More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\n
Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\n
IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\n
Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2844",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Clinical Neurophysiology",title:"Advances in Clinical Neurophysiology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Including some of the newest advances in the field of neurophysiology, this book can be considered as one of the treasures that interested scientists would like to collect. It discusses many disciplines of clinical neurophysiology that are, currently, crucial in the practice as they explain methods and findings of techniques that help to improve diagnosis and to ensure better treatment. While trying to rely on evidence-based facts, this book presents some new ideas to be applied and tested in the clinical practice. Advances in Clinical Neurophysiology is important not only for the neurophysiologists but also for clinicians interested or working in wide range of specialties such as neurology, neurosurgery, intensive care units, pediatrics and so on. Generally, this book is written and designed to all those involved in, interpreting or requesting neurophysiologic tests.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0806-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5332-0",doi:"10.5772/3178",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-clinical-neurophysiology",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"592f8c69fd0bfc75e753539a17241f0c",bookSignature:"Ihsan M. Ajeena",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2844.jpg",numberOfDownloads:42298,numberOfWosCitations:41,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:42,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:104,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 22nd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 20th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 18th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 17th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 16th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"146334",title:"Dr.",name:"Ihsan",middleName:"Mohammad Abud",surname:"Ajeena",slug:"ihsan-ajeena",fullName:"Ihsan Ajeena",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/146334/images/3323_n.jpg",biography:"Ihsan Mohammad Abud Ajeena\nMBChB, MSc, PhD Physiology (Neurophysiology)\nAssistant Professor of Physiology\nCollege of Medicine / University of Kufa\nNeurophysiology Unit / middle Euphrates Neuroscience Center\nNajaf / Iraq \nRepresentative and general secretariate of the Iraqi branch in the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN).\nMore than 10 years experiences in the different disciplines of Clinical Neurophysiology\nSupervises many postgraduate students and have many published scientific articles in this field.\nParticipate in many related national and international symposiums, conferences and workshops.\nContact information through e mail: ihsan.ajeena@uokufa.edu.iraq",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Kufa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1177",title:"Clinical Neurophysiology",slug:"clinical-neurophysiology"}],chapters:[{id:"40102",title:"The Examination of Cortical Dynamics for Perceptual-Motor Processes in Visually-Guided Cognitive/Motor Task Performances",doi:"10.5772/50263",slug:"the-examination-of-cortical-dynamics-for-perceptual-motor-processes-in-visually-guided-cognitive-mot",totalDownloads:2192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hiromu Katsumata",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40102",authors:[{id:"148154",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiromu",surname:"Katsumata",slug:"hiromu-katsumata",fullName:"Hiromu Katsumata"}],corrections:null},{id:"40100",title:"Electroencephalography (EEG) and Unconsciousness",doi:"10.5772/48346",slug:"electroencephalography-eeg-and-unconsciousness",totalDownloads:4863,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dongyu Wu and Ying Yuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40100",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40100",authors:[{id:"142601",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongyu",surname:"Wu",slug:"dongyu-wu",fullName:"Dongyu Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"40106",title:"The Skin Neural Interface",doi:"10.5772/51601",slug:"the-skin-neural-interface",totalDownloads:2708,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pierre Rabischong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40106",authors:[{id:"143793",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Rabischong",slug:"pierre-rabischong",fullName:"Pierre Rabischong"}],corrections:null},{id:"40101",title:"Sleep Spindles – As a Biomarker of Brain Function and Plasticity",doi:"10.5772/48427",slug:"sleep-spindles-as-a-biomarker-of-brain-function-and-plasticity",totalDownloads:6177,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Yuko Urakami, Andreas A. Ioannides and George K. Kostopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40101",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40101",authors:[{id:"143845",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuko",surname:"Urakami",slug:"yuko-urakami",fullName:"Yuko Urakami"},{id:"147967",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreas A.",surname:"Ioannides",slug:"andreas-a.-ioannides",fullName:"Andreas A. Ioannides"},{id:"148302",title:"Prof.",name:"George K .",surname:"Kostopoulos",slug:"george-k-.-kostopoulos",fullName:"George K . Kostopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"40105",title:"Neuromuscular Disorders in Critically-Ill Patients – Approaches to Electrophysiologic Changes in Critical Illness Neuropathy and Myopathy",doi:"10.5772/50543",slug:"neuromuscular-disorders-in-critically-ill-patients-approaches-to-electrophysiologic-changes-in-criti",totalDownloads:3138,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fariba Eslamian and Mohammad Rahbar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40105",authors:[{id:"144356",title:"Dr.",name:"Fariba",surname:"Eslamian",slug:"fariba-eslamian",fullName:"Fariba Eslamian"},{id:"148292",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Rahbar",slug:"mohammad-rahbar",fullName:"Mohammad Rahbar"}],corrections:null},{id:"40103",title:"Pacemaker Neurons and Neuronal Networks in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/50264",slug:"pacemaker-neurons-and-neuronal-networks-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:3203,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fernando Peña-Ortega",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40103",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40103",authors:[{id:"145075",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Peña-Ortega",slug:"fernando-pena-ortega",fullName:"Fernando Peña-Ortega"}],corrections:null},{id:"40104",title:"Motor Unit Action Potential Duration: Measurement and Significance",doi:"10.5772/50265",slug:"motor-unit-action-potential-duration-measurement-and-significance",totalDownloads:12506,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Ignacio Rodríguez-Carreño, Luis Gila-Useros and Armando Malanda-Trigueros",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40104",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40104",authors:[{id:"127894",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",surname:"Malanda Trigueros",slug:"armando-malanda-trigueros",fullName:"Armando Malanda Trigueros"}],corrections:null},{id:"40107",title:"The Neurocognitive Networks of the Executive Functions",doi:"10.5772/51602",slug:"the-neurocognitive-networks-of-the-executive-functions",totalDownloads:4448,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Štefania Rusnáková and Ivan Rektor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40107",authors:[{id:"147570",title:"Dr.",name:"Štefania",surname:"Rusnakova",slug:"stefania-rusnakova",fullName:"Štefania Rusnakova"},{id:"147604",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Rektor",slug:"ivan-rektor",fullName:"Ivan Rektor"}],corrections:null},{id:"40099",title:"Mild Cognitive Impairment and Quantitative EEG Markers: Degenerative Versus Vascular Brain Damage",doi:"10.5772/47881",slug:"mild-cognitive-impairment-and-quantitative-eeg-markers-degenerative-versus-vascular-brain-damage",totalDownloads:3064,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"D. V. Moretti, G. B. Frisoni, G. Binetti and O. Zanetti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40099",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40099",authors:[{id:"147154",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",surname:"Moretti",slug:"davide-moretti",fullName:"Davide Moretti"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"931",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e65ff9500549a6c535cd4b54cd5b7601",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",bookSignature:"Julio César García Rodríguez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66369",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",surname:"Garcia Rodriguez",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia-rodriguez",fullName:"Julio Cesar Garcia Rodriguez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1657",title:"Neuroscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9a76a5d4740bdeefa66bb4cd6162964",slug:"neuroscience",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1657.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"81168",slug:"corrigendum-to-effects-of-therapeutic-and-toxic-agents-on-erythrocytes-of-different-species-of-anima",title:"Corrigendum to: Effects of Therapeutic and Toxic Agents on Erythrocytes of Different Species of Animals",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81168.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81168",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81168",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81168",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81168",chapter:{id:"67156",slug:"effects-of-therapeutic-and-toxic-agents-on-erythrocytes-of-different-species-of-animals",signatures:"Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan",dateSubmitted:"February 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 15th 2019",datePrePublished:"July 8th 2019",datePublished:"October 23rd 2019",book:{id:"7181",title:"Erythrocyte",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Erythrocyte",slug:"erythrocyte",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Anil Tombak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7181.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202814",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anil",middleName:null,surname:"Tombak",slug:"anil-tombak",fullName:"Anil Tombak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"266889",title:"Prof.",name:"Saganuwan",middleName:null,surname:"Alhaji Saganuwan",fullName:"Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan",slug:"saganuwan-alhaji-saganuwan",email:"pharn_saga2006@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"67156",slug:"effects-of-therapeutic-and-toxic-agents-on-erythrocytes-of-different-species-of-animals",signatures:"Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan",dateSubmitted:"February 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 15th 2019",datePrePublished:"July 8th 2019",datePublished:"October 23rd 2019",book:{id:"7181",title:"Erythrocyte",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Erythrocyte",slug:"erythrocyte",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Anil Tombak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7181.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202814",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anil",middleName:null,surname:"Tombak",slug:"anil-tombak",fullName:"Anil Tombak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"266889",title:"Prof.",name:"Saganuwan",middleName:null,surname:"Alhaji Saganuwan",fullName:"Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan",slug:"saganuwan-alhaji-saganuwan",email:"pharn_saga2006@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7181",title:"Erythrocyte",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Erythrocyte",slug:"erythrocyte",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Anil Tombak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7181.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202814",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anil",middleName:null,surname:"Tombak",slug:"anil-tombak",fullName:"Anil Tombak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11617",leadTitle:null,title:"Plant Invasions and Global Change - Prediction, Interaction and Evaluation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tPlant invasion and global climate change are major global change components. The prediction of successful invasive plant species, interactions between plant invasion and other global change factors, as well as evaluation of invasive plant impact on the introduced environments, such as soil nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emissions, are not well understood. This book aims to gather research in plant invasion studies associated with topics on prediction of successful invasive plants, interactions between plant invasion and other global change factors, and evaluation of invasive plant impacts, providing a thorough understanding of advances in plant invasion ecology on the background of global change. A better understanding of these questions will be helpful for future management of invasive plants, especially during global change mitigation processes, which are crucial for the sustainable development of human society and the maintenance of an environment-friendly world.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-789-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-788-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-790-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"90828f3756aae575bdda131afdc672af",bookSignature:"Dr. Ling Zhang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11617.jpg",keywords:"Plant Invasion, Global Change, Climate Change, Greenhouse Gas Emission, Soil Mechanism, Global Warming, Nutrient Cycling, Mineralization, Microbial Contribution, Soil Respiration, Nitrous Oxide, Methane",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 29th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 1st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ling Zhang is a pioneering researcher in environmental science, holder of twenty registered patents in three countries, as well as a member of the Ecological Society of America and Forestry Society of China.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"219350",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"ling-zhang",fullName:"Ling Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219350/images/system/219350.png",biography:"Dr. Ling Zhang obtained his Ph.D. in Soil Science from Nanjing Agricultural University, China. From 2021-2013, he visited the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, USA. He is currently working as a professor at the College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, China, supervising graduate students. Dr. Zhang studies global change biology, forest ecology, plant invasion, and soil carbon and nitrogen cycling. He has published more than 50 papers related to global change ecology or forest ecology, and authored or co-authored several books on forest ecology or soil ecology in the recent years. He is also serving as an associate editor of ISI journal Plant Ecology and a reviewer for more than 10 ISI journals.",institutionString:"Jiangxi Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Jiangxi Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"478197",firstName:"Veronika",lastName:"Radosavac",middleName:null,title:"Dr.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"veronika@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"14821",title:"High-Temperature Superconducting Wind Turbine Generators",doi:"10.5772/14660",slug:"high-temperature-superconducting-wind-turbine-generators",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/14821.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14821",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14821",totalDownloads:9347,totalViews:138,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:61,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 27th 2010",dateReviewed:"September 27th 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 4th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/14821",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/14821",book:{id:"115",slug:"wind-turbines"},signatures:"Wenping Cao",authors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",email:"w.p.cao@aston.ac.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174154/images/system/174154.png",institution:{name:"Aston University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"115",type:"book",title:"Wind Turbines",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wind Turbines",slug:"wind-turbines",publishedDate:"April 4th 2011",bookSignature:"Ibrahim Al-Bahadly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/115.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-221-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4506-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:140,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"19588",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim H.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Bahadly",slug:"ibrahim-h.-al-bahadly",fullName:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"771"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"14795",type:"chapter",title:"Special Issues on Design Optimization of Wind Turbine Structures",slug:"special-issues-on-design-optimization-of-wind-turbine-structures",totalDownloads:5290,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Karam Maalawi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18593",title:"Prof.",name:"Karam",middleName:"Youssef",surname:"Maalawi",fullName:"Karam Maalawi",slug:"karam-maalawi"}]},{id:"14796",type:"chapter",title:"Productivity and Development Issues of Global Wind Turbine Industry",slug:"productivity-and-development-issues-of-global-wind-turbine-industry",totalDownloads:2705,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ali Mostafaeipour",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18596",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Mostafaeipour",fullName:"Ali Mostafaeipour",slug:"ali-mostafaeipour"}]},{id:"14797",type:"chapter",title:"Adaptive Bend-Torsional Coupling Wind Turbine Blade Design Imitating the Topology Structure of Natural Plant Leaves",slug:"adaptive-bend-torsional-coupling-wind-turbine-blade-design-imitating-the-topology-structure-of-natur",totalDownloads:4628,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Wangyu Liu and Jiaxing Gong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18507",title:"Prof.",name:"Wangyu",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Wangyu Liu",slug:"wangyu-liu"},{id:"21374",title:"Mr.",name:"Jiaxing",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",fullName:"Jiaxing Gong",slug:"jiaxing-gong"}]},{id:"14798",type:"chapter",title:"A Ducted Horizontal Wind Turbine for Efficient Generation",slug:"a-ducted-horizontal-wind-turbine-for-efficient-generation",totalDownloads:9944,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"I.H. Al-Bahadly and A.F.T. Petersen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19588",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim H.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Bahadly",fullName:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly",slug:"ibrahim-h.-al-bahadly"},{id:"20702",title:"Mr.",name:"A.F.T.",middleName:null,surname:"Petersen",fullName:"A.F.T. Petersen",slug:"a.f.t.-petersen"}]},{id:"14799",type:"chapter",title:"Small Wind Turbine Technology",slug:"small-wind-turbine-technology",totalDownloads:9963,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Oliver Probst, Jaime Martínez, Jorge Elizondo and Oswaldo Monroy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22244",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Probst",fullName:"Oliver Probst",slug:"oliver-probst"},{id:"22245",title:"PhD.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez",fullName:"Jaime Martínez",slug:"jaime-martinez"},{id:"22246",title:"PhD.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Elizondo",fullName:"Jorge Elizondo",slug:"jorge-elizondo"}]},{id:"14800",type:"chapter",title:"Innovative Concepts in Wind-Power Generation: The VGOT Darrieus",slug:"innovative-concepts-in-wind-power-generation-the-vgot-darrieus",totalDownloads:3409,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fernando Ponta, Alejandro Otero and Lucas Lago",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22997",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Ponta",fullName:"Fernando Ponta",slug:"fernando-ponta"},{id:"22999",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Otero",fullName:"Alejandro Otero",slug:"alejandro-otero"},{id:"23000",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucas",middleName:"Ignacio",surname:"Lago",fullName:"Lucas Lago",slug:"lucas-lago"}]},{id:"14801",type:"chapter",title:"Wind Turbine Simulators",slug:"wind-turbine-simulators",totalDownloads:5101,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hossein Madadi Kojabadi and Liuchen Chang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19466",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein Madadi",middleName:null,surname:"Kojabadi",fullName:"Hossein Madadi Kojabadi",slug:"hossein-madadi-kojabadi"},{id:"22279",title:"Prof.",name:"Liuchen",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Liuchen Chang",slug:"liuchen-chang"}]},{id:"14802",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis and Mitigation of Icing Effects on Wind Turbines",slug:"analysis-and-mitigation-of-icing-effects-on-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:8272,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Adrian Ilinca",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"161748",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Ilinca",fullName:"Adrian Ilinca",slug:"adrian-ilinca"}]},{id:"14803",type:"chapter",title:"An Experimental Study of the Shapes of Rotor for Horizontal-Axis Small Wind Turbines",slug:"an-experimental-study-of-the-shapes-of-rotor-for-horizontal-axis-small-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:3451,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoshifumi Nishizawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19601",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshifumi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishizawa",fullName:"Yoshifumi Nishizawa",slug:"yoshifumi-nishizawa"}]},{id:"14804",type:"chapter",title:"Selection, Design and Construction of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations",slug:"selection-design-and-construction-of-offshore-wind-turbine-foundations",totalDownloads:29186,totalCrossrefCites:31,signatures:"Sanjeev Malhotra",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20904",title:"Mr.",name:"Sanjeev",middleName:null,surname:"Malhotra",fullName:"Sanjeev Malhotra",slug:"sanjeev-malhotra"}]},{id:"14805",type:"chapter",title:"Control System Design",slug:"control-system-design",totalDownloads:4694,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Yoonsu Nam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18241",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoonsu",middleName:null,surname:"Nam",fullName:"Yoonsu Nam",slug:"yoonsu-nam"}]},{id:"14806",type:"chapter",title:"Using Genetic Algorithm to Obtain Optimal Controllers for the DFIG Converters to Enhance Power System Operational Security",slug:"using-genetic-algorithm-to-obtain-optimal-controllers-for-the-dfig-converters-to-enhance-power-syste",totalDownloads:3236,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"João P. A. Vieira, Marcus V. A. Nunes and Ubiratan H. Bezerra",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18710",title:"Dr.",name:"João Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"João Paulo Vieira",slug:"joao-paulo-vieira"},{id:"22302",title:"PhD.",name:"Marcus Vinicius A.",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Marcus Vinicius A. Nunes",slug:"marcus-vinicius-a.-nunes"},{id:"22303",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubiratan",middleName:"Holanda",surname:"Holanda Berzerra",fullName:"Ubiratan Holanda Berzerra",slug:"ubiratan-holanda-berzerra"}]},{id:"14807",type:"chapter",title:"Intelligent Approach to MPPT Control Strategy for Variable-SpeedWind Turbine Generation System",slug:"intelligent-approach-to-mppt-control-strategy-for-variable-speedwind-turbine-generation-system",totalDownloads:4693,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Whei-Min Lin and Chih-Ming Hong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19365",title:"PhD.",name:"Chih-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Hong",fullName:"Chih-Ming Hong",slug:"chih-ming-hong"},{id:"19391",title:"Prof.",name:"Whei-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Whei-Min Lin",slug:"whei-min-lin"}]},{id:"14808",type:"chapter",title:"A Simple Prediction Model for PCC Voltage Variation Due to Active Power Fluctuation for a Grid Connected Wind Turbine",slug:"a-simple-prediction-model-for-pcc-voltage-variation-due-to-active-power-fluctuation-for-a-grid-conne",totalDownloads:3280,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sang-Jin Kim and Se-Jin Seong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18446",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Sang-Jin Kim",slug:"sang-jin-kim"}]},{id:"14809",type:"chapter",title:"Markovian Approaches to Model Wind Speed of a Site and Power Availability of a Wind Turbine",slug:"markovian-approaches-to-model-wind-speed-of-a-site-and-power-availability-of-a-wind-turbine",totalDownloads:3008,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alfredo Testa, Roberto Langella and Teresa Manco",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20209",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Langella",fullName:"Roberto Langella",slug:"roberto-langella"},{id:"20212",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Testa",fullName:"Alfredo Testa",slug:"alfredo-testa"},{id:"20213",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Manco",fullName:"Teresa Manco",slug:"teresa-manco"}]},{id:"14810",type:"chapter",title:"Modelling and Control Design of Pitch-Controlled Variable Speed Wind Turbines",slug:"modelling-and-control-design-of-pitch-controlled-variable-speed-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:6715,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Marcelo Gustavo Molina and Pedro Enrique Mercado",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7483",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"Gustavo",surname:"Molina",fullName:"Marcelo Molina",slug:"marcelo-molina"},{id:"8097",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Mercado",fullName:"Pedro Enrique Mercado",slug:"pedro-enrique-mercado"}]},{id:"14811",type:"chapter",title:"Wind Park Layout Design Using Combinatorial Optimization",slug:"wind-park-layout-design-using-combinatorial-optimization",totalDownloads:3215,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ivan Mustakerov and Daniela Borissova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19525",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:"Ivanova",surname:"Borissova",fullName:"Daniela Borissova",slug:"daniela-borissova"},{id:"19527",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustakerov",fullName:"Ivan Mustakerov",slug:"ivan-mustakerov"}]},{id:"14812",type:"chapter",title:"Genetic Optimal Micrositing of Wind Farms by Equilateral-Triangle Mesh",slug:"genetic-optimal-micrositing-of-wind-farms-by-equilateral-triangle-mesh",totalDownloads:3145,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jun Wang, Xiaolan Li and Xing Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17097",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jun Wang",slug:"jun-wang"},{id:"21410",title:"PhD.",name:"Xiaolan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xiaolan Li",slug:"xiaolan-li"},{id:"21411",title:"Prof.",name:"Xing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xing Zhang",slug:"xing-zhang"}]},{id:"14813",type:"chapter",title:"Wind Turbines Integration with Storage Devices: Modelling and Control Strategies",slug:"wind-turbines-integration-with-storage-devices-modelling-and-control-strategies",totalDownloads:4154,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Samuele Grillo, Mattia Marinelli and Federico Silvestro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19720",title:"PhD.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Marinelli",fullName:"Mattia Marinelli",slug:"mattia-marinelli"},{id:"22582",title:"PhD.",name:"Samuele",middleName:null,surname:"Grillo",fullName:"Samuele Grillo",slug:"samuele-grillo"},{id:"22583",title:"Prof.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestro",fullName:"Federico Silvestro",slug:"federico-silvestro"}]},{id:"14814",type:"chapter",title:"Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Full-Power Converters: Modelling, Control and Simulation",slug:"wind-turbines-with-permanent-magnet-synchronous-generator-and-full-power-converters-modelling-contro",totalDownloads:15712,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Rui Melício, Victor M. F. Mendes and João P. S. Catalão",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18288",title:"Prof.",name:"João P.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Catalão",fullName:"João P.S. Catalão",slug:"joao-p.s.-catalao"},{id:"18290",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Melício",fullName:"Rui Melício",slug:"rui-melicio"},{id:"18291",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor M.F.",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",fullName:"Victor M.F. Mendes",slug:"victor-m.f.-mendes"}]},{id:"14815",type:"chapter",title:"Reactive Power Control of Direct Drive Synchronous Generators to Enhance the Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability",slug:"reactive-power-control-of-direct-drive-synchronous-generators-to-enhance-the-low-voltage-ride-throug",totalDownloads:6713,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Andrey C. Lopes, André C. Nascimento, João P. A. Vieira, Marcus V. A. Nunes and Ubiratan H. Bezerra",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18710",title:"Dr.",name:"João Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"João Paulo Vieira",slug:"joao-paulo-vieira"},{id:"22302",title:"PhD.",name:"Marcus Vinicius A.",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Marcus Vinicius A. Nunes",slug:"marcus-vinicius-a.-nunes"},{id:"22303",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubiratan",middleName:"Holanda",surname:"Holanda Berzerra",fullName:"Ubiratan Holanda Berzerra",slug:"ubiratan-holanda-berzerra"},{id:"22308",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey C.",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",fullName:"Andrey C. Lopes",slug:"andrey-c.-lopes"},{id:"22309",title:"Prof.",name:"André C.",middleName:null,surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"André C. Nascimento",slug:"andre-c.-nascimento"}]},{id:"14816",type:"chapter",title:"Electromagnetic Calculation of a Wind Turbine Earthing System",slug:"electromagnetic-calculation-of-a-wind-turbine-earthing-system",totalDownloads:6432,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasuda Yoh and Fujii Toshiaki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22194",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoh",middleName:null,surname:"Yasuda",fullName:"Yoh Yasuda",slug:"yoh-yasuda"},{id:"22394",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Fujii",fullName:"Toshiaki Fujii",slug:"toshiaki-fujii"}]},{id:"14817",type:"chapter",title:"Rotor Speed Stability Analysis of a Constant Speed Wind Turbine Generator",slug:"rotor-speed-stability-analysis-of-a-constant-speed-wind-turbine-generator",totalDownloads:4835,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mitalkumar Kanabar and Srikrishna Khaparde",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23015",title:"PhD.",name:"Mitalkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kanabar",fullName:"Mitalkumar Kanabar",slug:"mitalkumar-kanabar"},{id:"23016",title:"Prof.",name:"Srikrishna",middleName:null,surname:"Khaparde",fullName:"Srikrishna Khaparde",slug:"srikrishna-khaparde"}]},{id:"14818",type:"chapter",title:"Power Quality in Grid-Connected Wind Turbines",slug:"power-quality-in-grid-connected-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:12106,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"J.J. Gutierrez, J. Ruiz, P. Saiz, I. Azcarate, L.A. Leturiondo and A. Lazkano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7328",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez",fullName:"Jose Julio Gutierrez",slug:"jose-julio-gutierrez"},{id:"21955",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz",fullName:"Jesus Ruiz",slug:"jesus-ruiz"},{id:"21956",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Leturiondo",fullName:"Luis Alberto Leturiondo",slug:"luis-alberto-leturiondo"},{id:"21957",title:"PhD.",name:"Purificacion",middleName:null,surname:"Saiz",fullName:"Purificacion Saiz",slug:"purificacion-saiz"},{id:"21958",title:"PhD.",name:"Izaskun",middleName:null,surname:"Azkarate",fullName:"Izaskun Azkarate",slug:"izaskun-azkarate"},{id:"21959",title:"Dr.",name:"Andoni",middleName:null,surname:"Lazkano",fullName:"Andoni Lazkano",slug:"andoni-lazkano"}]},{id:"14819",type:"chapter",title:"Optimal Selection of Drive Components for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Based Wind Turbines",slug:"optimal-selection-of-drive-components-for-doubly-fed-induction-generator-based-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:4165,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Davide Aguglia, Philippe Viarouge, René Wamkeue and Jérôme Cros",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20064",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Viarouge",fullName:"Philippe Viarouge",slug:"philippe-viarouge"},{id:"20869",title:"PhD.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Aguglia",fullName:"Davide Aguglia",slug:"davide-aguglia"},{id:"22804",title:"Prof.",name:"René",middleName:null,surname:"Wamkeue",fullName:"René Wamkeue",slug:"rene-wamkeue"},{id:"22805",title:"Prof.",name:"Jérôme",middleName:null,surname:"Cros",fullName:"Jérôme Cros",slug:"jerome-cros"}]},{id:"14820",type:"chapter",title:"Wind Turbine Model and Maximum Power Tracking Strategy",slug:"wind-turbine-model-and-maximum-power-tracking-strategy",totalDownloads:4234,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hengameh Kojooyan Jafari and Ahmed Radan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18629",title:"Prof.",name:"Hengameh Kojooyan",middleName:null,surname:"Jafari",fullName:"Hengameh Kojooyan Jafari",slug:"hengameh-kojooyan-jafari"},{id:"18823",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Radan",fullName:"Ahmed Radan",slug:"ahmed-radan"}]},{id:"14821",type:"chapter",title:"High-Temperature Superconducting Wind Turbine Generators",slug:"high-temperature-superconducting-wind-turbine-generators",totalDownloads:9347,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Wenping Cao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao",slug:"wenping-cao"}]},{id:"14822",type:"chapter",title:"Small Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems",slug:"small-scale-wind-energy-conversion-systems",totalDownloads:7085,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mostafa Abarzadeh, Hossein Madadi Kojabadi and Liuchen Chang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19466",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein Madadi",middleName:null,surname:"Kojabadi",fullName:"Hossein Madadi Kojabadi",slug:"hossein-madadi-kojabadi"},{id:"22279",title:"Prof.",name:"Liuchen",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Liuchen Chang",slug:"liuchen-chang"},{id:"22578",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Abarzadeh",fullName:"Mostafa Abarzadeh",slug:"mostafa-abarzadeh"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6866",title:"Energy Conversion",subtitle:"Current Technologies and Future Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"62eaa46123434eb277ced91a69a3d525",slug:"energy-conversion-current-technologies-and-future-trends",bookSignature:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6866.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19588",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim H.",surname:"Al-Bahadly",slug:"ibrahim-h.-al-bahadly",fullName:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"62310",title:"The Solutions of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System",slug:"the-solutions-of-dc-dc-converters-for-renewable-energy-system",signatures:"Nguyen The Vinh and Vo Thanh Vinh",authors:[{id:"235787",title:"Dr.",name:"Nguyen",middleName:"The",surname:"Vinh",fullName:"Nguyen Vinh",slug:"nguyen-vinh"},{id:"241955",title:"MSc.",name:"Vo",middleName:null,surname:"Vinh",fullName:"Vo Vinh",slug:"vo-vinh"}]},{id:"62179",title:"Electrical Rating—Long-Term Performance Potential of Photovoltaic Systems",slug:"electrical-rating-long-term-performance-potential-of-photovoltaic-systems",signatures:"Muhammad Burhan, Muhammad Wakil Shahzad and Ng Kim\nChoon",authors:[{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad"},{id:"249811",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Burhan",fullName:"Muhammad Burhan",slug:"muhammad-burhan"},{id:"254696",title:"Prof.",name:"Kim Choon",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Kim Choon Ng",slug:"kim-choon-ng"}]},{id:"63159",title:"Solar Cooling Technologies",slug:"solar-cooling-technologies",signatures:"Salman Ajib and Ali Alahmer",authors:[{id:"247163",title:"Prof.",name:"Salman",middleName:null,surname:"Ajib",fullName:"Salman Ajib",slug:"salman-ajib"},{id:"267665",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Alahmer",fullName:"Ali Alahmer",slug:"ali-alahmer"}]},{id:"62100",title:"State-of-the-Art Technologies on Low-Grade Heat Recovery and Utilization in Industry",slug:"state-of-the-art-technologies-on-low-grade-heat-recovery-and-utilization-in-industry",signatures:"Janie Ling-Chin, Huashan Bao, Zhiwei Ma, Wendy Taylor and\nAnthony Paul Roskilly",authors:[{id:"249449",title:"Dr.",name:"Janie",middleName:null,surname:"Ling Chin",fullName:"Janie Ling Chin",slug:"janie-ling-chin"}]},{id:"62068",title:"The Role of Material Selection and Microfluidics for Optimized Energy Conversion in Microbial Fuel Cells",slug:"the-role-of-material-selection-and-microfluidics-for-optimized-energy-conversion-in-microbial-fuel-c",signatures:"Giulia Massaglia and Marzia Quaglio",authors:[{id:"36458",title:"Dr.",name:"Marzia",middleName:null,surname:"Quaglio",fullName:"Marzia Quaglio",slug:"marzia-quaglio"},{id:"223653",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Massaglia",fullName:"Giulia Massaglia",slug:"giulia-massaglia"}]},{id:"62640",title:"The Bioenergy Potentials of Lignocelluloses",slug:"the-bioenergy-potentials-of-lignocelluloses",signatures:"Olatunde Samuel Dahunsi and Munachi Enyinnaya",authors:[{id:"246779",title:"Dr.",name:"Olatunde",middleName:"Samuel",surname:"Dahunsi",fullName:"Olatunde Dahunsi",slug:"olatunde-dahunsi"},{id:"259974",title:"Mr.",name:"Munachi",middleName:null,surname:"Enyinnaya",fullName:"Munachi Enyinnaya",slug:"munachi-enyinnaya"}]},{id:"62541",title:"Free-Piston Stirling Engine Generators",slug:"free-piston-stirling-engine-generators",signatures:"Songgang Qiu and Laura Solomon",authors:[{id:"248993",title:"Prof.",name:"Songgang",middleName:null,surname:"Qiu",fullName:"Songgang Qiu",slug:"songgang-qiu"},{id:"249207",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Solomon",fullName:"Laura Solomon",slug:"laura-solomon"}]},{id:"62390",title:"Municipal Solid Waste Management and Energy Recovery",slug:"municipal-solid-waste-management-and-energy-recovery",signatures:"José Carlos Escobar Palacio, José Joaquim Conceição Soares Santos,\nMaria Luiza Grillo Renó, Juarez Corrêa Furtado Júnior, Monica\nCarvalho, Arnaldo Martín Martínez Reyes and Dimas José Rúa\nOrozco",authors:[{id:"251142",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Palacio",fullName:"Jose Palacio",slug:"jose-palacio"},{id:"261107",title:"Dr.",name:"José Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"Conceição Soares Santos",fullName:"José Joaquim Conceição Soares Santos",slug:"jose-joaquim-conceicao-soares-santos"},{id:"261108",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"Grillo Renó",fullName:"Maria Luiza Grillo Renó",slug:"maria-luiza-grillo-reno"},{id:"261109",title:"MSc.",name:"Juarez Corrêa",middleName:null,surname:"Furtado Júnior",fullName:"Juarez Corrêa Furtado Júnior",slug:"juarez-correa-furtado-junior"},{id:"261110",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Monica Carvalho",slug:"monica-carvalho"},{id:"261111",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimas José",middleName:null,surname:"Rúa Orozco",fullName:"Dimas José Rúa Orozco",slug:"dimas-jose-rua-orozco"},{id:"261115",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnaldo Martín",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Reyes",fullName:"Arnaldo Martín Martínez Reyes",slug:"arnaldo-martin-martinez-reyes"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3131",title:"Sustainable Energy",subtitle:"Recent Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9df4529946c94f3f6647549bd78041d",slug:"sustainable-energy-recent-studies",bookSignature:"Alemayehu Gebremedhin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3131.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13463",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",surname:"Gebremedhin",slug:"alemayehu-gebremedhin",fullName:"Alemayehu Gebremedhin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3160",title:"Energy Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1e8310d9020b137ca090e425533afa2",slug:"energy-management",bookSignature:"Francisco Macia Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6968",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Macia-Perez",slug:"francisco-macia-perez",fullName:"Francisco Macia-Perez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3180",title:"Gas Turbines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79b78c1eec936d997a471f9ab08ccb0a",slug:"gas-turbines",bookSignature:"Gurrappa Injeti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3180.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12369",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurrappa",surname:"Injeti",slug:"gurrappa-injeti",fullName:"Gurrappa Injeti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5350",title:"ICT - Energy Concepts for Energy Efficiency and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1edc87f909de2e904d7cbc6ad74c581e",slug:"ict-energy-concepts-for-energy-efficiency-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giorgos Fagas, Luca Gammaitoni, John P. Gallagher and Douglas J. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5350.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"168209",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgos",surname:"Fagas",slug:"giorgos-fagas",fullName:"Giorgos Fagas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"5383",title:"Sustainable Energy",subtitle:"Technological Issues, Applications and Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d528cf3bf35c5e37a00a6a688e0b1e81",slug:"sustainable-energy-technological-issues-applications-and-case-studies",bookSignature:"Ahmed F. Zobaa, Sara N. Afifi and Ioana Pisica",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5383.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed F.",surname:"Zobaa",slug:"ahmed-f.-zobaa",fullName:"Ahmed F. Zobaa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"115",title:"Wind Turbines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"wind-turbines",bookSignature:"Ibrahim Al-Bahadly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/115.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19588",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim H.",surname:"Al-Bahadly",slug:"ibrahim-h.-al-bahadly",fullName:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3076",title:"Advances in Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7fd7c5d70cbc111f7a84a512c2189d48",slug:"advances-in-wind-power",bookSignature:"Rupp Carriveau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22234",title:"Dr.",name:"Rupp",surname:"Carriveau",slug:"rupp-carriveau",fullName:"Rupp Carriveau"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4623",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Utilisation and System Integration",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a95f39bf464b9e664978e0ed8e4d77ca",slug:"renewable-energy-utilisation-and-system-integration",bookSignature:"Wenping Cao and Yihua Hu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4623.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80334",title:"Zero Emission Hydrogen Fuelled Fuel Cell Vehicle and Advanced Strategy on Internal Combustion Engine: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102057",slug:"zero-emission-hydrogen-fuelled-fuel-cell-vehicle-and-advanced-strategy-on-internal-combustion-engine",body:'
1. Introduction
Global energy consumption has increased gradually in recent years due to population growth, and economic development and industrialization. Also, global warming and environmental pollution worsened everyday too much of automobile vehicles and industrialization. Hence, the development of renewable energy sources became increasingly important. Hydrogen is one the most promising clean and sustainable energy sources because it emits only water as a byproduct and generates no carbon emissions [1]. Hydrogen has a quality of high energy carrier including high energy density that is more than ordinary petroleum and diesel fuel [2]. At the moment, global hydrogen production is estimated to over 500 billion cube meters per year [3]. It can be used in much industrial application including fertilizer, petroleum refining operation, fuel cell, chemical industries [4]. Hydrogen can be generated from variety of renewable and non-renewable sources like water and fossil fuels [5], oil reforming [6], coal gasification [7], biomass [8], water electrolysis [9].
Many approaches for manufacturing hydrogen are currently available however water electrolysis is one of the most capable methods for producing hydrogen as a product and oxygen as a by-product. At the moment, only 4% of hydrogen can be obtained by electrolysis of water [10]. Water electrolysis also provides a number of advantages, such as high cell efficiency and a greater hydrogen generation rate with excellent purity, making it a better method for converting water to electrical energy via low-temperature fuel cells. The water molecule is the reactant in the electrolysis process, and under the influence of electricity, it is split into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Based on the electrolyte, operating conditions, and ionic agents (OH−, H+, O2−), water electrolysis is separated into four categories: alkaline water electrolysis (ii), solid oxide electrolysis (SOE), microbial electrolysis cells (MEC), and PEM electrolysis of water [11]. The phenomenon was first described by Troostwijk and Diemann in 1789 [12], and it is a well-established technique for commercial hydrogen production up to the megawatt range in the world.
The hydroxyl ions (OH−) flow through the porous diaphragm to the anode under the effect of the electrical circuit between anode and cathode, where they are discharged to 12 molecules of oxygen (O2) and one molecule of water (H2O). Alkaline electrolysis is performed at lower temperatures, such as 30–80°C, with an aqueous solution (KOH/NaOH) as the electrolyte and a 20–30% concentration. Alkaline water electrolysis uses an asbestos diaphragm and nickel materials as electrodes [13]. In the 1980s, Donitz and Erdle proposed solid oxide electrolysis (SOE). Solid oxide electrolysis has attracted a lot of interest since it converts electrical energy into chemical energy while also producing ultra-pure hydrogen with a higher efficiency. Solid oxide electrolysis runs at high pressures and temperatures of 500–850°C and consumes water in the form of steam. Nickel/zirconia is commonly utilized as an O2 conductor in solid oxide electrolysis [14].
Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) technology may produce hydrogen from organic matter such as renewable biomass and wastewaters. MEC technology is similar to microbial fuel cells (MFCs), however the operational concept is reversed [15]. In 2005, two independent research institutions, Penn State University and Wageningen University in the Netherlands, established the first Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) method. Electrical energy is turned into chemical energy in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). Under the influence of an electric current, MECs created hydrogen from organic molecules. Microbes oxidize the substrate at the anode side of the microbial electrolysis process, producing CO2, protons, and electrons. The electrons move to the cathode side via the external circuit, while the protons travel to the cathode via a proton conducting membrane (electrolyte), where the protons and electrons combine to form hydrogen [15]. However, this MEC technology is still in the early stages of development, and various issues like as high internal resistance, electrode materials, and intricate design must be addressed before the technology can be commercialized [16].
In the early 1950s, Grubb achieved the first PEM water electrolysis, and General Electric Co. was created in 1966 to overcome the drawbacks of alkaline water electrolysis. PEM water electrolysis technique, which is similar to PEM fuel cell technology [17], used solid poly sulfated membranes (Nafion®, fumapem®) as an electrolyte (proton conductor). Lower gas permeability, strong proton conductivity (0.1 0.02 S cm−1), thinness (20–300 m), and high-pressure functionality are all advantages of these proton exchange membranes. In terms of sustainability and environmental impact, PEM water electrolysis is one of the most environmentally benign methods for converting renewable energy to high purity hydrogen. Another prospective PEM water electrolysis device has a small footprint, high current density (over 2 A cm−2), high efficiency, fast responsiveness, and operates at lower temperatures (20–80°C) while producing ultrapure hydrogen as a byproduct [17].
2. Fuel cell vehicles
Fuel cell technology is gaining popularity in the automotive industry due to its ease of use, quiet operation, high efficiency, and modular structure. According to Mustafa et al., recent investigations have showed that the usage of fuel cells in vehicles has expanded rapidly, causing a revolution, and will be an alternative to conventional vehicles in the future (2021). Configuration, system components, control/management, technical obstacles, marketing, and future aspects are all categories for fuel cell cars. Based on chemical characteristics and operating temperature, fuel cells are classed as proton exchange membrane FCs, solid oxide FCs, direct methanol FCs, alkaline FCs, molten carbonate FCs, and phosphoric acid FCs. FCs are used in both commercial and research & development applications. Common stack size, theoretical cell voltage, operating temperature, electrical efficiency, benefits, and downsides are used to classify FC features [18]. In this environment, FCs are used in distributed generation, mobile power, backup power, military, space, and vehicle applications. Low temperature and pressure PEMFCs are the most used FCs in vehicle applications because of their high power density, lower working temperature (60–80°C), and reduced corrosion than other FCs [18].
In the construction of fuel cell hybrid electrical vehicles (FCEVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCs) are coupled to electric motors via controlled electronic interfacing components [19]. The basic components of traditional FCEVs are a voltage regulation converter, motor drive, electric motor, and auxiliary energy generation units [20]. For interfacing components and energy management algorithms, FCEVs vehicles have a variety of configuration topologies [21]. The powertrain structures, voltage regulation topologies, motor drive converters, and energy management technologies can all be used to classify FCEVs. In the operation of FCEVs, the FC stack feeds energy to the dc-bus and maintains the required DC bus voltage [22]. The FC is then connected directly to the Unidirectional DC-DC converter (UDC) as a system element to maintain the dc-bus voltage and send the energy generated for vehicle propulsion to the motor drive converter. A DC-AC converter checks the motor speed and torque for safe operation. Finally, the drive controller is in charge of monitoring the electric motors as they convert electrical energy into kinetic energy [23].
FCs have a higher energy density and efficiency than other power sources such as photovoltaics, batteries, ultra capacitors, and super conducting magnetic energy storage. Because of its modular design, FCs are also suitable for electric vehicle applications. Furthermore, FC has a 20–30 year lifespan [24]. As a portable/rechargeable energy storage system, the battery is also a preferred power source for FCEV hybridization. However, it has a short lifespan and is only useful for a short length of time [25]. Ultra capacitors (UC) are a type of storage element that can be used in FCEV applications to increase the dynamic response of the system. Photovoltaic (PV) is a gadget that generates energy, however it is too large to carry. The output of super conductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) generates a lot of power, however it has a low energy density. Short-duration energy storage is also included in SMES, albeit at a high expense [26]. Based on this, several hybridization topologies are recognized in the literature. Full FC, partial FC, and hybrid FC cars are classified as FC + battery hybridization, FC + UC hybridization, FC + battery + UC hybridization, FC + battery + PV, FC + flywheel hybridization, and FC + SMES [18]. FC + battery + PV, FC + battery + PV, FC + flywheel hybridization, and FC + SMES are all examples of FC-powered cars.
The FCEV scheme clearly shows that this topology’s energy generation is exclusively dependent on the FC stack. It simple construction includes a fuel tank, FC stack, DC-DC power converter, inverter, and electric motor [27]. These cars feature a long driving range, a fast charging time, high efficiency, cold start capabilities, silent operation due to the lack of mechanical components, energy supply continuity, and low emissions [27]. Full FCEVs are a suitable fit for low-speed vehicles including forklifts, busses, airline vehicles, trams, and marine vehicles. The combination of FC + battery units is the most common topology in FCEV hybridization [18]. A unidirectional DC-DC converter (UDC) connects FC to the DC bus, while a bidirectional DC-DC converter connects the battery to the DC bus. In the operating procedure of FC + battery hybridization, an initial start-up with the battery is provided to avoid the FC running in the low-efficiency zone. As a result, a huge amount of current is generated to start the electric motor [25]. When the car is turned on for the first time, the FC is activated to keep the electric motor going. After then, the battery is charged according to the charge status criteria. The UC only allows FC to be utilized in emergency situations to meet transient power demands. UC, on the other hand, has a low energy density and is not used to give energy on a long-term basis [28].
In contrast to earlier hybridization topologies, FC + battery + UC hybridization has a primary energy source (FC) and two secondary energy sources (battery and UC) (battery and ultra capacitor). In this design, the FC is connected to the DC bus through a one-way DC-DC converter. The energy storage units, battery and UC, are connected to the DC bus by bidirectional DC-DC converters (BDCs). This architecture combines the advantages of FC + battery and FC + UC systems to provide continuous energy while also boosting FC dynamic response during transient events [29]. In recent years, PV panels have been incorporated with FC-based electric vehicles for hybridization. In FC + battery + PV hybridization, PV panels generate DC voltage that is coupled to the DC bus via a unidirectional converter. The FC is the primary energy source in an FC + battery + PV system, with the PV panel acting as a backup. Both the FC and PV busses are connected to the DC bus by unidirectional converters. PV panels generate varying amounts of power based on the intensity of solar radiation, the temperature, and the sun’s direction. As a result, the PV electricity generated is fed directly into the electric motor or is used to charge the battery [30].
FC+ flywheel hybridization is similar to the preceding approach in that the FC serves as the major energy source and the flywheel, rather than batteries, serves as an energy storage method. Flywheels and generators are connected to store energy mechanically with a high rotating speed and transform that mechanical energy into electricity when EM requires a lot of it. Flywheels have a faster charging capability, higher efficiency, and higher power rating than batteries [30]. Flywheels are also environmentally friendly, as they operate over a wide temperature range, have a big energy storage capacity, and have a long lifespan [66]. There are three types of static FC models accessible in the literature. Chamberlin-Kim and Amphlett, Larminie, and Dicks models [31] are examples. The most common static model published in the literature is the Amphlett model, which is based on Nernst and Tafel equations. This model takes into account physical parameters like as pressure, temperature, and concentration. The other static model is the Larmine and Dicks model. This model calculates the FC voltage–current characteristic using empirical equations. This model yields the FC voltage versus current amplitude curve. Three zones can be found in this curve. The three zones are electrochemical activation, linear part, and gas diffusion kinetics [32]. The third static FC model is the Chamberlin-Kim model. In this approach, the FC voltage is described in terms of current density. In addition, the fuel-oxidant rate, local temperature, and humidity all affect five factors in this model [32].
Dynamic modeling of FC is described in the literature such as the impedance model, Becherif-Hissel model, and Dicks-Larminie model have been reported [33]. Layer capacitance, diffusion impedance, and ions transport, membrane, and contact resistances are all included in the impedance model [34]. The Nernst voltage, ohmic polarization, concentration, and activation are all modeled in the Dicks-Larminie model. A voltage supply, two resistances, and a capacitor make up this model. The Nernst voltage is demonstrated via the voltage source. The resistances represent electron-hydrogen flow and activation-concentration losses. The charge layers are represented by the capacitance. The pneumatic feature is taken into account in the Becherif-Hissel model to obtain the comparable model for electrical components. The conservation of mass, energy, and charge is taken into account in pneumatic properties [35].
3. Introduction to low temperature combustion techniques
Conventional diesel engine running on petroleum and diesel fuel emits more oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of carbon (COx) and particulate matter (PM) around the world. Low-temperature combustion (LTC) technology in engine development has dropped the environmental effects by providing better combustion efficiency, and increased the engine efficiency and fuel economy. Several low-temperature combustion strategies are available such as homogeneous charged compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charged compression ignition (PCCI), and reactive controlled compression ignition (RCCI). Before combustion, the entire air and fuel is premixed in the LTC combustion mode. The combustion is controlled by a predetermined equivalency ratio and cylinder temperature which leads to reduce the soot formation, PM, and NOx emissions. In LTC mode, the combustion temperature could be maintained between 1800 and 2200 K, which means no NOx emissions are produced in the rich mixing region and no soot is formed below 1800 K in the lean mixing by Hoekman and Robbins.
The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine combines the combustion characteristics of both SI and CI engines in an IC engine. The fuel is premixed in the HCCI engine in the same in SI engines, and the fuel is auto-ignited to start the combustion in the same way in CI engines. Before combustion begins, the fuel is vaporized and homogeneously premixed with air. Due to lean-burn combustion, the HCCI has the ability to reduce NOx emissions and increased the brake thermal efficiency. The in-cylinder temperature is reduced via lean-burn combustion, resulting in decreased NOx emissions as observed by Komninos and Rakopoulos [36]. In addition, due to the increased displacement capacity, HCCI combustion improves brake thermal efficiency by 50%, while emitting less smoke than conventional diesel combustion. The HCCI engine’s compression ratio and premixed fuel combustion has improved the brake thermal efficiency of engine and lower the smoke emissions as noticed by Desantes et al. [37]. The multi-zone auto ignition and spontaneous combustion of the entire mixture is promoted by the homogenous mixture and uniform equivalence ratio in the cylinder. Furthermore, flame propagation has little effect on combustion in the HCCI mode [38].
The unanticipated pressure rise and cycle to cycle variation are exacerbated by multi-zone combustion and unexpected ignition location. Also, knocking is caused by high oscillation frequency and unanticipated pressure surge as noticed by Ganesh and Nagarajan [39]. Contino et al. [40] reported that some of the techniques such as early direct injection, early multiple injection, water injection, port fuel injection, external cold EGR, variable valve timing, variable compression ratio, air preheating, and alcohol injection are commonly employed in HCCI to control combustion and emission. The biofuel auto ignition temperature and viscosity are higher than diesel hence a higher compression ratio was used in HCCI engine. The compression ratio for the various loads can be adjusted to enhance the combustion efficiency as noticed by Zhang, et al. [41]. By modifying the spark timing and spark plug placement, the spark aided HCCI engine was able to achieve combustion phasing and emission reduction [42]. The key factors that have been employed to detect the combustion phenomena in the HCCI engine are the pressure increase rate, combustion noise, and ringing intensity. In a real-time combustion application, the ringing intensity is primarily employed to detect the combustion noise for the needed cylinder pressure [43].
Because of the increased stroke volume, the higher compression ratio HCCI engine improves brake thermal efficiency by achieving the auto-ignition temperature of the fuel. High to low octane fuels can be utilized as a port fuel to solve knocking and NOx formation. In HCCI engine, keeping the inlet charge temperature is critical. Similarly, the HCCI engine’s compression ratio could be maintained effectively between 10:1 and 28:1. Compression ratios of 10:1 were favored for higher cetane fuels like n-heptane, and 28:1 were preferred for high octane fuels like iso-octane. For biodiesel, the intermediate compression ratio was favored [44]. Alternative method for achieving lower emission in HCCI engine includes use of alcoholic fuels such as ethanol, n-butonal, and methanol. Due to oxygen enrichment, alcohol fuel accelerated premixed burning and complete oxidization of fuel. Also, because of the latent heat of vaporization is higher, it lowers the combustion temperature, enhancing the quenching effect [41]. The HCCI combustion’s power output is mostly determined by the equivalency ratio and fuel intake. For the higher power production, the equivalence ratio should remain at 1 as noticed by Vinod Babu et al. [45].
3.2 Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI)
Too early injection of fuel with a higher injection pressure can result in premixed charge compression ignition. Due to early fuel injection, the time between commencement of injection and start of combustion has been extended, considerably improving the homogeneity of the air-fuel mixture prior to combustion [41]. With a slightly higher intake charge temperature maintained at 170°C, the PCCI engine may operate from a minimal air-fuel ratio of 34:1 to an excessively lean air-fuel ratio of 80:1 [46]. In comparison to a standard SI engine, the PCCI combustion strategy uses lean-burn technology and operates on a higher compression ratio engine. After all of the fuel had been injected, the PCCI began to burn. Also, unlike traditional combustion, the combustion events are primarily identified by chemical kinetics and do not follow the diffusion mixed combustion and speed of burning. As a result, the injection pattern and fuel combustion do not overlap, reducing the odds of direct combustion control [47]. To achieve the premixed charge in the PCCI combustion, a single stage fuel injection pattern with an earlier start of injection was adopted. However, starting the injection too early causes wall impingement and wall wetness, resulting in incomplete combustion and higher HC and CO emissions. The fuel injection pattern has been adjusted with a split and multiple injection method to alleviate these issues. Despite the fact that the period of the many injections is completed before combustion begins. Controlling auto ignition by early injection is also a critical job in PCCI combustion. To manage the auto ignition and lengthen the ignition delay interval, a higher amount of EGR is used. EGR also aids in lowering in-cylinder temperature and NOx generation due to the dilution of a fresh charge mixture [48].
PCCI combustion has performed better than HCCI combustion due to the stability of the combustion by partially premixed charge and controlled auto ignition rage and temperature. The phasing of combustion in the PCCI is mostly determined by chemical kinetics, but it can also be influenced by altering the inlet charge temperature, EGR rate, and fuel injection time and pressure. PCCI combustion has used a variety of fuel patterns, including early single pulse injection, port fuel injection, advanced multiple injections, and advanced injection with a tiny amount of late injection. In the previous section, the effects of early and late injection timings were explored. The modest amount of late injection is mostly used to reduce smoke emissions [49]. The spray angle of 70° was employed to atomize the fuel within the combustion chamber in order to eliminate wall wetness during advanced injection [49]. To avoid the generation of HC and CO emissions, the compression ratio of the PCCI engine was kept at the same level as that of a regular diesel engine. Due to the low volatility and strong flammability of the fuel, PCCI combustion has several limitations, according to a few studies [50].
For low volatile fuels like kerosene, diesel, and biofuels, spark assisted PCCI combustion has been applied. When compared to conventional CI combustion, the use of low-quality cetane fuel in the spark aided PCCI strategy engine enhanced engine performance [51]. The partially premixed combustion mixture is generated in PCCI-DI dual-mode combustion by injecting a large volume of fuel in the intake port or early pilot injection, followed by conventional direct injection of the same or another fuel. Due to the ignition delay interval, the combustion phasing of the PCCI-DI dual-mode combustion is primarily determined by the pilot fuel quantity, and the combustion rate is determined by the pilot fuel ratio [31]. For premixed compression ignition low-temperature combustion, port fuel injection is preferred (PCI-LTC). To create a premixed mixture with a proper air-fuel ratio, single fuel or dual fuel port injection is employed. Dual fuel premixed LTC has a better brake thermal efficiency than single fuel LTC and has achieved a significant reduction in NOx and soot emissions. The single fuel premixed LTC has a higher cycle to cycle variance due to the low temperature and lean air-fuel ratio [52, 53]. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is the name given to the dual-fuel premixed LTC, and a thorough description of the RCCI will be given in the following sections.
Partially premixed charge compression ignition is related to the PCCI method, which is a hybrid of traditional diesel and HCCI combustion. However, for low cetane fuels, PPCI combustion is favored. Similar to the PCCI combustion method, a longer ignition delay period and improved air-fuel mixing can be accomplished. Few studies have shown that improved and delayed injection strategies can result in extended ignition delay in PPCI combustion. To achieve a longer ignition delay, low and moderate compression ratio were used, as well as moderate to high EGR dilution. The key benefit of PPCI mode over HCCI mode is that it releases less particulate matter and NOx while providing better combustion phasing. PPCI is divided into two categories: early injection PPCI and late injection PPCI. The fuel is injected at the middle of the compression stroke in early injection PPCI, and at the end of the compression stroke in late injection PPCI. The fuel-injection gases of the early injected PPCI variant are denser and cooler due to partial compression. Similarly, in the late injected PPCI model, the fuel-injected gases are colder and denser due to injection occurring on the expansion cycle, which lowers the temperature in the later stage [54]. Due to incomplete oxidation and non-optimal combustion phasing, the PPCI combustion used slightly more fuel than standard diesel combustion [55].
At low load, a greater EGR rate and a delayed injection time reduce the power output of both low and higher power engines. In EGR assisted PPCI combustion, the advanced injection method was used to avoid a reduction in power output. Another disadvantage of PPCI combustion is that it produces more HC and CO because the amount of non-oxidized fuel in the piston bowl and high-pressure squish region increases [56]. The addition of gasoline to the PPCI is another way to achieve lower NOx and soot emissions without using EGR. The main benefits of adding gasoline to the PPCI are that it reduces HC and CO emissions by reducing residual products in the cylinder [57]. For longer ignition delay times, most of the premixed heat release phase was seen, resulting in higher peak cylinder pressure and noise levels. When the ignition delay periods shorten, the diffusion heat release phase occurs, resulting in a state similar to that of ordinary diesel combustion [58].
HCCI, PCCI, and RCCI are examples of sophisticated low-temperature combustion technology that have recently been created. RCCI, for example, increases research focus due to its versatility. By achieving low-temperature combustion, HCCI and PCCI improve engine efficiency and reduce pollutants, according to previous studies. These two technologies, however, have considerable limits, and they are not ideal for low and high load settings due to knocking, misfire, and a faster rate of pressure rise. Fuel alteration is required in the HCCI and PCCI combustion to overcome the difficulties [59, 60]. They also stated that combustion quality had improved across a broad range of engine operations (Bessonette et al. [61] investigated the effect of a partially mixed gasoline/diesel charge in a CI engine from low to high load. Raw diesel is favored for the lowest load situation, while a higher percentage of gasoline blend is suited for the highest load condition, according to them. In a subsequent stage, this dual fuel PCCI operation is referred to as RCCI combustion [62]. Adjusting the low to high reactive fuel ratio and the injection pattern of the high reactive fuels to achieve the NOx to smoke trade-off and higher efficiency. Reactivity stratification in RCCI combustion can also be influenced by fuel qualities such as viscosity, volatility, and ignite ability.
Biodiesel has been tested in a variety of engines and under a variety of operating circumstances all around the world. Due to the presence of oxygen in the biodiesel fuel, NOx emissions were higher for the engine [63, 64]. The RCCI engine driven by gasoline/biodiesel was mathematically analyzed by Li et al. [65]. When comparing raw biodiesel to gasoline/biodiesel, the study found decreased NOx emissions in the gasoline/biodiesel operation. As a result, using biodiesel under the RCCI method may be a better alternative for reducing NOx pollution than using biodiesel-powered diesel engines. Hanson et al. [58] study the RCCI combustion utilizing direct-injected diesel and biodiesel mixture (B20) as a direct-injected fuel and gasoline, E85 (85% ethanol and 15% diesel blend), and E20 as a port fuel. In the RCCI combustion, the findings of the E20/diesel mixture show that maximum pressure and HRR dropped, allowing the peak load to increase by 2 bar (from 8 bar to 10 bar BMEP). The usage of E20 improves combustion efficiency while lowering the heat release rate and exhaust leakage. The combustion efficiency of gasoline/B20 RCCI operation was also increased by lowering the UHC, albeit with a greater CO. Fuel efficiency also improved, resulting in a 1.68 percent increase in BTE. In comparison to the RCCI gasoline/diesel operation, E85/B20 allowed the RCCI operation to increase the BTE from 40 to 43%. The use of biodiesel as a pilot fuel has improved the stability of the cyclic operation of RCCI engine powered by natural gas/biodiesel, according to Gharehghani et al. [66]. This is due to the fact that biodiesel contains oxygen, which raises the cetane number. In comparison to natural gas/diesel, the mixture of natural gas/biodiesel produced 1.6% higher BTE as noticed by Gharehghani et al. [66].
3.5 Low-temperature combustion advantages and challenges
The combustion temperature in the LTC mode was always lower than the combustion temperature in a regular diesel engine. There are primarily two strategies to achieve low-temperature combustion: one is to operate the engine with higher EGR, and the other is to operate with an excess air ratio 0 greater than 1 [67]. Fuel combusted and oxidized at higher temperatures under stoichiometric operating conditions, resulting in more NOx production. Also, due to a reduction in oxygen availability in the fuel spray periphery, maximum soot emission was observed under the stoichiometric condition compared to normal diesel combustion [68]. Higher fuel injection pressure is usually a viable approach for overcoming the aforementioned concerns. Higher fuel injection pressure promotes atomization, mixing, and vaporization. However, the key duty to be remedied in modern injection technology in low-temperature combustion is the wall impingement of fuel caused by spray tip penetration at increased fuel injection pressure [69]. Furthermore, improved injection strategies such as high-pressure injection and CRDI approaches reduce the ignition delay period and boost premixed phase combustion, resulting in increased NOx emissions. The ignition delay and combustion phasing will be lengthened by using a higher level of cold EGR, lowering the compression ratio, and using variable valve timing control to advance the exhaust valve opening. Increased ignition delay enhances air-fuel mixing, resulting in increased homogeneity in the air-fuel combination. Higher EGR rate and lower compression ratio reduce the cylinder peak pressure and temperature, which has a major impact on engine performance and higher fuel consumption.
Getting LTC mode to work in real-time settings with heavy engine load is difficult. It is impossible to manufacture engines with a larger amount of EGR. In addition, the engine’s higher BTE should compensate for the increased EGR. In the LTC condition, an external charge booster is necessary to produce higher BTE [70]. When the engine is running at a higher RPM, moderate EGR with an intake charge booster raises the cylinder peak pressure. The combustion process changes depending on the engine load, and it is influenced by the different equivalency ratio and fuel mixing zone, making the engine demanding and difficult to modify the operating state for each load [71]. The real-time modern diesel engine employs dual fuel technology, multiple injection method, and negative valve overlapping. However, these technologies are costly and difficult to implement across the board. By increasing the premixed charge quantity while lowering peak pressure and temperature, these innovations reduce the fuel-rich zone [72].
4. Conclusions
This study provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production techniques and fuel cell vehicle also described about the low-temperature combustion (LTC) techniques and how it is improve the reliability and fuel efficiency of the CI engine combustion cycle with low emissions and noise. The important findings are presented in this review can be summarized below:
Even though fuel cells have demonstrated and shown to be a very promising fuel, there are still a number of limitations that prohibit them from being used on a bigger scale than other fuels. The following are some of the most pressing issues that must be addressed right now: Compared to other kinds of energy, the FC has lower overall efficiency. The material and fabrication of the FC have high production costs.
One of the most pressing concerns is the cost of hydrogen, as well as its storage. Because hydrogen is a relatively light and dangerous gas, it must be stored in special containers. Thermal management in the case of high-temperature fuel cell like solid oxide fuel cell is a type of fuel cell in which the temperature is higher than the ambient temperature.
The size and weight of current fuel cell systems must be further reduced to meet the packaging requirements for automobiles. This applies not only to the fuel cell stack, but also to the ancillary components and major subsystems.
PCCI combustion efficiently decrease the CO and HC emission as compared to the HCCI engine, but NOx and soot emissions were significantly increased with increase in premixed charge percentage. However, the smoke and NOx emissions were identified as minimum level when compared with conventional diesel engine combustion.
Higher cycle-to-cycle variation, unpredictable pressure rise, combustion noise and knocking were occurred in the HCCI mode of combustion due to higher homogeneity and unpredictable auto-ignition zone.
RCCI combustion is preferable for higher load condition due to combustion phase control and higher brake thermal efficiency than PCCI and HCCI modes. The use of natural gas as a reactive fuel was extending the load limit and attained the efficient, clean combustion which significantly decreases the NOx and soot emission as compared to other techniques.
The double injection of high reactive fuel in the RCCI combustion decreases the peak pressure and ringing intensity which efficiently decrease the smoke and NOx emission. The advanced second injection in the RCCI increases the reactive controlled combustion and late second injection increase the mixed controlled combustion.
The combustion efficiency was increased while using the B20 as the high reactive fuel. Due to the oxygen availability in the biodiesel promotes the oxidization process, which decreases the HC and CO emission as compared to the diesel/gasoline RCCI combustion.
Many experiments have extensively demonstrated that there is a wide and unexploited scope for improving low-temperature combustion using different fuel injection parameter and different reactive fuel injection. The overall study infers that depending on the operating condition, engine configuration parameters, fuel injection mechanism and fuel mixing method influenced more on the engine performance and emission characteristics. Hence, further research work will be needed to the trade-off between the NOx and soot emission with improvement in the engine performance.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (Grant Contract No. KMUTNB-KNOW63-28, KMUTNB-Post-65-09, KMUTNB-Post-65-05) for financial support during this work.
\n',keywords:"hydrogen, fuel cell vehicle, hybrid vehicle, low temperature combustion",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80334.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80334.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80334",totalDownloads:6,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"December 13th 2021",dateReviewed:"December 16th 2021",datePrePublished:"June 30th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"February 3rd 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Global energy consumption has gradually increased as a result of population growth, industrialization, economic development, and rising living standards. Furthermore, as global warming and pollution worsen, the development of renewable energy sources is becoming more essential. Hydrogen is one of the most promising clean and sustainable energy carriers because it emits only water as a byproduct without carbon emission and has the highest energy efficiency. Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of raw resources, including water and biomass. Water electrolysis is one of many hydrogen production technologies that is highly recommended due to its eco-friendliness, high hydrogen generation rate, and high purity. However, in terms of long-term viability and environmental effect, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane water electrolysis has been identified as a potential approach for producing high-purity, high-efficiency hydrogen from renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) produced are directly employed in fuel cells and other industrial uses. As a result, an attempt has been made in this work to investigate hydrogen synthesis and utilization in fuel cell vehicles. Low-temperature combustion technology has recently been applied in engine technology to reduce smoke and NOx emissions at the same time. The advantages and limitations of homogeneous charge compression ignition, partially premixed charge compression ignition, premixed charge compression ignition, and reactivity regulated compression ignition are described separately in low-temperature combustion strategy.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80334",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80334",signatures:"Babu Dharmalingam, Ramakrishna Reddy Ramireddy, Santhoshkumar Annamalai, Malinee Sriariyanun, Deepakkumar Rajagopal and Venkata Ramana Katla",book:{id:"11164",type:"book",title:"Diesel Engines and Biodiesel Engines Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Diesel Engines and Biodiesel Engines Technologies",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Freddie Liswaniso Inambao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11164.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-787-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-786-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-788-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"260507",title:"Prof.",name:"Freddie",middleName:"Liswaniso",surname:"Inambao",slug:"freddie-inambao",fullName:"Freddie Inambao"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Fuel cell vehicles",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Introduction to low temperature combustion techniques",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Partially premixed charge compression ignition (PPCI)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4 Reactive controlled compression ignition (RCCI)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.5 Low-temperature combustion advantages and challenges",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Kazim A, Veziroglu TN. Utilization of solar hydrogen energy in the UAE to maintain its share in the world energy market for the 21st century. Renewable Energy. 2001;24:259-274'},{id:"B2",body:'Chi J, Hongmei Y. Water electrolysis based on renewable energy for hydrogen production. Chinese Journal of Catalysis. 2018;39:390-394'},{id:"B3",body:'Acar C, Dincer I. comparative assessment of hydrogen production methods from renewable and non-renewable methods. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2014;39:1-12'},{id:"B4",body:'Boyano A, Blanco-Marigorta AM, Morosuk T, Tsatsaronis G. Exergoenvironmental analysis of a steam methane reforming process for hydrogen production. Energy. 2011;36:2202-2214'},{id:"B5",body:'Trane R, Dahl S, Skjøth-Rasmussen MS, Jensen AD. Catalytic steam reforming of biooil. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2012;37:6447-6472'},{id:"B6",body:'Huang, Dincer I. Parametric analysis and assessment of a coal gasification plant for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2014;39:3294-3303'},{id:"B7",body:'Veziroglu TN, Barbir F. Hydrogen Energy Technologies. Vienna: UNIDO; 1998'},{id:"B8",body:'Levin DB, Pitt L, Love M. Biohydrogen production: prospects and limitations to practical application. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2004;29(2):173-185'},{id:"B9",body:'Barbir F. PEM electrolysis for production of hydrogen from renewable energy sources. Solar Energy. 2005;78:661-669'},{id:"B10",body:'Cipriani G, Di Dio V, Genduso F, La Cascia D, Liga R, Miceli R, et al. Perspective on hydrogen energy carrier and its automotive applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2014;39:8482-8494'},{id:"B11",body:'Ni M, Leung MKH, Leung DYC. Technological development of hydrogen production by solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2008;33:2337-2354'},{id:"B12",body:'Trasatti S. Water electrolysis: Who first. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1999;479:90-91'},{id:"B13",body:'Shiva Kumar S, Ramakrishna SUB, Srinivasulu Reddy D, Bhagawan D, Himabindu V. Synthesis of polysulfone and zirconium oxide coated asbestos composite separators for alkaline water electrolysis. Chemical Engineering & Process Techniques. 2017;3:1035/1-1035/6'},{id:"B14",body:'Liang M, Yu B, Wen M, Chen J, Xu J, Zhai Y. Preparation of LSM-YSZ composite powder for anode of solid oxide electrolysis cell and its activation mechanism. Journal of Power Sources. 2009;190:341-345'},{id:"B15",body:'Kadier A, Simayi Y, Abdeshahian P, Azman NF, Chandrasekhar K, Kalil MS. A comprehensive review of microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) reactor designs and configurations for sustainable hydrogen gas production. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 2016;55:427-443'},{id:"B16",body:'Kadier A, Kalil MS, Abdeshahian P, Chandrasekhar K, Mohamed A, Azman NF, et al. Recent advances and emerging challenges in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) for microbial production of hydrogen and value-added chemicals. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016;61:501-525'},{id:"B17",body:'Cheng J, Zhang V, Chen G, Zhang Y. Study of IrxRu1-xO2 oxides as anodic electro catalysts for solid polymer electrolyte water electrolysis. Electrochimica Acta. 2009;54:6250-6256'},{id:"B18",body:'Inci M, Büyük M, Demir MH, Ilbey G. A review and research on fuel cell electric vehicles: Topologies, power electronic converters, energy management methods, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021;137:110'},{id:"B19",body:'Niu W, Song K, Zhang Y, Xiao Q, Behrendt M, Albers A, et al. Influence and optimization of packet loss on the internet-based geographically distributed test platform for fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain systems. IEEE Access. 2020;8:20708-20716'},{id:"B20",body:'D’epature C, Lhomme W, Sicard P, Bouscayrol A, Boulon L. Real-time backstepping control for fuel cell vehicle using supercapacitors. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2018;67(1):306-314'},{id:"B21",body:'Garcia-Torres F, Vilaplana DG, Bordons C, Roncero-S’anchez P, Ridao MA. Optimal management of microgrids with external agents including battery/fuel cell electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2019;10(4):4299-4308'},{id:"B22",body:'Mallikarjuna Reddy B, Samuel P. Analysis, modelling and implementation of multi-phase single-leg DC/DC converter for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. International Journal of Modelling and Simulation. 2019;9:279-290'},{id:"B23",body:'Ahmadi P, Torabi SH, Afsaneh H, Sadegheih Y, Ganjehsarabi H, Ashjaee M. The effects of driving patterns and PEM fuel cell degradation on the lifecycle assessment of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2020;45(5):3595-3608'},{id:"B24",body:'Trimm DL, Önsan ZI. Onboard fuel conversion for hydrogen-fuel-cell-driven vehicles. Catalysis Reviews. 2001;43(1-2):31-84'},{id:"B25",body:'Saib S, Hamouda Z, Marouani K. Energy management in a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle using a fuzzy logic approach. In: 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering-Boumerdes (ICEE-B). Algeria: IEEE; 2017. pp. 1-4'},{id:"B26",body:'Yang B, Zhu T, Zhang X, Wang J, Shu H, Li S, et al. Design and implementation of battery/SMES hybrid energy storage systems used in electric vehicles: A nonlinear robust fractional-order control approach. Energy. 2020;191:116510'},{id:"B27",body:'Schneider MT, Schade B, Grupp H. Innovation process ‘fuel cell vehicle’: What strategy promises to be most successful? Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 2004;16(2):147-172'},{id:"B28",body:'Uzunoglu M, Alam MS. Dynamic modeling, design and simulation of a PEM fuel cell/ultra-capacitor hybrid system for vehicular applications. Energy Conversion and Management. 2007;48(5):1544-1553'},{id:"B29",body:'García P, Fern’andez LM, Torreglosa JP, Jurado F. Operation mode control of a hybrid power system based on fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor for an electric tramway. Computers and Electrical Engineering. 2013;39(7):1993-2004'},{id:"B30",body:'Boukettaya G, Krichen L. A dynamic power management strategy of a grid connected hybrid generation system using wind, photovoltaic and flywheel energy storage system in residential applications. Energy. 2014;71:148-159'},{id:"B31",body:'Parks, Vitaly Prikhodko, John M.E. Storey, Teresa L. Barone, Samuel A. Lewis Sr., Michael D. Kass, Shean P. Huff. Emissions from premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion and affect on emission control devices. Catalysis Today. 2010;151(3-4):278-284'},{id:"B32",body:'Ren G, Ma G, Cong N. Review of electrical energy storage system for vehicular applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015;41:225-236'},{id:"B33",body:'Ceraolo M, Miulli C, Pozio A. Modelling static and dynamic behaviour of proton exchange membrane fuel cells on the basis of electro-chemical description. Journal of Power Sources. 2003;113(1):131-144'},{id:"B34",body:'Sadli I, Thounthong P, Martin JP, Raël S, Davat B. Behaviour of a PEMFC supplying a low voltage static converter. Journal of Power Sources. 2006;156(1):119-125'},{id:"B35",body:'Becherif M, Hissel D, Gaagat S, Wack M. Three order state space modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with energy function definition. Journal of Power Sources. 2010;195(19):6645-6651'},{id:"B36",body:'Komninos NP, Rakopoulos CD. Heat transfer in HCCI phenomenological simulation models: A review. Applied Energy. 2016;181:179-209'},{id:"B37",body:'Desantes JM, García-Oliver JM, Vera-Tudela W, López-Pintor D, Schneider B, Boulouchos K. Study of the auto-ignition phenomenon of PRFs under HCCI conditions in a RCEM by means of spectroscopy. Applied Energy. 2016;179:389-400'},{id:"B38",body:'Megaritis A, Yap D, Wyszynski ML. Effect of water blending on bioethanol HCCI combustion with forced induction and residual gas trapping. Energy. 2007;32(12):2396-2400'},{id:"B39",body:'Ganesh D, Nagarajan G. Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine (HCCI) combustion of diesel fuel with external mixture formation. Energy. 2010;35:148-157'},{id:"B40",body:'Francesco C, Masurier J-B, Foucher F, Lucchini T, D’Errico G, Dagautc P. CFD simulations using the TDAC method to model iso-octane combustion for a large range of ozone seeding and temperature conditions in a single cylinder HCCI engine. Fuel. 2014;137(1):179-184'},{id:"B41",body:'Zhang HFL, Yu J, Yao M. Direct numerical simulation of nheptane/air auto-ignition with thermal and charge stratifications under partially-premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine related conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2016;104:516-526'},{id:"B42",body:'Wiemann S, Hegner R, Atakan B, Schulz C, Kaiser SA. Combined production of power and syngas in an internal combustion engine—Experiments and simulations in SI and HCCI mode. Fuel. 2018;215:40-45'},{id:"B43",body:'Maurya RK, Saxena MR. Characterization of ringing intensity in a hydrogen-fueled HCCI engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2018;43(19):9423-9437'},{id:"B44",body:'Fukushima N, Katayama M, Naka Y, Oobayashi T, Shimura M, Nada Y, et al. Combustion regime classification of HCCI/PCCI combustion using Lagrangian fluid particle tracking. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2015;35:3009-3017'},{id:"B45",body:'Vinod Babu VBM, Madhu Murthy MMK, G. Amba Prasad Rao. Butanol and pentanol: The promising biofuels for CI engines–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;78:1068-1088'},{id:"B46",body:'Ulaş E, Leermakers N, Somers B, de Goey P. Modeling of PCCI combustion with FGM tabulated chemistry. Fuel. 2014;118(15):91-99'},{id:"B47",body:'Girish BE, Neeraj S, Suryawanshi JG. Investigations on premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engines: A review. Fluid Mech Fluid. 2017;78:1068-1088'},{id:"B48",body:'Wang Y, Li H, Longbao Z, Wei L. Effects of DME pilot quantity on the performance of a DME PCCI-DI engine. Energy Conversion and Management. 2010;51(4):648-654'},{id:"B49",body:'Jia M, Xie M, Wang T, Peng Z. The effect of injection timing and intake valve close timing on performance and emissions of diesel PCCI engine with a full engine cycle CFD simulation. Applied Energy. 2011;88(9):2967-2975'},{id:"B50",body:'Pandey SK, Sarma Akella SR, Ravikrishna RV. Novel fuel injection strategies for PCCI operation of a heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2018;143:883-898'},{id:"B51",body:'Verma G, Sharma H, Thipse SS, Agarwal AK. Spark assisted premixed charge compression ignition engine prototype development. Fuel Processing Technology. 2016;152:413-420'},{id:"B52",body:'Kocher L, Van Alstine D, Magee M, Shaver G. A nonlinear model-based controller for premixed charge compression ignition combustion timing in diesel engines. In: Proceedings of the American Control Conference. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE; 2013'},{id:"B53",body:'Li T, Moriwaki R, Ogawa H, Kakizaki R, Murase M. Dependence of premixed low-temperature diesel combustion on fuel ignitability and volatility. International Journal of Engine Research. 2012;13:14-27'},{id:"B54",body:'Singh AP, Ayush J, Agarwal AK. Fuel injection strategy for PCCI engine fueled by mineral diesel and biodiesel blends. Energy Fuel. 2017;31(8):8594-8607'},{id:"B55",body:'Liu H, Ma S, Zheng Z, Zheng Z, Yao M. Study of the control strategies on soot reduction under early injection conditions on a diesel engine. Fuel. 2015;139:472-481'},{id:"B56",body:'Fridriksson H, Sundén B, Tunér M, Andersson Ö. Heat transfer in diesel and partially premixed combustion engines; A computational fluid dynamics study. Heat Transfer Engineering. 2017;38:1481-1495'},{id:"B57",body:'Mina M, Moghiman M. Effects of nanoadditives on pollutants emission and engine performance in a urea-SCR equipped diesel engine fueled with blended-biodiesel. Fuel. 2018;222(15):402-406'},{id:"B58",body:'Hanson CB, Choi SB. Effects of operating parameters on mode transition between low temperature combustion and conventional combustion in a light duty diesel engine. International Journal of Engine Research. 2012;14(3):231-246'},{id:"B59",body:'Epping K, Aceves S, Bechtold R, Dec J. The potential of HCCI combustion for high efficiency and low emissions. In: SAE Technical Papers. SAE International in United States; 2002'},{id:"B60",body:'Kanda T, Hakozaki T, Uchimoto T, Hatano J, Kitayama N, Sono H. PCCI operation with early injection of conventional diesel fuel. In: SAE Technical Papers. 2005'},{id:"B61",body:'Bessonette PW, Schleyer CH, Duffy KP, Hardy WL, Liechty MP. Effects of fuel property changes on heavy-duty HCCI combustion. In: SAE Technical Papers. SAE International in United States; 2007'},{id:"B62",body:'Li Y, Jia M, Chang Y, Xu Z, Xu G, Hong L, Wang T. Principle of determining the optimal operating parameters based on fuel properties and initial conditions for RCCI engines. Fuel. 2018;216:284-295'},{id:"B63",body:'Vallinayagam R, Vedharaj S, Yang WM, Lee PS, Chua KJE, Chou SK. Combustion performance and emission characteristics study of pine oil in a diesel engine. Energy. 2013;57:344-351'},{id:"B64",body:'Vedharaj S, Vallinayagam R, Yang WM, Chou SK, Chua KJE, Lee PS. Experimental investigation of kapok (Ceiba pentandra) oil biodiesel as an alternate fuel for diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management. 2013;75:773-779'},{id:"B65",body:'Li J, Ling X, Liu D, Yang W, Zhou D. Numerical study on double injection techniques in a gasoline and biodiesel fueled RCCI (reactivity controlled compression ignition) engine. Applied Energy. 2018;211:382-392'},{id:"B66",body:'Gharehghani A. Load limits of an HCCI engine fueled with natural gas, ethanol and methanol. Fuel. 2019;239:1001-1014'},{id:"B67",body:'Huang H, Teng W, Liu Q, Zhou C, Wang Q, Wang X. Combustion performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine under low-temperature combustion of pine oil–diesel blends. Energy Conversion and Management. 2016;128:317-326'},{id:"B68",body:'Goldsborough SS, Hochgreb S, Vanhove G, Wooldridge MS, Curran HJ, Sung CJ. Advances in rapid compression machine studies of low- and intermediate-temperature autoignition phenomena. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2017;63:1-78'},{id:"B69",body:'Wu B, Zhan Q, Yu X, Lv G, Nie X, Liu S. Effects of miller cycle and variable geometry turbocharger on combustion and emissions in steady and transient cold process. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2017;118:621-629'},{id:"B70",body:'Thangaraja J, Kannan C. Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on advanced diesel combustion and alternate fuels—A review. Applied Energy. 2016;180:169-184'},{id:"B71",body:'Imtenan S, Varman M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Sajjad H, Arbab MI, et al. Impact of low temperature combustion attaining strategies on diesel engine emissions for diesel and biodiesels: A review. Energy Conversion and Management. 2014, 2014;80:329-356'},{id:"B72",body:'Girish BE, Neeraj S, Suryawanshi JG. Investigations on premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engines: A review. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 2016;30(11):5269-5274'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Babu Dharmalingam",address:"monsieurbabu@gmail.com",affiliation:'
The Sirindhorn Thai-German International Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS) King Mongkut’s University of Technology, North Bangkok
Humanities and Sciences, K.S.R.M. College of Engineering, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11164",type:"book",title:"Diesel Engines and Biodiesel Engines Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Diesel Engines and Biodiesel Engines Technologies",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Freddie Liswaniso Inambao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11164.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-787-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-786-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-788-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"260507",title:"Prof.",name:"Freddie",middleName:"Liswaniso",surname:"Inambao",slug:"freddie-inambao",fullName:"Freddie Inambao"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"186711",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Dordoni",email:"roberta.dordoni@unicatt.it",fullName:"Roberta Dordoni",slug:"roberta-dordoni",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"51885",title:"Innovations in the Use of Bentonite in Oenology: Interactions with Grape and Wine Proteins, Colloids, Polyphenols and Aroma Compounds",slug:"innovations-in-the-use-of-bentonite-in-oenology-interactions-with-grape-and-wine-proteins-colloids-p",abstract:"Bentonite is used in oenology to improve the limpidity and the stability of wine and to predict the formation of deposits in the bottle. The exchangeable cations in its lamellar structures strongly influence some properties, such as the specific surface, the exchange capacity and the adsorption behavior. The unintended use of bentonite for juice settling and/or for wine fining produces jeopardized effects on colloidal and protein stability, the aroma compounds and sensory profiles. The interactions with haze-forming proteins, other colloids, as well as aroma compounds and phenols would have been to discover as the modulation of wine colloids by an adjuvant severely affects the wine resilience and the sensory profile. This chapter reviews several studies that focus on the impact of commercial bentonite samples used for both juice clarification and wine fining on the colloids, proteins, phenols and aroma compounds of white and red wines. Some parameters of practical value, such as the wine heat stability, the concentrations of total and haze-forming proteins and the content of the most relevant aromas, have been assessed to track the effects of bentonite and to achieve findings that are applicable to the field of oenology.",signatures:"Milena Lambri, Donato Colangelo, Roberta Dordoni, Fabrizio\nTorchio and Dante Marco De Faveri",authors:[{id:"180897",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",surname:"Lambri",fullName:"Milena Lambri",slug:"milena-lambri",email:"milena.lambri@unicatt.it"},{id:"186709",title:"MSc.",name:"Donato",surname:"Colangelo",fullName:"Donato Colangelo",slug:"donato-colangelo",email:"donato.colangelo@unicatt.it"},{id:"186710",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",surname:"Torchio",fullName:"Fabrizio Torchio",slug:"fabrizio-torchio",email:"fabrizio.torchio@unicatt.it"},{id:"186711",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",surname:"Dordoni",fullName:"Roberta Dordoni",slug:"roberta-dordoni",email:"roberta.dordoni@unicatt.it"},{id:"186783",title:"Prof.",name:"Dante Marco",surname:"De Faveri",fullName:"Dante Marco De Faveri",slug:"dante-marco-de-faveri",email:"dante.defaveri@unicatt.it"}],book:{id:"5253",title:"Grape and Wine Biotechnology",slug:"grape-and-wine-biotechnology",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"13729",title:"Dr.",name:"Shunji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"shunji-suzuki",fullName:"Shunji Suzuki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Yamanashi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"97521",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Domínguez",slug:"jorge-dominguez",fullName:"Jorge Domínguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"180885",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dimitris",surname:"Tsaltas",slug:"dimitris-tsaltas",fullName:"Dimitris Tsaltas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180885/images/4392_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Cyprus University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"180897",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",surname:"Lambri",slug:"milena-lambri",fullName:"Milena Lambri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of the Sacred Heart",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"181668",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinichi",surname:"Enoki",slug:"shinichi-enoki",fullName:"Shinichi Enoki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Yamanashi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"186709",title:"MSc.",name:"Donato",surname:"Colangelo",slug:"donato-colangelo",fullName:"Donato Colangelo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"186710",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",surname:"Torchio",slug:"fabrizio-torchio",fullName:"Fabrizio Torchio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"186783",title:"Prof.",name:"Dante Marco",surname:"De Faveri",slug:"dante-marco-de-faveri",fullName:"Dante Marco De Faveri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"187971",title:"MSc.",name:"Hugo",surname:"Martínez-Cordeiro",slug:"hugo-martinez-cordeiro",fullName:"Hugo Martínez-Cordeiro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"187972",title:"Prof.",name:"Marta",surname:"Lores",slug:"marta-lores",fullName:"Marta Lores",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6674},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2461},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12719},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1018},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17724}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134203},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11635",title:"Towards New Perspectives on Toxoplasma gondii",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2d409a285bea682efb34a817b0651aba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram, Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Dr. Firas Alali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11635.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"209746",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11721",title:"Hypothermia and Hyperthermia - Physiology Concepts and Clinical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b0d0d929b72cece233f4b8cd014550c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marinos Kosmopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11721.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"442908",title:"Dr.",name:"Marinos",surname:"Kosmopoulos",slug:"marinos-kosmopoulos",fullName:"Marinos Kosmopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11877",title:"Ergonomics - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8b7474730a8f1ec6615e66e12a72b4b5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Orhan Korhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11877.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101698",title:"Dr.",name:"Orhan",surname:"Korhan",slug:"orhan-korhan",fullName:"Orhan Korhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:108},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:394},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4438},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"625",title:"Atmospheric Radio Occultation",slug:"atmospheric-radio-occultation",parent:{id:"99",title:"Atmospheric Sciences",slug:"atmospheric-sciences"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1,numberOfWosCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"625",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3346",title:"Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4dfd4dd08972d7b32ff687d73a3f253",slug:"radio-occultation-method-for-remote-sensing-of-the-atmosphere-and-ionosphere",bookSignature:"Ya Liou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3346.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"149113",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuei-An",middleName:null,surname:"Liou",slug:"yuei-an-liou",fullName:"Yuei-An Liou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"9209",doi:"10.5772/7492",title:"Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere",slug:"radio-occultation-method-for-remote-sensing-of-the-atmosphere-and-ionosphere",totalDownloads:3225,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"3346",slug:"radio-occultation-method-for-remote-sensing-of-the-atmosphere-and-ionosphere",title:"Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere",fullTitle:"Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere"},signatures:"Y.A. Liou, A.G. Pavelyev, S.S. Matyugov, O.I. Yakovlev and J. Wickert",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"9209",title:"Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere",slug:"radio-occultation-method-for-remote-sensing-of-the-atmosphere-and-ionosphere",totalDownloads:3222,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"3346",slug:"radio-occultation-method-for-remote-sensing-of-the-atmosphere-and-ionosphere",title:"Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere",fullTitle:"Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere"},signatures:"Y.A. Liou, A.G. Pavelyev, S.S. Matyugov, O.I. Yakovlev and J. Wickert",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"625",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81412",title:"Mathematical Morphology and the Heart Signals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104113",signatures:"Taouli Sidi Ahmed",slug:"mathematical-morphology-and-the-heart-signals",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81360",title:"Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103075",signatures:"Sumagna Dey, Rohan Pal and Saptarshi Biswas",slug:"deep-learning-algorithms-for-efficient-analysis-of-ecg-signals-to-detect-heart-disorders",totalDownloads:62,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81068",title:"Characteristic Profiles of Heart Rate Variability in Depression and Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104205",signatures:"Toshikazu Shinba",slug:"characteristic-profiles-of-heart-rate-variability-in-depression-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80691",title:"Applications of Quantum Mechanics, Laws of Classical Physics, and Differential Calculus to Evaluate Source Localization According to the Electroencephalogram",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102831",signatures:"Kristin S. Williams",slug:"applications-of-quantum-mechanics-laws-of-classical-physics-and-differential-calculus-to-evaluate-so",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80643",title:"EEG Authentication System Using Fuzzy Vault Scheme",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102699",signatures:"Fatima M. Baqer and Salah Albermany",slug:"eeg-authentication-system-using-fuzzy-vault-scheme",totalDownloads:52,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80529",title:"Effective EEG Artifact Removal from EEG Signal",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102698",signatures:"Vandana Roy",slug:"effective-eeg-artifact-removal-from-eeg-signal",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80505",title:"Soft Tissue Image Reconstruction Using Diffuse Optical Tomography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102463",signatures:"Umamaheswari K, Shrichandran G.V. and Jebaderwin D.",slug:"soft-tissue-image-reconstruction-using-diffuse-optical-tomography",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79881",title:"Control of Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Cancer through a Combination of Cytoskeletal Components",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101624",signatures:"Ban Hussein Alwash, Rawan Asaad Jaber Al-Rubaye, Mustafa Mohammad Alaaraj and Anwar Yahya Ebrahim",slug:"control-of-cytoskeletal-dynamics-in-cancer-through-a-combination-of-cytoskeletal-components",totalDownloads:117,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79580",title:"Dotting the “i” of Interoperability in FAIR Cancer-Registry Data Sets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101330",signatures:"Nicholas Nicholson, Francesco Giusti, Luciana Neamtiu, Giorgia Randi, Tadeusz Dyba, Manola Bettio, Raquel Negrao Carvalho, Nadya Dimitrova, Manuela Flego and Carmen Martos",slug:"dotting-the-i-of-interoperability-in-fair-cancer-registry-data-sets",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79550",title:"Urologic Cancer Molecular Biology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101381",signatures:"Pavel Onofrei, Viorel Dragoș Radu, Alina-Alexandra Onofrei, Stoica Laura, Doinita Temelie-Olinici, Ana-Emanuela Botez, Vasile Bogdan Grecu and Elena Carmen Cotrutz",slug:"urologic-cancer-molecular-biology",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14794/images/system/14794.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Murat Şentürk obtained a baccalaureate degree in Chemistry in 2002, a master’s degree in Biochemistry in 2006, and a doctorate degree in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/14821",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"14821"},fullPath:"/chapters/14821",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()