Commonly prevalent diseases of tea plantation.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10387",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mass Spectrometry in Life Sciences and Clinical Laboratory",title:"Mass Spectrometry in Life Sciences and Clinical Laboratory",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Mass spectrometry is a state-of-the-art tool for basic biological research and applied clinical diagnostics. This book covers sample preparation for mass spectrometric analysis for proteomics, clinical studies, and food analysis. In addition, it explores possible directions for further developing the technology and its potential applications.",isbn:"978-1-83881-862-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-861-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-863-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91573",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"mass-spectrometry-in-life-sciences-and-clinical-laboratory",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5f2fa81e1939bbe34ac689fb983ca4c1",bookSignature:"Goran Mitulović",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10387.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3043,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 29th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 16th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 15th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 3rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 4th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"212804",title:"Dr.",name:"Goran",middleName:null,surname:"Mitulović",slug:"goran-mitulovic",fullName:"Goran Mitulović",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212804/images/system/212804.png",biography:"Dr. Goran Mitulović (ORCID 0000-0003-1964-3965) is the head of the Proteomics Core Facility, Medical University of Vienna. He has more than twenty years of experience developing hardware and analytical methods for multidimensional nano HPLC-MS separation and detection methods for proteins and peptides. He conducted his research with LC Packings/Dionex in Amsterdam; IMP and IMBA in Vienna; and the Medical University of Vienna. \nHis research interests include mechanistic chromatographic separation of peptides and proteins on different stationary phases (polar, ion-exchange, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic phases), improvement of mass spectrometric response based on the optimized composition of the chromatographic mobile phase, and development of clinical proteomics methods and approaches for use in diagnostics.",institutionString:"Medical University of Vienna",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Medical University of Vienna",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"485",title:"Spectrometry",slug:"spectrometry"}],chapters:[{id:"76584",title:"Introductory Chapter: A Tool for Aided Advanced Diagnostics and Deep View into Biological Sample",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97617",slug:"introductory-chapter-a-tool-for-aided-advanced-diagnostics-and-deep-view-into-biological-sample",totalDownloads:218,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Goran Mitulović",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76584",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76584",authors:[{id:"212804",title:"Dr.",name:"Goran",surname:"Mitulović",slug:"goran-mitulovic",fullName:"Goran Mitulović"}],corrections:null},{id:"75004",title:"Trends in Sample Preparation for Proteome Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95962",slug:"trends-in-sample-preparation-for-proteome-analysis",totalDownloads:504,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Sample preparation is a key step in proteomics, however there is no consensus in the community about the standard method for preparation of proteins from clinical samples like tissues or biofluids. In this chapter, we will discuss some important steps in sample preparation used for bottom-up proteome profiling with mass spectrometry (MS). Specifically, tissues, which are an important source of biological information, are of interest because of their availability. Tissues are most often stored as fresh frozen (FF) or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE). While FF tissues are more readily available, paraffin embedding has historically been routinely used for tissue preservation. However, formaldehyde induced crosslinks during FFPE tissue preservation present a challenge to the protocols used for protein retrieval. Moreover, in our view, an important aspect to consider is also the amount of material available at the start of a protocol since this is directly related to the choice of protocol in order to minimize sample loss and maximize detection of peptides by MS. This “MS sensitivity” is of special importance when working with patient samples that are unique and often available in limited amounts making optimization of methods to analyze the proteins therein important given that their molecular information can be used in a patients’ diagnosis and treatment.",signatures:"Jakub Faktor, David R. Goodlett and Irena Dapic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75004",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75004",authors:[{id:"330188",title:"Dr.",name:"Irena",surname:"Dapic",slug:"irena-dapic",fullName:"Irena Dapic"},{id:"330470",title:"Dr.",name:"Jakub",surname:"Faktor",slug:"jakub-faktor",fullName:"Jakub Faktor"},{id:"343933",title:"Prof.",name:"David R.",surname:"Goodlett",slug:"david-r.-goodlett",fullName:"David R. Goodlett"}],corrections:null},{id:"74510",title:"Identification of Peptides and Proteins in Illegally Distributed Products by MALDI-TOF-MS",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95335",slug:"identification-of-peptides-and-proteins-in-illegally-distributed-products-by-maldi-tof-ms",totalDownloads:450,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An analytical strategy based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for identification of peptides and proteins in illegally distributed products is presented. The identified compounds include human growth hormone (hGH), human somatoliberin, anti-obesity drug (AOD), growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP-2 and GHRP-6), Glycine-GHRP-2 and Glycine-GHRP-6, ipamorelin, insulin aspart and porcine, delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP), thymosin β4, insulin like growth factor (IGF), mechano growth factor (MGF), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), melanotan II, bremelanotide, dermorphin and body protecting compound (BPC 157). The identification of proteins was mainly based on peptide mass fingerprinting, i.e., bottom up approach, while the smaller peptides were identified through de-novo sequencing. In cases when a reference standard was available, complementary identification was performed by capillary electrophoresis in double-injection mode (DICE), where a suspicious product was compared with the reference standard through two consecutive injections within the same electrophoretic run.",signatures:"Ahmad Amini, Torgny Rundlöf, Henrik Lodén, Johan A. Carlsson, Martin Lavén, Ezra Mulugeta, Karin Björk, Torbjörn Arvidsson, Iréne Agerkvist and Anette Perolari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74510",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74510",authors:[{id:"333124",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Amini",slug:"ahmad-amini",fullName:"Ahmad Amini"},{id:"333126",title:"Dr.",name:"Torgny",surname:"Rundlöf",slug:"torgny-rundlof",fullName:"Torgny Rundlöf"},{id:"333127",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrik",surname:"Lodén",slug:"henrik-loden",fullName:"Henrik Lodén"},{id:"333128",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Laven",slug:"martin-laven",fullName:"Martin Laven"},{id:"333129",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",surname:"Carlsson",slug:"johan-carlsson",fullName:"Johan Carlsson"},{id:"333130",title:"Dr.",name:"Karin",surname:"Björk",slug:"karin-bjork",fullName:"Karin Björk"},{id:"333132",title:"Dr.",name:"Torbjörn",surname:"Arvidsson",slug:"torbjorn-arvidsson",fullName:"Torbjörn Arvidsson"},{id:"336680",title:"Dr.",name:"Ezra",surname:"Mulugeta",slug:"ezra-mulugeta",fullName:"Ezra Mulugeta"},{id:"336681",title:"Dr.",name:"Iréne",surname:"Agerkvist",slug:"irene-agerkvist",fullName:"Iréne Agerkvist"},{id:"336682",title:"Dr.",name:"Anette",surname:"Perolari",slug:"anette-perolari",fullName:"Anette Perolari"}],corrections:null},{id:"74409",title:"Protoporphyrin IX Analysis from Blood and Serum in the Context of Neurosurgery of Glioblastoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95042",slug:"protoporphyrin-ix-analysis-from-blood-and-serum-in-the-context-of-neurosurgery-of-glioblastoma",totalDownloads:493,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is formed from δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) during heme biosynthesis. Due to its cyclic tetrapyrrole core structure, it absorbs in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and is thus colored. Both ALA and PPIX have become of great interest to neurosurgery, because in high-grade glioma, ALA diffuses into the tumor and is converted to PPIX. Fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) takes advantage of both the enrichment of PPIX in the tumor and its fluorescent properties, which enable visualization of tumor tissue. ALA-mediated FGR thus maximizes the extent of resection with better prognosis for patients. Tumor cells are able to produce porphyrins naturally or after administration of ALA, which is also reflected in elevated plasma fluorescence of cancer patients. PPIX might thus serve as a biomarker for monitoring of the tumor burden. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based method is presented to quantify PPIX in blood and serum in the context of current fluorescence-based diagnostics. The method is able to distinguish between zinc PPIX, a component of red blood cells of importance in the detection of lead poisoning and iron deficiency anemia, and metal-free PPIX. In a proof-of-principle study, it was used to follow a time course of a glioblastoma patient undergoing surgery and confirmed elevated PPIX blood levels before ALA administration. During surgery, these blood levels increased about four-fold. The here developed 10 min reversed-phase LC-target MS method now allows patient screening with high specificity and throughput.",signatures:"Anna Walke, Eric Suero Molina, Walter Stummer and Simone König",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74409",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74409",authors:[{id:"329541",title:"Prof.",name:"Simone",surname:"König",slug:"simone-konig",fullName:"Simone König"},{id:"339314",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",surname:"Walke",slug:"anna-walke",fullName:"Anna Walke"},{id:"339315",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Suero-Molina",slug:"eric-suero-molina",fullName:"Eric Suero-Molina"},{id:"339317",title:"Prof.",name:"Walter",surname:"Stummer",slug:"walter-stummer",fullName:"Walter Stummer"}],corrections:null},{id:"76164",title:"Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Laboratories",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96745",slug:"mass-spectrometry-in-clinical-laboratories",totalDownloads:344,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The analyses performed in clinical laboratories require a high level of precision, selectivity, and sensitivity. The rising number of therapeutic agents from both the field of small and large molecules and the increasing use of modern screening approaches have brought mass spectrometry into almost every clinical laboratory. The need to screen the patients and to follow the therapy’s success can often be fulfilled only by the highly selective and sensitive targeted approach with mass spectrometry. With improving instrument design and miniaturization of the separation technologies, mass spectrometry is no longer an exotic analytical approach. The use of mass spectrometry is now not restricted to the use in a clinical laboratory, but it is used in operating rooms for instant and on-site helping the surgeons with defining the margin of the tissue to be extracted. In this manuscript, we describe the use of mass spectrometry for selected clinical applications and show the possible way of future applications.",signatures:"Jadranka Miletić Vukajlović and Tanja Panić-Janković",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76164",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76164",authors:[{id:"256238",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanja",surname:"Panić-Janković",slug:"tanja-panic-jankovic",fullName:"Tanja Panić-Janković"},{id:"323067",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jadranka",surname:"Miletić Vukajlović",slug:"jadranka-miletic-vukajlovic",fullName:"Jadranka Miletić Vukajlović"}],corrections:null},{id:"73803",title:"Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Neurotransmitters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93835",slug:"mass-spectrometry-imaging-of-neurotransmitters",totalDownloads:654,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of hundreds of compounds within a biological sample. Despite the broad applicability of this technique, there is a critical need for advancements in methods for small molecule detection. Some molecular classes of small molecules are more difficult than others to ionize, e.g., neurotransmitters (NTs). The chemical structure of NTs (i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary amines) affects ionization and has been a noted difficulty in the literature. In order to achieve detection of NTs using MSI, strategies must focus on either changing the chemistry of target molecules to aid in detection or focus on new methods of ionization. Additionally, even with new strategies, the issues of delocalization, chemical background noise, and ability to achieve high throughput (HTP) must be considered. This chapter will explore previous and up-and-coming techniques for maximizing the detection of NTs.",signatures:"Katherine A. Stumpo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73803",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73803",authors:[{id:"322757",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine A.",surname:"Stumpo",slug:"katherine-a.-stumpo",fullName:"Katherine A. Stumpo"}],corrections:null},{id:"74410",title:"Intact Cell Mass Spectrometry for Embryonic Stem Cell Biotyping",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95074",slug:"intact-cell-mass-spectrometry-for-embryonic-stem-cell-biotyping",totalDownloads:380,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Stem cells represent a unique cell type that is capable of self-renewal and differentiation into somatic cell types. Since the derivation of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, enormous potential has been recognized for disease modeling, drug development and regenerative medicine. Both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into all three germ layers, hence they are naturally prone to respond to various differentiation stimuli. These inherent cellular fluctuations, which can result in risky phenotypic instability, must be addressed prior to introduction of these cells to human medicine, since they represent one of the major biosafety obstacles in the development of bio-industrial or clinical-grade stem cell cultures. Therefore, there is an ongoing need for novel robust, feasible and sensitive methods for determination and confirmation of the otherwise identical cells status, as well as for the detection of hidden divergences from their optimal state. A method of choice can be the intact cell mass spectrometry. Here we show how it can be applied in routine quality control of embryonic stem cell cultures.",signatures:"Petr Vaňhara, Lukáš Moráň, Lukáš Pečinka, Volodymyr Porokh, Tiziana Pivetta, Sebastiano Masuri, Eladia Maria Peña-Méndez, José Elías Conde González, Aleš Hampl and Josef Havel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74410",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74410",authors:[{id:"142755",title:"Prof.",name:"Josef",surname:"Havel",slug:"josef-havel",fullName:"Josef Havel"},{id:"329909",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",surname:"Vaňhara",slug:"petr-vanhara",fullName:"Petr Vaňhara"},{id:"329918",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleš",surname:"Hampl",slug:"ales-hampl",fullName:"Aleš Hampl"},{id:"329920",title:"MSc.",name:"Lukáš",surname:"Moráň",slug:"lukas-moran",fullName:"Lukáš Moráň"},{id:"329921",title:"MSc.",name:"Lukáš",surname:"Pečinka",slug:"lukas-pecinka",fullName:"Lukáš Pečinka"},{id:"338490",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiziana",surname:"Pivetta",slug:"tiziana-pivetta",fullName:"Tiziana Pivetta"},{id:"338491",title:"Prof.",name:"Eladia",surname:"Peña-Mendez",slug:"eladia-pena-mendez",fullName:"Eladia Peña-Mendez"},{id:"338492",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Elias",surname:"Conde",slug:"jose-elias-conde",fullName:"Jose Elias Conde"},{id:"338912",title:"MSc.",name:"Sebastiano",surname:"Masuri",slug:"sebastiano-masuri",fullName:"Sebastiano Masuri"},{id:"339321",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Porokh",slug:"volodymyr-porokh",fullName:"Volodymyr Porokh"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"818",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",subtitle:"Applications and Principles",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be4591159fcd2c760d795950f92af48a",slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-applications-and-principles",bookSignature:"Jeevan K. 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Li",authors:[{id:"16153",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Hao Yang",slug:"hao-yang"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"466",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization, Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"carbon-nanotubes-synthesis-characterization-applications",bookSignature:"Siva Yellampalli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/466.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62863",title:"Dr.",name:"Siva",surname:"Yellampalli",slug:"siva-yellampalli",fullName:"Siva Yellampalli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"469",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"From Research to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"carbon-nanotubes-from-research-to-applications",bookSignature:"Stefano 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Marulanda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74600",title:"Blister Blight Disease of Tea: An Enigma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95362",slug:"blister-blight-disease-of-tea-an-enigma",body:'Tea is one of the most popular beverages worldwide, having gained popularity for its taste, stimulating effect, various medicinal properties, and related health benefits. Tea is processed from the leaves of evergreen, woody, and perennial tea plants (
Presently tea is cultivated worldwide across 61 countries of which China, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam are the largest tea-producing countries, contributing 77% of world production and 80% of global exports (Figures 1 and 2). China is reported to produce 2700 million kg of tea of which 366.6 million Kg were exported for the year 2019 with one million hectares under tea cultivation. This was followed by India and Kenya with 1390.1 and 458.9 million kg of tea production. Recently, Kenya was listed with the highest exporter of tea for the year 2019 with 392.6 million kg of exports. India accounts for 23% of the total world tea production with an area of 400,000 hectares under tea cultivation. This contributes to about US $803 million to the Indian economy
Tea producing countries worldwide (a), area of tea cultivation in India (b).
Tea production of top 10 countries for the year 2019–2020 (source: Tea board of India).
Different forms of tea have been produced from the same tea plantations depending on the method of processing and plucking of leaves. Some of them are black tea, green tea, oolong tea, white tea, pure tea, and dark tea. Black tea is the most popular form of tea produced in all the major tea producing countries including India, Kenya, and Sri Lanka. Production of black tea in India accounts for 85% of total worldwide production and green tea is being produced by a few tea gardens. Green tea is the most popular form of tea in China followed by black tea.
Tea being a perennial and monoculture crop, the microclimate of tea plantations makes it prone to various pests and pathogens [4]. Chen and Chen recorded around 400 pathogens 507 species of fungi infecting tea plants [5, 6]. Although all the parts of the tea plant including leaf, stem, and root are prone to infection, the pathogens invading leaf parts are of great concern as the main source of commercial production of tea is the young and fresh leaves. The incidence of diseases in the leaves significantly affects the crop yield and quality of made tea. This also directly affects the economy of agronomic countries where tea is considered an important cash crop. The various diseases of tea can be categorized into primary and secondary diseases. In case of the primary diseases, the pathogens directly invade healthy tea bushes while secondary diseases are caused by weaker parasites infecting already diseased/infected tea bushes. In this context, some of the most important diseases infecting the leaf, stem, and root of tea plantations are listed in Table 1.
Blister blight disease is one of the most serious primary foliar tea diseases that significantly affects the crop yield and quality throughout various regions of tea-producing countries across the world. The causal organism of Blister blight disease is the biotrophic fungus
Balidon in his book ‘Tea in Assam’ has indicated the prevalence of blister blight disease on wild indigenous tea in Assam shortly after the beginning of tea cultivation during 1863 [12]. Shortly afterwards Peal in 1868 recognized the existence of blister blight disease of tea and Sir George Watt was the first to report the disease symptoms in Assam in the year 1895. [9, 13]. Later the confirmation of causative pathogen of blister blight as
The causal organism of blister blight disease
Infection Site | Disease | Causal organism | References |
---|---|---|---|
Leaf | Blister blight | [7, 8] | |
Black rot | |||
Leaf red rust | |||
Brown blight | |||
Gray blight | |||
Stem | Poria Disease | ||
Nectria | |||
Black root rot | |||
Brown root rot | |||
Jew’s ear fungus | |||
Thorny blight | |||
Ganoderma | |||
Root | Red root rot | ||
Tarry root rot | |||
Purple root rot | |||
Charcoal stump rot | |||
Violet root rot | |||
Thorny blight |
Commonly prevalent diseases of tea plantation.
Kingdom | Fungi |
---|---|
Phylum | Basidiomycota |
Class | Exobasidiomycetes |
Subclass | Exobasidiomycetidae |
Order | Exobasidiales |
Family | Exobasidiaceae |
Genus | |
Species |
The taxonomic position of
(a) Climatic condition influencing blister blight disease, (b) blister blight mediated crop loss (%) across major Asian countries [NER: North east region].
Disease cycle of blister blight along with life cycle of causal organism
A histological study of blister blight disease on tea leaves provided insights into the cellular alteration of host tissue during infection. The study revealed that during the first stage of infection, the enlargement of the translucent spots is a result of hypertrophy as the size of the cells in the mesophyll layer of the infected leaf was substantially higher as compared to the healthy leaf. In the lower epidermis of infected tea leaves with mature blisters, the development of hymenium was prominent in the second stage. This disrupts the lower epidermis completely and gets filled with networks of intercellular hyphae which subsequently develop into basidia that bear basidiospores. However, in tea leaves with blister infections localized in veins, the proliferation of hymenium was apparent in both the lower and upper epidermis. This results in the disruption of the sclerenchyma layer in the vein thereby rupturing xylem and phloem resulting in leaf curling and necrosis of infected leaf in the third stage. The hymenium consisting of bundles of hyphae on maturity forms the clavate to cylindrical basidia (46.98–86.42 μm × 4–5 μm) with normally two and rarely three to four sterigmata [24]. The basidiospores of
Representative image of dorsal (a) and ventral (b) surfaces of blister blight infected tea leaf (Ananda tea estate, Lakhimpur, India). Different phases of germination of
The weather condition plays a very important role in the epidemiology and severity of blister blight disease. Low temperature, high humidity, cloudy condition with moderate rainfall has been found to play a profound impact on the development of pathogen and disease incidence. As such the incidence of the disease is most favored in monsoon season and facilitated with relative humidity (RH) of more than 80% and availability of water on the leaf surface. In a study carried out by Huysmans (1952), blister blight incidence was recorded with a 5-day average of RH of greater than 83%. On the other hand, Homburg (1953) studied that RH below 80% over 5 days was unfavorable to blister infection. Venkata Ram has reported that the optimum period of leaf wetness to facilitate infection was 11 h and the maximum infection occurred at 13 h [33]. The requirement of moisture content for the germination of basidiospore is reported to be provided by approximately 0.1-inch rain per day while the optimal growth temperature was recorded to be 20–25°C with a maximum tolerance limit of 34°C [29, 34]. Sporulation was found to be inhibited at a temperature greater than 35°C and a temperature of 32°C was reported to be lethal for the basidiospores of
The spore liberation in the air over blister blight infested tea plantations follows a diurnal rhythm and resembles a nocturnal pattern of spore discharge of other basidiomycete pathogens. The maximum liberation of basidiospores was found to occur between midnight and 4.00 am [38]. The spore deposition on tea plants was found to be directly proportional to the number of spores in the atmosphere. However, the difference in spore deposition in different bushes was observed with higher spore deposition in susceptible hosts [39].
Blister blight disease, being a foliar disease, directly affect the quality and quantity of consumed tea. Severe disease incidence has been recorded after pruning of tea plantations owing to the abundance of young and tender leaf and stem. Also, during infection of tender stem the entire shoot withers and falls along with the curled infected leaf making it unusable for plucking [33]. As such along with enormous yield loss a quality deterioration below 35% disease threshold level is imposed due to blister blight infection [10, 40]. The percentage of crop loss varies with the geographical condition of different countries. In Sri Lanka, Loos reported 50% crop loss in tea plantation without protection, and 33% in plantations protected with copper fungicide [41]. Indonesia reported a loss of ~10 million kg of tea which is 20–25% between 1951 and 1952 [16]. In southern India, during the initial years of blister blight infection, enormous crop losses were observed with an annual loss of about 18 million kg of tea between 1948 and 1952 [42]. North-east India reported, crop loss up to 24% due to blister blight infection, the infection occurring mostly in the hilly region. Darjeeling has been reported with the worst effected tea plantations with blister blight, owing to the favorable climatic conditions. The onset of the disease has been recorded in June with the starting of monsoon and reaches its severity in August till October. In Assam, India blister blight incidence was associated with early rain in February and reaches its severity in the month of March–April [43].
Blister blight infection results in significant degradation of quality in made tea owing to changes in biochemical characteristics [44, 45]. Gulati in 1999 carried out the analysis of biochemical parameters in diseased leaf. In the infected leaves catechin content, total phenols, nitrogen, chlorophyll, amino acids, and polyphenol oxidase activity was recorded in decreasing concentration in comparison to healthy leaf. In orthodox tea processed from infected tea leaves theaflavins, caffeine, catechin polymer thearubgins, and aroma components were significantly found in reduced concentration [46]. Tea shoots with blister infection were also reported with a decrease in catechin content, flavor component 2-phenyl ethanol, and enzyme activity of prephenate dehydrase [47].
Considering the severity of blister blight disease and its related agronomic and economic losses control of the disease is of utmost necessity. Various control measures have been adopted for the protection of tea plantations against the disease of which the use of therapeutic approaches at the field scale started around 40 years ago [48]. Over the last few years, the various control measures adopted against blister blight disease can be categorized into cultural, chemical, biological, and host tolerance approaches. Different studies have been carried out concerning control measures against
Treatment | Disease inhibition | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Chemical control | Copper oxychloride | 85.43% | [49] |
Hexaconazole | 78.10% | [49] | |
Tridemorph | 67.8 | [49] | |
Propiconazole | 78.50% | [49] | |
Bitertanol | 72.50% | [49] | |
Nickel Chloride | 84% | [50] | |
Biological control | 40% | [51] | |
PGPR | 83.94% | [48] | |
73.40% | [52] | ||
Azoto II-1, | 33% | [53] | |
Systemic acquired resistance | Acibenzolar-S-methyl and salicylic acid | 40.80% | [54] |
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) | 80% | [55] | |
Chitosan | 67.70% | [56] |
Disease inhibition (%) with various control measures.
The importance of chemical control of blister blight disease and the use of economically feasible chemical therapeutics dates back to 1960 when the disease incidence was recorded in southern India. Protectant fungicides, eradicant fungicides, and systemic fungicides are used as foliar sprays against blister blight disease. Bordeaux mixture and copper oxychloride are the two most commonly used protective fungicide formulations. The acceptance level of the use of copper in tea leaves to control blister blight was set at 150 ppm (Lamb, 1950) as copper-based fungicides also possess collateral damage of phytotoxicity and release of copper residues to environment causes human health hazard, effect soil microflora, and marine population. The formulation of copper oxychloride was able to control blister blight disease at a usage rate of 0.21 Kg metallic copper per hectare. The concentration of copper at 50% wettable powder was used in copper oxychloride formulations [59, 60, 61]. Eradicant fungicide nickel chloride hexahydrate was found effective in controlling blister blight disease by antisporulant activity. The reduction in infection was achieved from 84–24% post 3 weeks of treatment and up to 13% after 5 weeks. However, the treatment with nickel chloride was found severely phytotoxic which rejected its use as a potent fungicide [50]. Owing to the phytotoxicity and collateral health hazard from chemical fungicides, organic fungicides were introduced in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and southern India. However, the disease resistance efficacy was lower in comparison to copper-based fungicides. Also, the high cost related to the processing of organic fungicides discarded its use for blister blight control [25, 60, 62, 63]. Two common brand names for organic fungicides used for blister blight control are Daconil and Difolatan [64].
Conventionally, around 26 rounds of spraying of these fungicides are carried out at 7-days intervals during the disease season to control blister blight incidence. However, since climatic conditions play a significant influence on the severity of blister blight incidence the spraying interval of fungicides differs from region to region. In Indonesia and Sri Lanka an extended period of spraying based on sunshine hours at a specific period of the disease season mediated the control of disease at the economic threshold. On the other hand, control of blister blight disease was not achieved even after a 7-day spraying interval in southern India [65]. Systemic fungicides are often used against plant pathogens owing to its sustained control of plant for example, blister blight could be controlled in southern India by administering pyracarbolid (Sicarol) over 3 weeks. This treatment exhibited strong antisporulant activity reducing the sporulation in mature blisters, while eradicating the latent blister lesions. Also, plant growth was found to be stimulated with the use of pyacarbolid [33]. In a different study with systemic fungicides ergosterol biosynthesis inhibiting (EBI) fungicides tridemorph, bitertanol, hexaconazole, and propiconazole were studied for its effect on physiological parameters of the tea plant and controlling blister blight disease in southern India. EBIs were found with antisporulant activity with a significant reduction in spore size, viability, and inhibited spore germination except for tridemorph treatment. As such, inhibition in spore germination reduced the viability of spore which mediated the reduction in spore load thereby controlling blister blight incidence. The effectiveness of treatment lasted for 7 days, with a reduction of the occurrence of the disease by half relative to untreated plants. Additionally, the EBIs were found with a positive effect on the physiological parameters of the tea plant. The stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and photosynthetic rates were found to be induced with EBIs treatment along with an increase in biometric parameters like dry weight and shoot length [49]. In North-East India, 2–3 rounds of systemic fungicides like propiconazole or hexaconazole has been used at 5% EC @ 1:1000 as a foliar spray at 14 days interval to control blister blight infection
Besides showing appreciable control of blister blight disease with chemical therapeutics, the related phytotoxicity and health hazard have initiated the approach of biological control of blister blight disease. The use of biological control agents like
In the context of blister blight disease, a variety of tea cultivars have been reported that are found to be resistant to
In line with understanding the basis for resistance of tea cultivar against blister blight disease transcriptome profiling of two cultivars P-1258 (resistant) and T-78 (susceptible) have been carried out to identify defense-related transcripts particularly in a resistant cultivar. cDNA-AFLP mediated the screening of differentially expressed candidate transcripts which mainly showed homology with an acyl-CoA binding protein, zinc finger family protein, ubiquitin, and proline-rich protein that were upregulated after infection. Suppression subtractive hybridization-based transcriptome analysis resulted in a comprehensive study of transcripts induced in resistant cultivar P-1258 after infection. The induced contigs showed similarity to proteins such as ubiquitin family protein, an iron–sulfur cluster scaffold protein, short-chain dehydrogenase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit, thioredoxin, pathogenesis-related proteins (chitinase, endo-glucanase, beta-glucosidase, wound-induced protein, protease inhibitor, thaumatin-like protein, cystatin, blight associated protein p12, aspartic proteinase) and proteins with a function in defense signal transduction pathway (serine/threonine-protein kinase, oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein kinase, salicylic acid-binding protein, calcium ion binding or calmodulin-related protein, hydrogen peroxide-induced protein, chitin-inducible gibberellin responsive protein, calreticulin). qRT-PCR based expression analysis of the genes showed greater than two-fold upregulation in P-1258 when compared to T-78 post-infection. Hence, the expression profiling mediated the molecular characterization of resistant tea cultivar involved in developing possible systemic acquired resistance against
Plants use various defense mechanisms to shield themselves from infection by pathogens. The cell wall itself acts as an insulation against invading pathogens. Pathogens invading plants breach the cell wall by releasing enzymes and the products get accumulated in the apoplastic region. These are termed elicitors and are capable of activating a complex array of defense signaling called pathogen triggered immunity. These elicitors also mediate the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. In the last few years, various biotic and abiotic elicitors have been tested and found to mediate SAR in plants against the pathogen. Two chemical elicitors acibenzolar-S-methyl and salicylic acid were tested for their efficiency to induce SAR against blister blight in tea. Plants treated with 0.1% ASM provided 40.8% protection against blister blight. Salicylic acid was used at 250 ppm to achieve significant induction of resistance. Tea plants treated with elicitors were recorded with an induced level of β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase activity thereby conferring resistance against blister blight disease [54]. In a similar study treatment of tea plant with abiotic elicitor calcium chloride (CaCl2), found to induce activities of defense enzymes like phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and b-1,3-glucanase along with a higher accumulation of total phenolics, thaumatin, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, flavonoid 30-hydroxylase when compared to control plants [55]. In this context, the use of chitosan as elicitors in tea plants to provide resistance against blister blight disease has been tested and the possible mechanism of resistance has been analyzed. Chitosan solution applied as a foliar spray at 0.01% concentration and 15 days interval reduced blister blight incidence for two seasons. The induced resistance was found to be facilitated by nitric oxide (NO) signaling and the level of total polyphenol content and expression of defense-related enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and b-1,3 glucanase) was induced [56].
Genetic improvement of tea has been made possible with transgenic technology started from the year 2000. Gene technology and the development in agrobacterium-mediated transformation mediated the incorporation of a foreign gene into crop plants for the development of cultivar with resistance against various diseases. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to develop a disease-resistant variety of tea against blister blight with the introduction of
Widespread research has been carried out so far on understanding the incidence of blister blight infection and on its control measures for the survival of the tea industry. However, to date identification of the pathogen is being carried out symptomatically and morphologically. In the context of molecular identification of
Author CC would like to acknowledge DST, Govt. of India for her DST INSPIRE Junior Research Fellowship (IF-150964).
The authors declare that they have no known potential conflict of interest.
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\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
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\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
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\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"