\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6246",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Salivary Glands - New Approaches in Diagnostics and Treatment",title:"Salivary Glands",subtitle:"New Approaches in Diagnostics and Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Saliva is a complex fluid that maintains oral health and has many physiological functions. It is a noninvasive diagnostic fluid as well. Lately, salivary diagnostics has proven its potential to reach clinical practice in the near future for the early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of various diseases. Salivary Glands - New Approaches in Diagnostics and Treatment is a comprehensive reference, which brings together information on salivary secretion and its disorders, the novel salivary diagnostic methods for numerous diseases, and new techniques in the treatment of salivary diseases. This book contains information for a diverse audience, including dentists, oral biologists, experimental biologists, molecular biologists, oncologists, radiologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, and otorhinolaryngologists.",isbn:"978-1-78984-989-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-988-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-358-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68846",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"salivary-glands-new-approaches-in-diagnostics-and-treatment",numberOfPages:136,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"de375ecbd9ac673d6464107a0c416763",bookSignature:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6246.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13154,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:46,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 19th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 10th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 19th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 19th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 19th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"36790",title:"M.D.",name:"Işıl",middleName:null,surname:"Adadan Güvenç",slug:"isil-adadan-guvenc",fullName:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36790/images/1725_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Işıl Adadan Güvenç was born in 1976, in İzmir, Turkey. After graduating from American Collegiate Institute in İzmir, she received her medical degree at Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine in 2000. Then she specialized in Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at İzmir Atatürk Research and Training Hospital. Today she works in Çiğli Regional Training Hospital in İzmir as an ENT specialist. She has 15 published articles in respectable international journals and 9 articles in national journals. She is married to an architect and has a 6 year-old son.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"178",title:"Endocrinology",slug:"medicine-endocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"61064",title:"Secretions of Human Salivary Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75538",slug:"secretions-of-human-salivary-gland",totalDownloads:2838,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The salivary glands play an important role in our body by the virtue of its ability to secrete saliva. Saliva has a role to play in maintaining the health of the oral cavity and for carrying out physiological functions like mastication, taste perception, speech etc. It also acts as a mirror to the systemic status of an individual owing to its ability to act as a diagnostic fluid for detecting a number of conditions and diseases. Saliva is a potential noninvasive diagnostic fluid for detection of a number of biomarkers of disease and health. Advancement in diagnostic methods has helped in identifying biomarkers of disease in saliva. In order to understand and diagnose pathological changes, a thorough understanding of the salivary gland anatomy, physiology and regulation of its secretion is warranted. This chapter aims to provide the basic understanding of the secretions of saliva.",signatures:"Anahita Punj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61064",authors:[{id:"226076",title:"Dr.",name:"Anahita",surname:"Punj",slug:"anahita-punj",fullName:"Anahita Punj"}],corrections:null},{id:"58591",title:"Xerostomia: An Update of Causes and Treatments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72307",slug:"xerostomia-an-update-of-causes-and-treatments",totalDownloads:2280,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Xerostomia or dry mouth sensation is considered a complex condition that affects several stomatological functions that drives to the detriment of the quality of life of individuals who suffer from it. Often, xerostomia is accompanied by a decrease in salivary flow or hyposalivation, and this condition leads to oral health problems such as dental caries, candidiasis, and mucosal complications. Currently, the diagnosis and therapeutic methods for this condition are varied and it is difficult to achieve favorable results in all cases, since the etiology seems to be multifactorial where both local factors and systemic conditions would participate. This chapter presents, in a concise shape, the relevant data about etiology of xerostomia, such as age, autoimmune diseases, systemic diseases, infectious diseases, neuropathic complications, psychogenic factors and therapeutically consumption of drugs among others, and the current available treatments.",signatures:"Alejandro Escobar and Juan P. Aitken-Saavedra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58591",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58591",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64672",title:"Sialorrhea: A Guide to Etiology, Assessment, and Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82619",slug:"sialorrhea-a-guide-to-etiology-assessment-and-management",totalDownloads:2385,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Sialorrhea, also known as hypersalivation or ptyalism, is excessive salivation associated with neurological disorders or localized anatomical abnormalities in the oral cavity. Pathologic sialorrhea may develop due to hypersalivation, together with various neurologic disorders including cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or as an adverse effect of medications. Sialorrhea results in numerous problematic physical and psychosocial complications and has a significant negative impact on quality of life for both the patient and caregiver. The management of sialorrhea is best accomplished with a multidisciplinary team approach. Treatment options range from conservative measures such as observation, positioning, behavioral therapies, and pharmacological therapy to more aggressive methods such as botulinum toxin injections or surgery. The physiology, etiology, assessment, and treatment of sialorrhea are outlined in this review.",signatures:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64672",authors:[{id:"36790",title:"M.D.",name:"Işıl",surname:"Adadan Güvenç",slug:"isil-adadan-guvenc",fullName:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç"}],corrections:null},{id:"58689",title:"Salivary Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73372",slug:"salivary-diagnostics",totalDownloads:1091,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Salivary diagnostics plays an important role in the early detection and prevention of many oral and systemic diseases in a fast and noninvasive way. Saliva collection is an easy, repeatable and inexpensive diagnostic source that can be used for both diagnosis and real-time monitoring of various human diseases. In the near future, many developed and validated salivary biomarkers have the potential to reach the clinical practice. Five diagnostic “omics” constituents of saliva include proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, microbiomics and microRNAs. Based on them, the newly emerging technologies of salivary diagnostics are developed that include RNA-sequencing, point-of-care technologies and liquid biopsy. They have potential to enable screening, early detection, prognosis and monitoring of various human diseases. The recent developments broadened the salivary diagnostic approach from the oral cavity to the whole physiological system, thus toward personalized individual medicine applications.",signatures:"Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58689",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58689",authors:[{id:"225608",title:"Dr.",name:"Karolina Elżbieta",surname:"Kaczor-Urbanowicz",slug:"karolina-elzbieta-kaczor-urbanowicz",fullName:"Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz"}],corrections:null},{id:"58474",title:"Proteomics of the Salivary Fluid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72309",slug:"proteomics-of-the-salivary-fluid",totalDownloads:1321,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Following the sequencing of the human genome, the mapping of the human proteome is the next task to being completed in order to gain knowledge on how proteins are involved in disease genesis, growth, therapy, and healing. As contrary to the genome, which is relatively static, the human proteome is significantly more complex and highly dynamic. Whilst the majority of the research is being focused on analyzing either the proteome of tumor tissues and tumor cells or the proteome of serum and plasma, little attention has been awarded to the analysis of proteomes in saliva or urine. The proteome in saliva can help providing important information on processes involving health issues in dentistry, head and neck cancers, gastric cancers or neurology, to name just a few. However, this is changing and the proteomics research community is increasingly focusing on deciphering the salivary proteome. So far, more than 3000 proteins have been identified in different studies and more is to come with new instrumentation and methods available. Some of the proteomics methods applied for analysis of salivary proteins will be discussed in this chapter.",signatures:"Goran Mitulović",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58474",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58474",authors:[{id:"212804",title:"Dr.",name:"Goran",surname:"Mitulović",slug:"goran-mitulovic",fullName:"Goran Mitulović"}],corrections:null},{id:"56894",title:"Approach to Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Disease from Nuclear Medicine Images",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70622",slug:"approach-to-diagnosis-of-salivary-gland-disease-from-nuclear-medicine-images",totalDownloads:1393,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nuclear medicine images can help in the diagnosis and assessment of some salivary disorders. 99mTcO4−, gallium-67-citrate scintigraphy will be an indication of the function of salivary gland together and it will be used for the diffuse diseases such as sialadenitis, Sjögren’s syndrome, sarcoidosis, glossopharyngeal paralysis, and irradiation. It is also effective for distinguishing benign tumor legion with Warthin’s tumor and others. Moreover, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is an indispensable modality for determining the localization, focal lesions, and staging of many malignant tumors, the fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation is visually and semi-quantitatively assessed using the standardized uptake value (SUV), which is the ratio of uptake to the injected dose per unit body weight. Also for radioactive iodine therapy, attention should be paid to adverse reactions. It is important to note that acute/chronic salivary gland disorders are associated with radioiodine therapy for the treatment of postoperative thyroid cancer. Coordination among healthcare providers including nurses, radiological technologists, and doctors of all departments involved in treatment is important for achieving effective outcomes.",signatures:"Michihiro Nakayama, Atsutaka Okizaki, Kaori Nakajima and Koji\nTakahashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56894",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56894",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"58692",title:"Salivary Effects of Facial Vibrotactile Stimulation in Patients with Sjogren’s Syndrome and Poor Salivation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72383",slug:"salivary-effects-of-facial-vibrotactile-stimulation-in-patients-with-sjogren-s-syndrome-and-poor-sal",totalDownloads:885,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We examined the effect of vibrotactile apparatus in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome and others with reduced salivation in comparison to normal subjects. The most effective salivation in normal subjects was produced by 89 Hz vibrotactile stimulation with 9.8 μm amplitude on the parotid or submandibular glands vibrotactile stimuli. First, we examined by measuring the weight of dental cotton rolls positioned at the opening of the secretory duct for total salivation 3 min during resting, and then after 5-min intervals, the weights were measured every 3 min of vibrotactile stimulation on salivary glands. Furthermore, we measured facial temperature around vibrators after 2 min of vibration. We investigated 10 poor salivation patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (8 patients) defined by examinations (contrast study or scintigraphic test) and others (2 patients). About 50% of patients with poor salivation gained recognition for good results, although they had periods of short-term (3 months) and long-term effects (6–7 years) during recuperation. Furthermore, facial skin temperatures on both sides of parotid glands were decreased in Sjogren’s syndrome after vibration, although their temperatures were increased following recovery. Although the mechanism is not clear, we think that vibrotactile stimulation gives activation to salivary glands under the rising facial temperature.",signatures:"Koichiro Ueda, Kanako Gora, Masaru Yamaoka, Takako Sato,\nKimiko Abe, Enri Nakayama, Mituyasu Sato, Yumiko Tunoda,\nSumiko Akatuka, Sayaka Fukui, Akinari Hayashi, Teruyuki Hirai,\nSayako Ohnishi, Mayumi Hayata and Hisao Hiraba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58692",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58692",authors:[{id:"172255",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisao",surname:"Hiraba",slug:"hisao-hiraba",fullName:"Hisao Hiraba"}],corrections:null},{id:"57978",title:"Combined Approaches in Sialolithiasis of Major Salivary Glands",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72308",slug:"combined-approaches-in-sialolithiasis-of-major-salivary-glands",totalDownloads:961,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Combined (endoscopic-transcutaneous) techniques are an effective treatment for large and/or impacted stones of the major salivary glands. This approach results in high rates of symptom improvement and gland preservation. The complication rates are relatively low, further supporting the use of these techniques as an additional tool between the classic sialendoscopy and the external classic procedures of gland removal. In this chapter, we describe the combined approach for the parotid gland and the submandibular gland and finally, the retrograde sialendoscopy through the surgical field of an open approach.",signatures:"Iordanis Konstantinidis, Angelos Chatziavramidis and Ioannis\nIakovou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57978",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57978",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1315",title:"Amyloidosis",subtitle:"An Insight to Disease of Systems and Novel Therapies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6f198e6c3f39685ef6304a438043e28",slug:"amyloidosis-an-insight-to-disease-of-systems-and-novel-therapies",bookSignature:"Işil Adadan Güvenç",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1315.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36790",title:"M.D.",name:"Işıl",surname:"Adadan Güvenç",slug:"isil-adadan-guvenc",fullName:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6581",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85899eab2d8b01653e1297b168c470d7",slug:"adipose-tissue",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6581.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7848",title:"Selected Chapters from the Renin-Angiotensin System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38e89685aa86d8cbff0718f3813ae625",slug:"selected-chapters-from-the-renin-angiotensin-system",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Kibel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"183303",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Kibel",slug:"aleksandar-kibel",fullName:"Aleksandar Kibel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7269",title:"Endocrine Disruptors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"571f5c496c8b0e8db9043204fa58be2a",slug:"endocrine-disruptors",bookSignature:"Ahmed R. 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Pereira",middleName:null,surname:"Junior",fullName:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira Junior",slug:"elizeu-monteiro-pereira-junior",email:"ta.elizeujr@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314489",title:"Ms.",name:"Beatriz Martinelli",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Beatriz Martinelli Lima",slug:"beatriz-martinelli-lima",email:"biamartinelli13@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"71453",slug:"advancement-of-nitrogen-fertilization-on-tropical-environmental",signatures:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira Junior, Elaine Maria Silva Guedes Lobato, Beatriz Martineli Lima, Barbara Rodrigues Quadros, Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato, Izabelle Pereira Andrade and Letícia de Abreu Faria",dateSubmitted:"October 21st 2019",dateReviewed:"November 28th 2019",datePrePublished:"March 25th 2020",datePublished:"April 8th 2020",book:{id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"158046",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaine Maria Silva Guedes",middleName:"Guedes",surname:"Lobato",fullName:"Elaine Maria Silva Guedes Lobato",slug:"elaine-maria-silva-guedes-lobato",email:"elaine.guedes@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"313880",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues Quadros",fullName:"Barbara Rodrigues Quadros",slug:"barbara-rodrigues-quadros",email:"barbara.quadros@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"313881",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Andrade",fullName:"Izabelle Pereira Andrade",slug:"izabelle-pereira-andrade",email:"izabelle.andrade@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"314476",title:"Dr.",name:"Allan Klynger Da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Lobato",fullName:"Allan Klynger Da Silva Lobato",slug:"allan-klynger-da-silva-lobato",email:"allan.lobato@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314477",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia Abreu",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",fullName:"Leticia Abreu Faria",slug:"leticia-abreu-faria",email:"leticia.faria@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314484",title:"Mr.",name:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira",middleName:null,surname:"Junior",fullName:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira Junior",slug:"elizeu-monteiro-pereira-junior",email:"ta.elizeujr@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314489",title:"Ms.",name:"Beatriz Martinelli",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Beatriz Martinelli Lima",slug:"beatriz-martinelli-lima",email:"biamartinelli13@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11867",leadTitle:null,title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tAlthough the diagnosis and overall survival of patients with various cardiac diseases have improved in the last years, there still remains a significant proportion of patients with unfavorable prognoses. The evaluation of these patients necessitates effective imaging techniques in both diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Even though Cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging is currently the imaging modality of choice for tissue characterization, advanced echocardiography represents a modern alternative. Speckle tracking echocardiography can be used to assess myocardial deformation at both segmental and global levels. Since distinct myocardial pathologies affect deformation differently, information about the underlying tissue can be offered by strain imaging. Echocardiography advances also show promising results in the improvement of diagnostic accuracy, management, and follow-up and a major advantage of echocardiography over other imaging modalities is the ability to use it in real-time, in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, allowing for the performance of imaging immediately before, during, and after interventional procedures. Furthermore, the prevalence of adult congenital heart disease continues to grow due to advances in surgical and diagnostic techniques. Echocardiography has proven to be a useful tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients, both after percutaneous and surgical procedures, and its utility has expanded significantly due to the development of better technology. In addition, stress echocardiography could be useful in the evaluation of several cardiac diseases and should be preferred over other imaging modalities due to the lower cost, wider availability, and radiation-free nature.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art novel imaging techniques by focusing on the most important evidence-based developments in this area.
Wheat (
As the world population increases day by day it is estimated that agricultural commodities should be increased by 50% by 2050 to meet the demand and supply chain [5]. But major constrain in this race are abiotic and biotic factors, which affect the production every year. Abiotic factors are generated by the facilities of mankind that are climate change. While biotic factors include major disease pathogens, insects, pests, and weeds. These factors cause a reduction in the yield and quality of grain every year [6]. Serious biotic stress includes major fungal diseases, such as rusts, smuts, bunt, tan spot, fusarium head blight, foot rot, false eyespot, and many more. Three types of rusts and powdery mildews caused major disease epidemics in past and kept on threatening problems to wheat production besides, the development of various fungicidal chemicals and resistant cultivars. Cultivars become vulnerable to pathogens due to variation in pathogen virulence [7].
These effects can be managed by working on resistant cultivars, not against the diseases but also abiotic factors. Cultivars should be best fitted in the environment. Then proper nutrients should be provided to make the crop strong and protect the flag leaf of the plant. Agronomic practices should be done on time and a proper dose of fertilizer should be given to the soil. Explain new and environment-friendly approaches to the farmers to keep the wheat crop healthy and protected from major risks.
This chapter includes major and minor fungal diseases which attack the wheat crop, their mode of action, epidemiology, visual identification, and eradication methods.
Loose smut of wheat is a seed-born disease caused by
Wheat is threatened with several diseases but rust is very dangerous for wheat. It causes huge economic losses all over the world. Wheat leaf rust is caused by
Brown rust of wheat (A), black rust of wheat (B), and stripe rust of wheat (C).
Optimum temperature ranges between 10 and 25°C and free moisture for long period on the leaf surface help in disease infection. If favorable conditions prevail then the uredinial cycle repeats after every 8–14 days. Urediniospores, teliospores, and basidiospores are produced on wheat while pycniospores and aeciospores are produced on the alternate host. Teliospores are produced at the end of the season; so, it helps in overwintering and becomes a source of inoculum for the next growing season. Due to the monocyclic nature of the fungus they produce spores end of season and act as primary inoculum, these spores germinate on wheat individually and cause infection. P.
Stem rust of wheat is historically a major disease of wheat caused by
After 1–2 weeks of disease, infection urediniospores are produced in uredinia. It is the repeating stage in the whole life cycle. Urediniospores are dikaryotic produced on the separate stalk in the fruiting body. These spores can infect the host plant and produce external symptoms (Figure 1B). It produces red rusty spores which become dark, this is the reason it is also known as black rust [23]. When the growing season of crop ends it produces teliospores in telia. Teliospores are also dikaryotic and overwinter in the absence of the host. When teliospores get favorable conditions, they undergo meiosis and produce haploid basidiospores, these are colorless spores capable to infect alternate hosts but not cereal hosts. After germination, it produces pycnidiospore, which produces sticky honeydew which attracts insects and becomes a mode of perpetuation. Pycnidiospores mat and produce dikaryotic aeciospores in aecia. These aeciospores germinate and produce urediniospores but on cereal host not on the alternate host. Urediniospores may pass from winter wheat to spring wheat without infecting the alternate host. The optimum temperature is 30°C and 2 hours of leaf wetness can cause infection [18].
All rust species are very destructive but stripe rust is most of all. It is caused by
Disease infection occurs anytime throughout the growing season. It causes symptoms on the green part of the plant which includes leaf, leaf sheath, glumes, and awn (Figure 1C). The disease infection cycle is similar to other rust pathogens. Infection caused by urediniospores and optimum temperature for disease infection is 3–20°C and free leaf moisture for 3 hours. The optimum temperature for infection on barberry is 10°C with 32 hours of leaf wetness [30]. When the temperature goes higher urediniospores change into teliospores. If the temperature goes down from −9°C, it completely stops the spores from germination. These two spore phases take place on wheat host remaining carried out on alternate host.
After rust and smuts mildew is a more contagious disease for plants. In wheat, powdery mildew is caused by
External symptoms include a grayish powdery colony on the leaf and stem of the wheat plant. It is most prevalent on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf (Figure 2). The powder appears in the form of white patches early in the season, but disease duration can be prolonged if favorable conditions prevail. These white cottony pustules produce asexual spores known as conidia which are later on spread by wind. Sexual spores are ascospores that developed in cleistothecia. Both sexual and asexual spores are born in humid weather with a lower temperature range.
Visual symptoms of powdery mildew on the wheat leaf (A) and spikes (B).
On disease progress, it covers the entire plant and turns into yellow color due to chlorosis, black color fruiting bodies appear on a leaf along with the gray powdery mass. Fungus mass can cover the head-on severe attack. The temperature range between 10 and 21°C favors the disease. Infection is reduced at the flowering stage as the temperature rises, so, fungal grow inside the tissues during winter times. When the temperature becomes suitable, it starts germination and spreads from plant to plant and field to field by wind. High humidity and temperature range between 15 and 20°C are most suitable for disease spread, repetition of the life cycle in 7–10 days, and development of new strains [38].
Karnal bunt of wheat is a very common disease everywhere, it is caused by
Karnal bunt in wheat spike (A, B) and dark brown teliospores from bunt sori (C).
Clear symptoms can be seen after threshing as grain in the spike are swollen and fell off with the wind. Spike length and number of spikes per plant also reduce with the disease (Figure 3B). It is also found that all ears in the spike are not bunted, however, infected grains are converted into bunt sori (Figure 3A). Sori is oval-shaped contains black to brown powdery spores enclosed in the pericarp (Figure 3C). In a severely attacked spike, the lining of the seed coat and epidermis is destroyed and spores are enclosed in the lining of the pericarp [40]. This smut fungus has a different pathogenesis method, the fungus infects wheat after diazotization and starts germination and colonization in the epidermis of the plant and infection spreads from cell to cell [44]. Teliospores germinate diploid nuclei which undergo meiosis and several mitoses and produce haploid basidium. Haploid nuclei develop and produce basidiospores. One daughter cell back to basidium and produce 110–185 sporidia on the tip and are sickle-shaped. With rain splashes and wind, teliospores drop on soil and become a source of primary inoculum, it can survive in the soil for many years [45]. Secondary sporidia (allantoid and filiform) are more durable and germinate when getting favorable conditions and play important role in the disease cycle. Allantoid plays role in infection and filiform increases the number of inoculum in the soil. Sporidia are binucleated and on germination produce a germ tube that penetrates newly developing seed in the ovary. Bunt fungus causes infection at the time of anthesis [46]. The disease produces a characteristic fishy smell as teliospores that release trimethylamine [40]. If the conditions are not favorable or the wheat plant does not reach the vulnerable stage when teliospores germinate, it leads to “suicidal germination.” [47].
Spores of Karnal bunt can survive in the soil for 3 years, it can spread from one farm to another through farm machinery. It can tolerate very cold temperatures and maintain its viability. Air can spread spores up to 3000 meters [48]. Teliospores are resistant to chloropicrin, hydrogen peroxide, methyl bromide, ozone, and propionic acid [47]. Single pathogen isolates can vary from one another by physical and morphological characteristics, the number of chromosomes, degree of infection production, and resistance to host barriers.
Like loose smut, flag smut is also a very important disease; it is caused by
Flag smut of wheat.
Common bunt of wheat is caused by
Fusarium head blight [FHB] also known as ear blight and the head scab is caused by different fungal pathogens, including
Wheat plant is susceptible to FHB from the anthesis stage till kernel production. Main external symptoms appear on the head, peduncle, spikes, and grains. Yellowing to slight discoloration of infected spikelet starts while healthy spikes are green (Figure 5). Infected spikes contain pinkish and orange shade colonies of spores. Spores are produced in cold and humid weather. Infected seed is cultivated in the next season results in red to brown shade colony with poor tiller came out. Reduced size and less vigor and well as affect germination rate of seed. Other morphological characters include the late heading and tiller stage [54]. Its symptoms are mostly confused with root rot and crown rot disease, and incomplete symptoms are confused with glume blotch and black chaff.
Optimum conditions for disease infection are moderate rainfall, and temperature range between 24 and 29°C for 2–3 days is enough for infection. Fungal spores survive in crop residues. High humidity and rainfall not only increase inoculum but also help in dispersal.
The tan spot of wheat also known as yellow spot or blotch is caused by
It has a wild range of host plants, including grass species. Most of them are perennial crops that help in overwintering pathogens and increasing the number of inoculum for disease epidemics. It causes 5–10% yield loss and when environmental conditions are favorable losses reached 50% [49]. Symptoms include small dark brown fleck which turns black spot on basil leaves. Then spots merge and get enlarged into tan and irregular lesions with browning inside and yellow rings surround the lesion. Under humid conditions, lesions produce dark spores, and lesions combine and produce dead tissues. Infected seeds contain pink to red color spores, black points, and low germination.
Fungal survive in the form of dormant mycelium on crop residues. Pseudothecium is the fruiting body and ascospores are produced inside. Ascospores spread with the wind too far-off places, infected seed is also a source of disease spread. Under warm and wet conditions, asexual conidia germinate and spread with rain, it infects the ear, glume, and developing grain. Optimum temperature ranges between 20 and 28°C and disease symptoms appear in 7–14 days [49].
Septoria is a disease complex caused by three different pathogens called
Septoria leaf blotch symptoms on the wheat leaf (A) and sclerotia on the stem and leaf (B).
The infection starts when airborne ascospores germinate on the plant which is overwintered in plant residues. Infection occurs just after the emergence of seeding. Sexual spores attach with stomatal opening with the help of germ tube and enter into the stomata and produce appressorium. After 7 days, it produces hyphae and mycelium inside the whole plant. The pathogen has both biotrophic and necrotrophic mode or growth when it changes its mode then external lesions appear on leaf and cell collapse. On disease, advancement lesions change from light to dark color. Conidia are produced on the necrotic site which spread with rainwater from infected to healthy plants as well as over winter in residues and become a source of inoculum for the next crop. Pycnidia produce conidia within 15–40 days after infection, it depends upon environmental conditions. Under unfavorable conditions, spores undergo a dormant state and germinate when the temperature and moisture are available [56].
The number of diseases caused by
Root rot is one of the serious diseases for wheat, especially in Egypt. It can cause significant yield losses because it attacks the seedlings just after germination from the seed. The disease is caused by
Rhizoctonia root rot (A) and fusarium head blight (B).
Wheat is also affected by some minor diseases which are sometimes causing huge crop yields. It includes different types of viruses, bacteria, and nematodes. Wheat is affected by the number of soilborne viruses named as
Wheat is important and staple food all over the world. The main source of carbohydrates and used in a different form. But its production is affected by the number of diseases. Wheat is affected by several fungal diseases. The major threat to wheat is due to rusts, smuts, and mildews. Crop rotation, soil solarization, and zero tillage are important tools for disease management. The use of a resistance cultivar against different pathogens is an effective strategy. Resistant cultivars, certified pure seeds, and seed treatment with strong fungicide are effective to control for these rust and smut diseases [66]. Breeding for resistant varieties to manage loose smut, inheritance of resistance in hexaploid wheat cultivars is examined [67]. Back cross of seven resistant and two susceptible varieties against loose smut disease artificially inoculated in mid of anthesis stage. The segregation ratio showed that resistance against loose smut is controlled by a single dominant gene in wheat [68]. Another study reviled that resistant genes against loose smut are partial and complete resistance which are both dormant and recessive, these resistance genes can stop or hinder the growth of smut inside the plant at different points [68].
One of the powerful and effective tools against disease resistance is host-induced gene silencing in the transgenic plant. It is also helpful in functioning and gene characterization. New and advanced techniques help in contrition of efficient transgenic system and enhance RNAi-driven strategy against the resistant plant. These new and advanced techniques are proven best against biotic and abiotic stresses and another best part of these techniques, they are environmentally friendly and farmer friendly. Genome editing by Cas-9 is very important and helpful in the insertion of resistant genes against pathogens to produce resistant cultivars [69, 70].
The use of biological control agents against pathogens is effective and widely used technique because of the chemical resistance problem. The use of
Chemical fungicides are used for seed treatment and foliar application. Use of Carbendazim, carboxin, triticonazole, thiram, metalaxyl, as a seed treatment for seedborne diseases in wheat [72]. Tubeconazole in combination with imidacloprid and cyproconazole along with difenoconazole are effective chemical fungicides against rust and smut diseases of wheat [74]. Seed treatment with difenoconazole, fludioxonil, homai, and vitavax is proven best against seedborne pathogens.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. 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He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. 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She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. 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\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
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