun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Jijun Zhang",slug:"jijun-zhang"}]},{id:"15234",type:"chapter",title:"Multilayer Approach in Light-Emitting Transistors",slug:"multilayer-approach-in-light-emitting-transistors",totalDownloads:3765,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gianluca Generali, Stefano Toffanin and Raffaella Capelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17902",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaella",middleName:null,surname:"Capelli",fullName:"Raffaella Capelli",slug:"raffaella-capelli"},{id:"21526",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Toffanin",fullName:"Stefano Toffanin",slug:"stefano-toffanin"},{id:"21527",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianluca",middleName:null,surname:"Generali",fullName:"Gianluca Generali",slug:"gianluca-generali"}]},{id:"15242",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Optoelectronic Devices",slug:"effects-of-ionizing-radiation-on-optoelectronic-devices",totalDownloads:3017,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"V. Th. Tsakiri, A. P. Skountzos, P. H. Yannakopoulos and E. Verrelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21625",title:"Dr.",name:"Panos",middleName:null,surname:"Yannakopoulos",fullName:"Panos Yannakopoulos",slug:"panos-yannakopoulos"},{id:"25287",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Tsakiri",fullName:"Victoria Tsakiri",slug:"victoria-tsakiri"},{id:"25288",title:"MSc.",name:"Antonis",middleName:null,surname:"Skountzos",fullName:"Antonis Skountzos",slug:"antonis-skountzos"},{id:"25289",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",middleName:null,surname:"Verrelli",fullName:"Emanuele Verrelli",slug:"emanuele-verrelli"}]},{id:"15237",type:"chapter",title:"Identification of Emergent Research Issues: the Case of Optoelectronic Devices",slug:"identification-of-emergent-research-issues-the-case-of-optoelectronic-devices",totalDownloads:2284,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivana Roche, Nathalie Vedovotto, Dominique Besagni, Claire François, Roger Mounet, Edgar Schiebel and Marianne Hörlesberger",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22643",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Roche",fullName:"Ivana Roche",slug:"ivana-roche"},{id:"22768",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Schiebel",fullName:"Edgar Schiebel",slug:"edgar-schiebel"},{id:"22769",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianne",middleName:null,surname:"Hörlesberger",fullName:"Marianne Hörlesberger",slug:"marianne-horlesberger"},{id:"22770",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Vedovotto",fullName:"Nathalie Vedovotto",slug:"nathalie-vedovotto"},{id:"22771",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Besagni",fullName:"Dominique Besagni",slug:"dominique-besagni"},{id:"22772",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"François",fullName:"Claire François",slug:"claire-francois"},{id:"22773",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Mounet",fullName:"Roger Mounet",slug:"roger-mounet"}]},{id:"15236",type:"chapter",title:"Synchronous Vapor-Phase Coating of Conducting Polymers for Flexible Optoelectronic Applications",slug:"synchronous-vapor-phase-coating-of-conducting-polymers-for-flexible-optoelectronic-applications",totalDownloads:2690,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Keon-Soo Jang and Jae-Do Nam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22917",title:"Dr.",name:"Jae Do",middleName:null,surname:"Nam",fullName:"Jae Do Nam",slug:"jae-do-nam"},{id:"24093",title:"Mr.",name:"Keon-Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Jang",fullName:"Keon-Soo Jang",slug:"keon-soo-jang"}]},{id:"15238",type:"chapter",title:"ZnO Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications",slug:"zno-nanostructures-for-optoelectronic-applications",totalDownloads:5539,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ashok K. Sood, Zhong Lin Wang, Dennis L. Polla, Nibir K. Dhar, Tariq Manzur and A.F.M. Anwar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23657",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok K.",middleName:"K",surname:"Sood",fullName:"Ashok K. Sood",slug:"ashok-k.-sood"},{id:"23658",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",middleName:null,surname:"Polla",fullName:"Dennis Polla",slug:"dennis-polla"},{id:"23660",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Zhong Wang",slug:"zhong-wang"},{id:"60603",title:"Dr.",name:"Nibir",middleName:null,surname:"Dhar",fullName:"Nibir Dhar",slug:"nibir-dhar"},{id:"60604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tariq",middleName:null,surname:"Manzur",fullName:"Tariq Manzur",slug:"tariq-manzur"},{id:"60605",title:"Prof.",name:"A. F. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Anwar",fullName:"A. F. M. Anwar",slug:"a.-f.-m.-anwar"}]},{id:"15240",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Materials based on Silicon Nanocrystals and Conjugated Polymers",slug:"hybrid-optoelectronic-and-photovoltaic-materials-based-on-silicon-nanocrystals-and-conjugated-polyme",totalDownloads:2846,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Vladimir Svrcek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7159",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Svrcek",fullName:"Vladimir Svrcek",slug:"vladimir-svrcek"}]},{id:"15244",type:"chapter",title:"Synthesis, Self-assembly and Optoelectronic Properties of Monodisperse ZnO Quantum Dots",slug:"synthesis-self-assembly-and-optoelectronic-properties-of-monodisperse-zno-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:4786,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ting Mei and Yong Hu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17669",title:"Prof.",name:"Ting",middleName:null,surname:"Mei",fullName:"Ting Mei",slug:"ting-mei"},{id:"21460",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Yong Hu",slug:"yong-hu"}]},{id:"15247",type:"chapter",title:"In-Situ Analysis of Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures and Defects in Transmission Electron Microscopes",slug:"in-situ-analysis-of-optoelectronic-properties-of-semiconductor-nanostructures-and-defects-in-transmi",totalDownloads:2135,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yutaka Ohno, Ichiro Yonenega and Seiji Takeda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17609",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Ohno",fullName:"Yutaka Ohno",slug:"yutaka-ohno"},{id:"23880",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yonenaga",fullName:"Ichiro Yonenaga",slug:"ichiro-yonenaga"},{id:"23881",title:"Dr.",name:"Seiji",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",fullName:"Seiji Takeda",slug:"seiji-takeda"}]},{id:"15250",type:"chapter",title:"Investigating Optoelectronic Properties of the NbN Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector",slug:"investigating-optoelectronic-properties-of-the-nbn-superconducting-nanowire-single-photon-detector",totalDownloads:2354,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhizhong Yan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19486",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhizhong",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Zhizhong Yan",slug:"zhizhong-yan"}]},{id:"15246",type:"chapter",title:"Band Structure and Magneto- Transport Properties in II-IV Nanostructures Semiconductors - Application to Infrared Detector Superlattices",slug:"band-structure-and-magneto-transport-properties-in-ii-iv-nanostructures-semiconductors-application-t",totalDownloads:2153,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdelhakim Nafidi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19548",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhakim",middleName:null,surname:"Nafidi",fullName:"Abdelhakim Nafidi",slug:"abdelhakim-nafidi"}]},{id:"15248",type:"chapter",title:"3D Body & Medical Scanners’ Technologies: Methodology and Spatial Discriminations",slug:"3d-body-medical-scanners-technologies-methodology-and-spatial-discriminations",totalDownloads:5235,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Julio C. Rodríguez-Quiñonez, Oleg Sergiyenko, Vera Tyrsa, Luís C. Básaca-Preciado, Moisés Rivas-Lopez, Daniel Hernández-Balbuena and Mario Peña-Cabrera",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"58036",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Sergiyenko",fullName:"Oleg Sergiyenko",slug:"oleg-sergiyenko"},{id:"6164",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Pena Cabrera",fullName:"Mario Pena Cabrera",slug:"mario-pena-cabrera"},{id:"17318",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Tyrsa",fullName:"Vera Tyrsa",slug:"vera-tyrsa"},{id:"22352",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Basaca Preciado",fullName:"Luis Carlos Basaca Preciado",slug:"luis-carlos-basaca-preciado"},{id:"22353",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Quinones",fullName:"Julio Cesar Rodriguez Quinones",slug:"julio-cesar-rodriguez-quinones"},{id:"24227",title:"Dr.",name:"Moises",middleName:null,surname:"Rivas-Lopez",fullName:"Moises Rivas-Lopez",slug:"moises-rivas-lopez"},{id:"24228",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Balbuena",fullName:"Daniel Hernandez Balbuena",slug:"daniel-hernandez-balbuena"}]},{id:"15243",type:"chapter",title:"Research and Development of the Passive Optoelectronic Rangefinder",slug:"research-and-development-of-the-passive-optoelectronic-rangefinder",totalDownloads:2784,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Vladimir Cech and Jiri Jevicky",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21344",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Cech",fullName:"Vladimir Cech",slug:"vladimir-cech"},{id:"21345",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Jevicky",fullName:"Jiri Jevicky",slug:"jiri-jevicky"}]},{id:"15249",type:"chapter",title:"Methods and Devices of Processing Signals of Optoelectronic Position Transducers",slug:"methods-and-devices-of-processing-signals-of-optoelectronic-position-transducers",totalDownloads:2920,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zbigniew Szcześniak and Adam Szcześniak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21771",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Szcześniak",fullName:"Adam Szcześniak",slug:"adam-szczesniak"},{id:"21800",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Szcześniak",fullName:"Zbigniew Szcześniak",slug:"zbigniew-szczesniak"}]},{id:"15245",type:"chapter",title:"Optoelectronic Measurements in Science and Innovative Industrial Technologies",slug:"optoelectronic-measurements-in-science-and-innovative-industrial-technologies",totalDownloads:2451,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vladimir G. Meledin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19913",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:"G.",surname:"Meledin",fullName:"Vladimir Meledin",slug:"vladimir-meledin"}]},{id:"15257",type:"chapter",title:"Optoelectronic Oscillators",slug:"optoelectronic-oscillators",totalDownloads:4781,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Patrice Salzenstein",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18345",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrice",middleName:null,surname:"Salzenstein",fullName:"Patrice Salzenstein",slug:"patrice-salzenstein"}]},{id:"15253",type:"chapter",title:"Statistical Tools and Optoelectronic Measuring Instruments",slug:"statistical-tools-and-optoelectronic-measuring-instruments",totalDownloads:2174,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ionel Sabin and Ionel Ioana",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"11036",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel"},{id:"23884",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel"}]},{id:"15256",type:"chapter",title:"Advanced Numerical Simulation of Organic Light-emitting Devices",slug:"advanced-numerical-simulation-of-organic-light-emitting-devices",totalDownloads:4755,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Beat Ruhstaller, Evelyne Knapp, Benjamin Perucco, Nils Reinke, Daniele Rezzonico and Felix Müller",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18372",title:"Prof.",name:"Beat",middleName:null,surname:"Ruhstaller",fullName:"Beat Ruhstaller",slug:"beat-ruhstaller"},{id:"22063",title:"Mrs.",name:"Evelyne",middleName:null,surname:"Knapp",fullName:"Evelyne Knapp",slug:"evelyne-knapp"},{id:"22064",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Rezzonico",fullName:"Daniele Rezzonico",slug:"daniele-rezzonico"},{id:"22065",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils",middleName:null,surname:"Reinke",fullName:"Nils Reinke",slug:"nils-reinke"},{id:"22066",title:"Mr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Perucco",fullName:"Benjamin Perucco",slug:"benjamin-perucco"},{id:"22067",title:"Mr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Müller",fullName:"Felix Müller",slug:"felix-muller"},{id:"22073",title:"Mr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Bachmann",fullName:"Benjamin Bachmann",slug:"benjamin-bachmann"},{id:"22074",title:"Mr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Flatz",fullName:"Thomas Flatz",slug:"thomas-flatz"}]},{id:"15254",type:"chapter",title:"Design and Simulation of Time-Pulse Coded Optoelectronic Neural Elements and Devices",slug:"design-and-simulation-of-time-pulse-coded-optoelectronic-neural-elements-and-devices",totalDownloads:2826,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Vladimir G. Krasilenko, Aleksandr I. Nikolskyy and Alexander A. Lazarev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23538",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir G.",middleName:null,surname:"Krasilenko",fullName:"Vladimir G. Krasilenko",slug:"vladimir-g.-krasilenko"},{id:"137167",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandr I.",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolskyy",fullName:"Aleksandr I. Nikolskyy",slug:"aleksandr-i.-nikolskyy"},{id:"137168",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander A.",middleName:null,surname:"Lazarev",fullName:"Alexander A. Lazarev",slug:"alexander-a.-lazarev"}]},{id:"15260",type:"chapter",title:"Optical and Electrical Spectrum Analysis of Optoelectronic Devices",slug:"optical-and-electrical-spectrum-analysis-of-optoelectronic-devices",totalDownloads:6130,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ning Hua Zhu, Wei Chen, Wei Li, Li Xian Wang, Xiao Qiong Qi and Bang Hong Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19593",title:"Dr.",name:"Ning Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Ning Hua Zhu",slug:"ning-hua-zhu"},{id:"21968",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Wei Chen",slug:"wei-chen"},{id:"21969",title:"Mr.",name:"Li Xian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Li Xian Wang",slug:"li-xian-wang"},{id:"21970",title:"Dr.",name:"Bang Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Bang Hong Zhang",slug:"bang-hong-zhang"}]},{id:"15255",type:"chapter",title:"Bistable Photoconduction in Semiconductors",slug:"bistable-photoconduction-in-semiconductors",totalDownloads:2339,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stefano Lagomarsino",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18670",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Lagomarsino",fullName:"Stefano Lagomarsino",slug:"stefano-lagomarsino"}]},{id:"15258",type:"chapter",title:"Electromechanical 3D Optoelectronic Scanners: Resolution Constraints and Possible Ways of Improvement",slug:"electromechanical-3d-optoelectronic-scanners-resolution-constraints-and-possible-ways-of-improvement",totalDownloads:2246,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Oleg Sergiyenko, Vera Tyrsa, Luís C. Basaca-Preciado, Julio C. Rodríguez-Quiñones, Wilmar Hernández, Juan I. Nieto-Hipólito, Moisés Rivas Lopez and Oleg Starostenko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"58036",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Sergiyenko",fullName:"Oleg Sergiyenko",slug:"oleg-sergiyenko"},{id:"17318",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Tyrsa",fullName:"Vera Tyrsa",slug:"vera-tyrsa"},{id:"22352",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Basaca Preciado",fullName:"Luis Carlos Basaca Preciado",slug:"luis-carlos-basaca-preciado"},{id:"22353",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Quinones",fullName:"Julio Cesar Rodriguez Quinones",slug:"julio-cesar-rodriguez-quinones"},{id:"24227",title:"Dr.",name:"Moises",middleName:null,surname:"Rivas-Lopez",fullName:"Moises Rivas-Lopez",slug:"moises-rivas-lopez"},{id:"22354",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez",fullName:"Wilmar Hernandez",slug:"wilmar-hernandez"},{id:"22355",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Nieto Hipolito",fullName:"Juan Ivan Nieto Hipolito",slug:"juan-ivan-nieto-hipolito"},{id:"22356",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Starostenko",fullName:"Oleg Starostenko",slug:"oleg-starostenko"}]},{id:"15259",type:"chapter",title:"Employment of Pulsed-Laser Deposition for Optoelectronic Device Fabrication",slug:"employment-of-pulsed-laser-deposition-for-optoelectronic-device-fabrication",totalDownloads:2523,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ullrich Bruno",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18376",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Ullrich",fullName:"Bruno Ullrich",slug:"bruno-ullrich"}]},{id:"15261",type:"chapter",title:"Optical Spectral Structure and Frequency Coherence",slug:"optical-spectral-structure-and-frequency-coherence",totalDownloads:2660,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ning Hua Zhu, Wei Li, Jian Hong Ke, Hong Guang Zhang, Jiang Wei Man and Jian Guo Liu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19593",title:"Dr.",name:"Ning Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Ning Hua Zhu",slug:"ning-hua-zhu"},{id:"21971",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Wei Li",slug:"wei-li"},{id:"21972",title:"Ms.",name:"Jian Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Ke",fullName:"Jian Hong Ke",slug:"jian-hong-ke"},{id:"21973",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong Guang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Hong Guang Zhang",slug:"hong-guang-zhang"},{id:"21974",title:"Mr.",name:"Jiang Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Man",fullName:"Jiang Wei Man",slug:"jiang-wei-man"},{id:"137170",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianguo",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Jianguo Liu",slug:"jianguo-liu"}]},{id:"15252",type:"chapter",title:"Optoelectronic Chaotic Circuits",slug:"optoelectronic-chaotic-circuits",totalDownloads:3325,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"M.P. Hanias, H.E. Nistazakis and G.S. Tombras",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19522",title:"Prof.",name:"George S.",middleName:null,surname:"Tombras",fullName:"George S. Tombras",slug:"george-s.-tombras"},{id:"21355",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael P.",middleName:null,surname:"Hanias",fullName:"Michael P. Hanias",slug:"michael-p.-hanias"},{id:"23386",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:"E.",surname:"Nistazakis",fullName:"Hector Nistazakis",slug:"hector-nistazakis"}]},{id:"15251",type:"chapter",title:"Optoelectronic Feedback in Semiconductor Light Sources: Optimization of Network Components for Synchronization",slug:"optoelectronic-feedback-in-semiconductor-light-sources-optimization-of-network-components-for-synchr",totalDownloads:2221,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sora F. Abdalah, Marzena Ciszak, Francesco Marino, Kais Al-Naimee, Riccardo Meucci and F. Tito Arecchi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17128",title:"Dr.",name:"Marzena",middleName:null,surname:"Ciszak",fullName:"Marzena Ciszak",slug:"marzena-ciszak"},{id:"21273",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Marino",fullName:"Francesco Marino",slug:"francesco-marino"},{id:"21274",title:"Dr.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Meucci",fullName:"Riccardo Meucci",slug:"riccardo-meucci"},{id:"21275",title:"Prof.",name:"F. Tito",middleName:null,surname:"Arecchi",fullName:"F. Tito Arecchi",slug:"f.-tito-arecchi"},{id:"21276",title:"Dr.",name:"Sora F.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdalah",fullName:"Sora F. Abdalah",slug:"sora-f.-abdalah"},{id:"21277",title:"Dr.",name:"Kais",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Naimee",fullName:"Kais Al-Naimee",slug:"kais-al-naimee"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1505",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3305b759b0efc22e8ed16e9048818817",slug:"scanning-electron-microscopy",bookSignature:"Viacheslav Kazmiruk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1505.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100815",title:"Dr.",name:"Viacheslav",surname:"Kazmiruk",slug:"viacheslav-kazmiruk",fullName:"Viacheslav Kazmiruk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"30890",title:"Gaseous Scanning Electron Microscope (GSEM): Applications and Improvement",slug:"variable-pressure-and-environmental-sem-vp-sem-applications-and-improvement-",signatures:"Lahcen Khouchaf",authors:[{id:"102248",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Khouchaf",fullName:"Khouchaf",slug:"khouchaf"}]},{id:"30891",title:"Interactions, Imaging and Spectra in SEM",slug:"interactions-imaging-spectra-in-sem",signatures:"Rahul Mehta",authors:[{id:"105072",title:"Prof.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",fullName:"Rahul Mehta",slug:"rahul-mehta"}]},{id:"30892",title:"In Situ Experiments in the Scanning Electron Microscope Chamber",slug:"in-situ-experiments-in-the-scanning-electron-microscope-chamber",signatures:"Renaud Podor, Johann Ravaux and Henri-Pierre Brau",authors:[{id:"108327",title:"Dr.",name:"Renaud",middleName:null,surname:"Podor",fullName:"Renaud Podor",slug:"renaud-podor"},{id:"135682",title:"Mr.",name:"Johann",middleName:null,surname:"Ravaux",fullName:"Johann Ravaux",slug:"johann-ravaux"},{id:"135696",title:"Mr.",name:"Henri-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Brau",fullName:"Henri-Pierre Brau",slug:"henri-pierre-brau"}]},{id:"30893",title:"Some Applications of Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) in Materials Research",slug:"some-applications-of-electron-back-scattering-diffraction-ebsd-in-materials-research",signatures:"Zhongwei Chen, Yanqing Yang and Huisheng Jiao",authors:[{id:"103685",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanqing",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Yanqing Yang",slug:"yanqing-yang"}]},{id:"30894",title:"Dopant Driven Electron Beam Lithography",slug:"dopant-driven-electron-beam-lithography",signatures:"Timothy E. Kidd",authors:[{id:"101947",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Kidd",fullName:"Timothy Kidd",slug:"timothy-kidd"}]},{id:"30895",title:"Palmtop EPMA",slug:"palmtop-epma",signatures:"Jun Kawai, Yasukazu Nakaye and Susumu Imashuku",authors:[{id:"117815",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Kawai",fullName:"Jun Kawai",slug:"jun-kawai"}]},{id:"30896",title:"Adhesive Properties",slug:"adhesive-properties",signatures:"Anna Rudawska",authors:[{id:"110857",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Rudawska",fullName:"Anna Rudawska",slug:"anna-rudawska"}]},{id:"30916",title:"Contribution of Scanning Electron Microscope to the Study of Morphology, Biology, Reproduction, and Phylogeny of the Family Syllidae (Polychaeta)",slug:"contribution-of-scanning-electron-microscope-to-the-study-of-morphology-biology-reproduction-and-phy",signatures:"Guillermo San Martín and María Teresa Aguado",authors:[{id:"101204",title:"Prof.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"San Martín",fullName:"Guillermo San Martín",slug:"guillermo-san-martin"}]},{id:"30917",title:"Diversity of Lips and Associated Structures in Fishes by SEM",slug:"diversity-of-lips-and-associated-structures-in-fishes-by-sem",signatures:"Pinky Tripathi and Ajay Kumar Mittal",authors:[{id:"101825",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinky",middleName:null,surname:"Tripathi",fullName:"Pinky Tripathi",slug:"pinky-tripathi"},{id:"115916",title:"Prof.",name:"Ajay Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",fullName:"Ajay Kumar Mittal",slug:"ajay-kumar-mittal"}]},{id:"30918",title:"Effects of Er:YAG Laser Irradiation on Dental Hard Tissues and All-Ceramic Materials: SEM Evaluation",slug:"effects-of-laser-irradiation-on-dental-hard-tissues-and-dental-materials-sem-evaluation-",signatures:"Bülent Gökçe",authors:[{id:"99319",title:"Prof.",name:"Bülent",middleName:null,surname:"Gökçe",fullName:"Bülent Gökçe",slug:"bulent-gokce"}]},{id:"30919",title:"The Application of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to Study the Microstructure Changes in the Field of Agricultural Products Drying",slug:"the-application-of-scanning-electron-microscope-sem-to-study-the-microstructure-changes-in-the-field",signatures:"Hong-Wei Xiao and Zhen-Jiang Gao",authors:[{id:"28871",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenjiang",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Zhenjiang Gao",slug:"zhenjiang-gao"},{id:"103506",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Hong-Wei Xiao",slug:"hong-wei-xiao"}]},{id:"30920",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging of Bacteria Based on Nucleic Acid Sequences",slug:"scanning-electron-microscope-imaging-of-bacteria-based-on-nucleic-acid-sequences",signatures:"Takehiko Kenzaka and Katsuji Tani",authors:[{id:"109193",title:"Dr.",name:"Takehiko",middleName:null,surname:"Kenzaka",fullName:"Takehiko Kenzaka",slug:"takehiko-kenzaka"},{id:"109194",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsuji",middleName:null,surname:"Tani",fullName:"Katsuji Tani",slug:"katsuji-tani"}]},{id:"30921",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effect on Morphology of PLLA: PCL Blends and on Their Composite with Coconut Fiber",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effect-on-the-morphology-of-plla-pcl-blends-and-on-their-composite-with-coconut-f",signatures:"Yasko Kodama and Claudia Giovedi",authors:[{id:"108474",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasko",middleName:null,surname:"Kodama",fullName:"Yasko Kodama",slug:"yasko-kodama"},{id:"110225",title:"Dr.",name:"Cláudia",middleName:null,surname:"Giovedi",fullName:"Cláudia Giovedi",slug:"claudia-giovedi"}]},{id:"30922",title:"Study of Helminth Parasites of Amphibians by Scanning Electron Microscopy",slug:"study-of-helminth-parasites-of-amphibians-by-scanning-electron-microscopy",signatures:"Cynthya Elizabeth González, Monika Inés Hamann and Cristina Salgad",authors:[{id:"104099",title:"Dr.",name:"Cynthya",middleName:"Elizabeth",surname:"González",fullName:"Cynthya González",slug:"cynthya-gonzalez"},{id:"108603",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika Inés",middleName:null,surname:"Hamann",fullName:"Monika Inés Hamann",slug:"monika-ines-hamann"},{id:"108606",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Salgado",fullName:"Cristina Salgado",slug:"cristina-salgado"}]},{id:"30923",title:"Pathogenic Attributes of Non-Candida albicans Candida Species Revealed by SEM",slug:"pathogenic-attributes-of-non-candida-albicans-candida-species-revealed-by-sem",signatures:"Márcia Cristina Furlaneto, Célia Guadalupe Tardeli de Jesus Andrade, Luciana Furlaneto-Maia, Emanuele Júlio Galvão de França and Alane Tatiana Pereira Moralez",authors:[{id:"101952",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcia Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Furlaneto",fullName:"Marcia Cristina Furlaneto",slug:"marcia-cristina-furlaneto"},{id:"109069",title:"Dr.",name:"Célia Guadalupe Tardeli De Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Célia Guadalupe Tardeli De Jesus Andrade",slug:"celia-guadalupe-tardeli-de-jesus-andrade"},{id:"109070",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Furlaneto-Maia",fullName:"Luciana Furlaneto-Maia",slug:"luciana-furlaneto-maia"},{id:"109071",title:"MSc.",name:"Emanuele Julio Galvão",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Emanuele Julio Galvão França",slug:"emanuele-julio-galvao-franca"},{id:"128748",title:"MSc.",name:"Alane Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Moralez",fullName:"Alane Tatiana Moralez",slug:"alane-tatiana-moralez"}]},{id:"30934",title:"Multimodal Microscopy for Ore Characterization",slug:"multimodal-microscopy-for-ore-characterization",signatures:"Otávio da Fonseca Martins Gomes and Sidnei Paciornik",authors:[{id:"99055",title:"Dr.",name:"Otavio",middleName:"Da Fonseca Martins",surname:"Gomes",fullName:"Otavio Gomes",slug:"otavio-gomes"},{id:"109691",title:"Prof.",name:"Sidnei",middleName:null,surname:"Paciornik",fullName:"Sidnei Paciornik",slug:"sidnei-paciornik"}]},{id:"30935",title:"SEM Analysis of Precipitation Process in Alloys",slug:"sem-analysis-of-precipitation-process-in-alloys",signatures:"Maribel L. Saucedo-Muñoz, Victor M. Lopez-Hirata and Hector J. Dorantes-Rosale",authors:[{id:"76298",title:"Dr.",name:"Víctor Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"López-Hirata",fullName:"Víctor Manuel López-Hirata",slug:"victor-manuel-lopez-hirata"},{id:"103382",title:"Prof.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Saucedo-Muñoz",fullName:"Maribel Saucedo-Muñoz",slug:"maribel-saucedo-munoz"},{id:"107864",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Dorantes-Rosales",fullName:"Hector Dorantes-Rosales",slug:"hector-dorantes-rosales"}]},{id:"30936",title:"Cutting Mechanism of Sulfurized Free-Machining Steel",slug:"cutting-mechanism-of-sulfurized-free-machining-steel",signatures:"Junsuke Fujiwara",authors:[{id:"105232",title:"Dr.",name:"Junsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Fujiwara",fullName:"Junsuke Fujiwara",slug:"junsuke-fujiwara"}]},{id:"30937",title:"Catalyst Characterization with FESEM/EDX by the Example of Silver-Catalyzed Epoxidation of 1,3-Butadiene",slug:"catalyst-characterization-with-fesem-edx-by-the-example-of-the-epoxidation-of-1-3-butadiene-",signatures:"Thomas N. Otto, Wilhelm Habicht, Eckhard Dinjus and Michael Zimmerman",authors:[{id:"114899",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Otto",fullName:"Thomas Otto",slug:"thomas-otto"}]},{id:"30938",title:"Fractal Analysis of Micro Self-Sharpening Phenomenon in Grinding with Cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) Wheels",slug:"fractal-analysis-of-self-sharpening-phenomenon-in-grinding-with-cubic-boron-nitride-cbn-wheel-",signatures:"Yoshio Ichida",authors:[{id:"105836",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshio",middleName:null,surname:"Ichida",fullName:"Yoshio Ichida",slug:"yoshio-ichida"}]},{id:"30939",title:"Evolution of Phases in a Recycled Al-Si Cast Alloy During Solution Treatment",slug:"evolution-of-phases-in-a-recycled-al-si-cast-alloy-during-solution-treatment",signatures:"Eva Tillová, Mária Chalupová and Lenka Hurtalová",authors:[{id:"23964",title:"Prof.",name:"Mária",middleName:null,surname:"Chalupová",fullName:"Mária Chalupová",slug:"maria-chalupova"},{id:"100623",title:"Prof.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Tillova",fullName:"Eva Tillova",slug:"eva-tillova"},{id:"135822",title:"Dr.",name:"Lenka",middleName:null,surname:"Hurtalová",fullName:"Lenka Hurtalová",slug:"lenka-hurtalova"}]},{id:"30940",title:"Strength and Microstructure of Cement Stabilized Clay",slug:"strength-and-microstructure-of-cement-stabilized-clay",signatures:"Suksun Horpibulsuk",authors:[{id:"103519",title:"Prof.",name:"Suksun",middleName:"-",surname:"Horpibulsuk",fullName:"Suksun Horpibulsuk",slug:"suksun-horpibulsuk"}]},{id:"30948",title:"FE-SEM Characterization of Some Nanomaterial",slug:"fe-sem-characterization-of-some-nanomaterials-",signatures:"A. Alyamani and O. M. Lemine",authors:[{id:"99805",title:"Dr.",name:"O.Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Lemine",fullName:"O.Mohamed Lemine",slug:"o.mohamed-lemine"},{id:"120388",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmaed",middleName:null,surname:"Alyamani",fullName:"Ahmaed Alyamani",slug:"ahmaed-alyamani"}]},{id:"30949",title:"A Study of the Porosity of Activated Carbons Using the Scanning Electron Microscope",slug:"a-study-of-the-porosity-of-activated-carbons-using-the-scanning-elctrom-microscope",signatures:"Osei-Wusu Achaw",authors:[{id:"107889",title:"Dr.",name:"Osei-Wusu",middleName:null,surname:"Achaw",fullName:"Osei-Wusu Achaw",slug:"osei-wusu-achaw"}]},{id:"30950",title:"Study of Structure and Failure Mechanisms in ACA Interconnections Using SEM",slug:"study-of-structure-and-failure-mechanisms-in-aca-interconnections-using-sem",signatures:"Laura Frisk",authors:[{id:"110630",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Frisk",fullName:"Laura Frisk",slug:"laura-frisk"}]},{id:"30951",title:"Exploring the Superconductors with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)",slug:"exploring-the-superconductors-with-scanning-electron-microscopy-sem-",signatures:"Shiva Kumar Singh, Devina Sharma, M. Husain, H. Kishan, Ranjan Kumar and V.P.S. Awana",authors:[{id:"105419",title:"Mr.",name:"Shiva",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Singh",fullName:"Shiva Kumar Singh",slug:"shiva-kumar-singh"},{id:"109865",title:"Prof.",name:"Mushahid",middleName:null,surname:"Husain",fullName:"Mushahid Husain",slug:"mushahid-husain"},{id:"109866",title:"Dr.",name:"V. P. S.",middleName:null,surname:"Awana",fullName:"V. P. S. Awana",slug:"v.-p.-s.-awana"},{id:"137474",title:"MSc.",name:"Devina",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Devina Sharma",slug:"devina-sharma"},{id:"137475",title:"Dr.",name:"H.",middleName:null,surname:"Kishan",fullName:"H. Kishan",slug:"h.-kishan"},{id:"143941",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Ranjan Kumar",slug:"ranjan-kumar"}]},{id:"30952",title:"Morphological and Photovoltaic Studies of TiO2 NTs for High Efficiency Solar Cells",slug:"morphological-and-photovoltaic-studies-of-tio2-nanotubes-for-high-efficiency-solar-cells",signatures:"Mukul Dubey and Hongshan He",authors:[{id:"107873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongshan",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Hongshan He",slug:"hongshan-he"},{id:"107874",title:"Mr.",name:"Mukul",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",fullName:"Mukul Dubey",slug:"mukul-dubey"}]},{id:"30953",title:"Synthesis and Characterisation of Silica/Polyamide-Imide Composite Film for Enamel Wire",slug:"synthesis-and-characterization-of-spherical-silica-polyamide-imide-composite-film-for-enamel-wire",signatures:"Xiaokun Ma and Sun-Jae Kim",authors:[{id:"105601",title:"Prof.",name:"Sun-Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Sun-Jae Kim",slug:"sun-jae-kim"},{id:"107938",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaokun",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Xiaokun Ma",slug:"xiaokun-ma"}]},{id:"30954",title:"Scanning Electron Microscope for Characterising of Micro- and Nanostructured Titanium Surfaces",slug:"scanning-electron-microscope-for-characterising-of-micro-and-nanostructured-titanium-surfaces-",signatures:"Areeya Aeimbhu",authors:[{id:"99729",title:"Dr.",name:"Areeya",middleName:null,surname:"Aeimbhu",fullName:"Areeya Aeimbhu",slug:"areeya-aeimbhu"}]},{id:"30955",title:"Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy for the Morphological Study of Biofilm in Medical Devices",slug:"application-of-scanning-electron-microscopy-for-the-morphological-study-of-biofilm-in-medical-device",signatures:"R. M. Abd El-Baky",authors:[{id:"103658",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Abd El-Baky",fullName:"Rehab Mahmoud Abd El-Baky",slug:"rehab-mahmoud-abd-el-baky"}]},{id:"30956",title:"Interrelated Analysis of Performance and Fouling Behaviors in Forward Osmosis by Ex-Situ Membrane Characterizations",slug:"interrelated-analysis-of-performance-and-fouling-behaviors-in-forward-osmosis-by-ex-situ-membrane-ch",signatures:"Coskun Aydiner, Semra Topcu, Caner Tortop, Ferihan Kuvvet, Didem Ekinci, Nadir Dizge and Bulent Keskinler",authors:[{id:"109299",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Coskun",middleName:null,surname:"Aydiner",fullName:"Coskun Aydiner",slug:"coskun-aydiner"}]},{id:"30957",title:"Biodegradation of Pre-Aged Modified Polyethylene Films",slug:"biodegradation-of-pre-aged-modified-polyethylene-films",signatures:"Bożena Nowak, Jolanta Pająk and Jagna Karcz",authors:[{id:"103087",title:"Dr.",name:"Bożena",middleName:"Danuta",surname:"Nowak",fullName:"Bożena Nowak",slug:"bozena-nowak"},{id:"108409",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Pająk",fullName:"Jolanta Pająk",slug:"jolanta-pajak"},{id:"108412",title:"Dr.",name:"Jagna",middleName:null,surname:"Karcz",fullName:"Jagna Karcz",slug:"jagna-karcz"}]},{id:"30958",title:"Surface Analysis Studies on Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Using Scanning Electron Microscope and Atomic Force Microscope",slug:"surface-analysis-studies-on-polymer-electrolyte-membranes-using-scanning-electron-microscope-and-ato",signatures:"M. Ulaganathan, R. Nithya and S. Rajendran",authors:[{id:"102326",title:"Dr.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Ulaganathan",fullName:"M Ulaganathan",slug:"m-ulaganathan"},{id:"102329",title:"Prof.",name:"S",middleName:null,surname:"Rajendran",fullName:"S Rajendran",slug:"s-rajendran"}]},{id:"30959",title:"Characterization of Ceramic Materials Synthesized by Mechanosynthesis for Energy Applications",slug:"characterization-of-ceramic-materials-synthesized-by-mechanosynthesis-for-energy-applications",signatures:"Claudia A. Cortés-Escobedo, Félix Sánchez-De Jesús, Gabriel Torres-Villaseñor, Juan Muñoz-Saldaña and Ana M. Bolarín-Miró",authors:[{id:"39070",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bolarin-Miro",fullName:"Ana Maria Bolarin-Miro",slug:"ana-maria-bolarin-miro"},{id:"106669",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"Cortés-Escobedo",fullName:"Claudia Alicia Cortés-Escobedo",slug:"claudia-alicia-cortes-escobedo"},{id:"107412",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Munoz-Saldana",fullName:"Juan Munoz-Saldana",slug:"juan-munoz-saldana"},{id:"107419",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-De Jesus",fullName:"Felix Sanchez-De Jesus",slug:"felix-sanchez-de-jesus"},{id:"124602",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Villasenor",fullName:"Gabriel Torres-Villasenor",slug:"gabriel-torres-villasenor"}]},{id:"30960",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Environmental SEM: Suitable Tools for Study of Adhesion Stage and Biofilm Formation",slug:"scanning-electron-microscopy-sem-and-environnmental-sem-suitable-tools-for-study-of-adhesion-stage-a",signatures:"Soumya El Abed, Saad Koraichi Ibnsouda, Hassan Latrache and Fatima Hamadi",authors:[{id:"102518",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"El Abed",fullName:"Soumya El Abed",slug:"soumya-el-abed"},{id:"135701",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Koraichi Ibnsouda",fullName:"Saad Koraichi Ibnsouda",slug:"saad-koraichi-ibnsouda"},{id:"135703",title:"Prof.",name:"Latrache",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Latrache Hassan",slug:"latrache-hassan"},{id:"135704",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamadi",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",fullName:"Hamadi Fatima",slug:"hamadi-fatima"}]},{id:"30961",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Nanocomposites",slug:"scanning-electron-microscopy-study-of-fiber-reinforced-polymeric-nanocomposites",signatures:"Mohammad Kamal Hossain",authors:[{id:"104713",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"Mohammad Hossain",slug:"mohammad-hossain"}]},{id:"30962",title:"Preparation and Characterization of Dielectric Thin Films by RF Magnetron-Sputtering with (Ba0.3Sr0.7)(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 Ceramic Target",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-dielectric-thin-films-by-rf-magnetron-sputtering-with-ba0-3sr0-7",signatures:"Feng Shi",authors:[{id:"24821",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",fullName:"Feng Shi",slug:"feng-shi"}]},{id:"30963",title:"Microstructural and Mineralogical Characterization of Clay Stabilized Using Calcium-Based Stabilizers",slug:"microstructural-and-mineralogical-characterization-of-clay-stabilized-using-calcium-based-stabilizer",signatures:"Pranshoo Solanki and Musharraf Zaman",authors:[{id:"20942",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranshoo",middleName:null,surname:"Solanki",fullName:"Pranshoo Solanki",slug:"pranshoo-solanki"},{id:"20945",title:"Prof.",name:"Musharraf",middleName:null,surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Musharraf Zaman",slug:"musharraf-zaman"}]},{id:"30964",title:"The Use of ESEM in Geobiology",slug:"the-use-of-esem-in-geobiology",signatures:"Magnus Ivarsson and Sara Holmström",authors:[{id:"109413",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Ivarsson",fullName:"Magnus Ivarsson",slug:"magnus-ivarsson"},{id:"135734",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Holmström",fullName:"Sara Holmström",slug:"sara-holmstrom"}]},{id:"30965",title:"How Log Interpreter Uses SEM Data for Clay Volume Calculation",slug:"how-log-interpreter-uses-sem-data-to-estimate-a-reservoir-clay-volume-",signatures:"Mohammadhossein Mohammadlou and Mai Britt Mørk",authors:[{id:"103154",title:"PhD.",name:"Mohammadhossein",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadlou",fullName:"Mohammadhossein Mohammadlou",slug:"mohammadhossein-mohammadlou"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1611",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1996056f2eafba51ac41d52290731f92",slug:"nonlinear-optics",bookSignature:"Natalia Kamanina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1611.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28159",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Kamanina",slug:"natalia-kamanina",fullName:"Natalia Kamanina"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5371",title:"X-ray Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af21d4ead14637fcfa5f919430ec45f5",slug:"x-ray-scattering",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10",title:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1bd25a76712d1cb8792820acf2ff001",slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",bookSignature:"F. J. Duarte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1612",title:"Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dce41f98bb81e7d2e49a3c9ddda734ff",slug:"recent-interferometry-applications-in-topography-and-astronomy",bookSignature:"Ivan Padron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105600",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Padron",slug:"ivan-padron",fullName:"Ivan Padron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5376",title:"Applications of Laser Ablation",subtitle:"Thin Film Deposition, Nanomaterial Synthesis and Surface Modification",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ea5104a7037f15e68fcc05be277fa37",slug:"applications-of-laser-ablation-thin-film-deposition-nanomaterial-synthesis-and-surface-modification",bookSignature:"Dongfang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5376.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"86",title:"Optoelectronic Devices and Properties",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa120b5e14a2c88603b54cc31a2d953e",slug:"optoelectronic-devices-and-properties",bookSignature:"Oleg Sergiyenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/86.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58036",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Sergiyenko",slug:"oleg-sergiyenko",fullName:"Oleg Sergiyenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69924",title:"An Active Exoskeleton Called P.I.G.R.O. Designed for Unloaded Robotic Neurorehabilitation Training",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90075",slug:"an-active-exoskeleton-called-p-i-g-r-o-designed-for-unloaded-robotic-neurorehabilitation-training",body:'Numerous studies in motor learning and neurorehabilitation training use robots to guide the patient in specific movements, while the clinicians analyze the behavior of the human motor control using the results obtained.
In general, the robotic exoskeletons for rehabilitation can be passive devices or active devices, where electric or pneumatic motors are used on the human upper or lower limb joints [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
The use of robotic devices improves the neurorehabilitation trainings, their duration, and number [1, 2]. Many of these devices, used for rehabilitation on lower limbs, work with a fixed station and use a treadmill; generally they have motors on the hip and knee joints [8, 9], while the ankle joint is free. In fact in the traditional neurorehabilitation training, the patient walks on a treadmill, and he is connected to a harness and counterweights to reduce the body weight [8].
Nowadays a rehabilitation robot simulates the pattern of the normal walking gait and leads the movement of each lower limb. It can also correct the gait pattern of hemiplegic patients, collecting all the data [9, 10]. In the robotic devices, the use of a treadmill allows repetitive and specific movements to be carried out, which can improve the work of the muscles and the coordination of the movement in the patients [1].
The advantage of using an active exoskeleton without a fixed station is the possibility for the patient to move into the room, walking partially unloaded and helping by means of a body weight support. In this way, the proper perception of the space and the equilibrium of the patient can be analyzed and improved.
Otherwise a treatment with the patient completely unloaded avoids the activation of the antigravity musculature, and the effects of underwater treatments can be simulated.
Furthermore an unloaded training allows to increase, if it is necessary, some range of movement (ROM) of the joints, improving the stimulation of the motor cortex.
An unloaded training also allows to use different input control curves, if it is required by the clinicians, from the curves proper of the physiological gait cycle on the ground, carrying out special training studied for the patient’s disease or useful for motor learning studies with healthy volunteers.
Often the unloaded trial is important in the beginning of the neurorehabilitation training for starting the rehabilitation work with the patient [11, 12].
From the robotic and the bioengineering experience, developed in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS) of Politecnico di Torino (Italy), an innovative active exoskeleton for unloaded robotic neurorehabilitation training was developed by the authors. It is called pneumatic interactive gait rehabilitation orthosis (P.I.G.R.O.) [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. It is called Pneumatic Interactive Gait Rehabilitation Orthosis (P.I.G.R.O.) [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] and its design is developed through the continuous co-operation of engineers and doctors, allowing the realization of a final prototype that was patented by the Politecnico di Torino [14]. Afterward a spin-off for an industrial process design of the prototype was established in May 2017. In June 2015, P.I.G.R.O. was selected as one of the five more interesting projects in the Soft Landing program, APAC Innovation Summit 2015 Series—Robotics—Hong Kong, June 22–27, 2015. Furthermore, in June 2017, during the 26th International Conference on Robotics in Alpe-Adria-Danube Region, RAAD2017, P.I.G.R.O. authors received the Gold Best Application Paper Award [18].
In this paper, the exoskeleton P.I.G.R.O. is presented, useful for completely unloaded training with adult patients (both women and men).
Comparing P.I.G.R.O. with other exoskeletons [19, 20, 21, 22], it is possible to underline the following considerations.
In [19] an innovative assistive rehabilitation strategy is proposed by means of a wearable exoskeleton used without a treadmill and a body weight support. Here the dynamic stability of the patient is obtained by means of an efficient real-time stiffness adaptation for multiple joints (adaptive control system for assistive walking). In [20] an innovative robotic exoskeleton, designed as an ambulatory device, is presented and used during gait trainings on the ground. An adaptive strategy control is developed to guide the patient’s legs in a specific gait pattern. In [21] an adaptive control model, controlled by means of the user intention, is proposed using an exoskeleton for lower limb. The study is particularly referred to spinal cord-injured patients. The aim of this assistive control device is the user gait initiation and assistance in real time. This system was tested using a wearable exoskeleton: this shows the reliability of the control equipment in order to ensure the dynamic stability of the user. In [22] an interesting review about hybrid exoskeletons use to restore the gait cycle after a spinal cord injury is presented.
In comparison with the other exoskeletons, P.I.G.R.O. shows some different characteristics, as it was designed for fully unloaded training.
In Figure 1 some details of P.I.G.R.O. are shown.
(a) P.I.G.R.O. structure and (b) some P.I.G.R.O. details.
An unloaded treatment is useful in the beginning of the neurorehabilitation program especially for brain-injured patients [12].
Through several experimental tests, the authors also studied and defined some specific control input curves in the system suitable for the unloaded training [17].
In particular P.I.G.R.O. is not a device for walking assistance. It is an active exoskeleton designed for robotic neurorehabilitation purpose, and it can be only used in specific rehabilitation centers by clinicians and never with the patient alone. Its main field of application is training for patient with brain lesions affecting motor circuits.
The authors analyzed several aspects during the design of this active exoskeleton for unloaded neurorehabilitation training, such as the kinds of trainings to do with the device; the possibility to work without a fixed station; a structure that is light, comfortable, flexible, easy, and quick to wear, and safe, with proper and wide anthropometric regulations, with a mass of about 30 kg; a proper and safe range of movement for each joint; an increased ROM in the ankle joint (possible if the patient is fully unloaded) useful for the motor cortex stimulation but removable if it is necessary; some flexibility of the structure in the frontal plane, in order to avoid a hard robotic gait cycle and to allow some movements of the patient’s pelvis and legs also in the frontal plane; the kind of actuation; the values of the torques in the joints lower than those required in the physiological walking on the ground; the control system (here an electropneumatic control system) with some input control curves studied by the authors for the unloaded training; a human machine interface (HMI); a harness system to unload the patient; and an interface between the machine and the patient [12, 17].
All of these aspects were analyzed and solved, giving to P.I.G.R.O. own and useful characteristics.
In particular P.I.G.R.O. includes the active exoskeleton (six DOF—degrees of freedom—in the sagittal plane with some possible little movements in the frontal plane too), moved using pneumatic cylinders and electropneumatic valves; a 10-m-long cable, in which both the tubes for the compressed air and the electric wires for the other source are collocated; a fixed box, where the final part of the electropneumatic control is located; a PC and two monitors, one for the operator and the other for the patient’s biofeedback; and a movable compressor.
In order to allow some little movements of the patient’s pelvis in the frontal plane too during the training, P.I.G.R.O. legs were built in C72 steel and in aluminum 7075 (Ergal) with a specific hardening treatment, giving to this exoskeleton a proper and useful flexibility.
Figure 2 shows the possible deformation in a part of a P.I.G.R.O. leg.
A detail of the P.I.G.R.O. leg flexibility.
The elements with movement (for the anthropometric regulation of femur and tibia length) have some Turcite© parts interposed in order to reduce the friction.
The range of movement in P.I.G.R.O. has 40° for the hip joint (from −20° to +20°), 60° for the knee joint (from 0° to 60°), and 40° for the ankle joint (from −25° to 15°). This last ROM is increased, in comparison with the range of the physiological walking on the ground, in order to improve the motor cortex stimulation during the unloaded training.
P.I.G.R.O. anthropometric regulations are between the 10%ile woman and 95%ile man [18], with a variation of the pelvis width from 300 mm, in the 10%ile woman, to 650 mm in the 95%ile man. The femur length varies from 370 mm, in the 10%ile woman, to 500 mm in the 95%ile man, and the tibia length varies from 360 mm, in the 10%ile woman, to 500 mm in the 95%ile man [23, 24]. These anthropometric regulations are done manually by the operator before the beginning of the trial. These regulations are obtained as the femur and the tibia of P.I.G.R.O. are both made of two rigid parts having a related movement, allowing the adjustment of the length required. Some Turcite© parts were interposed to reduce the friction. Figure 3 shows a detail of an anthropometric regulation in P.I.G.R.O.
A detail of an anthropometric regulation in P.I.G.R.O.
On the back of the patient, P.I.G.R.O. has an adjustable structure, to which the two legs of the exoskeleton are connected, which allows the pelvis width to be regulated.
This structure has two screws, with one electric motor through which it is possible to increase or to decrease the pelvis width.
The movement can be conducted using a fast or a slow speed, selecting two different buttons. To this structure, the two legs of P.I.G.R.O. are connected, and two rigid bars, used also to guide the movement of the screws, are inside the structure and give it a strong rigid structure.
The geometry was obtained after several studies on various configurations, in order to design a system that allows a wide pelvis width regulation, that gives a proper speed during the pelvis width adjustment, that gives a strong support for P.I.G.R.O. legs, that provides two lateral supports through which the therapist can stabilize the patient’s vertical position during the training, and that improves the wearability of P.I.G.R.O.
In P.I.G.R.O. each joint is actuated by means of pneumatic cylinders.
In particular the choice of pneumatic actuators is due to the advantages existing in the compressed air, such as a soft and comfortable way of driving the patient’s legs, an easy regulation of the forces during the training, and a safe and clean kind of actuation, useful for hospital applications.
Figure 4 shows some details of the P.I.G.R.O. structure (Figure 4a) and of the P.I.G.R.O. activation design (Figure 4b and c).
(a) P.I.G.R.O. complete structure, (b) a detail of the pneumatic cylinder connection, and (c) P.I.G.R.O. hip, knee, and ankle joints activation design.
Figure 4b shows a detail about the connection of the pneumatic cylinders in the hip and knee joints.
In Figure 4c the pneumatic activation of each joint of one leg of P.I.G.R.O. is shown. In particular an agonistic-antagonistic configuration, using cross-connected chambers, is used to connect the pneumatic cylinders of the hip and of knee joints.
This agonistic-antagonistic structure allows to have a proper surface for the actuator action, reduces the encumbrance of the system, if it is compared with the solution obtained with a single actuator in each joint, and gives a more equilibrated force in both directions of the movement of each cylinder. The ankle joint uses only one pneumatic actuator, when an unloaded training is carried out.
All of the movable elements are covered by means of proper protective caps for safety.
The pneumatic cylinders in P.I.G.R.O. are as follows: hip actuators bore 40 mm stroke 24 mm, knee actuators bore 40 mm stroke 35 mm, and ankle actuators bore 32 mm stroke 40 mm. With the maximum supply pressure (6 × 105 Pa = 6 bar then used in the next text), the torque values for each joint are equal to hip joint, 45 Nm; knee joint, 45 Nm; and ankle joint, 25 Nm. These values are useful for the unloaded walking [17, 18].
In particular the evolution of the torque in each joint was evaluated versus the angle joint, observing a constant trend with a defined supply pressure.
Overall P.I.G.R.O. pneumatic actuation has also n.° 32 2/2 electropneumatic valves to control the cylinders. These valves are normally open and normally closed in order to realize a PID-PWM control system. The number of the electropneumatic valves was chosen in order to have a right conductance for the flow. Two electronic pressure regulators, put in the fixed box, allow the setting of the supply pressure value from the monitor of the operator.
Some more details on the electropneumatic circuit will be explained in the paragraph of the control system.
The hardware of the control system has two main parts: a fixed control box with a PC, a keyboard, two monitors (one for the operator and the other for the patient’s biofeedback), and a complementary equipment made of an onboard real-time control system with also the electropneumatic valves and the sensors.
In the fixed box, there is one card for the control and the data acquisition, as well as some electropneumatic valves for the P.I.G.R.O. pneumatic supply and emergency circuit. The onboard part has two cards, for the control and the data acquisition and for their transmission to the fixed box, the electropneumatic valves for the movement of the cylinders.
Some details of the electropneumatic control circuit of P.I.G.R.O. are shown in Figure 5.
P.I.G.R.O. electropneumatic system onboard, with the electropneumatic valves and with the sensors. A = hip extension; B = hip flexion; C = knee flexion; D = knee extension; E = ankle plantarflexion; F = ankle dorsiflexion; in magenta = potentiometers; in green = pressure transducers.
As shown in Figure 5, P.I.G.R.O. has onboard n.° 10 pneumatic actuators; n.° 32 2/2 electropneumatic valves for the supply and for the vent of the actuators; n.° 12 pneumatic sensors, one for each cross-connected chamber of the actuators; and n.° 6 position sensors, one for each joint of each leg. The supply pressure in the actuators of the right and left legs can also be different during the test, and it can be increased or decreased, depending on what the training requires.
On the PC, a proper software for the control of the whole system and for the acquisition/analysis of the data is installed.
The realization and the configuration of the P.I.G.R.O. control system were carried out with the following steps.
In order to control properly the movement of each joint, a reference system for the P.I.G.R.O. legs joints is established, as shown in Figure 6. In particular, in Figure 6 the reference system is referred to the right leg, seen in the sagittal plane from an external point of view. In P.I.G.R.O. it is possible to use various kinds of input control curves (required by the doctors) and, if it is necessary, different input control curves for the right and left leg.
P.I.G.R.O. main reference system.
The curves of a physiological gait cycle on the ground were analyzed and studied by the authors. As in this step, P.I.G.R.O. is designed for a completely unloaded training; several tests were carried out by the authors in order to define some input control curves suitable for this application [17].
In Figure 7(a) and (b), the curves of the physiological walking on the ground (a) and the curves defined by the authors for the unloaded walking (b) are shown. In Figure 7(a) some red circles illustrate the main points of the difference between the physiological and the unloaded curves, such as the points where the contact between the foot and the ground occurs (points absent in the unloaded walking); the shape in some parts of the joints curves; the ROM of the ankle joint, increased for the unloaded walking; and some variations in the increasing/decreasing trend of the hip-knee-ankle angle joint curves [17].
(a) Curves of the physiological walking on the ground and (b) authors’ unloaded walking set curves (AUWS) [
The curves of Figure 7(b) reproduce the human gait cycle in a fully unloaded condition and allow a proper treatment of the patient during this rehabilitation step. Some experimental tests carried out controlling P.I.G.R.O. with these curves defined for the unloaded walking show their reliability.
The control of P.I.G.R.O. is a real-time position control with a close loop for each joint, where a control subsystem was designed made of a PID-PWM control position structure, as shown in Figure 8.
P.I.G.R.O. control structure for each lower limb joint.
The input signal in each subsystem is the control curves selected and then compared with the position sensor signals (feedback) generating the “error.”
The error is properly treated in order to control the electropneumatic valves.
The error sign establishes which types of electropneumatic valves (supply valves or discharge valves) have to be activated for the flexion or the extension of the joint.
The output signal of the PID controller is the input signal for the PWM part of the control system.
The configuration of P.I.G.R.O. control system was carried out with a lot of experimental tests, done with a preliminary prototype of a single joint with two pneumatic actuators built with an agonistic-antagonistic structure, using cross-connected chambers and some masses to simulate the load.
Then other tests were done with a first prototype of P.I.G.R.O. made of a single leg, in particular the right leg, carrying out tests changing PWM carrier wave frequency, PID gains, tube diameters, and the number of the electropneumatic valves.
Finally the tests on the whole complete P.I.G.R.O. structure were carried out establishing the final configuration of the control system.
All of these tests allowed to establish the number of the electropneumatic valves (Figure 5) useful for a right control of the actuators, the tube diameters, and the parameters of the PID-PWM controller.
In particular the PWM characteristics were defined by varying the PWM carrier wave frequency and looking for its optimum values (Figure 9a and b).
Tests on the hip joint, varying the PWM carrier wave frequency (female subject with a body mass of 58 kg; supply pressure, 6 bar; (a) PWM carrier wave frequency = 10 Hz and (b) PWM carrier wave frequency = 50 Hz).
The study was carried out using the exoskeleton with some healthy subjects, analyzing the effect of the carrier wave frequency values on the hip-knee-ankle joint curves versus time, in comparison with the input trajectories. In this way, the optimum value for this frequency was defined.
In this step, the PID controller gains were not varied. As can be seen in Figure 9a, for the hip joint, for example, a low carrier wave frequency limits the actuator strokes and causes some oscillations in the subject curve.
On the other hand, a too much high carrier wave frequency (Figure 9b) improves the movement of the cylinders, but the subject’s curve becomes less stable, and the oscillations increase.
After several experimental tests with healthy female and male volunteers, the optimum values of the PWM carrier wave frequency were defined for the hip-knee-ankle joints, obtaining a proper and stable movement of the actuators [11].
Then, the optimum values for the PID controller gains were investigated, testing the exoskeleton with healthy male/female subjects, with different body masses [11].
The PID controller gains are obtained, analyzing the kp proportional component, the ki integrative component (here always equal to zero), and the kd derivative component. Often these gains have different numerical values for the various parts of the input joint curves (initial, middle, and final part [17]).
The tests carried out allow to define the numerical values for the PID controller gains, which are values for subjects with body mass from 50 to 70 kg and values for subjects with body mass from 70 to 100 kg. In the beginning of the training, these PID controller gains are automatically selected by the software, as in the input data of the software; the patient’s body mass is always required before the start of the trial.
In particular in the PID controller, the optimum values of the various components are defined as follows.
This component gives more or less reaction in the response of the system, so the authors used this component with different values in the various parts of each joint input control curves (i.e., hip-knee-ankle joints). The value of kp is higher when the inclination of the curve is higher. In particular the meaning of the kp in the parts of the curves of each joint is hip joint (increasing part of the hip input control curve kp_Ah, decreasing part of the hip input control curve kp_Al, constant part of the hip input control curve kp_Avl), knee joint (increasing and decreasing part of the knee input control curve kp_Gh, constant part of the knee input control curve kp_Gl), and ankle joint (increasing part of the ankle input control curve kp_Cl; decreasing part of the ankle input control curve kp_Ch).
In this system ki is always equal to zero because it can produce a block of the joint due to a saturation condition in the control.
kd increases the speed of the response of the system, but it can produce some oscillations. The authors decided to use for it a constant value for each curve (kd_A for the hip curve, kg_G for the knee curve, kd_C for the ankle curve). This value was then increased slowly till reaching a proper functioning of the system.
Figure 10 show the use of some PID controller components in the hip-knee-ankle joint curves.
Details of some components of the PID controller referred to the hip (a) knee, (b) ankle, and (c) input control curves defined by the authors for the unloaded walking [
P.I.G.R.O. has a useful human machine interface, which was properly developed. In particular there are two monitors, one for the operator and the other one for the patient’s biofeedback.
In the human machine interface of P.I.G.R.O., it is possible to create and to save a file for each patient with all the patient’s parameters; to start or to stop the system at the end of the training or during the training, if it is necessary; to change the input control curves, selecting them from a database created under the Doctors requirements; to show and to save the graphs obtained; to change the pressure in each leg, in the beginning of the training or during it; to save the time when this variation is done; and to have a proper biofeedback for the patient.
In particular, in the monitor for the operator (Figure 11), the behavior of the three joints of each leg (hip, knee, and ankle joint) can be analyzed during the trial by the clinicians. The graphs on the operator monitor can be saved.
Some details of the HMI of P.I.G.R.O.
In the panel of the operator, there are various buttons used to regulate the pressure in each leg independently and to stop the system at the end of the training, during the training, or in a possible emergency situation.
The supply pressure can be changed and its value in the two legs of P.I.G.R.O. can be different or equal, as the doctors require.
In fact a different value of pressure in the two legs of P.I.G.R.O. can be useful when the patient’s pathology gives an asymmetric condition between the right and the left part of his body.
The time when the supply pressure is changed during the training can be saved.
Through the monitor for the operator, the duration of the whole training or of one part of the training can be registered and saved. In the program elaborated for P.I.G.R.O., there is the possibility to stop the patient’s leg movement during the training, closing the vent valves ports of all the actuators and having a pressure level in all the chambers of the actuators.
The possibility to stop the patient’s legs in a specific position is useful for the doctors to investigate the cognitive status of the patient, for example, asking him the position of one or both of the stopped legs.
The patient’s biofeedback has a monitor and the possibility of selecting one joint for one leg or the same two joints of the two legs.
In particular the biofeedback monitor shows, for each joint, that the patient’s curve is within a certain range, if he is performing well.
P.I.G.R.O. has three emergency buttons: one on the monitor (for the operator), one on the fixed box (for the operator), and one to put in the hand of the patient.
During an emergency situation, all the electropneumatic valves of P.I.G.R.O. are switched to a vent configuration, with the possibility to immediately discharge all of the chambers of the actuators.
In this way, the patient can move autonomously his legs, while the training is immediately stopped.
Furthermore, the program allows to save all the data in files capable of being elaborated using many types of software.
As in this step of the research, P.I.G.R.O. is designed and used in unloaded training; a comfortable harness system for the patient was studied by the authors.
In fact, during the unloaded training, the patient is suspended by means of a harness system connected to the body weight support.
The exoskeleton P.I.G.R.O. is also connected to the body weight support by means of some proper belts and wore by the patient.
Figure 12 shows the harness system for the unloaded training.
P.I.G.R.O. patient harness system for unloaded training.
P.I.G.R.O. harness system supports a wide range of regulations and two specific configurations, one for men and the other for women.
This system was obtained after several studies on suspended people devices, in order to define the best design for the unloaded training done with P.I.G.R.O.
Its main characteristics are very comfortable and easy to wear; capable of suspending the patient in a vertical position, with the legs vertically extended; a proper and wide possibility of movement of the patient’s legs during the unloaded training; and a construction made with safe and washable materials.
This harness system is partly made of textile parts, which are connected together by means of rigid rings, and some elements, filled of soft material, were also designed to improve the contact between the patient and the harness system and to avoid any pain for him.
In particular to define the best geometry of this harness system, a lot of considerations were done on the harness configuration in the hip joint area (Figure 12), where some differences from woman to man have to be foreseen, and the harness configuration on the patient’s venter-groin-back area in order to obtain a very comfortable and safe design.
The purpose of this device is to sustain the patient in a vertical position for a trail duration of about 1 h, without any pain perception, which can reduce the benefit of the treatment and can cause irregularity in the movement during the trial.
A textile corset (Figure 13) was also studied to connect P.I.G.R.O. to the chest of the patient.
Textile corset, used to connect the patient to P.I.G.R.O.
The choice of textile structures gives wear ability and comfort to the system, as these materials allow to adapt the device easily to men and to women from 10%ile Italian woman to 95% Italian man. Furthermore a textile structure is safe and comfortable for the patient, as it avoids him any contact with rigid parts during the rehabilitation training.
This textile corset is somewhat regulated using an efficient system of straps sewed on the textile surface. The system makes it very wearable for patients with different body shapes.
In Figure 13 some details were shown. Two lateral rigid elements, inserted in the external part of the textile corset, allow to connect it to the P.I.G.R.O. structure.
These two rigid parts can be connected or disconnected to P.I.G.R.O. legs by means of a proper lock device that allows a very quick and safe connection/disconnection, also if an emergency situation occurs.
The authors also defined a proper procedure to wear P.I.G.R.O. on the patient, verifying the wear ability and the comfort of the system and the possibility to wear P.I.G.R.O. on the patient in a short time.
The main steps of this procedure are measure on the distances between hip-knee and knee-ankle of the patient and the pelvic width in order to do the anthropometric regulations in the P.I.G.R.O. structure; insert these measures in the P.I.G.R.O. software, together with the patient’s weight and the patient’s data; wear the harness system on the patient; wear P.I.G.R.O. on the patient; verify all the system; and then unload the patient and P.I.G.R.O. using the body weight support.
In Figure 14 a detail for the right use of the patient’s harness system is shown: the unloaded walking training requires a proper vertical position of the patient.
Some details of the right position of the suspended patient for the unloaded training.
In particular P.I.G.R.O. ankle joint has also a proper support for the patient’s foot.
To guarantee that the patient’s foot remains in a horizontal plane, the authors designed two screws, put in the inside part of the two P.I.G.R.O. legs, connected between the tibia blade and the foot support.
The regulation of these screws allow to have a right posture of the patient’s feet during the unloaded walking cycle.
In Figure 15 some details of this system and of its regulation were shown.
(a) Screw inside each leg of P.I.G.R.O. to support the rigid part for the patient foot and (b) some details of regulation of this screw.
The average time to wear P.I.G.R.O. on a patient is about 20 min.
As the study is still in progress, the authors do not explain in this phase of the research more details on the tests carried out and the results obtained.
This article illustrates the structure and the main and innovative characteristics of P.I.G.R.O., an active electropneumatically controlled exoskeleton for unloaded robotic neurorehabilitation training. It is constructed to work without a fixed station, as this procedure is useful in the beginning of the trial to avoid the activation of the antigravity musculature.
P.I.G.R.O. has a real-time position control.
A useful human machine interface was developed: it allows P.I.G.R.O. to be easily used. It is possible to insert, to acquire, to save the patient’s data, to carry out properly and safely various kinds of training, and to analyze the data. An innovative, useful, and comfortable harness system for the patients’ unloaded training was studied and developed.
The preliminary tests show the reliability and the importance of this active exoskeleton that is also easy to wear.
In the future, the study of P.I.G.R.O. used in a walking training on the ground will be carried out, and some more experimental tests will be conducted in order to understand other possible improvements of this exoskeleton.
The work presented in this paper was financed, with funding from the Compagnia di San Paolo project, “Active exoskeleton for the functional gait rehabilitation of paretic patients,” and with funding from the Piedmont regional administration project, entitled “Validation of a method for gait rehabilitation for paretic patients using an active orthosis” (2006–2008).
The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Authors would like to thank the Puzzle Rehabilitation Center, Turin (Italy), for providing brain injury information, and Engrs. P. Bois, G. Castorina, A. Genta, Y. Han, G. Perricelli, F. Racca, and G. Viano for their help during this study.
Intro
",metaTitle:"Statement Title Placeholder",metaDescription:"Intro",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/statement64605",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"19"},books:[{type:"book",id:"12205",title:"Photodynamic Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8099dd8f660b401e5ecfa85ce3f0df81",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12205.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12212",title:"Hypoxia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c7561177210ce5982b54d46a48666012",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12212.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12315",title:"Cosmetic Products and Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4730ab11e05d70d04ea88d87983a5cef",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12315.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12316",title:"Biosimilars",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a1b73e32f785b40296c7b8def525c99f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12316.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12324",title:"Aspirin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9af8f557ac54627e386caa7cd6015d96",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12324.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11690",title:"COVID-19 Drug Development - Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8092a491f68ca0b63cc6d40936a010a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Arli Aditya Parikesit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11690.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11813",title:"RNA Therapeutics - History, Design, Manufacturing, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fbffd7b2f97a65ffb0901de38a65bed0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Irina Vlasova-St. Louis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11813.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"211159",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Vlasova-St. Louis",slug:"irina-vlasova-st.-louis",fullName:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12209",title:"Vitamin B Complex",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"56e8be78a5a1aed62dbc6e8f3c1371f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Juber Akhtar, Dr. Mohammad Ahmad, Dr. Mohammad Irfan Khan and Dr. Badruddeen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12209.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345595",title:"Prof.",name:"Juber",surname:"Akhtar",slug:"juber-akhtar",fullName:"Juber Akhtar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12421",title:"Tuberculosis Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"31d5daa5b5230855e904363eecdf0fef",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12421.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12206",title:"Antibiotic Resistance - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"708d9c997d91bdbe75c55cb5d9f7b526",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ghulam Mustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12206.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"298756",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ghulam-mustafa",fullName:"Ghulam Mustafa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12326",title:"Drug Formulation Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"be61949c97a884e4342d41ec7414e678",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rahul Shukla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12326.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"319705",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",surname:"Shukla",slug:"rahul-shukla",fullName:"Rahul Shukla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:13},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1239",title:"Learning Disability",slug:"learning-disability",parent:{id:"233",title:"Cognitive Science",slug:"cognitive-science"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:122,numberOfWosCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitations:47,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1239",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10910",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0999e5f759c2380ae5a4a2ee0835c98d",slug:"learning-disabilities-neurobiology-assessment-clinical-features-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10228",title:"Dyslexia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b4060d23ac02fcb4a11313ec1c911c6",slug:"dyslexia",bookSignature:"Jonathan Glazzard and Samuel Stones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10228.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5878",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"An International Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"233671027a40a86828b81f5f6094c4df",slug:"learning-disabilities-an-international-perspective",bookSignature:"Carolyn S. Ryan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28738",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolyn S",middleName:null,surname:"Ryan",slug:"carolyn-s-ryan",fullName:"Carolyn S Ryan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"715",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7cf7910a2068cff1fdcdfd5ed3c25cc7",slug:"learning-disabilities",bookSignature:"Wichian Sittiprapaporn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/715.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73395",title:"Dr.",name:"Phakkharawat",middleName:null,surname:"Sittiprapaporn",slug:"phakkharawat-sittiprapaporn",fullName:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55805",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69464",title:"Classification and Detection of Specific Language Impairments in Children Based on their Speech Skills",slug:"classification-and-detection-of-specific-language-impairments-in-children-based-on-their-speech-skil",totalDownloads:1710,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The ability to use the spoken language is one of the most important characteristics in child development. Speech is difficult to replace in real life, although there are several other options for communication. Inabilities to communicate with speech skills can isolate children from society, especially children with specific language impairments. This research study focused on a specific disorder, known as specific language impairment (SLI); in the Czech language, it is specifically known as developmental dysphasia (DD). One major problem is that this disorder is detected at a relatively late age. Early diagnosis is critical for successful speech therapy in children. The current chapter presents several different approaches to solve this issue, including a simple test for detecting this disorder. One approach involves the use of an original iPad application for detecting SLI based on the number of pronunciation errors in utterances. One advantage of this method is its simplicity; anyone can use it, including parents.",book:{id:"5878",slug:"learning-disabilities-an-international-perspective",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities - An International Perspective"},signatures:"Pavel Grill and Jana Tučková",authors:[{id:"199652",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Grill",slug:"pavel-grill",fullName:"Pavel Grill"}]},{id:"31205",doi:"10.5772/31726",title:"Could Motor Development Be an Emergent Property of Vestibular Stimulation and Primary Reflex Inhibition? A Tentative Approach to Sensorimotor Therapy",slug:"could-motor-development-be-an-emergent-property-partly-of-vestibular-stimulation-and-primary-reflex-",totalDownloads:4276,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"715",slug:"learning-disabilities",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities"},signatures:"Mats Niklasson",authors:[{id:"88435",title:"MSc.",name:"Mats",middleName:null,surname:"Niklasson",slug:"mats-niklasson",fullName:"Mats Niklasson"}]},{id:"31209",doi:"10.5772/34299",title:"Disability and Oral Health",slug:"disability-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:7178,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"715",slug:"learning-disabilities",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities"},signatures:"Jenny Gallagher and Sasha Scambler",authors:[{id:"99560",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenny",middleName:null,surname:"Gallagher",slug:"jenny-gallagher",fullName:"Jenny Gallagher"},{id:"151953",title:"Dr.",name:"Sasha",middleName:null,surname:"Scambler",slug:"sasha-scambler",fullName:"Sasha Scambler"}]},{id:"57766",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72052",title:"Developing Automaticity in Children with Learning Disabilities: A Functional Perspective Part Two: Programme Methods and Materials",slug:"developing-automaticity-in-children-with-learning-disabilities-a-functional-perspective-part-two-pro",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter is the second of two chapters in this book to describe an instructional programme based on Luria's theories, which can be used to develop basic skills and automaticity in reading, writing, and spelling. The first chapter focused on the programme's theory, and then described how assessment is used to develop an individual programme relating to both basic skill and fluency needs in reading, writing, and spelling. The process was illustrated with one detailed case study. The results of this case study (Child 1) are presented in the current chapter, together with the results of 13 children exposed to similar fluency-based interventions. The results of six children exposed to one or more systematic variations in programme implementation are then discussed. Case contrast analysis is used to highlight three variables affecting successful programme implementation, namely: consistent and regular exposure to phonological and phonic instruction to provide a foundation of basic skills on which the fluency interventions in the programme can be built; consistent implementation of methods designed to improve both reading fluency, and writing and spelling fluency, to produce the greatest likelihood of positive effects; and consistent support from parents in programme implementation to produce the greatest likelihood of positive effects.",book:{id:"5878",slug:"learning-disabilities-an-international-perspective",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities - An International Perspective"},signatures:"Charles Potter",authors:[{id:"93190",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Potter",slug:"charles-potter",fullName:"Charles Potter"}]},{id:"57054",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70862",title:"Specific Learning Disabilities: Response to Intervention",slug:"specific-learning-disabilities-response-to-intervention",totalDownloads:2153,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The content included in the current chapter centers around the screening and identification of students who experience learning challenges in an educational setting in the United States of America. The specific learning challenges discussed will focus on students who may have a specific learning disability (SLD). Legislation that brought about concepts such as response to intervention (RTI) is discussed in detail. The various levels of intensity of interventions, or tiers, provided to students are explained by more than one discipline. The new regulations guiding access to special education services are based on the identification, intervention, and close monitoring of student progress. The overarching goal of RTI is to provide support to students who may be experiencing difficulty, before they experience failure by falling too far behind their peers.",book:{id:"5878",slug:"learning-disabilities-an-international-perspective",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities - An International Perspective"},signatures:"Kimberly A. Heinemann, Heather Bolanos and Jennifer S. Griffin",authors:[{id:"205622",title:"Mrs.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Heinemann",slug:"kimberly-heinemann",fullName:"Kimberly Heinemann"},{id:"208681",title:"Mrs.",name:"Heather",middleName:null,surname:"Bolanos",slug:"heather-bolanos",fullName:"Heather Bolanos"},{id:"208691",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Griffin",slug:"jennifer-s.-griffin",fullName:"Jennifer S. Griffin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57054",title:"Specific Learning Disabilities: Response to Intervention",slug:"specific-learning-disabilities-response-to-intervention",totalDownloads:2153,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The content included in the current chapter centers around the screening and identification of students who experience learning challenges in an educational setting in the United States of America. The specific learning challenges discussed will focus on students who may have a specific learning disability (SLD). Legislation that brought about concepts such as response to intervention (RTI) is discussed in detail. The various levels of intensity of interventions, or tiers, provided to students are explained by more than one discipline. The new regulations guiding access to special education services are based on the identification, intervention, and close monitoring of student progress. The overarching goal of RTI is to provide support to students who may be experiencing difficulty, before they experience failure by falling too far behind their peers.",book:{id:"5878",slug:"learning-disabilities-an-international-perspective",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities - An International Perspective"},signatures:"Kimberly A. Heinemann, Heather Bolanos and Jennifer S. Griffin",authors:[{id:"205622",title:"Mrs.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Heinemann",slug:"kimberly-heinemann",fullName:"Kimberly Heinemann"},{id:"208681",title:"Mrs.",name:"Heather",middleName:null,surname:"Bolanos",slug:"heather-bolanos",fullName:"Heather Bolanos"},{id:"208691",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Griffin",slug:"jennifer-s.-griffin",fullName:"Jennifer S. Griffin"}]},{id:"80202",title:"Depression, Suicidal Tendencies, Hopelessness, and Stress among Patients with Learning Disabilities",slug:"depression-suicidal-tendencies-hopelessness-and-stress-among-patients-with-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Self-harm and suicide are most commonly observed in adolescents specially females in Asian countries and in western. The psychosocial predictors, along with hopelessness and non-suicidal injury (NSSI), have not been studied properly before. Therefore, there is a need to address these issues. The objective of the study was to ascertain the psychosocial and clinical features predicting suicide and NSSI in adolescents with major depression. Increased number of suicidality and impaired family function at entry is autonomously connected with a suicidal attempt. NSSI are connected at base line and apply additive effect on likelihood, one keeping on through treatment period. Poor family functions, as well as family problems and social problems, were the causative agents for adolescent’s high suicidality and NSSI. A history of NSSI treatment is a clinical marker for suicidality. The previous suicidal attempts should be evaluated in depressed juvenile patients as indicators of future suicidal intent and behavior. Both suicidal and NSSI adolescents during the therapy and after treatment endure to be depressed when they are engaged in study. Major causes of suicide among our study participants were lost friend(s), drug abuse, living alone, disturbed parental marriage, sexual abuse, and other domestic problems.",book:{id:"10910",slug:"learning-disabilities-neurobiology-assessment-clinical-features-and-treatments",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities - Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments"},signatures:"Fahad Hassan Shah, Song Ja Kim, Laiba Zakir, Aqsa Ehsan, Sohail Riaz, Muhammad Sulaiman and Saad Salman",authors:[{id:"418086",title:"Dr.",name:"Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"saad-salman",fullName:"Saad Salman"},{id:"439291",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahad Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"fahad-hassan-shah",fullName:"Fahad Hassan Shah"},{id:"439292",title:"Dr.",name:"Song Ja",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"song-ja-kim",fullName:"Song Ja Kim"},{id:"439293",title:"Dr.",name:"Laiba",middleName:null,surname:"Zakir",slug:"laiba-zakir",fullName:"Laiba Zakir"},{id:"439294",title:"Dr.",name:"Aqsa",middleName:null,surname:"Ehsan",slug:"aqsa-ehsan",fullName:"Aqsa Ehsan"},{id:"451112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sohail",middleName:null,surname:"Riaz",slug:"sohail-riaz",fullName:"Sohail Riaz"},{id:"451113",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"muhammad-sulaiman",fullName:"Muhammad Sulaiman"}]},{id:"79900",title:"Dyslexia, Dysgraphia and Dyscalculia: A Response to Intervention Approach to Classification",slug:"dyslexia-dysgraphia-and-dyscalculia-a-response-to-intervention-approach-to-classification",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter provides a model for classification of dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia through analysis of the response of children to treatment. The model is discussed with reference to the types of multivariate treatment applied in a particular programme which works interactively online using an electronic data-base for linking functional difficulties in learning to treatment, and through this to firm diagnosis and classification. In applying the model, initial diagnosis of learning disabilities is treated as provisional, based on functional indicators as well as test data. Firm classification becomes possible through longitudinal assessment, analysis of response to multivariate intervention as well as response to specific programmes. Diagnosis can then be linked both to concessions as well as ongoing treatment.",book:{id:"10910",slug:"learning-disabilities-neurobiology-assessment-clinical-features-and-treatments",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities - Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments"},signatures:"Charles Potter",authors:[{id:"93190",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Potter",slug:"charles-potter",fullName:"Charles Potter"}]},{id:"78359",title:"Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and Learning Disabilities",slug:"self-regulation-self-efficacy-and-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter will discuss the roles of self-regulation and self-efficacy in students with learning disabilities. The guiding conceptual framework is based in social cognitive theory. In this theory, self-efficacy is a key motivational variable and self-regulation is a means for persons to develop a sense of agency, or the belief that they can exert a large degree of control over outcomes in their lives. Following a description of the theory, research is presented showing the operation of self-regulation and self-efficacy in students with learning disabilities. Future research directions are suggested, and implications of theory and research for educational practice are discussed.",book:{id:"10910",slug:"learning-disabilities-neurobiology-assessment-clinical-features-and-treatments",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities - Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments"},signatures:"Dale H. Schunk and Maria K. DiBenedetto",authors:[{id:"418379",title:"Prof.",name:"Dale H.",middleName:null,surname:"Schunk",slug:"dale-h.-schunk",fullName:"Dale H. Schunk"},{id:"418381",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria K.",middleName:null,surname:"DiBenedetto",slug:"maria-k.-dibenedetto",fullName:"Maria K. DiBenedetto"}]},{id:"31181",title:"Language Disabilities: Myths and Misconceptions vs. Reality",slug:"language-disabilities-myths-and-misconceptions-vs-reality",totalDownloads:3290,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"715",slug:"learning-disabilities",title:"Learning Disabilities",fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities"},signatures:"George S. Mouzakitis",authors:[{id:"81553",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Mouzakitis",slug:"george-mouzakitis",fullName:"George Mouzakitis"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1239",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. Nkanga",slug:"carotenoids-in-cassava-manihot-esculenta-crantz",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81576",title:"Carotenoids in Thermal Adaptation of Plants and Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104537",signatures:"Ivan M. Petyaev",slug:"carotenoids-in-thermal-adaptation-of-plants-and-animals",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ivan",surname:"Petyaev"}],book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81358",title:"New Insights on Carotenoid Production by Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103919",signatures:"Tiago P. Silva, Susana M. Paixão, Ana S. Fernandes, José C. Roseiro and Luís Alves",slug:"new-insights-on-carotenoid-production-by-gordonia-alkanivorans-strain-1b",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81246",title:"Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102750",signatures:"Arslan Ahmad, Sakhawat Riaz, Muhammad Shahzaib Nadeem, Umber Mubeen and Khadija Maham",slug:"role-of-carotenoids-in-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81226",title:"Computational Methods for the Study of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103178",signatures:"Naomi van Wijk and Michal Linial",slug:"computational-methods-for-the-study-of-peroxisomes-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:6,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:30,paginationItems:[{id:"425474",title:"Mr.",name:"Jasper",middleName:"Okoro Godwin",surname:"Okoro Godwin Elechi",slug:"jasper-okoro-godwin-elechi",fullName:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/425474/images/19990_n.jpg",biography:"Mr. Elechi is an innovative and passionate food professional and educator who can collaborate across boundaries with an integrated aspiration of innovation to provide good, sustainable, and healthy food solutions that promote human health and conserve planetary health. He has a special interest in innovative food product development, nutrition, indigenous food products, biotechnology, bioeconmy, sustainable global food systems transformation, food safety Nanotechnology, and Nanomaterials. He has carried out independent research and publications in these areas. He possesses comprehensive knowledge and technical know-how on nutritional formulation and production of healthy and sustainable foods from locally available underutilized Cereal-Legume crops for combating food security and malnutrition in developing communities.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"ROBERTO",middleName:null,surname:"DEL CIELLO",slug:"roberto-del-ciello",fullName:"ROBERTO DEL CIELLO",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"437647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"fernando-teixeira",fullName:"Fernando Teixeira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"423338",title:"Dr.",name:"Harjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"harjeet-singh",fullName:"Harjeet Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chitkara University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"443635",title:"Dr.",name:"Suruchi",middleName:null,surname:"Jindal",slug:"suruchi-jindal",fullName:"Suruchi Jindal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Punjab Agricultural University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"426265",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inonge",middleName:null,surname:"Chibua",slug:"inonge-chibua",fullName:"Inonge Chibua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426266",title:"Ms.",name:"Mesha",middleName:null,surname:"Mbisana",slug:"mesha-mbisana",fullName:"Mesha Mbisana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426264",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Raditloko",slug:"samuel-raditloko",fullName:"Samuel Raditloko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mags",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"mags-adams",fullName:"Mags Adams",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"441182",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"neil-wilson",fullName:"Neil Wilson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"425171",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Zerbian",slug:"tanya-zerbian",fullName:"Tanya Zerbian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"424714",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Stedefeldt",slug:"elke-stedefeldt",fullName:"Elke Stedefeldt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"425244",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayane",middleName:"Stephanie Gomes",surname:"Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",slug:"rayane-stephanie-gomes-de-freitas",fullName:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424688",title:"Dr.",name:"Bart",middleName:null,surname:"de Steenhuijsen Piters",slug:"bart-de-steenhuijsen-piters",fullName:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429404",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Termeer",slug:"emma-termeer",fullName:"Emma Termeer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429407",title:"Dr.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Brouwer",slug:"herman-brouwer",fullName:"Herman Brouwer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429406",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Fonteijn",slug:"hubert-fonteijn",fullName:"Hubert Fonteijn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"427504",title:"Dr.",name:"Kriengsak",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonwongsak",slug:"kriengsak-chareonwongsak",fullName:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423333",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shivani",middleName:null,surname:"Sood",slug:"shivani-sood",fullName:"Shivani Sood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452297",title:"Mr.",name:"Cornelius",middleName:null,surname:"Smah Adamu",slug:"cornelius-smah-adamu",fullName:"Cornelius Smah Adamu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452296",title:"Mr.",name:"Ikechukwu",middleName:null,surname:"U. Nwiyi",slug:"ikechukwu-u.-nwiyi",fullName:"Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423395",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Adane",middleName:null,surname:"Atara Debessa",slug:"adane-atara-debessa",fullName:"Adane Atara Debessa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426267",title:"Mr.",name:"Banyaladzi",middleName:null,surname:"Paphane",slug:"banyaladzi-paphane",fullName:"Banyaladzi Paphane",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483388",title:"Dr.",name:"Berhanu",middleName:null,surname:"Denu",slug:"berhanu-denu",fullName:"Berhanu Denu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483387",title:"Dr.",name:"Degefa",middleName:null,surname:"Tolossa",slug:"degefa-tolossa",fullName:"Degefa Tolossa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426059",title:"Dr.",name:"Dikabo",middleName:null,surname:"Mogopodi",slug:"dikabo-mogopodi",fullName:"Dikabo Mogopodi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"422909",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Shumba",slug:"dorcas-stella-shumba",fullName:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"429405",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Bakker",slug:"deborah-bakker",fullName:"Deborah Bakker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. Reviews on specialized areas of animal science are also welcome.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/15260",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"15260"},fullPath:"/chapters/15260",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()