\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7737",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Micro-grids - Applications, Operation, Control and Protection",title:"Micro-grids",subtitle:"Applications, Operation, Control and Protection",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The integration of recent and emerging energy technologies in the existing electric grid requires modifications in several aspects of the grid, including its architecture, protection, operation, and control. Micro-grid provides a solution for integrating distributed energy resources such as renewable energy generation, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, controllable loads, etc. and delivers flexibility, security, and reliability by operating in both grid-connected and isolated modes. This book provides an overview of micro-grid solutions, applications, and implementations. State-of-the-art methods for micro-grid operation, optimization, and control are presented. Distributed energy resources and their interactions in micro-grids are also studied. In addition, micro-grid designs, architectures, and standards are covered, as are micro-grid protection strategies and schemes for different operation modes.",isbn:"978-1-78984-062-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-061-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-442-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77550",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"micro-grids-applications-operation-control-and-protection",numberOfPages:144,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b467a6326d4629e126154c2eccb0db54",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ghofrani",publishedDate:"September 11th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7737.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7958,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:26,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 20th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"183482",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Ghofrani",slug:"mahmoud-ghofrani",fullName:"Mahmoud Ghofrani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/183482/images/system/183482.jpg",biography:"Mahmoud Ghofrani received a BSc and MSc in Electrical Power Engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran, and the University of Tehran, respectively. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Nevada, Reno, in 2014. \n\nDr. Ghofrani is currently an associate professor at the School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Washington, Bothell. His research interests include power systems operation and planning, renewable energy systems, smart and micro-grids, electric vehicles, and electricity markets. He is the author and co-author of more than fifty publications in top-tier journals and conferences. He has also edited/authored several books and chapters in the field of smart/micro-grids, pattern recognition, and its application in renewable energy forecasting, hybrid renewable energy systems, and more.",institutionString:"University of Washington Bothell",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Washington",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"756",title:"Power Electronics",slug:"power-electronics"}],chapters:[{id:"65253",title:"Microgrids: Applications, Solutions, Case Studies, and Demonstrations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83560",slug:"microgrids-applications-solutions-case-studies-and-demonstrations",totalDownloads:1086,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rapid urbanization of the world’s population is creating great sociological, environmental, and structural strains on the cities where people are moving to. Housing is becoming scarce and expensive, while the need to build new housing is placing great burdens on existing infrastructure—especially local power grids. It will be shown that integrating urban development around a microgrid concept would greatly alleviate the problems associated with urbanization. Incorporation of a microgrid, based on a cogenerating power station where waste heat is used to provide climate control and hot water and where power production is supplemented with renewable energy sources, would effectively remove the development from the local grid and greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, this model can accommodate any combination of large-scale residential, commercial, or industrial developments to revitalize the local neighborhood and can do so at a level of profit that would allow for lower rents, creating housing and job opportunities for those who are most in need.",signatures:"Edward J. Donahue",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65253",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65253",authors:[{id:"277733",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",surname:"Donahue",slug:"edward-donahue",fullName:"Edward Donahue"}],corrections:null},{id:"67674",title:"Microgrid Application in Algeria Saharian Remote Areas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86352",slug:"microgrid-application-in-algeria-saharian-remote-areas",totalDownloads:1006,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper presents a model and simulation for the development of microgrids in remote areas of the Algerian Sahara, including micro power plants, photovoltaic panels, wind farms, diesel energy and storage facilities. The climate of the Algerian Sahara, located on both sides of a tropical region, is hot, sunny and arid. Daytime temperatures are very high and can exceed 50°C, while the thermal amplitude between day and night is often above 350 or 400°C. In addition, there are many microclimates that are characterised by very high wind speeds. This means that wind energy and photovoltaic energy are both widely appropriate in this field, especially if we assume that the distribution of the population is very dispersed. The creation of microgrids for consumption will be an interesting solution to provide energy to the local population. The microgrid is part of the electrical system and is very dynamic. Production and supply forecasts will lead to reshipment, demand and price effects on regional markets. These feedback effects must be modelled and understood to achieve a stable energy system based on renewable energy.",signatures:"Mounir Khiat, Sid Ahmed Khiat, Mohamed Mankour and Leila Ghomri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67674",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67674",authors:[{id:"276064",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",surname:"Ghomri",slug:"leila-ghomri",fullName:"Leila Ghomri"},{id:"287961",title:"Prof.",name:"Mounir",surname:"Khiat",slug:"mounir-khiat",fullName:"Mounir Khiat"},{id:"287962",title:"MSc.",name:"Sid Ahmed",surname:"Khiat",slug:"sid-ahmed-khiat",fullName:"Sid Ahmed Khiat"},{id:"287966",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Mankour",slug:"mohamed-mankour",fullName:"Mohamed Mankour"}],corrections:null},{id:"65586",title:"Assessment of the Main Requirements and Characteristics Related to the Implementation of a Residential DC Microgrid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84413",slug:"assessment-of-the-main-requirements-and-characteristics-related-to-the-implementation-of-a-residenti",totalDownloads:1032,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A generic DC microgrid consists of a number of electric generators with static converters as interface modules, electric loads (to be connected either at DC or AC with inverter modules), as well as connection (by transformer and conversion modules) to the electric distribution network. The chapter envisages the state of the art on DC electric power distribution systems by tapping both high- and low-voltage direct current technologies and leading to the current development prospects. Moreover, a study on the existing standards applicable to DC distribution systems is achieved. The chapter leads to the establishment of the main technical requirements and characteristics suitable to the implementation of a residential DC microgrid. Also, electrical diagrams of the foreseen solutions and users’ recommendations and challenges are suggested by the paper.",signatures:"Lucia-Andreea El-Leathey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65586",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65586",authors:[{id:"239671",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",surname:"El-Leathey",slug:"andreea-el-leathey",fullName:"Andreea El-Leathey"}],corrections:null},{id:"65455",title:"Power Quality Improvement of a Microgrid with a Demand-Side-Based Energy Management System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83604",slug:"power-quality-improvement-of-a-microgrid-with-a-demand-side-based-energy-management-system",totalDownloads:1351,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter addresses the power quality of grid-connected microgrids in steady state. Three different power quality issues are evaluated: the voltage drop, the harmonic distortion, and the phase unbalance. A formulation for an energy management algorithm for microgrids is proposed under the form of a mixed-integer linear optimization including harmonic load flows. It handles both the optimization of the scheduling of all the generation, storage, and load assets, and the resolution of power quality issues at the tertiary level of control by adjusting the levels of certain types of loads within the system. This algorithm is simulated for different scenarios on a conceptual test-case microgrid with residential, industrial, and commercial loads. The results show that the demand-side management mechanism inside the algorithm can adapt efficiently the consumption behavior of certain loads, so that the voltage drop, the voltage total harmonic distortion, and the voltage unbalance factor meet the required standards at every node of the microgrid during the day. It is also highlighted that the microgrid can gradually reduce the purchase of power from the utility grid to which it is connected if the electricity price on the spot market increases.",signatures:"Gaspard d’Hoop, Olivier Deblecker and Dimitrios Thomas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65455",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65455",authors:[{id:"31944",title:"Prof.",name:"Olivier",surname:"Deblecker",slug:"olivier-deblecker",fullName:"Olivier Deblecker"},{id:"275563",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Gaspard",surname:"D\\'Hoop",slug:"gaspard-d'hoop",fullName:"Gaspard D\\'Hoop"},{id:"324112",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Thomas",slug:"dimitrios-thomas",fullName:"Dimitrios Thomas"}],corrections:null},{id:"67665",title:"Microgrid Protection Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86431",slug:"microgrid-protection-systems",totalDownloads:2255,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Micro grids are miniature version of conventional large power grids functioning either autonomously or with inter connection to the main grid. Primary function of micro grid is to serve power at distribution level. Distributed energy resources (DERs) connected to the micro grid enables reliable and efficient operation of micro grid. Protection of micro grids assumed importance due to increased penetration of distributed energy resources. Most of the distribution systems in earlier days are radial in nature and protection systems are designed for that. These protection systems pose serious challenges when applied to present day distribution systems which are mesh connected and fed by the distributed energy resources. Limitation of the conventional protection scheme demands new insights and methodologies for micro grid protection. Due to intermediate current injection from DERs the conventional coordination of over current (O/C) relays is not possible. Further in meshed systems the fault current flow is bidirectional. Hence the protection of micro grid systems with DERs require different approach to ensure faults are cleared in less time and minimal number of consumers connected to the system are affected. A comprehensive analysis of the suitable techniques applicable for micro grid protection is presented in this chapter.",signatures:"Mylavarapu Ramamoorty and Suraparaju Venkata Naga Lakshmi Lalitha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67665",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67665",authors:[{id:"237692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramamoorty",surname:"M",slug:"ramamoorty-m",fullName:"Ramamoorty M"},{id:"289500",title:"Dr.",name:"S.V.N.L.",surname:"Lalitha",slug:"s.v.n.l.-lalitha",fullName:"S.V.N.L. Lalitha"}],corrections:null},{id:"66805",title:"Innovative Differential Protection Scheme for Microgrids Based on RC Current Sensor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85473",slug:"innovative-differential-protection-scheme-for-microgrids-based-on-rc-current-sensor",totalDownloads:1228,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The modern power system and future ones include several intelligent devices. It also integrates renewable energy sources, energy storage, energy microgrid control system, hybrid networks, and smart grids with the wide application of information technology and communication. The most crucial goal in the smart grid application is improving safety reliability within the network. Recent studies have recommended the development of smart grid technology that enhances the reliability of electric power systems increases efficiency and improves the detection of faults for protection; this will reduce the duration of interruption of the number of customers affected by the outages. Moreover, smart grid technology decreases the power loss of energy usage and improves the efficiency of the system. And protection is one of the most important challenges facing smart grid deployment. In this chapter, protection for smart grids using differential relays is presented. The differential scheme is a very reliable method of ensuring the safety of protected areas. This chapter discusses the differential relay parameters with various fault conditions. Therefore, the protection scheme affirms the rapid separation of the fault zone to reduce damage to the equipment. The simulation results show that the method is effective and reliable.",signatures:"Ali Hadi Abdulwahid and Adnan A. Ateeq",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66805",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66805",authors:[{id:"277073",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Hadi Abdulwahid",slug:"ali-hadi-abdulwahid",fullName:"Ali Hadi Abdulwahid"},{id:"407928",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan A.",surname:"Ateeq",slug:"adnan-a.-ateeq",fullName:"Adnan A. 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Li"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80743",title:"Air Quality and Health in West Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102706",slug:"air-quality-and-health-in-west-africa",body:'Africa is undergoing a lot of major changes. In this century, the continent’s population is expected to more than triple, from 13 billion in 2020 to 43 billion in 2100. Cities are rapidly increasing, economies are booming, and life expectancy has nearly doubled. At the same time, as a result of increased fossil fuel burning, ambient air pollution is increasing, and mortality from ambient air pollution has increased from 2613 per 100,000 population in 1990 to 2915 per 100,000 population in 2019. Despite its small volume, this rise is unmatched in history. The most significant gains are found in Africa’s most developed countries [1]. African cities have become a substantial source of pollution as a result of rising populations, urbanisation, and resource-intensive industries. African urban growth rates are currently and will likely remain the highest in the world, averaging 3.1–3.8% each year. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that the annual median concentration of PM2.5 in more than half of Africa exceeded 26 g/m3, much surpassing the WHO-set guideline of 10 g/m3 as the annual average for healthy outdoor air. Air pollution monitoring is severely poor; only six of the 47 countries that make up Sub-Saharan Africa can provide long-term data on airborne particulate matter (PM), spanning 16 cities [2]. The automobile pool is the most significant source of pollution in urban areas. Increased traffic congestion is caused by an increase in the number of vehicles on the road and a lack of urban planning, which leads not only to increased air pollution but also to major economic losses in terms of time and fuel. In Sub-Saharan Africa, PM from road traffic is substantially higher than in developed countries. PM2.5 values varied between 40 and 260 g/m3 in a review of eight studies of outdoor air pollution in African cities (covering seven nations), compared to an annual average of 13 g/m3 in urban Europe and 9 g/m3 in urban America in 2019. In four West African cities, road traffic was the leading source of black carbon and PM2.5 (88%), with diesel exhaust being the most significant contributor to PM at roadside in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, contained several substances linked to negative health impacts, including chromium, cadmium, zinc, and lead [2].
It is now well known that air pollution causes a significant amount of disease. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organisation recently has classified outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans, placing it in the same category as cigarette smoke, UV radiation, and plutonium. In 2010, ambient fine particles were responsible for approximately 223,000 lung cancer deaths, with more than half of those fatalities occurring in China and other East Asian countries (Straif et al. 2013). In 2019, an estimated 1.1 million people died in Africa as a result of air pollution (95% UI 932,000–1.26 million). HAP caused an estimated 697,000 fatalities (95% UI 526,000–879,000), ambient PM2.5 pollution caused 383,000 deaths (95% UI 289,000–491,000), and ambient ozone pollution caused 11,300 deaths (95% UI 4800–18,300) [1]. Air pollution is Africa’s second leading cause of death. It caused more deaths than tobacco, alcohol, car accidents, and substance abuse. Only AIDS is responsible for more deaths. Chronic lung infections (336,460 deaths; UI: 251,827–430,493), myocardial infarction (223,930 deaths; UI: 185,558–268,252), new-born disorders (186,541 deaths; UI: 152,569–229,402), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (70,479 deaths; UI: 53,765–87,251), and stroke are amongst (193,936 deaths, UI, 165,936–227,196) [1]. Due to the adverse effects of air pollution, clean air guidelines and policies have been approved or backed by the WHO and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. This has aided many countries throughout the world in developing efficient policy, tools and data to control, and even reduce, harmful emissions in cities, hence reducing health burdens. Governments in other regional contexts, on the other hand, continue to deal with rising levels of urban air pollution and underperforming air quality surveillance for a variety of reasons. A prime example is Africa [3].
Pollutant concentrations differ considerably based on a country’s population, industrialisation, urbanisation, and economic status, as well as its physical region, emission sources, and meteorology. Air quality research has traditionally focused on North America and Europe’s industrialised regions. However, with significant breakthroughs in our understanding, the focus has shifted to quickly emerging Asian regions (particularly China and India) over the last decade. Despite its enormous and quickly rising population, Africa is still a little-studied region when it comes to air pollution [4]. Pollutant concentrations in West Africa are caused by a number of different sources. Anthropogenic sources, such as transportation, industries, and refuse combustion, as well as natural biogenic emissions from plants, fall under this category. The location of the population is one of the most important elements impacting the locations and sources of emissions in West Africa. West Africa’s population density is higher around the shore because extensive port infrastructures are present in major coastal towns. Shipping emissions are a major source of pollution along the coast, particularly along major shipping lanes and at offshore oil and
gas operations. Within cities, pollution is caused by emissions from industries and power plants, as well as emissions from motorised vehicles and home sources, such as wood-fired stoves for cooking and refuse to burn [4]. Man-made emission sources, such as transportation, household burning, and industries tend to be located adjacent to places with high population density, making anthropogenic emissions one of the most important factors affecting human health. As a result, anthropogenic emissions can be expected to scale as a function of population. As a result of Africa’s widespread economic growth, quick rates of urbanisation and industrial development, and growing population, anthropogenic pollution emissions are expected to climb dramatically during the next century. Much of this growth is predicted to take place along the West African coast. While the effects of anthropogenic pollution on human health have been extensively studied around the world, quantifying the negative consequences on the West African population is difficult [4].
The levels of air pollution in ECOWAS cities are rapidly increasing to alarming levels: Nigerian cities, such as Onitsha and Kaduna, are now amongst the world’s most polluted, with PM10 concentrations 30 and 21 times higher than the WHO’s limit, respectively. To complicate things, all ECOWAS countries are classed as low- or lower-middle-income, implying that their public health systems are vulnerable and that their populations are more susceptible to poverty-related diseases, such as tuberculosis. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been demonstrated to raise the chance of getting active and even drug-resistant tuberculosis infections, putting ECOWAS city dwellers at even greater risk [3]. Despite the great danger that air pollution poses to ECOWAS countries, the availability of air quality data from government sources is a problem. This contributes to the fact that the issue of urban air pollution receives little public attention and is not high on government agendas. Due to a lack of data on air quality, many national and local governments only have a fragmentary understanding of emissions sources, concentrations, and trends. It also means that the efficiency of some governments’ forecasting models may be hampered, as they rely on reliable ground-level readings [3]. ECOWAS countries trail behind other African countries in terms of official air quality monitoring and related health expertise, such as South Africa, which has studies employing air quality monitoring data to identify health hazards. There has been no comprehensive review of available knowledge on this subject to date, as the few existing reviews on air quality and health in the Sub-Saharan African region (none of which were specific to West Africa) have focused on indoor air pollution or specific populations, such as children, and have not assessed the status of air quality monitoring or policy [3].
Accra (Ghana) is one of the ECOWAS cities that has achieved significant improvements in air quality monitoring recently. The Ghana Environmental Protection Agency has established an Air Quality Management Plan that covers up to 10 districts in Accra and its environs, in collaboration with the US Environmental Protection Agency, the US Agency for International Development (USAID), and UNEP [3]. In the case of Nigeria, [5] indicate that the monitoring network is “scantily disseminated,” implying that there are stations, but no mention of their location or functionality. The Nigerian Meteorological Agency established five stations across the country in the early 2000s, however it is speculated that they have not been operational since 2013, probably due to a lack of technical expertise required to properly maintain equipment. Furthermore, air quality monitoring equipment is occasionally damaged, possibly as a result of a lack of public knowledge of pollution-related health problems [3]. [6] particularly highlight the six measuring sites in Dakar, Senegal, that are now operational. The city’s Air Quality Management Centre (CGQA—Centre de Gestion de la Qualité de l’Air) manages these sites in the Guédiaway, Medina, Yoff, Bel-air, HLM, and Cathedral districts. Another study conducted by [7] in Dakar combined air quality monitoring data, Ministry of Health data, models, and seasonal variability of Saharan dust influence to look at patterns of respiratory diseases, such as asthma, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. They discovered a significantly greater incidence of respiratory conditions in Dakar than in other parts of the country, implying that anthropogenic air pollution has a significant impact.
In summary, only two of the 15 ECOWAS countries appear to have operational government air quality monitoring stations. Cabo Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Sierra Leone had no information [3].
It is clear that there is a major shortage of knowledge and observational data in West Africa regarding atmospheric composition and air pollution. The Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project, funded by the European Commission’s Framework 7 programme with €8.75 million, has helped to close this knowledge gap [8]. The partnership, which includes universities, research institutes, and operational meteorological and climate services, is made up of 16 partners from four European and two West African nations. The DACCIWA consortium’s expertise spans atmospheric chemistry, aerosol science, air pollution, and their consequences for human and ecological health, as well as atmospheric dynamics, climate science, cloud microphysics, and radiation. It has competence in the ground, air, and space observations, as well as modelling and impact studies [8]. DACCIWA intends to contribute to 10 fundamental objectives, the first nine of which are research-oriented. The objectives are as follows [8]:
During the wet season in southern West Africa, determine the impact of different emission sites (natural and anthropogenic), as well as mixing and transportation processes, on aerosol composition.
Evaluate the effects of surface pollutants (particularly particulate matter and ozone) on human health, ecological health, and agricultural output.
Accurately measure two-way aerosol-cloud interaction with a focus on cloud condensation nuclei properties and distribution, as well as their impact on cloud characteristics and aerosol removal by precipitation.
Determine the factors that influence low-level cloud formation, persistence, and breakup.
Determine the meteorological factors that influence precipitation.
Measure the effect of aerosols and clouds on energy and radiation budgets, with an emphasis on aerosol effects on cloud characteristics.
Analyse meteorological, chemical, and air quality models, as well as satellite precipitation, radiation, cloud, and aerosol retrieval.
Examine the impacts of precipitation and cloud radiative forcing on the water budget and the circulation of the West African monsoon.
Evaluate the socioeconomic consequences of future changes in emissions, climate, and land use on human health, ecosystem health, agricultural output, and water availability.
Inform the general public, scientists, operational centres, and policymakers about critical results.
To achieve these goals, DACCIWA science is divided into seven scientific Work Packages (WPs) that coincide with the major study areas, which are [8];
Boundary Layer Dynamics
Air Pollution and Health
Atmospheric Chemistry
Cloud-Aerosol Interactions
Radiative Processes
Precipitation Processes
Monsoon Processes
The lack of data was a key stumbling block to achieving the DACCIWA research goals outlined above. To address this, DACCIWA conducted major field campaigns in SWA in June and July 2016, which included coordinated flights with three research aircraft—the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) DHC-6 Twin Otter, the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Falcon 20, and the Service des Avions Francais Instrument’es pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE) ATR-42 and a wide range of surface-based instrumentation in Kumasi, Ghana, Savé, Benin, and Ile-Ife, Nigeria [9]. During the 3-week campaign period (June 29–July 16, 2016), the three aircraft flew 50 research flights across Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. One of the purposes of the research flights was to collect air pollution measurements all across some of the world’s most populous cities. Abidjan.
(Côte d’Ivoire), Accra and Kumasi (Ghana), Lome (Togo), and Cotonou and Save were amongst the cities targeted by the DACCIWA flight tracks (Benin). Each plane carried an identical cargo of instruments for measuring weather patterns, chemical concentrations, and aerosol and cloud characteristics. Most of the measurements were made onboard the plane; however, some of the samples acquired in flight were analysed offline [4].
Notwithstanding the project’s primary focus on meteorological conditions, it came to a number of important conclusions about air quality and its effects on human health. In the cities of Abidjan and Cotonou, measurements of tiny particles suspended in the air (known as PM2.5) were taken. The locations were adjacent to major sources of air pollution, including waste burning at a dumpsite, motor vehicles, and cooking fires. PM2.5 concentrations are virtually always above 10 g m−3 (the WHO yearly limit) and frequently exceed 25 g m−3 at all sites (WHO 24-hour limit). These concentrations are higher than those found in European cities but lower than those found in Asian cities [10]. Gaseous pollutants (ozone O3, nitrogen dioxide NO2, sulphur dioxide SO2) have no long-term observations in southern West African cities. DACCIWA conducted bi-monthly surface observations at the four air quality measuring sites from 2015 to 2017, as well as airborne observations in the summer of 2016. The concentrations of these contaminants did not surpass WHO guidelines. However, it is possible that NO2 levels will rise on some days [11]. In Côte d’Ivoire, DACCIWA took direct measurements of particle and organic gas emissions from individual automobiles. They were much greater than the region’s average. Old gasoline vehicles pollute the environment by a factor of a thousand. The performance of older diesel automobiles was just a factor of five worse. The emissions from new four-stroke engines are much lower than those from the new two-stroke engines [12].
For the first time, DACCIWA researched how the local population is affected in the cities of Abidjan and Cotonou. The number of hospital visits and PM2.5 concentrations was found to be significantly correlated at all three monitoring locations in Abidjan, especially during the rainy (summer) season. This shows that humidity may play an important role in the relationship between particulate matter and health, presumably by assisting in the inhalation of contaminants. The connections we detect between particulate matter and health outcomes vary by metropolitan region, implying that when addressing air quality implications on health, not only the concentration levels but also the source of PM2.5 should be considered. Long-term relative risk estimates for each municipality in Abidjan were derived using the number of medical visits as a benchmark for bad health outcomes. The link between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and respiratory, cardiac, and dermatologic health, as well as emergency room mortality, is described in this study. With PM2.5 concentrations decreased to the WHO recommended limit of 10 g m3, the number of visits to the emergency department for respiratory or cardiac difficulties might be reduced by 3–4%, and up to 4% of emergency room mortalities could be averted [9]. Domestic fires pose a significant health danger because of the high concentration levels, although the risks from heavy traffic or rubbish burning were less severe. The findings may be obscuring the serious risk associated with long periods of time near a significant emission source because this study focused more broadly on residents of the neighbourhoods surrounding the DACCIWA measuring sites, rather than specifically on bus drivers, people working in food preparation, or at the landfill site. Direct contact assessments on various groups of people in the vicinity of these sites revealed that the health risk was highest for children in waste burning sites owing to heavy metals, while the risk was highest for women in the home burning site in the summer due to organic matter [9].
In general, air quality monitoring, public policy, and regulation in ECOWAS cities are improving slowly, while it still has a long way to go before reaching Europe, America, Asia, or even other African regions. Research must be encouraged to accurately measure and manage the origins and health impacts of urban air pollution in ECOWAS [3]. While this study has shed light on the major flaws in current inventories; long-term observational data is required to thoroughly evaluate emission inventories for the region and to allow for ongoing monitoring of emissions changes over time. The West African region currently lacks these observational data, and future studies should focus on developing a broader observational network in the region [4]. However, [13] believes that when it comes to investigating air pollution and its health impacts, Sub-Saharan Africa—and the current study has revealed that ECOWAS is acutely susceptible and is systematically left out of such studies, further lagging the region. Creating public awareness is particularly challenging due to a lack of air quality or health data to emphasise the seriousness of the situation. Investments in infrastructure, such as waste management and energy provision, are also important aspects of any holistic policy in these metropolitan contexts. Also, because facts alone do not form a policy, politicians and administrations must pay close attention and have a comprehensive vision to ensure successful urban air quality management, as updating laws is a critical first step. Some West African countries have environmental rights included in their constitutions, while others have air quality rules dating back to the 1980s and 1990s. Despite this solid start, many laws are already antiquated, with PM limits well exceeding WHO norms, for example. As a result, even in countries where standards are publicised, public health is not adequately protected [3]. To these limited regulations, issues of unstable governance and insufficient enforcement capacities must be added—even when legislation is established, maintaining compliance is typically difficult due to limited administrative resources. This is due in part to the fact that urban air pollution is a problem that impacts a wide range of industries. As a result, its administration necessitates a high level of coordination and cooperation amongst them. Although extensive evaluation studies are missing, having an organisation responsible for centralising air quality control, as in the examples of Senegal, Ghana, and the Ivory Coast, could lead to beneficial results in this regard [3].
In summary, it is not enough to simply provide these countries with air quality data; it is also critical to encourage long-term efforts that will boost data availability, good communication across government sectors and stakeholders, and ECOWAS-wide collaboration. This will increase government action, sufficient legislation, and public awareness, resulting in the area as a whole prioritising urban air quality and public health protection [3].
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Conventional methods for the removal of metal ions such as chemical precipitation and membrane filtration are extremely expensive when treating large amounts of water, inefficient at low concentrations of metal (incomplete metal removal) and generate large quantities of sludge and other toxic products that require careful disposal. Biosorption and bioaccumulation are ecofriendly alternatives. These alternative methods have advantages over conventional methods. Abundant natural materials like microbial biomass, agro-wastes, and industrial byproducts have been suggested as potential biosorbents for heavy metal removal due to the presence of metal-binding functional groups. Biosorption is influenced by various process parameters such as pH, temperature, initial concentration of the metal ions, biosorbent dose, and speed of agitation. Also, the biomass can be modified by physical and chemical treatment before use. The process can be made economical by regenerating and reusing the biosorbent after removing the heavy metals. Various bioreactors can be used in biosorption for the removal of metal ions from large volumes of water or effluents. The recent developments and the future scope for biosorption as a wastewater treatment option are discussed.",book:{id:"6137",slug:"biosorption",title:"Biosorption",fullTitle:"Biosorption"},signatures:"Sri Lakshmi Ramya Krishna Kanamarlapudi, Vinay Kumar\nChintalpudi and Sudhamani Muddada",authors:[{id:"238433",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sudhamani",middleName:null,surname:"Muddada",slug:"sudhamani-muddada",fullName:"Sudhamani Muddada"},{id:"244937",title:"Mrs.",name:"S L Ramyakrishna",middleName:null,surname:"Kanamarlapudi",slug:"s-l-ramyakrishna-kanamarlapudi",fullName:"S L Ramyakrishna Kanamarlapudi"},{id:"244938",title:"Mr.",name:"Vinay Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Chintalpudi",slug:"vinay-kumar-chintalpudi",fullName:"Vinay Kumar Chintalpudi"}]},{id:"53211",doi:"10.5772/66416",title:"Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Tool for Water Quality Management in Aquaculture",slug:"biofloc-technology-bft-a-tool-for-water-quality-management-in-aquaculture",totalDownloads:16966,totalCrossrefCites:65,totalDimensionsCites:148,abstract:"Biofloc technology (BFT) is considered the new “blue revolution” in aquaculture. Such technique is based on in situ microorganism production which plays three major roles: (i) maintenance of water quality, by the uptake of nitrogen compounds generating in situ microbial protein; (ii) nutrition, increasing culture feasibility by reducing feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a decrease of feed costs; and (iii) competition with pathogens. The aggregates (bioflocs) are a rich protein-lipid natural source of food available in situ 24 hours per day due to a complex interaction between organic matter, physical substrate, and large range of microorganisms. This natural productivity plays an important role recycling nutrients and maintaining the water quality. The present chapter will discuss some insights of the role of microorganisms in BFT, main water quality parameters, the importance of the correct carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the culture media, its calculations, and different types, as well as metagenomics of microorganisms and future perspectives.",book:{id:"5355",slug:"water-quality",title:"Water Quality",fullTitle:"Water Quality"},signatures:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano, Luis Rafael Martínez-\nCórdova, Marcel Martínez-Porchas and Anselmo Miranda-Baeza",authors:[{id:"146126",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho",middleName:null,surname:"Emerenciano",slug:"mauricio-gustavo-coelho-emerenciano",fullName:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano"},{id:"186970",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Porchas",slug:"marcel-martinez-porchas",fullName:"Marcel Martínez-Porchas"},{id:"186971",title:"Prof.",name:"Anselmo",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda-Baeza",slug:"anselmo-miranda-baeza",fullName:"Anselmo Miranda-Baeza"},{id:"195101",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Córdoba",slug:"luis-rafael-martinez-cordoba",fullName:"Luis Rafael Martínez-Córdoba"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69568",title:"Water Quality Parameters",slug:"water-quality-parameters",totalDownloads:10165,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:"Since the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century, the world has discovered new sources of pollution nearly every day. So, air and water can potentially become polluted everywhere. Little is known about changes in pollution rates. The increase in water-related diseases provides a real assessment of the degree of pollution in the environment. This chapter summarizes water quality parameters from an ecological perspective not only for humans but also for other living things. According to its quality, water can be classified into four types. Those four water quality types are discussed through an extensive review of their important common attributes including physical, chemical, and biological parameters. These water quality parameters are reviewed in terms of definition, sources, impacts, effects, and measuring methods.",book:{id:"7718",slug:"water-quality-science-assessments-and-policy",title:"Water Quality",fullTitle:"Water Quality - Science, Assessments and Policy"},signatures:"Nayla Hassan Omer",authors:null},{id:"58138",title:"Water Pollution: Effects, Prevention, and Climatic Impact",slug:"water-pollution-effects-prevention-and-climatic-impact",totalDownloads:21554,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:38,abstract:"The stress on our water environment as a result of increased industrialization, which aids urbanization, is becoming very high thus reducing the availability of clean water. Polluted water is of great concern to the aquatic organism, plants, humans, and climate and indeed alters the ecosystem. The preservation of our water environment, which is embedded in sustainable development, must be well driven by all sectors. While effective wastewater treatment has the tendency of salvaging the water environment, integration of environmental policies into the actor firms core objectives coupled with continuous periodical enlightenment on the present and future consequences of environmental/water pollution will greatly assist in conserving the water environment.",book:{id:"6157",slug:"water-challenges-of-an-urbanizing-world",title:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World",fullTitle:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World"},signatures:"Inyinbor Adejumoke A., Adebesin Babatunde O., Oluyori Abimbola\nP., Adelani-Akande Tabitha A., Dada Adewumi O. and Oreofe Toyin\nA.",authors:[{id:"101570",title:"MSc.",name:"Babatunde Olufemi",middleName:null,surname:"Adebesin",slug:"babatunde-olufemi-adebesin",fullName:"Babatunde Olufemi Adebesin"},{id:"187738",title:"Dr.",name:"Adejumoke",middleName:"Abosede",surname:"Inyinbor",slug:"adejumoke-inyinbor",fullName:"Adejumoke Inyinbor"},{id:"188818",title:"Dr.",name:"Abimbola",middleName:null,surname:"Oluyori",slug:"abimbola-oluyori",fullName:"Abimbola Oluyori"},{id:"188819",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tabitha",middleName:null,surname:"Adelani-Akande",slug:"tabitha-adelani-akande",fullName:"Tabitha Adelani-Akande"},{id:"208501",title:"Dr.",name:"Adewumi",middleName:null,surname:"Dada",slug:"adewumi-dada",fullName:"Adewumi Dada"},{id:"208502",title:"Ms.",name:"Toyin",middleName:null,surname:"Oreofe",slug:"toyin-oreofe",fullName:"Toyin Oreofe"}]},{id:"45422",title:"Urban Waterfront Regenerations",slug:"urban-waterfront-regenerations",totalDownloads:14203,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"3560",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",fullTitle:"Advances in Landscape Architecture"},signatures:"Umut Pekin Timur",authors:[{id:"165480",title:"Dr.",name:"Umut",middleName:null,surname:"Pekin Timur",slug:"umut-pekin-timur",fullName:"Umut Pekin Timur"}]},{id:"24941",title:"Tsunami in Makran Region and Its Effect on the Persian Gulf",slug:"tsunami-in-makran-region-and-its-effect-on-the-persian-gulf",totalDownloads:7575,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"406",slug:"tsunami-a-growing-disaster",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami - A Growing Disaster"},signatures:"Mohammad Mokhtari",authors:[{id:"52451",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhtari",slug:"mohammad-mokhtari",fullName:"Mohammad Mokhtari"}]},{id:"66307",title:"Bio-hydrogen and Methane Production from Lignocellulosic Materials",slug:"bio-hydrogen-and-methane-production-from-lignocellulosic-materials",totalDownloads:2953,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"This chapter covers the information on bio-hydrogen and methane production from lignocellulosic materials. Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic materials and the factors affecting bio-hydrogen production, both dark- and photo-fermentation, and methane production are addressed. Last but not least, the processes for bio-hydrogen and methane production from lignocellulosic materials are discussed.",book:{id:"7608",slug:"biomass-for-bioenergy-recent-trends-and-future-challenges",title:"Biomass for Bioenergy",fullTitle:"Biomass for Bioenergy - Recent Trends and Future Challenges"},signatures:"Apilak Salakkam, Pensri Plangklang, Sureewan Sittijunda, Mallika Boonmee Kongkeitkajorn, Siriporn Lunprom and Alissara Reungsang",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"12",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82465",title:"Agroforestry: An Approach for Sustainability and Climate Mitigation",slug:"agroforestry-an-approach-for-sustainability-and-climate-mitigation",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105406",abstract:"Agroforestry Systems (AFS), or the association of trees with crops (or animals), is a strategy for land management and use that allows production within the sustainable development: (a) environmentally (production environmentally harmonic); (b) technically (integrating existing resources on the farm); (c) economically (increase in production), and (d) socially (equality of duties and opportunities, quality of life of the family group). As an intentional integration of trees or shrubs with crop and animal production, this practice makes environmental, economic, and social benefits to farmers. Given that there is a set of definitions, rather than a single definition of Agroforestry (AF) and AFS, it is justified to explore the historical evolution and the minimum coincidences of criteria to define them and apply them in the recovery of degraded areas. Knowing how to classify AFS allows us to indicate which type or group of AFS is suitable for a particular area with its characteristics. The greatest benefit that AFS can bring to degraded or sloping areas lies in their ability to combine soil conservation with productive functions. In other words, AF is arborizing agriculture and animal production to obtain more benefits including climate change adaptation and mitigation by ecosystem services.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Ricardo O. Russo"},{id:"82754",title:"Impact of Revegetation on Ecological Restoration of a Constructed Soil in a Coal Mining in Southern Brazil",slug:"impact-of-revegetation-on-ecological-restoration-of-a-constructed-soil-in-a-coal-mining-in-southern-",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105895",abstract:"The main problems in the constructed soils are the generation of acid mine drainage promoted by the presence of coal debris in the overburden layer and the compaction of the topsoil promoted by the machine traffic when the material used in the overburden cover is more clayey. This book chapter aimed to show an overview of the impact of more than a decade of revegetation with different perennial grasses on the chemical, physical, and biological quality of constructed soil after coal mining. The study was carried out in a coal mining area, located in southern Brazil. The soil was constructed in early 2003 and the perennial grasses, Hemarthria altissima; Paspalum notatum cv. Pensacola; Cynodon dactylon cv Tifton; and Urochloa brizantha; were implanted in November/December 2003. In 11.5, 17.6 and 18 years of revegetation soil samples were collected and the chemical, physical, and biological attributes were determined. Our results show that liming is an important practice in the restoration of these strongly anthropized soils because this positively impacts the plants’ development, facilitating the roots system expansion. Biological attributes such as soil fauna and the microorganism’s population are the attributes that possibly takes longer to establish itself in these areas.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Lizete Stumpf, Maria Bertaso De Garcia Fernandez, Pablo Miguel, Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto, Ryan Noremberg Schubert, Luís Carlos Iuñes de Oliveira Filho, Tania Hipolito Montiel, Lucas Da Silva Barbosa, Jeferson Diego Leidemer and Thábata Barbosa Duarte"},{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",abstract:"Forest degradation impairs ability of the whole landscape adaptation to environmental change. The impacts of forest degradation on landscape are caused by a self-organization decline. At the present time, the self-organization decline was largely due to nitrogen deposition and deforestation which exacerbated impacts of climate change. Nevertheless, forest degradation processes are either reversible or irreversible. Irreversible forest degradation begins with soil damage. In this paper, we present processes of forest soil degradation in relation to vulnerability of regulation adaptability on global environmental change. The regulatory forest capabilities were indicated through soil organic matter sequestration dynamics. We devided the degradation processes into quantitative and qualitative damages of physical or chemical soil properties. Quantitative soil degradation includes irreversible loss of an earth’s body after claim, erosion or desertification, while qualitative degradation consists of predominantly reversible consequences after soil disintegration, leaching, acidification, salinization and intoxication. As a result of deforestation, the forest soil vulnerability is spreading through quantitative degradation replacing hitherto predominantly qualitative changes under continuous vegetation cover. Increasing needs to natural resources using and accompanying waste pollution destroy soil self-organization through biodiversity loss, simplification in functional links among living forms and substance losses from ecosystem. We concluded that subsequent irreversible changes in ecosystem self-organization cause a change of biome potential natural vegetation and the land usability decrease.",book:{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg"},signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová"},{id:"82828",title:"Vegetation and Avifauna Distribution in the Serengeti National Park",slug:"vegetation-and-avifauna-distribution-in-the-serengeti-national-park",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106165",abstract:"In order to examine the bird species changes within different vegetation structures, the variations were compared between Commiphora-dominated vegetations with those of Vachellia tortilis and Vachellia robusta-dominated vegetations, and also compared the birds of grassland with those of Vachellia drepanolobium and Vachellia seyal-dominated vegetations. This study was conducted between February 2010 and April 2012. A total of 40 plots of 100 m × 100 m were established. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to examine differences in bird species between vegetations. Species richness estimates were obtained using the Species Diversity and Richness. A total of 171 bird species representing 103 genera, 12 orders, and 54 families were recorded. We found differences in bird species distribution whereby V. tortilis has higher bird species richness (102 species), abundance, and diversity when compared with Commiphora with 66 species and V. robusta with 59 species. These results suggest that variations in bird species abundance, diversity, and distribution could be attributed to differences in the structural diversity of vegetation. Therefore it is important to maintain different types of vegetation by keeping the frequency of fire to a minimum and prescribed fire should be employed and encouraged to control wildfire and so maintain a diversity of vegetation and birds community.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Ally K. Nkwabi and Pius Y. Kavana"},{id:"82808",title:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Ecosystem of the Transgressive Mud Coastal Region of Bight of Benin, Nigeria",slug:"climate-change-and-anthropogenic-impacts-on-the-ecosystem-of-the-transgressive-mud-coastal-region-of",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105760",abstract:"The transgressive mud coastal area of Bight of Benin is a muddy coastal complex that lies east of the Barrier/lagoon coast and stretches to the Benin River in the northwestern flank of the Niger Delta Nigeria. It constitutes a fragile buffer zone between the tranquil waters of the swamps and the menacing waves of the Atlantic Ocean. Extensive breaching of this narrow coastal plain results in massive incursion of the sea into the inland swamps with serious implications for national security and the economy. Climate change impacts from the results of meteorological information of the regions shows a gradual degradation in the past 30 years. Temperature, rainfall and humidity increase annually depict climate change, resulting from uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources is rapidly pushing the region towards ecological disasters. The ecosystem is very unique being the only transgressive mud coastal area of the Gulf of Guinea. The chapter describes the geomorphology, tidal hydrology, relief/drainage, topography, climate/meteorology, vegetation, economic characteristics, anthropogenic activities and their impacts on the ecosystem.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Patrick O. Ayeku"},{id:"82697",title:"Analyzing the Evolution of Land-Use Changes Related to Vegetation, in the Galicia Region, Spain: From 1990 to 2018",slug:"analyzing-the-evolution-of-land-use-changes-related-to-vegetation-in-the-galicia-region-spain-from-1",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106015",abstract:"Considering the complex dynamics, patterns, and particularities that the Galicia region present—e.g., the fragility, shown to achieve sustainable development and growth—a study that analyzes the Land-Use related to the vegetation of this region is seen as pivotal to identifying barriers and opportunities for long-term sustainable development. Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems), the present chapter enables us to identify the dynamics and patterns of the evolution of the Land-Use Changes related to vegetation in the Galicia Region from 1990 to 2018 (years 1990, 2000, 2012, and 2018 using CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) data). This study permits us to reinforce that the Land-Use Changes related to vegetation in the Galicia Region have undergone multiple changes—marked by increasing and decreasing periods. Also, can be considered a surveying baseline for the comparative analysis of similar works for different Land-Use Changes related to vegetation trends in Europe or worldwide. Land-Use Changes related to vegetation studies are reliable tools to evaluate the human activities and footprint of proposed strategies and policies in a territory. This chapter also enables us to understand that the main actors should design development policies to protect, preserve and conserve these incomparable landscapes, environments, ecosystems, and the region as a whole.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Sérgio Lousada and José Manuel Naranjo Gómez"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:77},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. 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Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. 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He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. 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Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. 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Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. 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His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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