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According to the Japanese Cancer Institute registry data, 1,017,200 patients were estimated to be newly diagnosed with cancer, and 380,300 patients were estimated to die from cancer in 2019 [1]. Colon cancer is the most often diagnosed in Japanese people, followed by gastric and lung cancer. Lung cancer most often causes death related to cancer, followed by colon and gastric cancer. Approximately half of Japanese people suffer from cancer during their lifetime, and one-third die from cancer. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and serious complication in patients with cancer. The risk of VTE in cancer patients is severalfold higher than that in individuals without cancer [2, 3], and VTE is the second leading cause of death in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy after death directly related to cancer [4]. Therefore, it is important to prevent and treat cancer-associated VTE to improve prognosis of cancer.
French physician Armand Trousseau first described the relationship between cancer and thrombosis when he reported multiple cancer patients complicated with “phlegmasia alba dolens” caused by deep vein thrombosis in 1865 [5]. He speculated that excess of fibrin and hypercoagulable state of blood caused thrombosis in these patients. Two years later, he suffered from “phlegmasia alba dolens,” and he died from gastric cancer. Since then, many studies have revealed the relationships between cancer and thrombosis. Presently, it is well known that thrombosis, i.e., venous thromboembolism (VTE), arterial thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and thrombotic microangiopathy, often occurs in cancer patients, and thrombosis occurring in cancer patients become to be recognized as cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) (Table 1).
Cancer-associated thrombosis.
Among CAT, VTE most often occurs in cancer patients. VTE is a disease that includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which usually occurs in the lower legs, and pulmonary embolisms (PE). Most isolated distal DVTs do not extend to the proximal veins and remain uneventful, whereas parts of clot may break off from proximal DVTs and they may cause potentially life-threatening PE. VTE is the third frequent cardiovascular diseases in Western countries next to myocardial infarction and stroke, and it is estimated that annual incidence of VTE is 1–2 per 1000 adults in the USA [6]. Racial differences may exist in the incidence of VTE, and it is reported that the incidence of VTE in whites is five times higher than that in Asians [7]. Previously, the incidence of VTE in Japanese population was supposed to be low, but more Japanese patients have been diagnosed with VTE, recently. The number of patients diagnosed with PE was 28 per 1,000,000 people in 1996, and it increased to 126 in 2011 [8].
There are several risk factors that induce VTE, and cancer is one of the main risk factors for VTE (Table 2). It has been reported that cancer is associated with 18% of all VTE, and the overall risk of VTE was increased sevenfold in patients with a malignancy (odds ratio [OR], 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.2–8.6) vs. persons without malignancy [9].
Risk factors for venous thromboembolism.
Incidence rates of VTE increase with age in the general population. Likewise, cancer-associated VTE occurs more often in the elderly population than younger population. Khorana et al. reported that age 65 or older is an independent risk factor for developing cancer-associated VTE. Cancer-associated VTE is more common in female sex and black race [3]. Obesity; complications such as respiratory disease, kidney disease, and infection; and poor performance status are also risk factors for cancer-associated VTE [10, 11, 12].
The risk of VTE varies by cancer site, and meta-analysis of several studies proves that the incidence of VTE is highest in the pancreatic cancer patients, followed by hematological malignancy and brain tumor patients [13]. VTE more often occurs in patients with advanced cancer than in patients with early cancer [14]. The incidence of VTE also varies by cancer histology, is higher in lung adenocarcinoma patients than in lung squamous cell carcinoma patients [15], and is higher in high-grade lymphoma patients than in low-grade lymphoma patients [16, 17].
Cancer treatment also affects VTE incidence. VTE is a common complication of surgery, regardless of whether it is cancer surgery or not, and adequate prophylaxis is recommended in guidelines including Japanese guideline [18]. However, among cancer patients who received adequate VTE prophylaxis after surgery, 2.1% of them developed massive VTE and 0.8% of them died [19]. Many types of anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin, l-asparaginase, and bevacizumab, also increase risk of thrombosis in cancer patients. Especially, the incidence of VTE is very high in multiple myeloma patients receiving immunomodulatory drugs (e.g., thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide), and these patients need primary prevention of VTE by using antithrombotic drugs. Cancer patients often need indwelling central venous catheter (CVC) for delivery of intravenous drugs, parenteral nutrition, and collecting blood samples. Indwelling CVC increases risk of developing VTE, and it is estimated that the risk of symptomatic catheter thrombosis is 0.3–28% [20].
Considering these factors, several risk models to predict the occurrence of cancer-associated VTE have been published. Khorana score is the most widely used risk model among them [21]. Five predictive variables are identified in this score: site of cancer (2 points for very high-risk site, 1 point for high-risk site), platelet count of 350 × 109/L or more, hemoglobin less than 100 g/L (10 g/dL) and/or the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, leukocyte count more than 11 × 109/L, and body mass index of 35 kg/m2 or more (1 point each). Rates of VTE have been reported to be 0.3% in low-risk (score = 0), 2% in intermediate-risk (score = 1–2), and 6.7% in high-risk (score ≥ 3) category over a median of 2.5 months.
Stasis of blood flow, hypercoagulability, and endothelial injury are known as Virchow’s triad, and they are involved in thrombus formation. Stasis of blood flow caused by several factors, such as poor performance status, indwelling CVC, and venous compression by tumor, is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of VTE in cancer patients.
Blood cells also play an important role in the occurrence of VTE in cancer patients. Leukocyte count 11 × 109/L or above is a risk factor of VTE in cancer patients [21]. Increased leukocyte is found in 20–30% of cancer patients, and it is common in colon and lung cancer patients. Increased expression of granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, and interleukin-6 causes leukocyte increase in cancer patients [22, 23]. Neutrophils may enhance thrombosis through formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which take in erythrocytes and platelets, and bind to tissue factor (TF) resulting in activation of coagulation [24, 25]. Increased incidences of VTE are reported both in cancer patients with thrombocytosis prior to cancer diagnosis and thrombocytosis at cancer diagnosis [11, 26, 27]. Higher expression of platelet factor 4, which activates platelets, in cancer patients may be related to the development of VTE [28, 29]. Platelets also play a regulatory role in NETs formation. These may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer-associated VTE.
Some proteins also have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer-associated VTE. TF plays an important role in hemostasis and activates factor IX and factor X to initiate extrinsic coagulation pathway by forming a complex with factor VII or activated factor VII. VTE most frequently occurs in pancreatic cancer patients, and pancreatic cancer expresses TF. Expression levels of TF correlate with histologic grades of cancer, and the incidence of VTE is higher in patients with pancreatic cancer with high TF expression level [30, 31]. Podoplanin is a protein which activates platelets by binding to platelet C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2) [32, 33]. The relationships between podoplanin and VTE are proven in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Expression levels of podoplanin vary by GBM subtype. GBM with high podoplanin expression level has a high number of platelet aggregates in tumor vessels and is reported to have high incidence of VTE [34].
P-selectin is a protein that exists in platelets and endothelial cells, and soluble form of P-selectin exists in plasma. P-selectin induces leukocytes to damaged endothelium for thrombus formation. The incidence of VTE is reported to be higher in cancer patients with high levels of soluble P-selectin [35]. Inhibition of P-selectin reduces thrombus formation in animal models [36].
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) inhibits plasmin, which is synthesized from plasminogen to dissolve thrombus. Increased level of PAI-1 causes thrombotic tendency. The incidence of VTE is high in pancreatic cancer patients with increased levels of PAI-1 [37]. It is reported that administration of bevacizumab to mice transplanted with lung cancer cells increases PAI-1 expression and enlarges the size of thrombus. Administration of PAI-1 inhibitor to these mice decreases the thrombus size [38]. These findings suggest that increased PAI-1 may be related to the occurrence of cancer-associated VTE (Figure 1).
Pathogenesis of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. Cancer cells express and release various proteins. These induce leukocytosis and thrombocytosis and activate coagulation resulting in thrombus formation.
Considering the pathogenesis of cancer-associated VTE described in the previous section, it is unlikely that certain diets and nutrition can suppress the development of cancer-associated VTE specifically. Then, are there any diets and nutrition which may prevent the development of VTE in general, not just cancer-associated? The association between diet and nutrition and thrombosis has not necessarily been well analyzed for VTE, but it has been well analyzed for arterial thrombosis such as ischemic heart disease or cerebral infarction. In 2010, the American College of Cardiology announced seven lifestyles to reduce deaths caused by cardiovascular and cerebral infarction by 20% by 2020: (1) nonsmoking, (2) body mass index <25 kg/m2, (3) physical activity at goal levels, (4) pursuit of a diet consistent with the current guideline recommendations, (5) untreated total cholesterol <200 mg/dL, (6) untreated blood pressure < 120/<80 mm Hg, and (7) fasting blood glucose <100 mg/dL [39]. Do these lifestyles also reduce the incidence of VTE? Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes (these are related to diet and nutrition), and smoking are risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and meta-analysis of nine clinical trials revealed that only smoking is a risk factor for VTE among them [40]. These results suggest that diets and nutrition to prevent arterial thrombosis are not necessarily effective for VTE prevention. On the other hand, obesity, one of the risk factors for arterial thrombosis, is also known to be one of the risk factors for the development of VTE. Analysis of the association between 95 BMI-related gene polymorphisms and VTE development proves that five of the polymorphisms are associated with VTE development [41]. Therefore, taking a diet without too much calories or carbohydrates to maintain proper body weight is considered to be useful for VTE prevention.
Other reports examining the relationship between diet and nutrition and VTE are as follow. The incidence of VTE is 22% lower for those who eat fish three or more times a week than for those who eat twice or less a week [42] and is low for those who eat enough fish, vegetables, and fruits and eat less red meat and processed meat [43]. These reports suggest that diets to prevent arterial thrombosis might also be useful to prevent VTE. Furthermore, consumption of grape suppresses thrombin generation and enhances fibrinolysis [44]. Diets with 20, 30, and 50% of their calories on protein, lipids, and carbohydrates for 12 months result in reduction of abdominal circumference, increased HDL-C, decreased fibrinogen, and significantly increased interleukin-10 in those with metabolic syndrome [45]. These reports suggest that diet and nutrition might directly affect the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis which play an important role in the development of VTE.
Several reports related to the alcohol consumption and VTE have also been published. Women consuming alcohol daily were at 26% lower risk of VTE than non-consumers [46], and the analysis of three large US cohorts showed no evidence of an association of alcohol consumption amount or frequency with PE risk [47]. These findings suggest that alcohol drinking is not a risk factor for VTE.
The accumulation of various genetic abnormalities in normal cells causes carcinogenesis. Some cancers are caused by congenital genetic abnormalities, but most genetic abnormalities causing cancers are acquired abnormalities. It is estimated that smoking contributes to 20% of cancers and 23% of cancer deaths and infection with helicobacter pylori, hepatitis virus, etc. contributes to 21% of cancers and 22% of cancer deaths in Japanese population, and these are thought to be the main risk factors for cancer in Japanese population. Drinking alcohol contributes to 6% of both cancers and cancer deaths, and it is also a significant risk factor for cancer in Japanese population. Consumption of salt more than 6 g per day, deficiency of fruit intake, and deficiency of vegetable intake also contribute to 1.6, 0.7, and 0.6% of cancers and 1.4, 0.8, and 0.6% of cancer deaths, respectively [48]. Diet and nutrition seem to have some effects on the development of cancer and cancer mortality.
According to a report “Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective” published by World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research, it is convincing that adult body fatness has increased risks of esophageal, pancreatic, liver, colorectal, postmenopausal breast, endometrial, and kidney cancer. As for diets and nutrition, there exist causal relationships between aflatoxin and liver cancer, lean and processed meat and colon cancer, arsenic in drinking water and lung cancer, and high-dose beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer. On the other hand, whole grains and food containing dietary fiber decrease colorectal cancer. Non-starchy vegetables and fruits decrease aerodigestive cancer and some other cancers [49]. It is not fully understood how each diet and nutrition has effects on carcinogenesis, a diet with enough vegetables and fruits, less lean and processed meat, reduced carbohydrate and fat to prevent obesity, and low in salt might be useful to reduce cancer incidence.
In 2017, the American Society of Clinical Oncology announced that alcohol drinking had been established as a risk factor for cancer, and avoiding excessive drinking was important to prevent cancer [50]. The development of pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, liver, breast, and colorectal cancer was obviously related to alcohol drinking. The incidence of esophageal cancer was 1.3 times higher for small drinkers, 2.2 times for moderate drinkers, and 5 times for heavy drinkers than non-drinkers. Ethanol itself is not carcinogenic, but acetaldehyde, its metabolite, binds to DNA and proteins to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. It is proven that administration of large amount of ethanol or acetaldehyde causes cancer in animal experiments [51]. Acetaldehyde is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). Higher percentage of Japanese people has inactive form of ALDH2 compared to the Western. It might result in adverse effects of alcohol drinking on carcinogenesis in Japanese population.
Smoking is a well-known risk factor for cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IRAC) assessed causal relationships in 2009 and stated that smoking is related to oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, lung, gastric, colon, liver, pancreatic, renal cell, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, cervical, and ovarian cancer and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Passive smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer [52]. To prevent cancer of yourself, your family, and your colleagues, no smoking is mandatory (Figure 2).
Effects of diets and lifestyle on cancer and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Fish, vegetables, and fruits may decrease the incidences of both cancer and VTE. Cigarette smoking and obesity increase the incidences of both cancer and VTE. Drinking alcohol and consuming lean and processed meat increase the incidence of cancer. Whole grain and dietary fiber decrease the incidence of cancer.
Aspirin is a widely used antiplatelet drug that inhibits platelets’ cyclooxygenase (COX), resulting in decreased platelet aggregation. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effects of aspirin on the secondary prevention of arterial thrombosis, and several studies have investigated the effects of aspirin use for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic diseases. Meta-analyses of these studies have shown that daily regular aspirin use reduce the incidence of colon cancer, mortality of colon cancer, and metastasis of colon cancer. The incidence or mortality of other types of cancer might also be reduced [53, 54, 55]. Increased COX expression results in tumor growth and progression, and inhibition of COX reduces carcinogenesis in animal experiments. Platelets are known to play an important role in tumor metastasis [56]. These might be related to the inhibitory effects of aspirin on cancer reported in meta-analyses. On the other hand, some recent reports have shown that regular aspirin use does not decrease cancer incidence or cancer mortality [57, 58, 59] (Table 3). Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of aspirin on cancer incidence and cancer mortality.
Effects of aspirin on cancer incidence and cancer mortality.
Various factors are involved in carcinogenesis and occurrence of cancer-associated VTE. Certain diets and nutrition may reduce the risk of VTE. Some lifestyles may reduce cancer incidence, and other lifestyles increase the risk of cancer. Further studies are needed to create ideal diet, nutrition, and lifestyle to reduce the risk of cancer and cancer-associated VTE.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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However, conventional fuzzy inference systems may suffer from either too sparse, too complex or imbalanced rule bases, given that the data may be unevenly distributed in the problem space regardless of its volume. Fuzzy interpolation addresses this. It enables fuzzy inferences with sparse rule bases when the sparse rule base does not cover a given input, and it simplifies very dense rule bases by approximating certain rules with their neighbouring ones. This chapter systematically reviews different types of fuzzy interpolation approaches and their variations, in terms of both the interpolation mechanism (inference engine) and sparse rule base generation. Representative applications of fuzzy interpolation in the field of control are also revisited in this chapter, which not only validate fuzzy interpolation approaches but also demonstrate its efficacy and potential for wider applications.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Longzhi Yang, Zheming Zuo, Fei Chao and Yanpeng Qu",authors:[{id:"167084",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Chao",slug:"fei-chao",fullName:"Fei Chao"},{id:"198988",title:"Dr.",name:"Longzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"longzhi-yang",fullName:"Longzhi Yang"},{id:"200974",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanpeng",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"yanpeng-qu",fullName:"Yanpeng Qu"},{id:"200975",title:"Mr.",name:"Zheming",middleName:null,surname:"Zuo",slug:"zheming-zuo",fullName:"Zheming Zuo"}]},{id:"54790",doi:"10.5772/67989",title:"A Model for Evaluating Soil Vulnerability to Erosion Using Remote Sensing Data and A Fuzzy Logic System",slug:"a-model-for-evaluating-soil-vulnerability-to-erosion-using-remote-sensing-data-and-a-fuzzy-logic-sys",totalDownloads:1860,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Soil vulnerability is the capacity of one or more of the ecological functions of the soil system to be harmed. It is a complex concept which requires the identification of multiple environmental factors and land management at different temporal and space scales. The employment of geospatial information with good update capabilities could be a satisfactory tool to assess potential soil vulnerability changes in large areas. This chapter presents the application of two land degradation case studies which is simple, synoptic, and suitable for continuous monitoring model based on the fuzzy logic. The model combines topography and vegetation status information to assess soil vulnerability to land degradation. Topographic parameters were obtained from digital elevation models (DEM), and vegetation status information was derived from the computation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) satellite images. This spectral index provides relevance and is updated for each scene, evidences about the biomass and soil productivity, and vegetation density cover or vegetation stress (e.g., forest fires, droughts). Modeled output maps are suitable for temporal change analysis, which allows the identification of the effect of land management practices, soil and vegetation regeneration, or climate effects.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Ignacio Meléndez-Pastor, Jose Navarro Pedreño, Ignacio Gómez\nLucas and Antonis A. Zorpas",authors:[{id:"109913",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Melendez-Pastor",slug:"ignacio-melendez-pastor",fullName:"Ignacio Melendez-Pastor"},{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño"},{id:"137041",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Lucas",slug:"ignacio-gomez-lucas",fullName:"Ignacio Gómez Lucas"},{id:"205104",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonis A.",middleName:null,surname:"Zorpas",slug:"antonis-a.-zorpas",fullName:"Antonis A. Zorpas"}]},{id:"56033",doi:"10.5772/68126",title:"A Fuzzy Logic Approach for Separation Assurance and Collision Avoidance for Unmanned Aerial Systems",slug:"a-fuzzy-logic-approach-for-separation-assurance-and-collision-avoidance-for-unmanned-aerial-systems",totalDownloads:1413,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In the coming years, operations in low altitude airspace will vastly increase as the capabilities and applications of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) continue to multiply. Therefore, finding solutions to managing sUAS in highly congested airspace will facilitate sUAS operations. In this study, a fuzzy logic-based approach was used to help mitigate the risk of collisions between aircraft using separation assurance and collision avoidance techniques. The system was evaluated for its effectiveness at mitigating the risk of mid-air collisions between aircraft. This system utilizes only current state information and can resolve potential conflicts without knowledge of intruder intent. The avoidance logic was verified using formal methods and shown to select the correct action in all instances. Additionally, the fuzzy logic controllers were shown to always turn the vehicles in the correct direction. Numerical testing demonstrated that the avoidance system was able to prevent a mid-air collision between two sUAS in all tested cases. Simulations were also performed in a three-dimensional environment with a heterogeneous fleet of sUAS performing a variety of realistic missions. Simulations showed that the system was 99.98% effective at preventing mid-air collisions when separation assurance was disabled (unmitigated case) and 100% effective when enabled (mitigated case).",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Brandon Cook, Tim Arnett and Kelly Cohen",authors:[{id:"200830",title:"Mr.",name:"Brandon",middleName:"Matthew",surname:"Cook",slug:"brandon-cook",fullName:"Brandon Cook"},{id:"200833",title:"Mr.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Arnett",slug:"timothy-arnett",fullName:"Timothy Arnett"},{id:"200834",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",middleName:null,surname:"Cohen",slug:"kelly-cohen",fullName:"Kelly Cohen"}]},{id:"54682",doi:"10.5772/68050",title:"Use of Fuzzy Logic for Design and Control of Nonlinear MIMO Systems",slug:"use-of-fuzzy-logic-for-design-and-control-of-nonlinear-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1598,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Standard analytical methods are often ineffective or even useless for design of nonlinear control systems with imprecisely known parameters. The use of fuzzy logic principles presents one possible way to control such systems which can be used both for modeling and design of the control. The advantage of using this method consists in its simplicity and easy way of developing the algorithm, which in the phase of designing the controllers and also for modeling the features of the designed structures, allows the use of computer technology. Simplicity of the proposed structure (usually with the PI controllers) and determination of their parameters without any need for complex mathematical description present another considerable advantage of the used method. This chapter presents two typical examples of designing the control of nonlinear multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) systems from the field of mechatronic systems based on fuzzy logic principles.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Pavol Fedor and Daniela Perduková",authors:[{id:"199777",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Perdukova",slug:"daniela-perdukova",fullName:"Daniela Perdukova"},{id:"205024",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavol",middleName:null,surname:"Fedor",slug:"pavol-fedor",fullName:"Pavol Fedor"}]},{id:"68133",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88172",title:"Introductory Chapter: Basic Properties of Fuzzy Relations",slug:"introductory-chapter-basic-properties-of-fuzzy-relations",totalDownloads:788,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"7656",slug:"fuzzy-logic",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic"},signatures:"Constantin Volosencu",authors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54537",title:"Fuzzy Logic Application, Control and Monitoring of Critical Machine Parameters in a Processing Company",slug:"fuzzy-logic-application-control-and-monitoring-of-critical-machine-parameters-in-a-processing-compan",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The processing company under study found out that the boiler was the key machine and needs artificial intelligence monitoring and control. It was simulated under Matlab software and oil level, and pressure and temperature were to be modelled and controlled using the programmable logic controller (PLC) with a fuzzy logic controller as the main brain of control. The company is for processing of fruits to produce juice.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Tawanda Mushiri",authors:[{id:"198749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tawanda",middleName:null,surname:"Mushiri",slug:"tawanda-mushiri",fullName:"Tawanda Mushiri"}]},{id:"65167",title:"Functional Safety of FPGA Fuzzy Logic Controller",slug:"functional-safety-of-fpga-fuzzy-logic-controller",totalDownloads:813,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this paper we describe a methodology to implement a fuzzy logic controller in FPGA. The implementation of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in FPGA requires a qualitative and a quantitative analysis to define the system safety integrity level (SIL). This level can be defined by the quantification of the probability of failure on demand (PFDavg). We propose to analyze the implementation advance safety architecture of fuzzy logic controllers with 1-out-of-2 controllers (1oo2) in FPGA using the reliability block diagram (RBD) and the Markov model. We demonstrate how from hardware characteristics parameters, such as rate of dangerous detected failure and undetected failure, the diagnostic coverage, proof test interval and other parameters to evaluate the PFDavg.",book:{id:"7656",slug:"fuzzy-logic",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic"},signatures:"Mohammed Bsiss and Amami Benaissa",authors:[{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss"},{id:"286059",title:"Prof.",name:"Benaissa",middleName:null,surname:"Amami",slug:"benaissa-amami",fullName:"Benaissa Amami"}]},{id:"67797",title:"The Fuzzy Logic Methodology for Evaluating the Causality of Factors in Organization Management",slug:"the-fuzzy-logic-methodology-for-evaluating-the-causality-of-factors-in-organization-management",totalDownloads:788,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The paper is concerned with solving the problem of factor causality using the tools of the fuzzy set theory. The paper formulates the problem of causal relations in a broad sense and analyzes the methods for its solution with an emphasis on the socioeconomic aspects. For this purpose, the system approach, comparative experiment, economic and mathematical modeling, and other general scientific methods are used. The authors suggest that the causality of factors be studied based on the theory of fuzzy binary relations using the mathematical tools of Goguen’s fuzzy implication. As an example, the paper describes the effect of organizational culture indicators under the Denison’s model on the key performance indicators of an organization.",book:{id:"7656",slug:"fuzzy-logic",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic"},signatures:"Nazarov Dmitry Mikhailovich",authors:[{id:"278819",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitrii",middleName:null,surname:"Nazarov",slug:"dmitrii-nazarov",fullName:"Dmitrii Nazarov"}]},{id:"55096",title:"EMG-Controlled Prosthetic Hand with Fuzzy Logic Classification Algorithm",slug:"emg-controlled-prosthetic-hand-with-fuzzy-logic-classification-algorithm",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In recent years, researchers have conducted many studies on the design and control of prosthesis devices that take the place of a missing limb. Functional ability of prosthesis hands that mimic biological hand functions increases depending on the number of independent finger movements possible. From this perspective, in this study, six different finger movements were given to a prosthesis hand via bioelectrical signals, and the functionality of the prosthesis hand was increased. Bioelectrical signals were recorded by surface electromyography for four muscles with the help of surface electrodes. The recorded bioelectrical signals were subjected to a series of preprocessing and feature extraction processes. In order to create meaningful patterns of motion and an effective cognitive interaction network between the human and the prosthetic hand, fuzzy logic classification algorithms were developed. A five-fingered and 15-jointed prosthetic hand was designed via SolidWorks, and a prosthetic prototype was produced by a 3D printer. In addition, prosthetic hand simulator was designed in Matlab/SimMechanics. Pattern control of both the simulator and the prototype hand in real time was achieved. Position control of motors connected to each joint of the prosthetic hand was provided by a PID controller. Thus, an effective cognitive communication network established between the user, and the real-time pattern control of the prosthesis was provided by bioelectrical signals.",book:{id:"5883",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Beyda Taşar and Arif Gülten",authors:[{id:"198982",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Beyda",middleName:null,surname:"Tasar",slug:"beyda-tasar",fullName:"Beyda Tasar"},{id:"201773",title:"Dr.",name:"Arif",middleName:null,surname:"Gulten",slug:"arif-gulten",fullName:"Arif Gulten"}]},{id:"64740",title:"Some Topological Properties of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Normed Spaces",slug:"some-topological-properties-of-intuitionistic-fuzzy-normed-spaces",totalDownloads:864,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In 1986, Atanassov introduced the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy set theory which is based on the extensions of definitions of fuzzy set theory given by Zadeh. This theory provides a variable model to elaborate uncertainty and vagueness involved in decision making problems. In this chapter, we concentrate our study on the ideal convergence of sequence spaces with respect to intuitionistic fuzzy norm and discussed their topological and algebraic properties.",book:{id:"7656",slug:"fuzzy-logic",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic"},signatures:"Vakeel Ahmad Khan, Hira Fatima and Mobeen Ahmad",authors:[{id:"276104",title:"Dr.",name:"Vakeel A.",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"vakeel-a.-khan",fullName:"Vakeel A. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy 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