Research evidences showing utilization of rock phosphate with PSB strain in different crops. The comparison for the crops/cropping system is done with control and commercial phosphorus fertilizer, and summarized findings are mentioned.
\r\n\tFrom practice to a mathematical and technological application, scheduling has become another form of art: an algorithmic art, declined in as many OS and hardware constraints, from embedded systems onboard an aircraft or a spacecraft to databases in all financial and Internet servers.
\r\n\tThey have become ubiquitous so that a large part of our civilisational development is supported by their reliability, redundancy, and optimisation capacity. Like all of our civilisational assets, they are benefiting from scientific breakthrough in computational sciences such as evolutionary algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, and quantum computing. If not by using it, by being in need of adapting to the next generation of computing. Space development is also bringing new challenges, especially in redundancy and reliability.
The term phosphorus derived from the Greek word “Phos” meaning light, and “phorus” means bearer. Elemental form of phosphorus was discovered by German Alchemist, Henning Brandt in 1669 [1, 2]. Phosphorus evolved from seventeenth century as philosopher‘s stone to medicinal phosphorus, flammable phosphorus, essential nutrient in crop production, element of war, cause of eutrophication to its emerging scarcity in recent twenty-first century [2]. Earlier it had been established that adding ground bone increases the crop yield and subsequently Lawes (1842) patented the process of phosphate solublization [3]. With the proposition of Criteria of Essentiality (1939) by Arnon and Stout, it had been established that the roles and functions of each essential nutrient are irreplaceable in plant system. Phosphorus is one of the essential nutrients for plant, which extends to animals also [2]. Around 80% of the world phosphorus is utilized in agriculture [1]. Rock phosphate is one of the basic raw materials for the synthesis of phosphatic fertilizers [4]; however, its nonrenewable nature increases the vulnerability in the long term.
Phosphorus in Indian soils occurs primarily in inorganic form contributing 54–84% of the total phosphorus and organic contributing 16–46% [5]. More than 90% districts in India are classified under low-to-moderate phosphorus availability [5, 6]. The phosphorus status of soil doesn’t necessarily reflects its availability to the crop plants, which is governed by the presence of calcium, iron, and aluminum phosphates; thus, only 30% of the soil phosphorus is utilized by the crop and rest remains in the soil [7]. Therefore, it demands the external application of phosphorus through fertilizers. India imports the high-grade rock phosphate for the synthesis of soluble phosphorus fertilizers. This import cost along with the decontrol of the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in 1992 has led to the fertilizer application in favor of urea. The turmoil in the Former Soviet region in present times has also increased the vulnerability of the rock phosphate import in near future. Therefore, it is important to increase self-reliance in the field of phosphorus fertilizer application. It has been reported that indigenous rock phosphate if suitable is treated with solubilizing microorganisms or acidulates; there can be increased solublization and availability of phosphorus to the plants and consequent yields [8, 9]. Precipitation of struvite from the agriculture and livestock waste can prove another efficient alternative [10]. The major objectives of the following discussion in chapter are to find out in ways and means to enhance the dependability of phosphorus fertilizer on indigenous resources in general and on farm resources in particular.
Phosphorus constitutes 0.2% (0.1–0.5%) in the plant system. Most of the phosphorus is absorbed in the form of primary orthophosphate ions; however, it is also absorbed in the form of secondary orthophosphate. Phosphorus is not reduced like nitrates and sulfates and rather exists as inorganic phosphate or esterifies to carbon chain through hydroxyl group or attaches to another phosphate group through energy-rich pyrophosphate bonds [11].
The major functions of phosphorus are as structural element of nucleic acids; phospholipids of biomembrane forming bridge between triglyceride and other molecules; energy-rich phosphates and phosphate esters in metabolism; acts as regulator in glycolysis, photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen assimilation, starch synthesis in chloroplast; detoxification of heavy metals by binding with phytates [11, 12]. Phosphorus control over photosynthesis involves ratio of Pi to triose phosphate; light activation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase; activation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase; ATP/ADP ratio; decreased regeneration of RuBP, and low sink strength under P-deficient conditions leading to reduced photosynthesis [12]. The stored inorganic phosphate in the plant varies according to its availability; however, phosphorus in metabolism remains stable with former acting as buffer [13]. Phosphorus supply is more critical in the early season as observed in various annual crops; however, later stage supplementation improves yield though plant is also able to remobilize the stored phosphates to the grains [13].
The similar role can be played by higher seed phosphorus content where it will supply early seedling growth P requirement leading to better root development and thus giving access to growth limiting water and mineral nutrients [14]. Phosphorus is required more for the nodule growth and nitrogenase activity in the N-fixing plants than for the whole plant growth [15, 16]. Phosphorus supply increases the root diameter and dry weight; however, increased root shoot diameter, root hair length and density, root branching, root hair are observed under P-deficient conditions to increase P acquisition [17, 18].
Before the utilization of phosphate rocks for commercial fertilizer production, bones, corpolites (fossilized animal dung), and guano were the main sources of phosphorus supplementation [3]. It is evident that various sources of phosphorus had been utilized including crop residues; human, animal, fish, and bird waste from Middle East to Japan [2].
The process of super phosphate production by solubilizing bones in sulfuric acid was separately patented by J B Lawes and James Murray in 1842 leading to the development of superphosphate and mixed fertilizer industry [3, 19]. Phosphorus consumption in the post-World War II era was not that much intensified; however, with introduction of Green Revolution after mid-twentieth century, there was increase in use of phosphorus fertilizer along with nitrogen and potassium owing to introduction of the fertilizer-responsive varieties. Both annual phosphate rock extraction and per capita production have seen consistent growth of 3–4% and 1.4%, respectively, with an increase of more than 300% phosphorus fertilizer consumption between 1961 and 2013, however, characterized by a decline post 1989 for a considerable period owing to disintegration of Soviet Union and decreased fertilizer demand in Western Europe and North America [19, 20]. More than 70% of the world phosphorus reserves are located in South Africa, Morocco and Western Sahara and United States [21] and Brazil and Peru in South America; China, Iraq, Israel, and Jordan in Asia; Australia in Oceania; Former Soviet Union in Europe are some major countries continent-wise [22]. The mineral resource extraction follows a mountain/ U-shaped curve where there is initial increase followed by the plateau and then decline in production with time [22]. Phosphorus reserve exploitation has been correlated with time, and it is considered to have “peak P” analogous to the “peak oil” by 2035, after which demand will outstrip supply [3, 23]. With current utilization rate, the phosphate rock reserves are expected to last for 50–400 years [24, 25].
In India, 90% of the rock phosphate required for soluble P fertilizer manufacturing is imported, out of which 80% is imported from Jordan, Morocco, and Egypt [26]. The nonrenewable nature along with its restricted availability to few countries in the world increases the vulnerability of its supplies in case of any untoward incident happens in these nations. The present fertilizer use is also characterized by the imbalance with N:P2O5: K2O use ratio for 2018–19 as 7.1:2.7:1 [27] in place of recommended ratio of 4:2:1. It can be partly attributed to the higher cost of import of phosphorus and potassic fertilizers. Fertilizer subsidy has seen increase of more than 200% since 2010–11 when it reached 1.34 lakh crores in 2020–21 [28]. This becomes more relevant in present times with the turmoil arising in Former Soviet Union region, which is dwindling the resources supply, and the rising protectionism approach of the nations. Therefore, it is important to seek alternate sources of P fertilization in India, which are more indigenous in nature. In addition to reducing the cost of farming, the concept will also support the
India has substantial reserves of low-grade phosphorus [29, 30], which can be utilized as nutrient source. Total resource of rock phosphate in India is estimated at 312.67 mT of which only 45.80 mT constitutes reserve [31]. Of the total resources, only 8% constitutes fertilizer grade and around 37% is classified under low-grade reserve [31]. However, direct application of rock phosphate is only suited for acidic soils, not for the neutral to alkaline soils where pH is more than 5.5–6.0, and is less reactive, of low grade, and has poor agronomic efficiency [32, 33, 34, 35, 36].
The acidulation of these rock phosphates either with the sulfur-based minerals or sulfur or organic matter holds promise to increase its availability in the soil. Addition of rock phosphate to compost or straw can be useful in increasing the phosphorus availability to the crop. The composting process leads to the mobilization of phosphorus in the rock phosphate, in addition to supplying secondary and micronutrients [37].
Partial acidulation of rock phosphate with locally sourced material such as farm residues, manure, and compost is cost-effective technique to make phosphorus available by the release of chelating action forming complexes and humic acid [38].
An important aspect of Rock phosphate solublization is addition of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms where they release organic acids, chelation, and increase in phosphatase enzyme activity and ion exchange reactions and thus, increase the availability [35, 36, 38]. There are various species of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria including
Sr. No. | Crop | Modification of rock phosphate | Observations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Potato-soybean | Rice straw enriched with Rock phosphate, mica and | Significantly higher yield over RDF and control up to 43.3 and 21.5%, respectively in potato and 27.6–46.9% increase in soybean grain yield. | [37] |
2. | Maize- Wheat | Rock phosphate treated with | Significantly higher yield for both inoculants in maize compared with DAP application and for wheat though highest with RP + inoculants, however, at par with DAP | [35] |
3. | Maize-Wheat | Rock phosphate treated with | Significantly higher yield for both maize and wheat compared with control and rock phosphate alone. | [33] |
4. | Soybean- Wheat | Half of recommended P by rock phosphate with | Significantly higher yield compared to control, highest in soybean (3.4% higher than when 100% is through SSP); and almost similar in wheat. | [40] |
5. | Rice-rapeseed-mungbean | Mussorie rock phosphate (MRP) inoculated with | In 3 year experiment, MRP @ 17.5 kg P ha−1 was found significantly superior to control in all 3 years and at par with DAP @ 17.5 kg P ha−1 in third year in terms of rice equivalent yields. | [29] |
6. | Mussorie rock phsophate (MRP) treated with PSB ( | Increase of 136% total biomass compared with absolute control and stevioside and rebaudioside-A recorded 291 and 575% increase, respectively. | [41] |
Research evidences showing utilization of rock phosphate with PSB strain in different crops. The comparison for the crops/cropping system is done with control and commercial phosphorus fertilizer, and summarized findings are mentioned.
Composting is common practice in India; however, it is characterized with lower nutrient concentration. Around 500 mT of crop residues is generated in India of which three-fourth is contributed by the cereals. Enrichment of compost with rock phosphate has twin benefits with enriched nutrient content and comparatively more solublization of phosphate mineral. Addition of rock phosphate is found to not only increase the nutrient content of rice straw compost but also reduce C:N ratio when added in combination of waste mica [42].
Addition of rock phosphate is reported to reduce total C content in composting mass due to dilution effect, increase in total nitrogen content due to net loss of dry matter, and significant increase in phosphate content with higher share of citrate soluble form than water-soluble as it contributed by the rock phosphate and favorable maturity index such as C/N ratio < 20 except for tree leaf compost due to higher cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin content; water-soluble carbon to organic nitrogen ratio < 0.5; nitrification index> 0.16 [43, 44, 45].
Higher reduction in C:N and C:P ratio and increase in water-soluble P were recorded in rock-phosphorus-enriched manure when inoculated with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms [34] with citric, malic, oxalic, and formic acids with citric acid having maximum P-solubilizing efficiency [46]. Higher rate of nitrogen and sulfur mineralization has been observed with rock-phosphate-enriched compost along with 50% NPK after 120 days and significant improvement in available P with progress of incubation period indicating its availability for longer period of time compared with 100% NPK [45, 47].
In cropping systems, residual effect of enriched compost is found to significantly increase the total phosphorus, enhance grain and stover yield and P uptake and its use efficiency compared with similar P dose from phosphorus fertilizer [45, 48]. Rock-phosphate-enriched compost reported significantly highest grain yield and P uptake in cowpea when compared with other treatments including P fertilizer as sole source [49].
Application of rock-phosphate-enriched compost along with RDF sharing equal to the phosphorus dose in rice recorded significantly higher labile P and grain yield, only at par with treatment having total phosphorus dose from RDF [49]. Phosphorus-enriched manure has significant effect on the number of nodules, their fresh and dry weight in legume crop and yields at par with soluble fertilizer when these are combined with soluble fertilizer in equal proportion [50, 51]. Among all the phosphorus-enriched manures, highest pod and stover yield of mung bean has been reported with that inoculated with
Sr. No. | Crop | Particular of PEC | Observations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Blackgram | PEC prepared with rock phosphate, mica, maize straw and FYM along with PSB inoculation. | Significant seed yield recorded upto 4 t ha−1 with 15.21% increase over control and at par with 6 t ha−1. | [53] |
2. | Cowpea | Rock phosphate was added to biowaste according to P2O5 requirement of cowpea | 83% yield gain over control and 55% gain over soluble P fertilizer | [54] |
3. | Chickpea and lentil | Rock phosphate was added to composting material consisting of fruit peels and vegetable waste | Nodules plant−1, fresh and dry weight of nodules was higher and 15% higher yields compared to control (P fertilizer). | [51] |
4. | Wheat-Greengram rotation | Rock phosphate was added to rice residue, mustard leaf residue and tree leaf separately | No significant difference with different composts on grain yields for both crops. Enriched compost of rice residue reported highest yields and residual effect on successive greengram. | [44] |
5. | Rice | Rock phosphate was added to rice straw and aerobic composting was done. | Enriched compost along with chemical fertilizer (50:50) reported numerically higher yield compared when P was supplied through fertilizer alone. | [49] |
Effect of phospho-enriched compost on various crops/cropping system. Source of organic matter in compost is indicated and yields as well as nodule growth are mentioned in comparison to control/soluble phosphatic fertilizers.
Rock phosphate is made to react with sulfuric acid for production of single super phosphate. Similarly, gypsum can also serve as source of partial acidulation of rock phosphate. Total reserve of gypsum in India stands at 36.6 mT with 80% of the total reserve under fertilizer grade and Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat as the major states [31]. Low-grade gypsum is utilized as soil amendment for the sodic soils.
It can also be utilized as an acidulate for the rock phosphate treatment. In addition to the extraction of phosphorus from rock phosphates, gypsum serves as source of calcium and sulfur to the crop plants. Among the various acidulates tested with rock phosphate in various
Acidulation of rock phosphate with gypsum in wheat crop reported highest though nonsignificant among all acidulates and more than the treatment having soluble P fertilizer source [56]. Gypsum along with PSB had significantly higher yield sweet pepper yield when applied with rock phosphate compared with its use without gypsum [57].
Struvite, a crystalline mineral having formula MgNH4PO4.6H2O, has equimolar concentration of phosphate, ammonium, and magnesium ions [58, 59] and thus can prove as an alternate source of phosphorus. Struvite can be crystallized from the wastewaters of agriculture, sewage effluents, industrial streams, animal waste, and urine [58]. It has various properties, which make it suitable for use in agriculture (Table 3).
Sr. No. | Parameter | Struvite characteristics |
---|---|---|
1. | Nutrient content | Rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium |
2. | Pattern of release | Slow release |
3. | Influence of pH | Not soluble in alkaline soil and effective in neutral and acidic soils |
4. | Suitability | Suitable for crop requiring high Mg and P doses |
5. | Comparative advantages | Significantly higher dissolution rate compared with other P minerals such as fluorapatite and variscite due to weak H bonds; N leaching rates are significantly lower when compared with other N fertilizers |
The major characteristics of struvite as fertilizer in relation to crop production [60].
Around 85% of the mined phosphorus finds way in the water bodies through soil erosion, agriculture, and livestock waste, which promotes eutrophication; therefore, struvite precipitation can be useful to reduce this pollution [61]. Two major conditions for struvite crystallization are pH between 8.5 and 9.5 with maximum at 9.5, which reduces further, and the concentration of three ions in equimolar concentration and above struvite solubility limit (>0.2 gl−1) [58, 59, 60, 61, 62]. P content of the struvite remains in the range of 11–26% depending on the source, of which 1–2% is water-soluble and slow release in nature [60]. According to an estimate, taking stock of cow urine generated in India, 12000 tonnes of struvite can be produced daily and enlarged scope when considered for all the livestock population [61]. Similar potential exists for the industrial and domestic waste water in India. Globally, full-scale struvite recovery plants are functional in countries of Europe, North America, and Japan [61].
The extraction of struvite has been from the various sources. It is now utilized as the fertilizers or mixed with other fertilizers for value addition having good market and used in crops such as paddy, vegetables, and flowers and even reported to increase quality of paddy [63]. Performance of crops when applied with struvite when compared with chemical fertilizers is presented in Table 4.
Sr. No. | Source | Control fertilizer | Crop | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Distillery waste water | DAP | 15% increase in dry weight, 3.2% increase in P uptake, 49% increase in chlorophyll content. | [64] | |
2. | Commercial | Mineral (KPO4H2) | Application of struvite more than 5 g plant−1 leads to higher yield than mineral fertilizer. | [59] | |
3. | Human urine | DAP | Seed yield and other yield attributing characteristics were significantly higher with DAP inoculated with Nitrogen fixing bacteria, however, similar inoculation of struvite reported significantly higher parameters than DAP alone. | [62] | |
4. | Livestock wastewater | Urea and Magnesium sulfate | It was superior to control fertilizer for all the vegetables. The increase in dosage was less inhibitory than control fertilizer. | [65] | |
5. | Manure | Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) | At lower rates, the mean biomass yields were similar to control which decreased at higher rates; Quadratic response for P uptake for struvite with increase in dose whereas it was linear with MAP. | [66] | |
6. | Commercial | Struvite and MAP were mixed in different ratios in gradation. | Upto 50% struvite blending reported statistically similar biomass which decreased further and lowest with 100% struvite in maize and upto 25% for soybean, however, it was 50% for only root biomass for it. | [67] | |
7. | Cow urine | DAP | At higher rates struvite application reported significant increase in the leaf area, stem and root dry weight and total chlorophyll content. | [58] |
Performance of struvite as phosphorus source in various crops. Source of extraction is mentioned and commercial fertilizers are used as control. The effect of struvite on chlorophyll is also mentioned as it is source of magnesium.
Steel slag is the by-product of steel industry. In total, 150–180 kg steel slag is generated for 1 ton of steel production in India [68] and has been estimated at 39 mT for 2017–18 [69]. Per capita steel consumption is expected to increase more than double between 2018 and 2030–31. Thus, there exists a huge potential of generation of steel slag. In countries such as United States, Japan, and European countries, more than 80% of steel slag is recycled, whereas for countries such as China and India, it is less than 30% [70]. While slag is rich source of calcium, silicon, iron, it also reported to contain up to 4% phosphorus [71]. Application of slag is reported to increase the dry weight, yield, and phosphorus uptake in maize [72]. In addition to this, application of steel slag is advantageous in increasing the quality of the produce, source of silica to the crops, promotes immobilization of heavy metals, reduction of disease incidence in crops, and promoting carbon sequestration and reducing methane emission and can act as potential liming material [73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78].
Phosphorus is a valuable element in relation to agriculture; however, its depleting reserve presents a potential challenge to nations across the world. India is at much vulnerable position as there is huge import dependency for its raw material. Keeping the situation in view, Government of India has introduced the action plan to make country
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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So, with increased demand for Security, Video-based Surveillance has become an important area for the research. An Intelligent Video Surveillance system basically censored the performance, happenings, or changing information usually in terms of human beings, vehicles or any other objects from a distance by means of some electronic equipment (usually digital camera). The scopes like prevention, detection, and intervention which have led to the development of real and consistent video surveillance systems are capable of intelligent video processing competencies. In broad terms, advanced video-based surveillance could be described as an intelligent video processing technique designed to assist security personnel’s by providing reliable real-time alerts and to support efficient video analysis for forensic investigations. This chapter deals with the various requirements for designing a robust and reliable video surveillance system. Also, it is discussed the different types of cameras required in different environmental conditions such as indoor and outdoor surveillance. Different modeling schemes are required for designing of efficient surveillance system under various illumination conditions.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Mritunjay Rai, Agha Asim Husain, Tanmoy Maity and Ravindra\nKumar Yadav",authors:[{id:"229772",title:"Mr.",name:"Agha",middleName:null,surname:"Husain",slug:"agha-husain",fullName:"Agha Husain"},{id:"231155",title:"Mr.",name:"Mritunjay",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"mritunjay-rai",fullName:"Mritunjay Rai"},{id:"231197",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravindra Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"ravindra-kumar-yadav",fullName:"Ravindra Kumar Yadav"},{id:"231198",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Maity",slug:"tanmoy-maity",fullName:"Tanmoy Maity"}]},{id:"63135",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79442",title:"Device-Free Localization for Human Activity Monitoring",slug:"device-free-localization-for-human-activity-monitoring",totalDownloads:1272,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Over the past few decades, human activity monitoring has grabbed considerable research attentions due to greater demand for human-centric applications in healthcare and assisted living. For instance, human activity monitoring can be adopted in smart building system to improve the building management as well as the quality of life, especially for the elderly people who are facing health deterioration due to aging factor, without neglecting the important aspects such as safety and energy consumption. The existing human monitoring technology requires additional sensors, such as GPS, PIR sensors, video camera, etc., which incur cost and have several drawbacks. There exist various solutions of using other technologies for human activity monitoring in a smartly controlled environment, either device-assisted or device-free. A radio frequency (RF)-based device-free indoor localization, known as device-free localization (DFL), has attracted a lot of research effort in recent years due its simplicity, low cost, and compatibility with the existing hardware equipped with RF interface. This chapter introduces the potential of RF signals, commonly adopted for wireless communications, as sensing tools for DFL system in human activity monitoring. DFL is based on the concept of radio irregularity where human existence in wireless communication field may interfere and change the wireless characteristics.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Shaufikah Shukri, Latifah Munirah Kamarudin and Mohd Hafiz\nFazalul Rahiman",authors:[{id:"79078",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Hafiz",middleName:null,surname:"Fazalul Rahiman",slug:"mohd-hafiz-fazalul-rahiman",fullName:"Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman"},{id:"144102",title:"Dr.",name:"Latifah Munirah",middleName:null,surname:"Kamarudin",slug:"latifah-munirah-kamarudin",fullName:"Latifah Munirah Kamarudin"},{id:"249862",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shaufikah",middleName:null,surname:"Shukri",slug:"shaufikah-shukri",fullName:"Shaufikah Shukri"}]},{id:"61855",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76086",title:"Real-Time Action Recognition Using Multi-level Action Descriptor and DNN",slug:"real-time-action-recognition-using-multi-level-action-descriptor-and-dnn",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This work presents a novel approach to the problem of real-time human action recognition in intelligent video surveillance. For more efficient and precise labeling of an action, this work proposes a multilevel action descriptor, which delivers complete information of human actions. The action descriptor consists of three levels: posture, locomotion, and gesture level; each of which corresponds to a different group of subactions describing a single human action, for example, smoking while walking. The proposed action recognition method is able to localize and recognize simultaneously the actions of multiple individuals using appearance-based temporal features with multiple convolutional neural networks (CNN). Although appearance cues have been successfully exploited for visual recognition problems, appearance, motion history, and their combined cues with multi-CNNs have not yet been explored. Additionally, the first systematic estimation of several hyperparameters for shape and motion history cues is investigated. The proposed approach achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 73.2% in the frame-based evaluation over the newly collected large-scale ICVL video dataset. The action recognition model can run at around 25 frames per second, which is suitable for real-time surveillance applications.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Cheng-Bin Jin, Trung Dung Do, Mingjie Liu and Hakil Kim",authors:[{id:"231409",title:"Prof.",name:"Hakil",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"hakil-kim",fullName:"Hakil Kim"},{id:"231419",title:"MSc.",name:"Chengbin",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"chengbin-jin",fullName:"Chengbin Jin"},{id:"240573",title:"MSc.",name:"Trung-Dung",middleName:null,surname:"Do",slug:"trung-dung-do",fullName:"Trung-Dung Do"},{id:"240574",title:"MSc.",name:"Mingjie",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"mingjie-liu",fullName:"Mingjie Liu"}]},{id:"63187",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80407",title:"Color Image Watermarking Based on Radon Transform and Jordan Decomposition",slug:"color-image-watermarking-based-on-radon-transform-and-jordan-decomposition",totalDownloads:1307,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Digital watermarking has been widely used for ownership identification and copyright protection. In this chapter, a color image watermarking method based on Radon transform (RT) and Jordan decomposition (JD) is proposed. Initially, the host color image is converted into L*a*b* color space. Then, the b* channel is selected and it is divided into 16 × 16 non-overlapping blocks. RT is applied to each of these blocks. JD is applied to the selected RT coefficients of each block represented in m × n matrix. Watermark data is embedded in the coefficients of the similarity transform matrix obtained from JD using a new quantization equation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is highly robust against various attacks such as noise addition, cropping, filtering, blurring, rotation, JPEG compression etc. In addition, it provides high quality watermarked images. Moreover, it shows superior performance than the state-of-the-art methods reported recently in terms of imperceptibility and robustness.",book:{id:"7336",slug:"digital-image-and-video-watermarking-and-steganography",title:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography",fullTitle:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography"},signatures:"Pranab Kumar Dhar, Rakib Hasan and Tetsuya Shimamura",authors:[{id:"248688",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranab Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dhar",slug:"pranab-kumar-dhar",fullName:"Pranab Kumar Dhar"},{id:"259313",title:"BSc.",name:"Raqib",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"raqib-hasan",fullName:"Raqib Hasan"},{id:"259314",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Shimamura",slug:"tetsuya-shimamura",fullName:"Tetsuya Shimamura"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62461",title:"Access Control in the Wild Using Face Verification",slug:"access-control-in-the-wild-using-face-verification",totalDownloads:1230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In the past few years, face recognition has received great attention from both research and commercial communities. Areas such as access control using face verification are dominated by solutions developed by both the government and the industry. In this chapter, a face verification solution is presented using open-source algorithms for access control of large-scale events under unconstrained environments. From the type of camera calibration to the algorithms used for face detection and recognition, every stage has a proposed solution. Tests using the proposed solutions in the entrance of a building were made in order to test and compare each solution proposed.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Ricardo Ribeiro, Daniel Lopes and António Neves",authors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves"},{id:"248359",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"ricardo-ribeiro",fullName:"Ricardo Ribeiro"},{id:"248360",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",slug:"daniel-lopes",fullName:"Daniel Lopes"}]},{id:"61410",title:"Advance Intelligent Video Surveillance System (AIVSS): A Future Aspect",slug:"advance-intelligent-video-surveillance-system-aivss-a-future-aspect",totalDownloads:3303,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Over the last few decades, remarkable infrastructure growths have been noticed in security-related issues throughout the world. So, with increased demand for Security, Video-based Surveillance has become an important area for the research. An Intelligent Video Surveillance system basically censored the performance, happenings, or changing information usually in terms of human beings, vehicles or any other objects from a distance by means of some electronic equipment (usually digital camera). The scopes like prevention, detection, and intervention which have led to the development of real and consistent video surveillance systems are capable of intelligent video processing competencies. In broad terms, advanced video-based surveillance could be described as an intelligent video processing technique designed to assist security personnel’s by providing reliable real-time alerts and to support efficient video analysis for forensic investigations. This chapter deals with the various requirements for designing a robust and reliable video surveillance system. Also, it is discussed the different types of cameras required in different environmental conditions such as indoor and outdoor surveillance. Different modeling schemes are required for designing of efficient surveillance system under various illumination conditions.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Mritunjay Rai, Agha Asim Husain, Tanmoy Maity and Ravindra\nKumar Yadav",authors:[{id:"229772",title:"Mr.",name:"Agha",middleName:null,surname:"Husain",slug:"agha-husain",fullName:"Agha Husain"},{id:"231155",title:"Mr.",name:"Mritunjay",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"mritunjay-rai",fullName:"Mritunjay Rai"},{id:"231197",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravindra Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"ravindra-kumar-yadav",fullName:"Ravindra Kumar Yadav"},{id:"231198",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Maity",slug:"tanmoy-maity",fullName:"Tanmoy Maity"}]},{id:"64963",title:"Human Activity Recognition without Vision Tracking",slug:"human-activity-recognition-without-vision-tracking",totalDownloads:1035,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This work describes the recognition of human activity based on the interaction between people and objects in domestic settings, specifically in a kitchen. The difference between this and other proposals is that considers a human activity in a process without vision tracking. Videos are a sequence of photographs. Taking this into account, if you analyze an orderly sequence of images it could be based on the objects present in each scene so that you can understand the possible activity performed. However, it is not enough to consider the objects present in the scene; it is necessary to determine if those objects are employed or not by the humans present. If they are used, it is evident that they are necessary to carry out the activity; if they are not used they would only provide noise to the recognized activity. Therefore, it is necessary to generate a conceptualization of objects in the scene with characteristics (definition of an object, motion detector, object recognition, object position, object action) that allows you to recognize them and to determine the degree of use (unchanged, added, removed, moved, and indeterminate) and influence the possible recognized activity.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Carlos Alberto Flores Vázquez, Joan Aranda, Daniel Icaza, Santiago\nPulla, Marcelo Flores-Vázquez and Nelson Federico Cordova",authors:[{id:"248619",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Vázquez",slug:"carlos-flores-vazquez",fullName:"Carlos Flores-Vázquez"},{id:"254652",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Vázquez",slug:"marcelo-flores-vazquez",fullName:"Marcelo Flores-Vázquez"},{id:"254653",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Icaza",slug:"daniel-icaza",fullName:"Daniel Icaza"},{id:"254654",title:"MSc.",name:"Nelson Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Cordova",slug:"nelson-federico-cordova",fullName:"Nelson Federico Cordova"}]},{id:"63187",title:"Color Image Watermarking Based on Radon Transform and Jordan Decomposition",slug:"color-image-watermarking-based-on-radon-transform-and-jordan-decomposition",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Digital watermarking has been widely used for ownership identification and copyright protection. In this chapter, a color image watermarking method based on Radon transform (RT) and Jordan decomposition (JD) is proposed. Initially, the host color image is converted into L*a*b* color space. Then, the b* channel is selected and it is divided into 16 × 16 non-overlapping blocks. RT is applied to each of these blocks. JD is applied to the selected RT coefficients of each block represented in m × n matrix. Watermark data is embedded in the coefficients of the similarity transform matrix obtained from JD using a new quantization equation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is highly robust against various attacks such as noise addition, cropping, filtering, blurring, rotation, JPEG compression etc. In addition, it provides high quality watermarked images. Moreover, it shows superior performance than the state-of-the-art methods reported recently in terms of imperceptibility and robustness.",book:{id:"7336",slug:"digital-image-and-video-watermarking-and-steganography",title:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography",fullTitle:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography"},signatures:"Pranab Kumar Dhar, Rakib Hasan and Tetsuya Shimamura",authors:[{id:"248688",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranab Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dhar",slug:"pranab-kumar-dhar",fullName:"Pranab Kumar Dhar"},{id:"259313",title:"BSc.",name:"Raqib",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"raqib-hasan",fullName:"Raqib Hasan"},{id:"259314",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Shimamura",slug:"tetsuya-shimamura",fullName:"Tetsuya Shimamura"}]},{id:"62544",title:"Particle-Filter-Based Intelligent Video Surveillance System",slug:"particle-filter-based-intelligent-video-surveillance-system",totalDownloads:937,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this study, an intelligent video surveillance (IVS) system is designed based on the particle filter. The designed IVS system can gather the information of the number of persons in the area and hot spots of the area. At first, the Gaussian mixture background model is utilized to detect moving objects by background subtraction. The moving object appearing in the margin of the video frame is considered as a new person. Then, a new particle filter is assigned to track the new person when it is detected. A particle filter is canceled when the corresponding tracked person leaves the video frame. Moreover, the Kalman filter is utilized to estimate the position of the person when the person is occluded. Information of the number of persons in the area and hot spots is gathered by tracking persons in the video frame. Finally, a user interface is designed to feedback the gathered information to users of the IVS system. By applying the proposed IVS system, the load of security guards can be reduced. 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He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. 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Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. 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A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan 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