\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8073",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Chromosomes are vital components of genetic material, and, as such, distruption or changes to the structure of chromosomes can result in different health problems and deficits. This book explains chromosomal abnomalities and their effects on living organisms, including humans and plants. Classical and molecular cytogenetics techniques have a considerable number of potential applications, especially in clinical trials and biomedical diagnosis, making them a strong and insightful complement to other molecular and genomic approaches. Chapters cover topics including Down syndrome, fetal ultrasounds, acute myeloid leukemia, and Phelan-McDermid syndrome, among others.",isbn:"978-1-78985-980-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-979-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-978-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77904",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",numberOfPages:166,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6a9d3c58434edf5e65f9849a6858edfe",bookSignature:"Tülay Aşkın Çelik and Subrata Dey",publishedDate:"November 11th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8073.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5650,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:9,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 18th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 22nd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 21st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 9th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 9th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",middleName:null,surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/74041/images/system/74041.png",biography:"Dr. Tülay AŞKIN ÇELİK gained her PhD from Fırat University, Art and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Elazığ/TURKEY. Presently she is an Associate Professor at Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Art and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Aydın/TURKEY in the field of genetics. She has been a referee for more than 25 international scientific journals and she worked as a researcher and project manager in 13 projects. She is a referent for issues related to the fields of genetic toxicology and anticancer and antioxidant plants. In 2008, she became a member of the European Association for Cancer Research (EACR) and Molecular Cancer Research Association (MOKAD) and in 2018, she became a member of the Medical Biology and Genetics Association (TBGDER). Currently, her scientific interests include bioactive phytochemicals and plant extracts on their cytogenetic and gentotoxic effects on chromosomes and cancer cells and in vivo /in vitro biological activities. Furthermore, she is also investigating the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of environmental pollutants such as pesticides. She has authored one book and two book chapters in reputed books published by IntechOpen Access Publisher.",institutionString:"Aydın Adnan Menderes University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Adnan Menderes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31178/images/system/31178.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Subrata Kumar Dey, Ph.D, Vice Chancellor, Swami Vivekananda University, West Bengal, India has been associated with teaching and research for more than four decades and had visited different countries as invited speaker for delivering lectures. He joined as Professor of Biotechnology in Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology and was ex- Director of School of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences . His laboratory had long been involved in research on molecular genetics of Down syndrome, congenital heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease. He published more than hundred research papers, edited several books on Down syndrome and had completed eleven research projects. Several students obtained Ph.D under his supervision. Along with teaching and research , Prof. Dey handled a number of administrative assignments successfully and had made dedicated and innovative approaches with great integrity. His major administrative roles were Director of Centre for Genetic Studies, Pro-Vice Chancellor and Vice Chancellor, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, India.",institutionString:"West Bengal University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"397",title:"Cytogenetics",slug:"cytogenetics"}],chapters:[{id:"72977",title:"Introductory Chapter: Chromosomal Abnormalities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93404",slug:"introductory-chapter-chromosomal-abnormalities",totalDownloads:638,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tülay Aşkin Çelik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72977",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72977",authors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik"}],corrections:null},{id:"68521",title:"The Risk of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cases of Minor and Major Fetal Anomalies in the Second Trimester",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88271",slug:"the-risk-of-chromosomal-abnormalities-in-cases-of-minor-and-major-fetal-anomalies-in-the-second-trim",totalDownloads:835,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Currently, noninvasive intrauterine screening for most chromosome abnormalities is available, but ultrasound examinations also play an important role during pregnancy, by drawing the attention to the suspect of a possible abnormality. Fetal ultrasound disorders can be classified into two major groups: (1) Major abnormalities are actually diagnosed malformations that are often associated with certain chromosome abnormalities but may be associated with other disorders (multiplex malformation) and may occur as isolated disorders (e.g., cardiac disorders, duodenal atresia, omphalocele, cystic hygroma (CH)). (2) Minor anomalies (“soft markers”) are not abnormal in themselves but are mild abnormalities that may occur in normal pregnancy but also increase the risk of certain chromosome aberrations. The minor anomalies in the second trimester include thickened nuchal fold (NF), mild ventriculomegaly, pyelectasis, hyperechogenic bowels, hyperechogenic papillary muscle, and shorter long bones. Plexus choroid cyst which is classified as a minor marker does not increase the risk of Down syndrome but increases the risk of trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome). We want to emphasize the importance of screening of minor and major ultrasound abnormalities in detecting chromosomal abnormalities in the second trimester.",signatures:"Artúr Beke and Aténé Simonyi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68521",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68521",authors:[{id:"211641",title:"Dr.",name:"Artúr",surname:"Beke",slug:"artur-beke",fullName:"Artúr Beke"},{id:"302526",title:"MSc.",name:"Aténé",surname:"Simonyi",slug:"atene-simonyi",fullName:"Aténé Simonyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"70204",title:"Impact of Biological Factors Related to Maternal Aging: Risk of Childbirth with Down Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90262",slug:"impact-of-biological-factors-related-to-maternal-aging-risk-of-childbirth-with-down-syndrome",totalDownloads:712,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maternal aging and different biological factors play an important role in the birth of Down syndrome baby. Hormones play a crucial role for the maintenance of female sex cycle and oocyte maturation. Disparity in the level of these hormones during menstrual cycle has profound effect on female reproductive system. Hormonal imbalance also affects meiotic process and integrity of spindle structure and leads to nondisjunction of chromosome. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) play a crucial role in ovarian aging and nondisjunction of chromosomes. FSH stands as a hormonal indicator for ovarian aging, and its high level is responsible for aneuploid birth. Advanced chronological age of mother, ovarian aging, environmental factors and accelerated telomere shortening at older reproductive age are found to be risk factors for the birth of trisomy 21 Down syndrome.",signatures:"Subrata Kumar Dey, Pranami Bhaumik and Mandar Bhattacharya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70204",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70204",authors:[{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey"}],corrections:null},{id:"69321",title:"Gene Polymorphisms That Predispose Women for Down Syndrome Child Birth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89512",slug:"gene-polymorphisms-that-predispose-women-for-down-syndrome-child-birth",totalDownloads:535,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Down syndrome caused by presence of extra chromosome 21 originates from nondisjunction during parental gametogenesis. For overwhelming cases, the error occurs in oocyte and all the nondisjunction events are not stochastic. With increasing number of research efforts, it has come to know that maternal genetic architecture may be considered as risk factors for chromosomal errors. Polymorphisms of the genes involved in chromosome segregation, recombination and folic acid metabolisms have been investigated for their association with Down syndrome child birth. But the results are conflicting owing to ethnic and sociocultural differences. Here, we have discussed and summarized the outcome of the studies conducted on different population sample from different parts of world and tried to figure out the common polymorphisms, which could be used as makers for preconceptional screening of Down syndrome child birth risk among the women.",signatures:"Sujay Ghosh and Papiya Ghosh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69321",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69321",authors:[{id:"202692",title:"Dr.",name:"Sujay",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"sujay-ghosh",fullName:"Sujay Ghosh"},{id:"205049",title:"Dr.",name:"Papiya",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"papiya-ghosh",fullName:"Papiya Ghosh"}],corrections:null},{id:"71349",title:"Current Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Acute Myeloid Leukemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91425",slug:"current-cytogenetic-abnormalities-in-acute-myeloid-leukemia",totalDownloads:658,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cytogenetic abnormalities are frequently reported in the literature describing the presence of chromosomal rearrangements in important cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); the rate can reach 50–60% of cases of AML. Cytogenetic abnormalities represent an important prognosis factor, their analysis is crucial for AML; cytogenetic study permits to classify prognostic groups and indicate the treatment strategy and helps to improve the outcome of these patients and to increase their chances of cure. Hundreds of uncommon chromosomal aberrations from AML exist. This chapter summarizes chromosomal abnormalities that are common and classifies AML according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classifications from 2008 to 2016; we will discuss briefly gene mutations detected in normal karyotype (NK) AML by cutting-edge next-generation sequencing technology, like FLT3-ITD, nucleophosmin (NPM1), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA), and other additional mutations.",signatures:"Mounia Bendari, Nisrine Khoubila, Siham Cherkaoui, Nezha Hda, Meryem Qachouh, Mouna Lamchahab and Asmaa Quessar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71349",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71349",authors:[{id:"306239",title:"Dr.",name:"Mounia",surname:"Bendari",slug:"mounia-bendari",fullName:"Mounia Bendari"},{id:"306240",title:"Prof.",name:"Nisrine",surname:"Khoubila",slug:"nisrine-khoubila",fullName:"Nisrine Khoubila"},{id:"306242",title:"Prof.",name:"Siham",surname:"Cherkaoui",slug:"siham-cherkaoui",fullName:"Siham Cherkaoui"},{id:"306243",title:"Prof.",name:"Mouna",surname:"Lamhahab",slug:"mouna-lamhahab",fullName:"Mouna Lamhahab"},{id:"306244",title:"Prof.",name:"Meryem",surname:"Qachouh",slug:"meryem-qachouh",fullName:"Meryem Qachouh"},{id:"306245",title:"Dr.",name:"Nezha",surname:"Hda",slug:"nezha-hda",fullName:"Nezha Hda"},{id:"306246",title:"Prof.",name:"Asmaa",surname:"Quessar",slug:"asmaa-quessar",fullName:"Asmaa Quessar"}],corrections:null},{id:"69436",title:"First-Tier Array CGH in Clinically Variable Entity Diagnosis: 22q13.3 Deletion Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89399",slug:"first-tier-array-cgh-in-clinically-variable-entity-diagnosis-22q13-3-deletion-syndrome",totalDownloads:529,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Phelan-McDermid (PMS) or 22q13 deletion syndrome (OMIM 606232) is a rare genetic disorder with highly variable clinical presentation. The phenotype includes generalized neonatal hypotonia, developmental delay with intellectual disability and delayed speech, mild dysmorphic features, and autistic behavior. The genetic defects of PMS consist of 22q13.3 deletions or chromosomal structural rearrangements involving SHANK3 gene; the loss of function mutations of SHANK3 gene was reported in a minority of cases. The 22q13.3 deletions vary in size, from 0.2 to over 9 Mb, and, although larger deletions are generally associated with more severe phenotypes, the genotype-phenotype correlations are not clear-cut for all patients. SHANK3 is considered the main candidate gene for the neurologic features of PMS. PMS is a rare disorder, often underdiagnosed. There are no established clinical diagnostic criteria for PMS. The genetic tests typically used are chromosomal microarray and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for copy number analysis of SHANK3 gene; next-generation sequencing (NGS) or Sanger sequencing is used for pathogenic mutation screening of SHANK3. In this chapter, we report three cases with PMS and summarize the clinical and genetic diagnostic approaches of this condition, highlighting the role of chromosomal microarray technology in the identification of rare, but significantly impacting patient’s life, DNA copy number abnormalities.",signatures:"Magdalena Budisteanu, Andreea Tutulan-Cunita, Ina Ofelia Focsa, Sorina Mihaela Papuc and Aurora Arghir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69436",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69436",authors:[{id:"291929",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Budisteanu",slug:"magdalena-budisteanu",fullName:"Magdalena Budisteanu"},{id:"305430",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurora",surname:"Arghir",slug:"aurora-arghir",fullName:"Aurora Arghir"},{id:"309646",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",surname:"Tutulan-Cunita",slug:"andreea-tutulan-cunita",fullName:"Andreea Tutulan-Cunita"},{id:"309647",title:"Dr.",name:"Ina",surname:"Focsa",slug:"ina-focsa",fullName:"Ina Focsa"},{id:"309649",title:"Dr.",name:"Sorina Mihaela",surname:"Papuc",slug:"sorina-mihaela-papuc",fullName:"Sorina Mihaela Papuc"}],corrections:null},{id:"71339",title:"The Energy as a Determinant Factor in the Ethiopathogeny of Chromosomal Abnormalities. The Unsuspected Bioenergetic Role of Melanin",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90390",slug:"the-energy-as-a-determinant-factor-in-the-ethiopathogeny-of-chromosomal-abnormalities-the-unsuspecte",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the study of chromosomal abnormalities, in genetics, and in medicine in general, attention is rarely paid to the role of energy in the healthy subject and in the sick patient. The research on the chromosomal anomalies that are constantly published, does not mention the energy necessary for the biochemical processes involved in the function, replication and formation of genes, to be carried out in an adequate way. It seems that it is assumed that energy levels are always fine or at least did not have a significant role in the conditions associated with what we call chromosomal anomalies. A characteristic of the cell nucleus that has gone unnoticed is that it contains neither mitochondria nor ATP, much less glucose. Perhaps because of this, some researchers and clinicians come to think that the nucleus of cells does not require energy. The purpose of this work is to draw attention to the importance of energy levels in all the metabolic processes of the cell; and to make known that glucose is not an energy source, as it is only a source of carbon chains; and finally remark that our body, through melanin, can take energy directly from light.",signatures:"Arturo Solis Herrera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71339",authors:[{id:"280131",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Arturo",surname:"Solis Herrera",slug:"arturo-solis-herrera",fullName:"Arturo Solis Herrera"}],corrections:null},{id:"72597",title:"Polyploidy in the Ginger Family from Thailand",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92859",slug:"polyploidy-in-the-ginger-family-from-thailand",totalDownloads:530,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Polyploidy is common in the ginger family Zingiberaceae. The aims of the present paper are (1) to provide a general introduction on species diversity with emphasis on conservation; (2) to highlight the human-use significance of this family, focusing on the two major genera, Zingiber (ginger) and Curcuma (turmeric); (3) to present chromosome number data from 45 natural and cultivated Curcuma taxa from Thailand, of which polyploids are predominant; and (4) to describe our own work on cytotaxonomy of selected Thai Curcuma species. We obtained somatic chromosome numbers from root tips and analysed meiotic chromosome behaviour from flowers. We also used the molecular cytogenetic method of ribosomal gene mapping on chromosomes to infer mechanism of polyploidization and reveal genomic relationships among closely related species. The main results of our cytogenetic studies include the following. The most sought-after medicinal Curcuma cultivars growing on a large-scale basis are secondary triploids, so as taxa in natural habitats that are harvested for local utilisation. These triploids are sexually deficient, due to meiotic pairing abnormalities, but they are propagated asexually via rhizomes. The ribosomal mapping results indicate natural triploidization process via hybridisation, either within populations or across the species boundaries.",signatures:"Kesara Anamthawat-Jónsson and Puangpaka Umpunjun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72597",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72597",authors:[{id:"101215",title:"Prof.",name:"Kesara",surname:"Anamthawat-Jónsson",slug:"kesara-anamthawat-jonsson",fullName:"Kesara Anamthawat-Jónsson"},{id:"305033",title:"Dr.",name:"Puangpaka",surname:"Umpunjun",slug:"puangpaka-umpunjun",fullName:"Puangpaka Umpunjun"}],corrections:null},{id:"70088",title:"Maize Chromosome Abnormalities and Breakage-Fusion-Bridge Cycles in Callus Cultures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88876",slug:"maize-chromosome-abnormalities-and-breakage-fusion-bridge-cycles-in-callus-cultures",totalDownloads:610,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The maize karyotype was first characterized by the observation of pachytene chromosomes. The somatic chromosomes were identified by C-banding and FISH with repetitive DNA sequences. C-banding was useful for the identification of chromosome abnormalities in callus cultures. In the present review, we focus on the involvement of heterochromatic knobs on the occurrence of chromosome abnormalities in callus cultures. In a previous work we detected anaphase bridges resulting from delayed chromatid separation at knob regions and typical bridges derived from dicentric chromatids in cultures. The analysis of altered chromosomes showed they were derived from a chromatid-type breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed signals of telomere sequences in the broken chromosome arm, thus giving evidence of de novo telomere formation on the broken chromosome end. Further observations of long- and short-term cultures have shown the presence of chromosome alterations derived from BFB cycles followed by chromosome healing. Additionally, the occurrence of unequal crossing over in a knob region was observed in callus culture. These results are of interest for studies on the mechanisms of chromosome alterations during evolution.",signatures:"Margarida L.R. Aguiar-Perecin, Janay A. Santos-Serejo, José R. Gardingo and Mateus Mondin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70088",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70088",authors:[{id:"208128",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarida",surname:"L. R. Aguiar-Perecin",slug:"margarida-l.-r.-aguiar-perecin",fullName:"Margarida L. R. Aguiar-Perecin"},{id:"306859",title:"Dr.",name:"Janay",surname:"A. Santos-Serejo",slug:"janay-a.-santos-serejo",fullName:"Janay A. Santos-Serejo"},{id:"309660",title:"Prof.",name:"Mateus",surname:"Mondin",slug:"mateus-mondin",fullName:"Mateus Mondin"},{id:"309661",title:"Prof.",name:"José",surname:"Raulindo Gardingo",slug:"jose-raulindo-gardingo",fullName:"José Raulindo Gardingo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6380",title:"Cytotoxicity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60d61573c9a66207b8bc54613cac5716",slug:"cytotoxicity",bookSignature:"Tülay Aşkin Çelik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6380.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1721",title:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies",subtitle:"Methodologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0087ed85088a960b84ae536fe7204ee9",slug:"recent-trends-in-cytogenetic-studies-methodologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Padma Tirunilai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1721.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87653",title:"Prof.",name:"Padma",surname:"Tirunilai",slug:"padma-tirunilai",fullName:"Padma Tirunilai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6920",title:"Cytogenetics",subtitle:"Past, Present and Further Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d72001eed508dfa72d9a68e1de28bb4b",slug:"cytogenetics-past-present-and-further-perspectives",bookSignature:"Marcelo Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6920.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"72877",slug:"erratum-synthesis-techniques-and-applications-of-perovskite-materials",title:"Erratum - Synthesis Techniques and Applications of Perovskite Materials",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72877.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72877",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72877",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72877",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72877",chapter:{id:"70923",slug:"synthesis-techniques-and-applications-of-perovskite-materials",signatures:"Dinesh Kumar, Ram Sagar Yadav, Monika, Akhilesh Kumar Singh and Shyam Bahadur Rai",dateSubmitted:"March 12th 2019",dateReviewed:"May 13th 2019",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 10th 2020",book:{id:"9360",title:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",slug:"perovskite-materials-devices-and-integration",publishedDate:"June 10th 2020",bookSignature:"He Tian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9360.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259466",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"298428",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Sagar",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",fullName:"Ram Sagar Yadav",slug:"ram-sagar-yadav",email:"ramsagaryadav@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302651",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Dinesh Kumar",slug:"dinesh-kumar",email:"dineshiitbhu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302652",title:"Ms.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Kanwal",fullName:"Monika Kanwal",slug:"monika-kanwal",email:"monikavbspu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302653",title:"Dr.",name:"Akhilesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Akhilesh Kumar Singh",slug:"akhilesh-kumar-singh",email:"aksingh.mst@iitbhu.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302654",title:"Prof.",name:"Shyam Bahadur",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",fullName:"Shyam Bahadur Rai",slug:"shyam-bahadur-rai",email:"sbrai49@yahoo.co.in",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"70923",slug:"synthesis-techniques-and-applications-of-perovskite-materials",signatures:"Dinesh Kumar, Ram Sagar Yadav, Monika, Akhilesh Kumar Singh and Shyam Bahadur Rai",dateSubmitted:"March 12th 2019",dateReviewed:"May 13th 2019",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 10th 2020",book:{id:"9360",title:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",slug:"perovskite-materials-devices-and-integration",publishedDate:"June 10th 2020",bookSignature:"He Tian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9360.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259466",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"298428",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Sagar",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",fullName:"Ram Sagar Yadav",slug:"ram-sagar-yadav",email:"ramsagaryadav@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302651",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Dinesh Kumar",slug:"dinesh-kumar",email:"dineshiitbhu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302652",title:"Ms.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Kanwal",fullName:"Monika Kanwal",slug:"monika-kanwal",email:"monikavbspu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302653",title:"Dr.",name:"Akhilesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Akhilesh Kumar Singh",slug:"akhilesh-kumar-singh",email:"aksingh.mst@iitbhu.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302654",title:"Prof.",name:"Shyam Bahadur",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",fullName:"Shyam Bahadur Rai",slug:"shyam-bahadur-rai",email:"sbrai49@yahoo.co.in",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9360",title:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",slug:"perovskite-materials-devices-and-integration",publishedDate:"June 10th 2020",bookSignature:"He Tian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9360.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259466",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7925",leadTitle:null,title:"Embolic Disease",subtitle:"Evolving Diagnostic and Management Approaches",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In the realm of medical practice, the word “embolism” has many implications to many people, with most providers instinctively placing this word within an inherently negative context. Derived from the Greek word, ἐμβολισμός, this term most literally means “interposition.” Yet, regardless of how benign this etymological derivation may appear, the clinical context is quite the opposite—a symbol of much dreaded morbidity and mortality. Whether the embolus consists of a blood clot, a fat globule, a bubble of gas, amniotic fluid, or even an iatrogenic or traumatic foreign body, the unfavorable connotations persist even if the patient has few or no associated symptoms and requires no intervention.The primary goal of this book is to provide the reader with an overview of the most common types of embolic phenomena encountered in clinical practice, including some of the key related diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Among chapters featured in the current collection are important contributions in the areas of pulmonary embolism, fat embolism, embolic complications of non-malignant cardiac tumors, acute arterial embolism of the lower extremity, thrombophilia in pregnancy, bullet and shrapnel embolization, coronary artery embolization, as well as a comprehensive review of venous interventions utilized in the management of thromboembolic disorders. When measured in terms of both human and financial costs, broadly defined “embolic phenomena” have tremendous impact on healthcare systems and societies around the globe. Through this academic effort of both our editorial team and individual chapter authors, we hope to provide the reader with valuable insight into the gravity of the collective problem. Among key takeaway messages of this book is that diagnostic relativity and uncertainty continue to prevail in the realm of “embolic diseases.” Consequently, much more progress is required before we are able to declare success.",isbn:"978-1-78923-860-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-859-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-330-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77755",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"embolic-diseases-evolving-diagnostic-and-management-approaches",numberOfPages:176,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"70a90d1a07cc875f7eda4641fbf32339",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg and Mamta Swaroop",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7925.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:8769,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 4th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 30th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 18th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 18th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181694/images/system/181694.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki is a Professor of Surgery and chair of the Department of Research and Innovation, St. Luke\\'s University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. A specialist in general surgery, surgical critical care, and neurocritical care, he has co-authored more than 650 scholarly works, including more than 20 books. In addition to local, national, and international medical leadership roles, Dr. Stawicki is a member of numerous editorial boards. His areas of expertise are diverse and include health security, medical information security, blockchain technology, patient safety, academic leadership, mentorship and leadership development, traumatology, surgical critical care, and sonography.",institutionString:"St. Luke's University Health Network",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"32",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"St. Luke's University Health Network",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"197820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamta",middleName:null,surname:"Swaroop",slug:"mamta-swaroop",fullName:"Mamta Swaroop",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197820/images/system/197820.jpeg",biography:"Mamta Swaroop, MD, FACS FICS FAIM, is Associate Professor of Surgery in the Division of Trauma and \nCritical Care, the Director for the Center for Global Surgery in the Institute for Global Health, and the Global Surgery Program Director at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Her lab, the Northwestern Trauma and Surgical Initiative (www.ntsi.global), aims to build sustainable access to surgical care through education and research in low-resource settings.\nThe NTSI conducts community-directed research and programmatic I development in Southeast Asia, \nSouth America, and Chicago, Illinois, USA. To honor her family’s legacy, she founded a 501(c)(3) NGO, the Sadanah Foundation (www.sadanah.org), to build sustainable access to health care and education in low-resource settings.",institutionString:"Northwestern University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64343/images/system/64343.png",biography:"Dr. Michael S. Firstenberg is a thoracic surgeon at the St. Elizabeth Medical Center (Ascension), Appleton, Wisconsin. He attended Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, OH, received his general surgery training at University Hospitals in Cleveland, and completed thoracic surgery fellowships at The Ohio State University and the Cleveland Clinic. He is an active member of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), American Association of Thoracic Surgeons (AATS), American College of Cardiology (ACC), and American College of Academic International Medicine (ACAIM), for which he served as president in 2021–2022. He has authored more than 250 peer-reviewed manuscripts, abstracts, and book chapters and has edited several textbooks and lectured worldwide on topics ranging from medical leadership, COVID-19, endocarditis, and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).",institutionString:"St. Elizabeth Medical Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"25",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"12",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1155",title:"Vascular Surgery",slug:"vascular-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"70644",title:"Introductory Chapter: Defining the True Global Impact of Embolic Phenomena",slug:"introductory-chapter-defining-the-true-global-impact-of-embolic-phenomena",totalDownloads:761,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"},{id:"410465",title:"Dr.",name:"Samantha",surname:"Wolfe",slug:"samantha-wolfe",fullName:"Samantha Wolfe"},{id:"410467",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamta",surname:"Swaroop",slug:"mamta-swaroop",fullName:"Mamta Swaroop"},{id:"410468",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer C.B.",surname:"Irick",slug:"jennifer-c.b.-irick",fullName:"Jennifer C.B. Irick"}]},{id:"66295",title:"Fat Embolism: What We Have Learned from Animal Models",slug:"fat-embolism-what-we-have-learned-from-animal-models",totalDownloads:776,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"273097",title:"M.D.",name:"Alan",surname:"Poisner",slug:"alan-poisner",fullName:"Alan Poisner"},{id:"273105",title:"Dr.",name:"Agostino",surname:"Molteni",slug:"agostino-molteni",fullName:"Agostino Molteni"}]},{id:"67715",title:"Non-Malignant Cardiac Tumors",slug:"non-malignant-cardiac-tumors",totalDownloads:906,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"},{id:"198418",title:"Dr.",name:"Bethany",surname:"Malone",slug:"bethany-malone",fullName:"Bethany Malone"},{id:"299466",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",surname:"Eapen",slug:"sarah-eapen",fullName:"Sarah Eapen"}]},{id:"70645",title:"Coronary Embolic Phenomena: High-Impact, Low-Frequency Events",slug:"coronary-embolic-phenomena-high-impact-low-frequency-events",totalDownloads:753,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"},{id:"410469",title:"Dr.",name:"Qasim",surname:"Malik",slug:"qasim-malik",fullName:"Qasim Malik"},{id:"410470",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambreen",surname:"Alam",slug:"ambreen-alam",fullName:"Ambreen Alam"},{id:"410472",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Puleo",slug:"peter-puleo",fullName:"Peter Puleo"}]},{id:"66190",title:"Acute Arterial Embolism of the Lower Limb",slug:"acute-arterial-embolism-of-the-lower-limb",totalDownloads:1492,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"274389",title:"Dr.",name:"André",surname:"Casas",slug:"andre-casas",fullName:"André Casas"}]},{id:"66156",title:"Thrombophilia and Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management",slug:"thrombophilia-and-pregnancy-diagnosis-and-management",totalDownloads:1467,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"48837",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Tsikouras",slug:"panagiotis-tsikouras",fullName:"Panagiotis Tsikouras"},{id:"229224",title:"Ms.",name:"Theodora",surname:"Deftereou",slug:"theodora-deftereou",fullName:"Theodora Deftereou"},{id:"229225",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",surname:"Chalkidou",slug:"anna-chalkidou",fullName:"Anna Chalkidou"},{id:"229226",title:"Ms.",name:"Xanthoula",surname:"Anthoulaki",slug:"xanthoula-anthoulaki",fullName:"Xanthoula Anthoulaki"},{id:"229227",title:"Ms.",name:"Anastasia",surname:"Bothou",slug:"anastasia-bothou",fullName:"Anastasia Bothou"},{id:"229230",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefanos",surname:"Zervoudis",slug:"stefanos-zervoudis",fullName:"Stefanos Zervoudis"},{id:"229232",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Iatrakis",slug:"georgios-iatrakis",fullName:"Georgios Iatrakis"},{id:"229233",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Galazios",slug:"georgios-galazios",fullName:"Georgios Galazios"},{id:"282016",title:"Mr.",name:"Eleftherios",surname:"Chatzimichael",slug:"eleftherios-chatzimichael",fullName:"Eleftherios Chatzimichael"},{id:"290370",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Christoforidou",slug:"anna-christoforidou",fullName:"Anna Christoforidou"},{id:"290371",title:"Mrs.",name:"Fotini",surname:"Gaitatzi",slug:"fotini-gaitatzi",fullName:"Fotini Gaitatzi"},{id:"290372",title:"Mr.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Tsirkas",slug:"ioannis-tsirkas",fullName:"Ioannis Tsirkas"},{id:"290373",title:"Mrs.",name:"Arsou",surname:"Chalil Bourazan",slug:"arsou-chalil-bourazan",fullName:"Arsou Chalil Bourazan"},{id:"290374",title:"Prof.",name:"Werner",surname:"Rath",slug:"werner-rath",fullName:"Werner Rath"},{id:"298197",title:"Mrs.",name:"Eirini",surname:"Bampageorgaka",slug:"eirini-bampageorgaka",fullName:"Eirini Bampageorgaka"}]},{id:"65896",title:"Peripartum Pulmonary Embolism",slug:"peripartum-pulmonary-embolism",totalDownloads:1112,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"107703",title:"Dr.",name:"Nissar",surname:"Shaikh",slug:"nissar-shaikh",fullName:"Nissar Shaikh"}]},{id:"66734",title:"Venous Interventions: From Lower-Limb Deep Vein Thrombosis to May-Thurner Syndrome and Budd-Chiari Syndrome",slug:"venous-interventions-from-lower-limb-deep-vein-thrombosis-to-may-thurner-syndrome-and-budd-chiari-sy",totalDownloads:970,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"66436",title:"Prof.",name:"Hao",surname:"Xu",slug:"hao-xu",fullName:"Hao Xu"},{id:"274933",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ding-Kwo",surname:"Wu",slug:"ding-kwo-wu",fullName:"Ding-Kwo Wu"},{id:"293982",title:"Prof.",name:"Maoheng",surname:"Zu",slug:"maoheng-zu",fullName:"Maoheng Zu"},{id:"296522",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Wei",surname:"Chen",slug:"chih-wei-chen",fullName:"Chih-Wei Chen"}]},{id:"70768",title:"Bullet and Shrapnel Embolism: When “Uncommon” Meets “Dangerous”",slug:"bullet-and-shrapnel-embolism-when-uncommon-meets-dangerous-",totalDownloads:534,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"},{id:"410768",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen D.",surname:"Dingley",slug:"stephen-d.-dingley",fullName:"Stephen D. Dingley"},{id:"410769",title:"Dr.",name:"Zachary E.",surname:"Darby",slug:"zachary-e.-darby",fullName:"Zachary E. Darby"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6672",title:"Vignettes in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c8b1831a8cceea8be146cbfbd582b81",slug:"vignettes-in-patient-safety-volume-3",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6672.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7447",title:"Vignettes in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 4",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88d9ec0c55c5e7e973a35eafa413ded2",slug:"vignettes-in-patient-safety-volume-4",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10624",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"edbc267908c2f140f991de15d99276df",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-2",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Thomas J. Papadimos, Sagar C. Galwankar, Andrew C. Miller and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10624.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7043",title:"Clinical Management of Shock",subtitle:"The Science and Art of Physiological Restoration",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f79000187ae93618e2213631e00047c",slug:"clinical-management-of-shock-the-science-and-art-of-physiological-restoration",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Mamta Swaroop",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8645",title:"Contemporary Topics in Graduate Medical Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76d224ba3c158c43fda8141a61ababd6",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-graduate-medical-education",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, James P. Orlando and Thomas J. Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8645.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"980",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:"Public Policy and Clinical Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"591607d84f802684beb4660893273004",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation-public-policy-and-clinical-perspectives",bookSignature:"Gurch Randhawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/980.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83650",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurch",surname:"Randhawa",slug:"gurch-randhawa",fullName:"Gurch Randhawa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"363",title:"Gangrene",subtitle:"Current Concepts and Management Options",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b66b0835c5a8c7c89c0daaf4e7dc0644",slug:"gangrene-current-concepts-and-management-options",bookSignature:"Alexander Vitin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/363.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46555",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Vitin",slug:"alexander-vitin",fullName:"Alexander Vitin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2703",title:"Vascular Surgery",subtitle:"Principles and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e1d45158df7b8e62946961a0e551e0f",slug:"vascular-surgery-principles-and-practice",bookSignature:"Dai Yamanouchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68673",title:"Dr.",name:"Dai",surname:"Yamanouchi",slug:"dai-yamanouchi",fullName:"Dai Yamanouchi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5155",title:"Frontiers in Transplantology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f358194cd9d33671b03808b346f354dc",slug:"frontiers-in-transplantology",bookSignature:"Hesham Abdeldayem, Ahmed F. El-Kased and Ahmed El-Shaarawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5155.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72383",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesham",surname:"Abdeldayem",slug:"hesham-abdeldayem",fullName:"Hesham Abdeldayem"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"14687",title:"Advanced MIMO Techniques: Polarization Diversity and Antenna Selection",doi:"10.5772/14375",slug:"advanced-mimo-techniques-polarization-diversity-and-antenna-selection",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/14687.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14687",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14687",totalDownloads:6668,totalViews:400,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:58,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2010",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 4th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/14687",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/14687",book:{id:"78",slug:"mimo-systems-theory-and-applications"},signatures:"Kosai Raoof, Maha Ben Zid, Nuttapol Prayongpun and Ammar Bouallegue",authors:[{id:"17622",title:"Dr.",name:"Kosai",middleName:null,surname:"Raoof",fullName:"Kosai Raoof",slug:"kosai-raoof",email:"kosai.raoof@gipsa-lab.grenoble-inp.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"21590",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuttapol",middleName:null,surname:"Prayongpun",fullName:"Nuttapol Prayongpun",slug:"nuttapol-prayongpun",email:"prayongpun@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"21591",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Zid",fullName:"Maha Ben Zid",slug:"maha-ben-zid",email:"maha.ben-zid@gipsa-lab.grenoble-inp.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/21591/images/system/21591.jpg",institution:null},{id:"24223",title:"Prof.",name:"Ammar",middleName:null,surname:"Bouallegue",fullName:"Ammar Bouallegue",slug:"ammar-bouallegue",email:"ammar.bouallegue@enit.rnu.tn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"78",type:"book",title:"MIMO Systems",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",fullTitle:"MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications",slug:"mimo-systems-theory-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 4th 2011",bookSignature:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/78.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-245-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5514-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"21746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"541"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"14687",type:"chapter",title:"Advanced MIMO Techniques: Polarization Diversity and Antenna Selection",slug:"advanced-mimo-techniques-polarization-diversity-and-antenna-selection",totalDownloads:6668,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Kosai Raoof, Maha Ben Zid, Nuttapol Prayongpun and Ammar Bouallegue",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17622",title:"Dr.",name:"Kosai",middleName:null,surname:"Raoof",fullName:"Kosai Raoof",slug:"kosai-raoof"},{id:"21590",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuttapol",middleName:null,surname:"Prayongpun",fullName:"Nuttapol Prayongpun",slug:"nuttapol-prayongpun"},{id:"21591",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Zid",fullName:"Maha Ben Zid",slug:"maha-ben-zid"},{id:"24223",title:"Prof.",name:"Ammar",middleName:null,surname:"Bouallegue",fullName:"Ammar Bouallegue",slug:"ammar-bouallegue"}]},{id:"14690",type:"chapter",title:"Geometrical Detection Algorithm for MIMO Systems",slug:"geometrical-detection-algorithm-for-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2439,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Z. Y. Shao, S. W. Cheung and T. I. Yuk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19790",title:"Ms.",name:"Z.Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Shao",fullName:"Z.Y. Shao",slug:"z.y.-shao"},{id:"21229",title:"Dr.",name:"T.I.",middleName:null,surname:"Yuk",fullName:"T.I. Yuk",slug:"t.i.-yuk"},{id:"21461",title:"Dr.",name:"S.W.",middleName:null,surname:"Cheung",fullName:"S.W. Cheung",slug:"s.w.-cheung"}]},{id:"14688",type:"chapter",title:"Joint LS Estimation and ML Detection for Flat Fading MIMO Channels",slug:"joint-ls-estimation-and-ml-detection-for-flat-fading-mimo-channels",totalDownloads:2691,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam and Hossein Saremi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20644",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar Shirvani",middleName:null,surname:"Moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam"},{id:"21264",title:"Mr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Saremi",fullName:"Hossein Saremi",slug:"hossein-saremi"}]},{id:"14682",type:"chapter",title:"Semi-Deterministic Single Interaction MIMO Channel Model",slug:"semi-deterministic-single-interaction-mimo-channel-model",totalDownloads:2479,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arghavan Emami-Forooshani and Sima Noghanian",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"10353",title:"Prof.",name:"Sima",middleName:null,surname:"Noghanian",fullName:"Sima Noghanian",slug:"sima-noghanian"},{id:"21368",title:"PhD.",name:"Arghavan",middleName:null,surname:"Emami-Forooshani",fullName:"Arghavan Emami-Forooshani",slug:"arghavan-emami-forooshani"}]},{id:"14683",type:"chapter",title:"Another Interpretation of Diversity Gain of MIMO Systems",slug:"another-interpretation-of-diversity-gain-of-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2426,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shuichi Ohno and Kok Ann Donny Teo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21065",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Ohno",fullName:"Shuichi Ohno",slug:"shuichi-ohno"},{id:"21066",title:"Mr.",name:"Kok Ann Donny",middleName:null,surname:"Teo",fullName:"Kok Ann Donny Teo",slug:"kok-ann-donny-teo"}]},{id:"14678",type:"chapter",title:"Rate-Adaptive Information Transmission over MIMO Channels",slug:"rate-adaptive-information-transmission-over-mimo-channels",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marco Zoffoli, Jerry D. Gibson and Marco Chiani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13525",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerry D.",middleName:null,surname:"Gibson",fullName:"Jerry D. Gibson",slug:"jerry-d.-gibson"},{id:"21017",title:"PhD.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Zoffoli",fullName:"Marco Zoffoli",slug:"marco-zoffoli"},{id:"21018",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Chiani",fullName:"Marco Chiani",slug:"marco-chiani"}]},{id:"14689",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of MIMO Systems in the Presence of Co-channel Interference and Spatial Correlation",slug:"analysis-of-mimo-systems-in-the-presence-of-co-channel-interference-and-spatial-correlation",totalDownloads:2071,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dian-Wu Yue and Qian Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21525",title:"Dr.",name:"Dian-Wu",middleName:null,surname:"Yue",fullName:"Dian-Wu Yue",slug:"dian-wu-yue"},{id:"21529",title:"Dr.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Qian Wang",slug:"qian-wang"}]},{id:"14684",type:"chapter",title:"Cellular MIMO Systems",slug:"cellular-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1848,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wei Peng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21456",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Wei Peng",slug:"wei-peng"}]},{id:"14679",type:"chapter",title:"MIMO-THP System with Imperfect CSI",slug:"mimo-thp-system-with-imperfect-csi",totalDownloads:2619,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"H. Khaleghi Bizaki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki"},{id:"17343",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki"}]},{id:"14675",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis and Design of Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding for Multiuser MIMO Systems",slug:"analysis-and-design-of-tomlinson-harashima-precoding-for-multiuser-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2518,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xiang Chen, Min Huang,Ming Zhao, Shidong Zhou and Jing Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"12257",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jing Wang",slug:"jing-wang"},{id:"16883",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Xiang Chen",slug:"xiang-chen"},{id:"19962",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Min Huang",slug:"min-huang"},{id:"19963",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Ming Zhao",slug:"ming-zhao"},{id:"19964",title:"Prof.",name:"Shidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Shidong Zhou",slug:"shidong-zhou"}]},{id:"14681",type:"chapter",title:"Iterative Optimization Algorithms to Determine Transmit and Receive Weights for MIMO Systems",slug:"iterative-optimization-algorithms-to-determine-transmit-and-receive-weights-for-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1863,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Osamu Muta, Takayuki Tominaga, Daiki Fujii, and Yoshihiko Akaiwa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20746",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Muta",fullName:"Osamu Muta",slug:"osamu-muta"}]},{id:"14692",type:"chapter",title:"Beamforming Based on Finite-Rate Feedback",slug:"beamforming-based-on-finite-rate-feedback",totalDownloads:1956,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pengcheng Zhu, Lan Tang, YanWang and Xiaohu You",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18132",title:"Dr.",name:"Pengcheng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Pengcheng Zhu",slug:"pengcheng-zhu"},{id:"21417",title:"Dr.",name:"Lan",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Lan Tang",slug:"lan-tang"},{id:"21418",title:"Prof.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yan Wang",slug:"yan-wang"},{id:"21423",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaohu",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Xiaohu You",slug:"xiaohu-you"}]},{id:"14680",type:"chapter",title:"Computationally Efficient Symbol Detection Schemes in Multi-Device STBC-MIMO Systems",slug:"computationally-efficient-symbol-detection-schemes-in-multi-device-stbc-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1747,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel C. Lee and Muhammad Naeem",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17712",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Daniel Lee",slug:"daniel-lee"}]},{id:"14691",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis and Mitigation of Phase Noise in Centralized/De-centralized MIMO Systems",slug:"analysis-and-mitigation-of-phase-noise-in-centralized-de-centralized-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2222,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wei Zhang, Xiujun Zhang, Shidong Zhou and Jing Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"12257",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jing Wang",slug:"jing-wang"},{id:"12256",title:"PhD.",name:"Shidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Shidong Zhou",slug:"shidong-zhou"},{id:"20426",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Wei Zhang",slug:"wei-zhang"},{id:"21667",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiujun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xiujun Zhang",slug:"xiujun-zhang"}]},{id:"14693",type:"chapter",title:"A List Based Detection Technique for MIMO Systems",slug:"a-list-based-detection-technique-for-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2593,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"SaiRamesh Nammi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17003",title:"PhD.",name:"SaiRamesh",middleName:null,surname:"Nammi",fullName:"SaiRamesh Nammi",slug:"sairamesh-nammi"}]},{id:"14686",type:"chapter",title:"Narrowband Interference Suppression in MIMO Systems",slug:"narrowband-interference-suppression-in-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2599,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Vladimir Poulkov, Miglen Ovtcharov, Georgi Iliev and Zlatka Nikolova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18206",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Poulkov",fullName:"Vladimir Poulkov",slug:"vladimir-poulkov"},{id:"21534",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Iliev",fullName:"Georgi Iliev",slug:"georgi-iliev"},{id:"21535",title:"Dr.",name:"Miglen",middleName:null,surname:"Ovtcharov",fullName:"Miglen Ovtcharov",slug:"miglen-ovtcharov"},{id:"21536",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zlatka",middleName:null,surname:"Valkova-Jarvis",fullName:"Zlatka Valkova-Jarvis",slug:"zlatka-valkova-jarvis"}]},{id:"14673",type:"chapter",title:"Fundamentals for a Pragmatic MIMO Performance Evaluation",slug:"fundamentals-for-a-pragmatic-mimo-performance-evaluation",totalDownloads:1538,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shirook M. Ali",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18703",title:"Dr.",name:"Shirook M.",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Shirook M. Ali",slug:"shirook-m.-ali"}]},{id:"14672",type:"chapter",title:"MIMO Beamforming Network Having Polarization Diversity",slug:"mimo-beamforming-network-having-polarization-diversity",totalDownloads:2535,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kadir M.F. A., Suaidi M.K. and Aziz M. Z. A.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17092",title:"Mr",name:"Muhammad Faiz",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Kadir",fullName:"Muhammad Faiz Abdul Kadir",slug:"muhammad-faiz-abdul-kadir"},{id:"21232",title:"Mr",name:"Mohamad Zoinol",middleName:null,surname:"Abd Aziz",fullName:"Mohamad Zoinol Abd Aziz",slug:"mohamad-zoinol-abd-aziz"},{id:"21348",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad Kadim",middleName:null,surname:"Suaidi",fullName:"Mohamad Kadim Suaidi",slug:"mohamad-kadim-suaidi"}]},{id:"14685",type:"chapter",title:"VLSI Implementation of Least Square Channel Estimation and QPSK Modulation Technique for 2×2 MIMO System",slug:"vlsi-implementation-of-least-square-channel-estimation-and-qpsk-modulation-technique-for-2-2-mimo-sy",totalDownloads:3388,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sudhakar Reddy Penubolu and Ramachandra Reddy Gudheti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16911",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakara",middleName:"Reddy",surname:"Penubolu",fullName:"Sudhakara Penubolu",slug:"sudhakara-penubolu"}]},{id:"14676",type:"chapter",title:"Efficient Implementation of MIMO Decoders",slug:"efficient-implementation-of-mimo-decoders",totalDownloads:3611,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhammad S. Khairy, Mohamed M. Abdallah and S. E.-D. Habib",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18087",title:"Prof.",name:"Serag E.D.",middleName:null,surname:"Habib",fullName:"Serag E.D. Habib",slug:"serag-e.d.-habib"},{id:"21543",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad S.",middleName:null,surname:"Khairy",fullName:"Muhammad S. Khairy",slug:"muhammad-s.-khairy"},{id:"21544",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",fullName:"Mohamed M. Abdallah",slug:"mohamed-m.-abdallah"}]},{id:"14677",type:"chapter",title:"MIMO System Implementation for WSN Using Xilinx Tools",slug:"mimo-system-implementation-for-wsn-using-xilinx-tools",totalDownloads:3117,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wael M El-Medany",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"911",title:"Dr.",name:"Wael M.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Medany",fullName:"Wael M. El-Medany",slug:"wael-m.-el-medany"}]},{id:"14674",type:"chapter",title:"Experimental Evaluation of MIMO Coded Modulation Systems: are Space-Time Block Codes Really Necessary?",slug:"experimental-evaluation-of-mimo-coded-modulation-systems-are-space-time-block-codes-really-necessary",totalDownloads:2295,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francisco J. Vázquez Araújo, José A. García-Naya, Miguel González-López, Luis Castedo and Javier Garcia-Frias",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"4116",title:"Prof.",name:"José A.",middleName:null,surname:"García-Naya",fullName:"José A. García-Naya",slug:"jose-a.-garcia-naya"},{id:"20183",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Castedo",fullName:"Luis Castedo",slug:"luis-castedo"},{id:"21732",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez Araújo",fullName:"Francisco J. Vázquez Araújo",slug:"francisco-j.-vazquez-araujo"},{id:"21733",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"González-López",fullName:"Miguel González-López",slug:"miguel-gonzalez-lopez"},{id:"21734",title:"Prof.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"García-Frías",fullName:"Javier García-Frías",slug:"javier-garcia-frias"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5480",title:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks",subtitle:"A Physical Layer Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da8d6b0a60a9c1ad989e111fde79785c",slug:"towards-5g-wireless-networks-a-physical-layer-perspective",bookSignature:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"52817",title:"Analysis of Candidate Waveforms for 5G Cellular Systems",slug:"analysis-of-candidate-waveforms-for-5g-cellular-systems",signatures:"Ayesha Ijaz, Lei Zhang, Pei Xiao and Rahim Tafazolli",authors:[{id:"189754",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Pei Xiao",slug:"pei-xiao"},{id:"189921",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayesha",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",fullName:"Ayesha Ijaz",slug:"ayesha-ijaz"},{id:"189928",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Lei Zhang",slug:"lei-zhang"},{id:"190297",title:"Prof.",name:"Rahim",middleName:null,surname:"Tafazolli",fullName:"Rahim Tafazolli",slug:"rahim-tafazolli"}]},{id:"52919",title:"Waveform Design Considerations for 5G Wireless Networks",slug:"waveform-design-considerations-for-5g-wireless-networks",signatures:"Evren Çatak and Lütfiye Durak‐Ata",authors:[{id:"19414",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutfiye",middleName:null,surname:"Durak-Ata",fullName:"Lutfiye Durak-Ata",slug:"lutfiye-durak-ata"},{id:"189749",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Evren",middleName:null,surname:"Çatak",fullName:"Evren Çatak",slug:"evren-catak"}]},{id:"52893",title:"Spectral Efficiency Analysis of Filter Bank Multi‐Carrier (FBMC)‐ Based 5G Networks with Estimated Channel State Information (CSI)",slug:"spectral-efficiency-analysis-of-filter-bank-multi-carrier-fbmc-based-5g-networks-with-estimated-chan",signatures:"Haijian Zhang, Hengwei Lv and Pandong Li",authors:[{id:"188778",title:"Prof.",name:"Haijian",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Haijian Zhang",slug:"haijian-zhang"},{id:"195140",title:"MSc.",name:"Hengwei",middleName:null,surname:"Lv",fullName:"Hengwei Lv",slug:"hengwei-lv"},{id:"195141",title:"MSc.",name:"Pandong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Pandong Li",slug:"pandong-li"}]},{id:"52822",title:"Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for 5G Networks",slug:"non-orthogonal-multiple-access-noma-for-5g-networks",signatures:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak",authors:[{id:"188668",title:"Dr.",name:"Refik Caglar",middleName:null,surname:"Kizilirmak",fullName:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak",slug:"refik-caglar-kizilirmak"}]},{id:"53333",title:"Physical-Layer Transmission Cooperative Strategies for Heterogeneous Networks",slug:"physical-layer-transmission-cooperative-strategies-for-heterogeneous-networks",signatures:"Syed Saqlain Ali, Daniel Castanheira, Adão Silva and Atílio Gameiro",authors:[{id:"5130",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Castanheira",fullName:"Daniel Castanheira",slug:"daniel-castanheira"},{id:"30839",title:"Prof.",name:"Adão",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Adão Silva",slug:"adao-silva"},{id:"38908",title:"Prof.",name:"Atilio",middleName:null,surname:"Gameiro",fullName:"Atilio Gameiro",slug:"atilio-gameiro"},{id:"188913",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Saqlain",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Syed Saqlain Ali",slug:"syed-saqlain-ali"}]},{id:"52936",title:"Achievable Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency of Large‐ Scale Distributed Antenna Systems",slug:"achievable-energy-efficiency-and-spectral-efficiency-of-large-scale-distributed-antenna-systems",signatures:"Wei Feng, Ning Ge and Jianhua Lu",authors:[{id:"11528",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",fullName:"Wei Feng",slug:"wei-feng"},{id:"191379",title:"Prof.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Ning Ge",slug:"ning-ge"},{id:"195085",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianhua",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Jianhua Lu",slug:"jianhua-lu"}]},{id:"52922",title:"Energy Efficiency for 5G Multi-Tier Cellular Networks",slug:"energy-efficiency-for-5g-multi-tier-cellular-networks",signatures:"Md. Hashem Ali Khan and Moon Ho Lee",authors:[{id:"171897",title:"Prof.",name:"Moon Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Moon Ho Lee",slug:"moon-ho-lee"},{id:"190233",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Hashem Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Md. Hashem Ali Khan",slug:"md.-hashem-ali-khan"}]},{id:"53332",title:"Beamforming in Wireless Networks",slug:"beamforming-in-wireless-networks",signatures:"Mohammad-Hossein Golbon-Haghighi",authors:[{id:"190600",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mohammad-Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Golbon-Haghighi",fullName:"Mohammad-Hossein Golbon-Haghighi",slug:"mohammad-hossein-golbon-haghighi"}]},{id:"52937",title:"Superallocation and Cluster‐Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in 5G Cognitive Radio Network",slug:"superallocation-and-cluster-based-cooperative-spectrum-sensing-in-5g-cognitive-radio-network",signatures:"Md Sipon Miah, Md Mahbubur Rahman and Heejung Yu",authors:[{id:"189976",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Sipon",middleName:null,surname:"Miah",fullName:"Md Sipon Miah",slug:"md-sipon-miah"},{id:"189978",title:"Dr.",name:"Heejung",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Heejung Yu",slug:"heejung-yu"},{id:"194759",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md Mahbubur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Dr. Md Mahbubur Rahman",slug:"dr.-md-mahbubur-rahman"}]},{id:"53156",title:"Selective Control Information Detection in 5G Frame Transmissions",slug:"selective-control-information-detection-in-5g-frame-transmissions",signatures:"Saheed A. Adegbite and Brian G. Stewart",authors:[{id:"189077",title:"Dr.",name:"Saheed",middleName:null,surname:"Adegbite",fullName:"Saheed Adegbite",slug:"saheed-adegbite"},{id:"189199",title:"Prof.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Stewart",fullName:"Brian Stewart",slug:"brian-stewart"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3774",title:"Trends in Telecommunications Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3dbabed739298bd4f93be0b050c5288",slug:"trends-in-telecommunications-technologies",bookSignature:"Christos J Bouras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4780",title:"Prof.",name:"Christos",surname:"Bouras",slug:"christos-bouras",fullName:"Christos Bouras"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6576",title:"The Fifth Generation (5G) of Wireless Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33a2d158b45967af2d767eada2c7bf13",slug:"the-fifth-generation-5g-of-wireless-communication",bookSignature:"Ahmed Kishk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6576.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150146",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Kishk",slug:"ahmed-kishk",fullName:"Ahmed Kishk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6711",title:"Network Coding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51800495d04f367132d09b30f78973bb",slug:"network-coding",bookSignature:"Mohammad A. Matin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6711.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176983",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Abdul",surname:"Matin",slug:"mohammad-abdul-matin",fullName:"Mohammad Abdul Matin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6664",title:"Recent Advances in Cryptography and Network Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1fcee77b5c7beb3810f335c1a7f063cf",slug:"recent-advances-in-cryptography-and-network-security",bookSignature:"Pinaki Mitra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89103",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinaki",surname:"Mitra",slug:"pinaki-mitra",fullName:"Pinaki Mitra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10452",title:"Computer-Mediated Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed2d494d96079740341956fe830814ac",slug:"computer-mediated-communication",bookSignature:"Indrakshi Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321151",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrakshi",surname:"Dey",slug:"indrakshi-dey",fullName:"Indrakshi Dey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"63326",title:"New Insights and Horizons from the Linear Response Function in Conceptual DFT",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80280",slug:"new-insights-and-horizons-from-the-linear-response-function-in-conceptual-dft",body:'A continuous challenge for theoretical and quantum chemists is to see if ‘classical’ chemical concepts describing bonding, structure and reactivity—the common language of all chemists—can still be retrieved from the nowadays extensive and complex computational results obtained at different levels of complexity with wave function or density functional theory. Conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] has played an important role in this endeavour in the past decades. CDFT is a branch of DFT [7, 8] aiming to give precision to often well-known but sometimes vaguely defined chemical concepts (e.g. electronegativity, hardness and softness), affording their numerical evaluation, and to use them either as such or in the context of principles such as Sanderson’s electronegativity equalization principle [9] or Pearson’s hard and soft acids and bases principle [10]. ‘Chemical’ DFT or even ‘chemical reactivity’ DFT would have been a better name for the obvious reason that concepts are essential for all branches of DFT (especially the fundamentals) and that chemical reactivity is one of the main issues addressed in conceptual DFT.
When looking at the basics of CDFT, the energy functional,
The calculation of this kernel turns out to be far from trivial, as is the representation of this quantity, a function of six Cartesian coordinates, and by extension its link to ‘chemical’ concepts.
Note that in the context of time-dependent DFT [17, 18, 19], the LRF has made its appearance many years ago as it was realized that the poles of its frequency-dependent form are nothing other than the electronic excitation energies. Thanks to Casida’s elegant matrix formalism [20], electronic transition frequencies, intensities and assignments are nowadays routinely performed, implemented as they are in standard quantum chemistry packages. However, this evolution was not accompanied by a parallel endeavour on the evaluation, representation and chemical interpretation of the frequency-independent or static LRF.
In the past decade, the ALGC group, in collaboration with colleagues from different countries (Canada (Ayers), US (Yang), Spain (Sola), Poland (Balawender), etc.), set out a program aiming at the systematic evaluation, representation and interpretation of the LRF with the following results obtained until 2013, summarized in a review paper in Chemical Society Reviews [16] (no explicit reference to each of the individual constituting studies will be given).
The LRF can now be routinely calculated at several levels of approximation for which the coupled perturbed Kohn-Sham perturbational approach turns out to be the most attractive approach, also permitting different levels of sophistication depending on the treatment of the exchange correlation potential (
The representation can be done via contour diagrams (fixing, e.g. r′) as demonstrated for atoms and molecules, or in the case of molecules, after condensation, via a simple atom-atom matrix, reminiscent of reporting the results of a population analysis.
An abundance of chemical information was shown to be present in the LRF ranging from the shell structure of atoms, to inductive and mesomeric effects, electron (de)localization and (anti)aromaticity in molecules.
In the present chapter, a synopsis is given of the progress made since then by the ALGC group in collaboration with other groups as witnessed by two of the authors (P.A and R. B.), both on fundamental and applied aspects, that is, on
The properties of the LRF
(see for example Lieb [25], Eschrig [26], and Helgaker et al. [27]). In Figure 1 (after Helgaker [28]) we illustrate the physical interpretation of this concavity property. For a given potential v1, the associated ground state energy is given by the expectation value
Illustration of the concavity of the
A direct consequence is that the LRF is negative semidefinite.
where
When adopting the
showing that the diagonal elements of the linear response function
In Section 4, we will point out that Coulson’s atom-atom polarizability
the analogy emerges as
Here,
When introducing the
where
In [23], we pointed out that
is positive semidefinite. This property fits the well-known Berkowitz-Parr relationship [33] linking
where
since the hardness is nonnegative and
The properties of
where
that is, the isothermal compressibility
where
Let us now consider the analogy with
where S is the global softness [3]. As the r.h.s. of (16) is negative, concavity for
and finally to
the analogue of (15) where the local softness
has been introduced [37]. Taking again for
This inequality shows that the diagonal elements
and knowing that
retrieving our conclusions above.
We now report on our recent explorations [38] on Kohn’s NEM principle. Kohn introduced the NEM concept in 1996 [39] and elaborated on it in 2005 with Prodan et al. [40]. In his own words, it can be viewed as ‘underlying such important ideas as Pauling’s chemical bond, transferability, and Yang’s computational principle of divide and conquer’ [40]. Certainly in view of the two former issues, this principle, formulated by a physicist, touches the very heart of chemistry and so, in our opinion, it was tempting to look at it with a chemist’s eye. Why however is this issue addressed in this chapter; in other words, what is the link between the LRF and nearsightedness?
The quintessence of the NEM principle is as follows (Figure 2): consider a (many) electron system characterized by an electron density function
Pictorial representation of the nearsightedness of electronic matter principle: when
Again, why address this issue in this LRF chapter? Going back to Kohn’s formulation quintessentially a change in density at a given point
The Berkowitz-Parr relationship [34] can then be written as
an equation transforming conditions of constant
which will be the key equation in this section. As analytical methods are available to evaluate
In Figure 3, we depict the atom condensed linear response function and the softness kernel, the matrices
Atom condensed linear response function and softness kernel of 1,3,5-hexatriene. The curves of the softness kernels using f+ and f− are overlapping [
From our previous work on polyenes [42], the
As a second example, we show in Figure 4 the change in density of the 1,3,5-heptatrienyl cation when the C atom of one of the terminal
Alchemical change in density using the linear response (top) and softness kernel (bottom) for the heptatrienyl cation to 1,3,5-hexatriene-1-amine [
Further case studies on ‘3D’ systems (e.g. alchemically changing methylcubane to fluorocubane and on functionalized neopentane) yield similar results. All together, the results on the nearsightedness of the softness kernel found for all systems discussed in [38] are the first and a firm numerical confirmation of Kohn’s NEM principle in the molecular world. To put it in chemical terms, these findings provide computational evidence for the transferability of functional groups: molecular systems can be divided into locally interacting subgroups retaining a similar functionality and reactivity that can only be influenced by changes in the direct environment of the functional group. Thus, the physicist’s NEM principle and the chemist’s transferability principle [45]—at the heart of, for example, the whole of organic chemistry [46]—are reconciled.
As a natural extension of CDFT to the case where spin polarization is included [47, 48, 49], spin polarized conceptual DFT was introduced by Galvan et al. [50, 51] (see also Ghanty and Ghosh [52] and for a review see [53]). In the so-called
where
Space limitations prevent us to go in detail on the results reported in [47, 48]. We only depict in Figure 5 the SPCDFT analogue of the contour plots for
Contour plots of the radial distribution function of the spin polarized linear response function of Lithium in the [Nα,Nβ] representation. r is represented on the horizontal axis, r′ on the vertical axis [(a) Lithium
To close this section, we mention that once
An example is given in Figure 6 [48] where for the atoms Li through Ne the trend of the spherically averaged
Plot of the local polarizability α(r) of the atoms Li through Ne via CPKS (see text) (Reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor and Francis Ltd.) [
The LRF has recently been exploited when investigating Chemical Compound Space [54, 55, 56].Chemists are continuously exploring chemical compound space (CCS) [57, 58], the space populated by all imaginable chemicals with natural nuclear charges and realistic interatomic distances for which chemical interactions exist. Navigating through this space is costly, obviously for synthetic-experimental chemists and also for theoretical and computational chemists who might and should be guides for indicating relevant domains in CCS to their experimental colleagues. Doing even a simple single-point SCF calculation at every imaginable point leads to prohibitively large computing times (not to speak about bookkeeping aspects and manipulation of the computed data). A very promising ansatz was initiated by Von Lilienfeld et al. [59, 60, 61, 62, 63] in his alchemical coupling approach where two, isoelectronic molecules in CCS are coupled ‘alchemically’ through the interpolation of their external potentials (see also the work by Yang and co-workers on designing molecules by optimizing potentials [64]). At the heart of this ansatz are the alchemical derivatives, partial derivatives of the energy w.r.t. one or more nuclear charges at constant number of electrons and geometry. The simplest members of this new family of response functions are:
the alchemical potential
and the alchemical hardness
where
instead of a new SCF calculation for each transmutant.
The position of the alchemical derivatives in CDFT was already mentioned: they are response functions, now related to a particular charge in external potential, namely the charge in one or more nuclear charges. As the second derivatives are ‘diagonal’ in these particular external potential changes, a direct link with the LRF can be expected. Using the chain rule, one easily writes
indicating that the alchemical hardness is obtained by integration of the LRF after multiplication by
the electronic potential at the nucleus, well known as the electronic part of the molecular electrostatic potential [66].
As a very simple example, we consider the transmutation of the nitrogen molecule. Five chemically relevant mutants can be generated (see Figure 7) as nearest neighbours in CCS (ΔZ = ±1) and at constant number of electrons:
Transmutation of the nitrogen molecule to its nearest neighbours in chemical compound space (Reprinted with permission from [
Similar conclusions could be drawn for transmutation of benzene, for example, by the substitution of CC units by their isoelectronic BN units. The replacement of a CC unit in an aromatic molecule by an isoelectronic unit BN has been shown to impart important, interesting electronic, photophysical and chemical properties, often distinct from the parent hydrocarbon [67]. An in-depth study of all azoborines (Figure 8)
CC-BN Substitutions in 2D and 3D unsaturated carbocyclic systems (number of isomers for the 2D case in parentheses).
As a computational ‘tour de force’ , and passing from ‘2D’ benzene to ‘3D’ fullerenes, we recently explored the alchemical approach to study the complete
where
In (37), it is seen that the linear term drops as μi is unique by symmetry for all atoms in C60 and because Σ ΔZ i = 0 for any transmutation. The alchemical hardness matrix
Shortage of space prevents us to comment on our recent results on the evaluation of isolated atom alchemical derivatives up to third order with different techniques, from numerical differentiation (not discussed hitherto in this chapter), via the coupled perturbed Kohn-Sham approach as discussed before, to the March and Parr combined
In this section the role of the LRF in molecular electronics is highlighted [72] has been a vibrant area of research in recent years. An ever-increasing number of papers (both experimental and theoretical) studied the transport properties of typically organic molecules containing π-conjugated systems and considering possible applications for incorporation in molecular electronic devices (MED) [73]. Most of these theoretical studies have been performed at a high level of theory, but this type of calculation does not always lead to simple insights into why some molecules will conduct and which will insulate, and how the positions of the contacts influence this behaviour.
We therefore adopted a simple ansatz based on Ernzerhof’s source and sink potential (for details see [74, 75]) in Fowler’s tight-binding Hückel approach [76]. One thereby considers only the π electrons of the molecule and cuts the resonance effects between the contact and the molecule after the molecule’s nearest neighbour in the contact. In the so-called weak interaction limit (see details in [71]), the transmission probability at the Fermi level
Here, as in Section 2.1,
Going back to expression (7) for the diagonal elements of Coulson’s atom-atom polarizability, a general element
(the contour integral in the complex plane in Coulson’s formalism [31] is hereby reduced to an integral along the imaginary axis). The integrand of
The atom-atom polarizability (left) and transmission probability at the Fermi level (right) for a single reference atom for benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and tetracene (Reprinted from [
Figure 9 shows that the pattern in the two plots is completely analogous and leads to the conjecture that a positive atom-atom polarizability seems to be a necessary condition in these Kekulean benzenoids in order to have transmission for a certain configuration of the contacts on the molecule. If the areas of the circles are considered, no exact proportionality between
This issue was further investigated in the next linear acene and pentacene (Figure 10), by varying the position of the first contact. For a fixed first contact, the highest transmission occurs when the second contact is at the atom with the highest
The atom-atom polarizability (left) and transmission probability at the Fermi level (right) for pentacene for variable reference atom (Reprinted from [
Further analysis of the behaviour of the
The aforementioned properties were used as guiding principle in our later studies towards a chemical interpretation of molecular electronic conductivity [77] leading to a simple, back-of-the-envelope determination of quantum interference [78], thus bridging the gap between chemical reactivity theory and molecular electronics.
The LRF and its congener, the softness kernel, are now in a stage where many of their mathematical and physical properties are well understood. The possibility to evaluate, represent and interpret them puts them on equal footing for their use in conceptual DFT with their already more traditional second-order companions, the chemical hardness and the Fukui function. In view of the ‘chemistry’ contained in the LRF kernel as shown some years ago, it is not unexpected, but it still remains to be unravelled whether they are major players in very fundamental issues pertaining to the electronic structure of matter as in Kohn’s nearsightedness of electronic matter principle, as well as in more applied fields where they are shown to be of great use to explore chemical compound space (through the alchemical derivatives) and to predict/interpret molecular conductivity.
P.G. and F.D.P. acknowledge the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) for a Strategic Research Program. F.D.P. also acknowledges the Franqui Foundation for a position as Francqui Research Professor. S.F. acknowledges the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant (N° 706415) for financially supporting his postdoctoral research at the ALGC group. T.S. acknowledges the FWO for a position as research assistant (11ZG615N). P.W.A. thanks the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, the Canada Research Chairs and Compute Canada for financial support. R.B. thanks the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling for a computing grant. P.G. thanks Kristina Nikolova for her meticulous help in styling the manuscript and Tom Bettens for his help in styling Figure 2.
The authors report no conflicts of interest regarding this publication.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6581},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12507},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17528}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132501},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11490",title:"Advances in Plate Tectonics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"412f2e209ff259650a5a1c7df151e3a7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaurav D. Chauhan, Dr. Subhash Bhandari and Dr. M. G. Thakkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11490.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"239938",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaurav",surname:"Chauhan",slug:"gaurav-chauhan",fullName:"Gaurav Chauhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11487",title:"Floods - Understanding Existing and Emerging Risk Drivers in a Climate Change Context",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c829bdd1a2a84b4b2c31ce5eaab865e2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tiago Miguel Ferreira and Associate Prof. Haiyun Shi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11487.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"450075",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago Miguel",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"tiago-miguel-ferreira",fullName:"Tiago Miguel Ferreira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11488",title:"GIS and Spatial Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fbb625cf1556787cd00be17e7137a5dc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Jorge Rocha, MSc. Eduardo Gomes, Dr. Inês Boavida-Portugal and Dr. Cláudia M. Viana",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11488.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11491",title:"Current Perspectives on Applied Geomorphology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9f0fe8910dc02818cad71316650d297",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. António Vieira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11491.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"103627",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"Vieira",slug:"antonio-vieira",fullName:"António Vieira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11833",title:"Ozone Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e789b57319be85ed0a32e569967d822",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Taner Yonar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11833.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190012",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Yonar",slug:"taner-yonar",fullName:"Taner Yonar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11486",title:"Climate Change - Recent Observations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"741543ff220f5cf688efbf12d3e2f536",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Terence Epule Epule",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11486.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"348146",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Terence Epule",surname:"Epule",slug:"terence-epule-epule",fullName:"Terence Epule Epule"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carmine Massarelli and Dr. Claudia Campanale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11840",title:"Arid Environment - Perspectives, Challenges and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c2e03f295fbc697350f0bf3bf89a14f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Murat Eyvaz, Dr. Ahmed Albahnasawi, M.Sc. Ercan Gürbulak and MSc. Mesut Tekbaş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11840.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11847",title:"Gas Reservoirs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c1265f50efcf19c17e039c277f57e1a7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Ismet Kanlı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11847.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243975",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Ismet",surname:"Kanlı",slug:"ali-ismet-kanli",fullName:"Ali Ismet Kanlı"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11489",title:"Satellite Systems - Applied Geodesy and Earth Observation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c21d1a8ed9ad6be081d2e74d977d2bc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bihter Erol",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11489.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"75478",title:"Dr.",name:"Bihter",surname:"Erol",slug:"bihter-erol",fullName:"Bihter Erol"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11492",title:"Space Exploration - Advances in Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2204ff2e64bffb84a4bf1b74bb38bfa1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hector Pérez-de-Tejada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11492.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",surname:"Pérez-de-Tejada",slug:"hector-perez-de-tejada",fullName:"Hector Pérez-de-Tejada"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11844",title:"Quartz - From Mineral Deposits to Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"02ae4594c55841890c13fee4aea6574c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carlos Leal Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11844.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"461236",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Leal Gomes",slug:"carlos-leal-gomes",fullName:"Carlos Leal Gomes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:15},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"349",title:"Agrobiology",slug:"agrobiology",parent:{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:136,numberOfWosCitations:154,numberOfCrossrefCitations:98,numberOfDimensionsCitations:277,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"349",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9684",title:"Cassava",subtitle:"Biology, Production, and Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1dfb68fa31006e91fa3995d804e361c1",slug:"cassava-biology-production-and-use",bookSignature:"Andri Frediansyah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9684.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210767",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri",middleName:null,surname:"Frediansyah",slug:"andri-frediansyah",fullName:"Andri Frediansyah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8954",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac0eb3328820cca42cb7d6cdbfca4ec2",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi and Ramalingam Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8954.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7206",title:"Corn",subtitle:"Production and Human Health in Changing Climate",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0140cb7a425a230a388fcece870e62b2",slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",bookSignature:"Amanullah and Shah Fahad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7206.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.",middleName:null,surname:"Amanullah",slug:"dr.-amanullah",fullName:"Dr. Amanullah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1958",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a4d422838dabdc758119a7dfc6e7a54",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1958.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32901",doi:"10.5772/27843",title:"Plant Polyphenols as Antioxidants Influencing the Human Health",slug:"plant-polyphenols-as-antioxidants-influencing-the-human-health",totalDownloads:6755,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:null,book:{id:"1958",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Sanda Vladimir-Knežević, Biljana Blažeković, Maja Bival Štefan and Marija Babac",authors:[{id:"71793",title:"Dr.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Blazekovic",slug:"biljana-blazekovic",fullName:"Biljana Blazekovic"},{id:"76049",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vladimir-Knežević",slug:"sanda-vladimir-knezevic",fullName:"Sanda Vladimir-Knežević"},{id:"76050",title:"MSc.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Bival Štefan",slug:"maja-bival-stefan",fullName:"Maja Bival Štefan"},{id:"76054",title:"MSc.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Babac",slug:"marija-babac",fullName:"Marija Babac"}]},{id:"32893",doi:"10.5772/26956",title:"Biological Oxidations and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products",slug:"biological-oxidations-and-antioxidant-activity-of-natural-products",totalDownloads:6164,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"1958",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Xirley Pereira Nunes, Fabrício Souza Silva, Jackson Roberto Guedes da S. Almeida, Julianeli Tolentino de Lima, Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior and José Maria Barbosa Filho",authors:[{id:"68388",title:"Dr.",name:"Xirley",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",slug:"xirley-nunes",fullName:"Xirley Nunes"},{id:"70159",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucindo",middleName:null,surname:"Quintans-Júnior",slug:"lucindo-quintans-junior",fullName:"Lucindo Quintans-Júnior"},{id:"72113",title:"Prof.",name:"Jackson",middleName:"Roberto Guedes Da Silva",surname:"Almeida",slug:"jackson-almeida",fullName:"Jackson Almeida"},{id:"72114",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianeli",middleName:"Tolentino",surname:"Lima",slug:"julianeli-lima",fullName:"Julianeli Lima"},{id:"73341",title:"Prof.",name:"José Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa-Filho",slug:"jose-maria-barbosa-filho",fullName:"José Maria Barbosa-Filho"},{id:"76185",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"luciano-ribeiro",fullName:"Luciano Ribeiro"},{id:"76187",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabrício",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"fabricio-silva",fullName:"Fabrício Silva"}]},{id:"32903",doi:"10.5772/30459",title:"Potato Peel as a Source of Important Phytochemical Antioxidant Nutraceuticals and Their Role in Human Health - A Review",slug:"potato-peel-as-a-source-of-important-phytochemical-antioxidant-nutraceuticals-and-their-role-in-huma",totalDownloads:8500,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"1958",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"A. Al-Weshahy and V.A. Rao",authors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"},{id:"150485",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Weshahy",slug:"amir-al-weshahy",fullName:"Amir Al-Weshahy"}]},{id:"69956",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88829",title:"Biostimulants and Their Role in Improving Plant Growth under Abiotic Stresses",slug:"biostimulants-and-their-role-in-improving-plant-growth-under-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:2491,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Biostimulants are products that reduce the need for fertilizers and increase plant growth, resistance to water and abiotic stresses. In small concentrations, these substances are efficient, favoring the good performance of the plant’s vital processes, and allowing high yields and good quality products. In addition, biostimulants applied to plants enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and/or plant quality traits, regardless of its nutrient contents. Several researches have been developed in order to evaluate the biostimulants in improving plant development subjected to stresses, saline environment, and development of seedlings, among others. Furthermore, various raw materials have been used in biostimulant compositions, such as humic acids, hormones, algae extracts, and plant growth-promoting bacteria. In this sense, this chapter aims to approach the use of biostimulants in plant growth according to the raw material used in their compositions as well as their effects on plants subjected to abiotic stresses.",book:{id:"8954",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Ana Carolina Feitosa de Vasconcelos and Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves",authors:null},{id:"32894",doi:"10.5772/27308",title:"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Some Plant Extracts",slug:"antimicrobial-and-antioxidant-activities-of-some-plant-extracts",totalDownloads:7022,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"1958",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Elita Scio, Renata F. Mendes, Erick V.S. Motta, Paula M.Q. Bellozi, Danielle M.O. Aragão, Josiane Mello, Rodrigo L. Fabri, Jussara R. Moreira, Isabel V.L. de Assis and Maria Lúcia M. Bouzada",authors:[{id:"69660",title:"Dr.",name:"Elita",middleName:null,surname:"Scio",slug:"elita-scio",fullName:"Elita Scio"},{id:"76248",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Fabri",slug:"rodrigo-fabri",fullName:"Rodrigo Fabri"},{id:"76251",title:"MSc.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Aragão",slug:"danielle-aragao",fullName:"Danielle Aragão"},{id:"76253",title:"Ms.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",slug:"renata-mendes",fullName:"Renata Mendes"},{id:"76256",title:"Mr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Motta",slug:"erick-motta",fullName:"Erick Motta"},{id:"76259",title:"Ms.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Assis",slug:"isabel-assis",fullName:"Isabel Assis"},{id:"76261",title:"Ms.",name:"Jussara",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",slug:"jussara-moreira",fullName:"Jussara Moreira"},{id:"76262",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Bouzada",slug:"maria-lucia-bouzada",fullName:"Maria Lucia Bouzada"},{id:"76264",title:"Ms.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Bellozi",slug:"paula-bellozi",fullName:"Paula Bellozi"},{id:"76266",title:"MSc.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Mello",slug:"josiane-mello",fullName:"Josiane Mello"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69956",title:"Biostimulants and Their Role in Improving Plant Growth under Abiotic Stresses",slug:"biostimulants-and-their-role-in-improving-plant-growth-under-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:2499,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Biostimulants are products that reduce the need for fertilizers and increase plant growth, resistance to water and abiotic stresses. In small concentrations, these substances are efficient, favoring the good performance of the plant’s vital processes, and allowing high yields and good quality products. In addition, biostimulants applied to plants enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and/or plant quality traits, regardless of its nutrient contents. Several researches have been developed in order to evaluate the biostimulants in improving plant development subjected to stresses, saline environment, and development of seedlings, among others. Furthermore, various raw materials have been used in biostimulant compositions, such as humic acids, hormones, algae extracts, and plant growth-promoting bacteria. In this sense, this chapter aims to approach the use of biostimulants in plant growth according to the raw material used in their compositions as well as their effects on plants subjected to abiotic stresses.",book:{id:"8954",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Ana Carolina Feitosa de Vasconcelos and Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves",authors:null},{id:"69577",title:"Role of Fungi in Agriculture",slug:"role-of-fungi-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:1544,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms and source of food, organic acids, alcohol, antibiotics, growth-promoting substances, enzymes, and amino acids. They include microorganisms like molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They live on dead or living plants or animals’ tissue. Fungi are very different from other living organisms; they are the primary decomposers of substances in the ecological system. Fungi are tremendous decomposer of organic waste material and most readily attack cellulose, lignins, gums, and other organic complex substances. Fungi can act also under a wide range of soil reaction from acidic to alkaline soil reactions. Fungi conjointly play a basic role in different physiological processes as well as mineral and water uptake, chemical change, stomatal movement, and biosynthesis of compounds termed biostimulants, auxins, lignan, and ethylene to enhance the flexibility of plants to ascertain and cope environmental stresses like drought, salinity, heat, cold, and significant metals.",book:{id:"8954",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj and Murugaragavan Ramasamy",authors:[{id:"280193",title:"Dr.",name:"Muthuraman",middleName:null,surname:"Yuvaraj",slug:"muthuraman-yuvaraj",fullName:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj"},{id:"289410",title:"Dr.",name:"Murugaragavan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"murugaragavan-ramasamy",fullName:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy"}]},{id:"62653",title:"Phytochemical Composition: Antioxidant Potential and Biological Activities of Corn",slug:"phytochemical-composition-antioxidant-potential-and-biological-activities-of-corn",totalDownloads:2149,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Corn seeds are used as a nutritional source for humans, and the stem and leaves are utilized as fodder for cattle throughout the world. Corn silk and corn cob are usually discarded as waste. This chapter highlights the nutritional as well as medicinal importance of various parts of corn plant. All parts of corn plant are good source of a variety of bioactive phytochemical compounds which possess antioxidant potential. The principal phytochemicals present in corn seed and corn silk include polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, glycosides, carotenoids, and polysaccharides of biological importance, reducing compounds and some water-soluble vitamins. The presence of these phytochemicals makes corn a medicinal plant which shows various biological activities particularly the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and renal-protective activities. On the account of its high antioxidant potential, all parts of corn plant can be used for the management of oxidative stress and the treatment of various diseases.",book:{id:"7206",slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",title:"Corn",fullTitle:"Corn - Production and Human Health in Changing Climate"},signatures:"Haq Nawaz, Saima Muzaffar, Momna Aslam and Shakeel Ahmad",authors:[{id:"230900",title:"Mr.",name:"Haq",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",slug:"haq-nawaz",fullName:"Haq Nawaz"},{id:"244066",title:"Prof.",name:"Saima",middleName:null,surname:"Muzaffar",slug:"saima-muzaffar",fullName:"Saima Muzaffar"},{id:"263041",title:"Ms.",name:"Momna",middleName:null,surname:"Aslam",slug:"momna-aslam",fullName:"Momna Aslam"},{id:"263042",title:"Dr.",name:"Shakeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"shakeel-ahmad",fullName:"Shakeel Ahmad"}]},{id:"70950",title:"Role of Biofertilizers in Plant Growth and Soil Health",slug:"role-of-biofertilizers-in-plant-growth-and-soil-health",totalDownloads:1371,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Biofertilizers nowadays have been realised for shifting fortunes in agriculture. It has been proven successful technology in many developed countries while in developing countries exploitation of bioinoculants is hampered by several factors. Scientific knowledge on bioinoculants and its usage will pave way for its effective usage. At the same time overlooking the significance of ensuring and maintaining a high quality standard of the product will have negative impact. Hence a proper knowledge of bioinoculants and its functioning will pave way to tape the resources in a better way. Thus the chapter provide overview knowledge about different bacterial, fungal and algal biofertilizers, its associations with plants and transformations of nutrients in soil. Adopting a rational approach to the use and management of microbial fertilizers in sustainable agriculture thrive vast potential for the future.",book:{id:"8004",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation"},signatures:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy, T. Geetha and M. Yuvaraj",authors:[{id:"289410",title:"Dr.",name:"Murugaragavan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"murugaragavan-ramasamy",fullName:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy"}]},{id:"67454",title:"Nitrogen Fertilization I: Impact on Crop, Soil, and Environment",slug:"nitrogen-fertilization-i-impact-on-crop-soil-and-environment",totalDownloads:1472,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Nitrogen (N) is a major limiting nutrient to sustain crop yields and quality. As a result, N fertilizer is usually applied in large quantity to increase crop production throughout the world. Application of N fertilizers has increased crop yields and resulted in achievement of self-sufficiency in food production in many developing countries. Excessive application of N fertilizers beyond crops’ demand, however, has resulted in undesirable consequences of degradation in soil, water, and air quality. These include soil acidification, N leaching in groundwater, and emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Long-term application of ammonia-based N fertilizers, such as urea, has increased soil acidity which rendered to soil infertility where crops fail to respond with further application of N fertilizers. Another problem is the groundwater contamination of nitrate-N (NO3-N) which can be a health hazard to human and livestock if its concentration goes above 10 mg L−1 in drinking water. The third problem is emissions of N2O gas which is 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide in terms of global warming potential. This chapter examines the effect of N fertilization on soil and environmental quality and crop yields.",book:{id:"8004",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation"},signatures:"Upendra M. Sainju, Rajan Ghimire and Gautam P. Pradhan",authors:[{id:"214367",title:"Dr.",name:"Upendra",middleName:null,surname:"Sainju",slug:"upendra-sainju",fullName:"Upendra Sainju"},{id:"266570",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghimire",slug:"rajan-ghimire",fullName:"Rajan Ghimire"},{id:"266571",title:"Prof.",name:"Gautam",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"gautam-pradhan",fullName:"Gautam Pradhan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"349",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"80187",title:"Potential Utilization of Insect Meal as Livestock Feed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101766",signatures:"Sipho Moyo and Busani Moyo",slug:"potential-utilization-of-insect-meal-as-livestock-feed",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. He worked as assistant Professor of Genetic, biostatistics and animal biotechnology at INAT since 2013.",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"11445",title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",hash:"d980826615baa6e33456e2a79064c5e8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"265237",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sheremet",slug:"igor-sheremet",fullName:"Igor Sheremet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 14th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:48,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81188",title:"Structure- and Design-Based Difficulties in Recombinant Protein Purification in Bacterial Expression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103958",signatures:"Kubra Acikalin Coskun, Nazlıcan Yurekli, Elif Cansu Abay, Merve Tutar, Mervenur Al and Yusuf Tutar",slug:"structure-and-design-based-difficulties-in-recombinant-protein-purification-in-bacterial-expression",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yusuf",surname:"Tutar"},{name:"Nazlican",surname:"Yurekli"},{name:"Merve",surname:"Tutar"},{name:"Mervenur",surname:"Al"},{name:"Elif Cansu",surname:"Abay"},{name:"Kubra",surname:"Acikalin Coskun"}],book:{title:"Protein Detection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81188",title:"Structure- and Design-Based Difficulties in Recombinant Protein Purification in Bacterial Expression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103958",signatures:"Kubra Acikalin Coskun, Nazlıcan Yurekli, Elif Cansu Abay, Merve Tutar, Mervenur Al and Yusuf Tutar",slug:"structure-and-design-based-difficulties-in-recombinant-protein-purification-in-bacterial-expression",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yusuf",surname:"Tutar"},{name:"Nazlican",surname:"Yurekli"},{name:"Merve",surname:"Tutar"},{name:"Mervenur",surname:"Al"},{name:"Elif Cansu",surname:"Abay"},{name:"Kubra",surname:"Acikalin Coskun"}],book:{title:"Protein Detection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"79353",title:"Protein Detection in Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Prevalent Neurodegenerative Diseases and Metabolic Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101051",signatures:"Ohanube A.K. Goodluck, Obeta M. Uchejeso and Ikeagwulonu R. Chinaza",slug:"protein-detection-in-clinical-diagnosis-and-management-of-prevalent-neurodegenerative-diseases-and-m",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Protein Detection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/14687",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"14687"},fullPath:"/chapters/14687",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()