\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6800",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Principles, Advances, and Applications",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Principles, Advances, and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Delving into Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles, Advances and Applications, and with basic knowledge of IR spectroscopy, will provide the reader with a synopsis of fundamentals and groundbreaking advances in the field. Readers will see a variety of MIR applications and difficulties encountered, especially in an industrial environment. Competency in FT-IR spectroscopy in biomedical research and early-stage diagnosis of obesity is shown. Challenges associated with VIS-NIR applications are shown through application of the technique in assessing quality parameters of fruits. Moreover, IR spectroscopic studies of radiation-stimulated processes, and the influence of using IR in developing an ideal catalyst and hence an efficient catalysis process, are discussed. The impact of coupling multivariate data analysis techniques to IR is shown in almost every chapter.",isbn:"978-1-78984-969-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-968-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-064-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73071",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-principles-advances-and-applications",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8048b049a107a522e5885468bde858b1",bookSignature:"Marwa El-Azazy",publishedDate:"March 6th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6800.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12263,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:33,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 30th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 29th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 17th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 16th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"198210",title:"Dr.",name:"Marwa",middleName:"S.",surname:"El-Azazy",slug:"marwa-el-azazy",fullName:"Marwa El-Azazy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198210/images/system/198210.png",biography:"Dr. Marwa El-Azazy is an Analytical Chemist , experienced educator and researcher with more than 20 years of teaching experience at several institutions. Dr. Marwa’s main research interest is construction of sensors (using microfluidic platforms for point-of-care-testing of drugs and bio-analytes and ion-selective electrodes), chemometrics and analytical method development, spectroscopic analyses of drugs and pharmaceuticals, synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials, and development of green chemistry approaches for wastewater treatment. Dr. Marwa has a track record of research inputs including ˃45 refereed papers in prestigious international journals, several conference presentations, two book chapters, in addition to several research grants. She serves as a reviewer for a variety of international journals.",institutionString:"College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"512",title:"Spectroscopy",slug:"chemistry-physical-chemistry-spectroscopy"}],chapters:[{id:"64432",title:"Introductory Chapter: Infrared Spectroscopy - A Synopsis of the Fundamentals and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82210",slug:"introductory-chapter-infrared-spectroscopy-a-synopsis-of-the-fundamentals-and-applications",totalDownloads:1990,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Marwa El-Azazy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64432",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64432",authors:[{id:"198210",title:"Dr.",name:"Marwa",surname:"El-Azazy",slug:"marwa-el-azazy",fullName:"Marwa El-Azazy"}],corrections:null},{id:"64692",title:"Mid-Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Applications I: Detection of Traces of High Explosives on Reflective and Matte Substrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81923",slug:"mid-infrared-laser-spectroscopy-applications-i-detection-of-traces-of-high-explosives-on-reflective-",totalDownloads:1541,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mid-infrared (MIR) lasers have revolutionized infrared vibrational spectroscopy, converting an already dominant spectroscopic analysis technique into an even more powerful, easier to use, and quicker turn-around cadre of versatile spectroscopic tools. A selection of applications, revisited under the umbrella of MIR laser-based properties, very high brightness, collimated beams, polarized sources, highly monochromatic tunable sources, and coherent sources, is included. Applications discussed concern enhanced detection, discrimination, and quantification of high explosives (HEs). From reflectance measurements of chemical residues on highly reflective metallic substrates to reflectance measurements of HEs deposited on non-reflective, matte substrates is discussed. Coupling with multivariate analyses (MVA) techniques of Chemometrics allowed near trace detection of HEs, with sharp discrimination from highly MIR absorbing substrates.",signatures:"Leonardo C. Pacheco-Londoño, John R. Castro-Suarez, Nataly J. Galán-Freyle,\nAmanda M. Figueroa-Navedo, José L. Ruiz-Caballero, Ricardo Infante-Castillo\nand Samuel P. Hernández-Rivera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64692",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64692",authors:[{id:"23018",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel P.",surname:"Hernandez-Rivera",slug:"samuel-p.-hernandez-rivera",fullName:"Samuel P. Hernandez-Rivera"},{id:"166856",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"John",surname:"Castro",slug:"john-castro",fullName:"John Castro"},{id:"293648",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",surname:"C. Pacheco-Londoño",slug:"leonardo-c.-pacheco-londono",fullName:"Leonardo C. Pacheco-Londoño"},{id:"293649",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataly",surname:"J. Galán-Freyle",slug:"nataly-j.-galan-freyle",fullName:"Nataly J. Galán-Freyle"},{id:"293650",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",surname:"M. Figueroa-Navedo",slug:"amanda-m.-figueroa-navedo",fullName:"Amanda M. Figueroa-Navedo"},{id:"293651",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Ruiz-Caballero",slug:"jose-ruiz-caballero",fullName:"José Ruiz-Caballero"},{id:"293652",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Infante-Castillo",slug:"ricardo-infante-castillo",fullName:"Ricardo Infante-Castillo"}],corrections:null},{id:"64681",title:"Mid-Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Applications in Process Analytical Technology: Cleaning Validation, Microorganisms, and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Formulations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82402",slug:"mid-infrared-laser-spectroscopy-applications-in-process-analytical-technology-cleaning-validation-mi",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mid-infrared (MIR) lasers are very high-brightness energy sources that are replacing conventional thermal sources (globars) in many infrared spectroscopy (IRS) techniques. Although not all laser properties have been exploited in depth, properties such as collimation, polarization, high brightness, and very high resolution have contributed to recast IRS tools. Applications of MIR laser spectroscopy to process analytical technology (PAT) are numerous and important. As an example, a compact grazing angle probe mount has allowed coupling to a MIR quantum cascade laser (QCL), enabling reflectance-absorbance infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) measurements. This methodology, coupled to powerful multivariable analysis (MVA) routines of chemometrics and fast Fourier transform (FFT) preprocessing of the data resulted in very low limits of detection of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and high explosives (HEs) reaching trace levels. This methodology can be used to measure concentrations of surface contaminants for validation of cleanliness of pharmaceutical and biotechnology processing batch reactors and other manufacturing vessels. Another application discussed concerns the enhanced detection of microorganisms that can be encountered in pharmaceutical and biotechnology plants as contaminants and that could also be used as weapons of mass destruction in biological warfare. In the last application discussed, the concentration of APIs in formulations was determined by MIR laser spectroscopy and was cross validated with high-performance liquid chromatography.",signatures:"Leonardo C. Pacheco-Londoño, Nataly J. Galán-Freyle,\nAmira C. Padilla-Jiménez, John R. Castro-Suarez,\nAmanda M. Figueroa-Navedo, José L. Ruiz-Caballero, Ricardo Infante-Castillo,\nCarlos Rios-Velazquez and Samuel P. Hernández-Rivera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64681",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64681",authors:[{id:"23018",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel P.",surname:"Hernandez-Rivera",slug:"samuel-p.-hernandez-rivera",fullName:"Samuel P. Hernandez-Rivera"},{id:"166856",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"John",surname:"Castro",slug:"john-castro",fullName:"John Castro"},{id:"293648",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",surname:"C. Pacheco-Londoño",slug:"leonardo-c.-pacheco-londono",fullName:"Leonardo C. Pacheco-Londoño"},{id:"293649",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataly",surname:"J. Galán-Freyle",slug:"nataly-j.-galan-freyle",fullName:"Nataly J. Galán-Freyle"},{id:"293650",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",surname:"M. Figueroa-Navedo",slug:"amanda-m.-figueroa-navedo",fullName:"Amanda M. Figueroa-Navedo"},{id:"293651",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Ruiz-Caballero",slug:"jose-ruiz-caballero",fullName:"José Ruiz-Caballero"},{id:"293652",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Infante-Castillo",slug:"ricardo-infante-castillo",fullName:"Ricardo Infante-Castillo"},{id:"293654",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",surname:"C. Padilla-Jiménez",slug:"amira-c.-padilla-jimenez",fullName:"Amira C. Padilla-Jiménez"},{id:"293655",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Rios-Velazquez",slug:"carlos-rios-velazquez",fullName:"Carlos Rios-Velazquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"63369",title:"Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy and Challenges in Industrial Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80657",slug:"mid-infrared-spectroscopy-and-challenges-in-industrial-environment",totalDownloads:1542,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, Mid-Infrared spectroscopy has garnered lot of attention from researchers and industries due to the availability of industrial grade room temperature Intra-band and Quantum Cascade Lasers. These lasers are repeatable in their performance and along with Near-Infrared Lasers, it has opened the entire Infra-red spectral band for industrial applications. This enabled widespread applications of tunable laser absorption spectroscopy for real-time, in-situ and non-invasive gas sensing. Though several spectroscopy techniques are currently available, Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy offers us a unique advantage of measurement of trace gas concentrations of few gases which has very weak transitions in Near-Infrared region. The objectives of this chapter are to discuss about the spectroscopy technique commonly used for Mid-Infrared Lasers, a comparative study with other techniques, noise and some challenges remaining for industrial applications.",signatures:"Chayan Mitra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63369",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63369",authors:[{id:"181669",title:"Mr.",name:"Chayan",surname:"Mitra",slug:"chayan-mitra",fullName:"Chayan Mitra"}],corrections:null},{id:"63997",title:"Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy and Microscopy in Diagnosis of Obesity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81216",slug:"applications-of-infrared-spectroscopy-and-microscopy-in-diagnosis-of-obesity",totalDownloads:1994,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique based on the absorption of infrared radiation by matters that excite vibrations of molecular bonds. It is a powerful method for investigating structural, functional, and compositional changes in biomolecules, cells, and tissues. In recent years, scientific researchers have continued to increase the performance of this technique on clinical cases such as cancers and metabolic disorders. Obesity is one of the main factors that increases the risk of many diseases and contributes to functional disabilities in tissues such as adipose, liver, and muscle. Applications of IR spectroscopic techniques allow identifying molecular changes due to obesity, to understand the molecular mechanism of the disease, to identify specific spectral biomarkers that can be used in diagnosis. In addition, these spectral biomarkers can be used to identify the appropriate drugs and their doses for treatment. In this chapter, applications of IR spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to the characterization and understanding the obesity metabolism will be presented. The discriminatory power of these techniques in diagnosis of obesity will be discussed. In future, these novel approaches will shed light on the internal diagnosis of obesity in clinical application.",signatures:"Ayca Dogan Mollaoglu, Ipek Ozyurt and Feride Severcan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63997",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63997",authors:[{id:"231471",title:"Prof.",name:"Feride",surname:"Severcan",slug:"feride-severcan",fullName:"Feride Severcan"},{id:"259296",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayça",surname:"Doğan Mollaoğlu",slug:"ayca-dogan-mollaoglu",fullName:"Ayça Doğan Mollaoğlu"},{id:"259297",title:"M.Sc.",name:"İpek",surname:"Özyurt",slug:"ipek-ozyurt",fullName:"İpek Özyurt"}],corrections:null},{id:"64170",title:"Application of Visible to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Assessment of Quality Parameters of Fruit",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80069",slug:"application-of-visible-to-near-infrared-spectroscopy-for-non-destructive-assessment-of-quality-param",totalDownloads:1179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The accuracy and robustness of prediction models are very important to the successful commercial application of visible to near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) on fruit. The difference in physiological characteristics of fruit is very wide, which necessitates variance in the type of spectrometers applied to collect spectral data, pre-processing of the collected data and chemometric techniques used to develop robust models. Relevant practices of data collection, processing and the development of models are a challenge because of the required knowledge of fruit physiology in addition to the Vis-NIRS expertise of a researcher. This chapter deals with the application of Vis-NIRS on fruit by discussing commonly used spectrometers, data chemometric treatment and common models developed for assessing quality of specific types of fruit. The chapter intends to create an overview of commonly used techniques for guiding general users of these techniques. Current status, gaps and future perspectives of the application of Vis-NIRS on fruit are also discussed for challenging researchers who are experts in this research field.",signatures:"Khayelihle Ncama, Lembe S. Magwaza, Asanda Mditshwa and Samson Z. Tesfay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64170",authors:[{id:"255842",title:"Dr.",name:"Lembe",surname:"Magwaza",slug:"lembe-magwaza",fullName:"Lembe Magwaza"},{id:"255844",title:"Dr.",name:"Khayelihle",surname:"Ncama",slug:"khayelihle-ncama",fullName:"Khayelihle Ncama"},{id:"264722",title:"Dr.",name:"Mditshwa",surname:"Asanda",slug:"mditshwa-asanda",fullName:"Mditshwa Asanda"},{id:"264723",title:"Dr.",name:"Tesfay",surname:"Samson",slug:"tesfay-samson",fullName:"Tesfay Samson"}],corrections:null},{id:"63544",title:"IR-Spectroscopy of Radiation- Stimulated Processes of Adsorption, Radiolysis, and Hydrogenation on the Surface of Metals in Contact with Hydrocarbons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80431",slug:"ir-spectroscopy-of-radiation-stimulated-processes-of-adsorption-radiolysis-and-hydrogenation-on-the-",totalDownloads:898,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the results of IR spectroscopic studies of radiation-stimulated heterogeneous processes of adsorption, radiation-chemical decomposition (radiolysis) of hydrocarbons on the metal surface, and radiative hydrogenation of these surfaces under the action of gamma radiation. It deals with the spectrokinetic regularities, their features, and the mechanisms of radiation-stimulated adsorption and radiolysis of hydrocarbons in heterogeneous metal-hydrocarbon systems, in particular in heterogeneous Al (Be)-n-hexane systems, using reflection-absorption IR spectroscopy (IRRAS). The role of intermediate surface-active decomposition products in the process of heterogeneous radiolysis of hydrocarbons is discussed, as well as the influence of the surface relief of the metal in the dynamics of the change in the decomposition process on the rate of formation and the yield of final products of radiolysis.",signatures:"Nushaba Gadzhieva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63544",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63544",authors:[{id:"254418",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Nushaba",surname:"Gadzhieva",slug:"nushaba-gadzhieva",fullName:"Nushaba Gadzhieva"}],corrections:null},{id:"63268",title:"Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in Catalysis: Impacts on Catalysts’ Selectivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80524",slug:"application-of-infrared-spectroscopy-in-catalysis-impacts-on-catalysts-selectivity",totalDownloads:1500,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Catalysis plays an important role in sustainable chemistry, enabling the development of more efficient processes by minimizing the consumption of energy and reducing the generation of by-products. The design of efficient catalysts is a key point in this respect, where spectroscopy confers fundamental knowledge at the molecular scale. Among the different spectroscopies, infrared (IR) spectroscopy is of great interest, enabling information about the nature of active species and the reaction mechanism, leading to precise structure-activity correlations, which are a key point in the design of new catalysts. Moreover, the dynamic behavior of the catalysts under working conditions can be also monitored by IR spectroscopy, where structural modifications of working catalysts have strong repercussion in catalysis. 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Prebiotics and probiotics have been proven to confer multiple health benefits to animals and humans alike when consumed either singly or in combination. Consumption of prebiotics and probiotics modulates the gut microbiota and the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract which is now known as the second gene pool of the human body. Evidence shows the health benefits of synbiotic intake in many aspects of human health including metabolic functions, gastrointestinal diseases, and bone health. Some of these documented evidence-based benefits include their immunomodulatory effect [1], improvement of diarrhea, lactose metabolism, digestive health and metabolic syndrome [2], antidiabetic and hypocholestrolemic [3], anticarcinogenic [4] and hypotensive attributes/features [5]. In a short review that we conducted, the importance of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics was expressed to be important across human lifespan from childhood to adulthood and the elderly [6].
\nProbiotics in the presence of prebiotics undergo different biochemical pathways/messenger systems to inhibit pathogens and boost the immunity of the host, these includes
Presence of probiotics in the gut leads to competition for nutrients with pathogens which can then lead to starvation and reduction of these unwanted bacteria.
Probiotics tend to compete for space via the adhesion effect to the mucosal lining by directly decreasing the adhesion of the pathogens and their toxins; this has been confirmed by in vitro studies demonstrating that probiotics possess lectin-like adhesion properties capable of binding carbohydrates from the receptors of glycoconjugate of epithelial cell surface [7] which blocks pathogen binding to the epithelial cell surface. Some probiotic strains of the
Probiotics are responsible for the synthesis of bacteriocins such as lantibiotics (class I) and class II bacteriocins by the probiotics, and this mainly by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can help prevent the growth, colonization, and establishment of pathogens in the gut environments. These bacteriocins present a better activity on the pathogens than antibiotics due to their narrow-spectrum activity on foreign unwanted bacteria. Bacteriocins from Gram-positive bacteria are composed of membrane peptides capable of targeting and causing apoptosis of the cell membrane; however, most antibiotics inhibit enzymes and biosynthesis pathway in cells such as DNA, RNA, protein and cell-wall synthesis [9].
Probiotic microorganisms may also be able to produce enzymes, such as lipase, esterase, and co-enzymes A, Q, NAD, and NADP [10]. Likewise, some of the by-products of probiotics’ metabolism may exhibit antibiotic properties and these include bacitracin, lactacin and acidophiline [11].
The bio-metabolization of prebiotics into lactate and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, mainly produced by
The production of butyrate is mainly from complex carbohydrates through the pyruvate and acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) pathway; however, it can also be produced from amino acids via the glutarate, 4-aminobutyrate and lysine pathways in the gut [13]. Butyrate acts epigenetically as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and the research into HDAC may be capable of providing cancer chemoprevention and therapies [16]. There are different functions of butyrate in the colon; it is the main source of energy for colonocytes. Furthermore, butyrate has been documented to inhibit proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis α (TNF-α) in monocytes [17], interferon-α (IFN-α) and IL-2 in rat mesenteric lymph nodes [18], chemokine CXCL-8 (IL-8) in Caco-2 cells [19].
Intake of prebiotics and probiotics has been linked to the development of immunomodulatory capacity by decreasing inflammation, antibody response and phagocytosis. Probiotics may be involved in the prevention of cytokine-induced epithelial damage.
Probiotic and prebiotic intake results in the improvement of the epithelial barrier integrity by the secretion of mucin [21] and defensins [22] including antimicrobial proteins (AMPs). Probiotics enhance the mucosal integrity also by inducing cytoprotective substance production by enterocytes such as heat shock proteins [23]. In an in vitro study,
Prebiotics and probiotics are capable of the stimulation and production of antioxidant-related enzymes, systemic hormones, and neurochemicals such as serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and cortisol, as well as production of bile salt hydrolase. Consumption of probiotics and prebiotics has also been reported to be able to reduce cholesterol levels. Prebiotic fibers increased levels of satiety hormones (glucagon-like peptide-1, proglucagon and peptide YY mRNA) and decreased levels of ghrelin O-acyltransferase mRNA in rats [26]. Furthermore, prebiotic fermentation in the gut likewise improved satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production, thereby increasing the plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY concentrations in humans [27].
Prebiotics and probiotics are responsible for the synthesis of antigens via production of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10 which inhibits the T-helper cells (1, 2, 7 and 17) and transforming growth factor-β responsible for the production of immunoglobulin A [28].
The concept and use of prebiotics has been argued to be more important when compared to probiotics due to the vulnerability and susceptibility of probiotics to environmental stresses, manufacturing process (such as heat) and endangered conditions during storage [29].
\nGlenn Gibson and Marcel Roberfroid launched the prebiotic concept in 1995 as ‘a nondigestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improves host health’ [30]. This definition has however been modified several times, but the initial main features have been retained. Prebiotics tend to stimulate the growth of the gut bacteria endogenously. The pH of the gut environment plays a major role in determining bacterial interspecies competition outcome.
\nFood sources of prebiotics consist of edible plants such as fruits, vegetables, cereal component which provides the body with carbohydrate. Specific potential sources are artichokes, tomatoes, bananas, asparagus, garlic, berries, kiwi fruit, onions, chicory, green leafy vegetables, legumes as well as linseed, barley, oats, and wheat.
\nEven though various molecules can be prebiotics, the great majority are dietary fibers which are oligosaccharides such as inulin (mainly from chicory), GOS (obtained from lactose using β-galactosidase), Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) (from chicory by partial enzymatic hydrolysis), soybean oligosaccharides (SOS), and xylooligosaccharides (XOS). Inulin, GOS and FOS have been widely studied. The list of prebiotics also includes compounds such as resistant starches, arabinoxylan, pectin, whole grains as well as non-carbohydrate complex such as polyphenols [13]. Absence of dietary fiber in the colon causes anaerobic bacteria to obtain their energy from protein fermentation, and this metabolism leads to the production of potentially toxic and carcinogenic compounds such as ammoniac and phenolic compounds [31]. In contrast, carbohydrate fermentation (for example dietary fiber) will produce non-toxic SCFAs which can serve as fuel for the epithelial cells. The production of volatile fatty acids, including, SCFAs and BCFAs, play a role in energy homeostasis maintenance as well as in the regulation of functionality in peripheral tissues [32]. Prebiotics are also mainly active in the large intestine/colon.
\nDifferent strains of bacterial genus or species would prefer different substrates for fermentation in the colon. Generally, the strains of
The use of prebiotics has been shown to be efficient and effective against a few human health disorders such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel diseases which has been termed the “Western” chronic diseases and colorectal cancer. This is accomplished by the modulation of the intestinal gut microbiota which confer a protective, metabolic, and trophic benefits to the host [13].
\nThe history of probiotics spans back to the 20th century when Mechnicoff (1907) revealed the virtues associated with the consumption of fermented dairy products, he hypothesized that the aging process resulted from the putrefaction of the large intestine. Almost simultaneously, another scientist Tissier indicated that the main component of the gut flora of breast-fed infants were bifidobacterial [35]. Even earlier, biblical recommendations have pointed out yoghurt as important/significant for the treatment of some ailments [36]. Furthermore, the indication has been that probiotics is more beneficial when consumed with food as opposed to supplement due to the available nutrient and energy sources. Probiotics are mainly active in the small and large intestine.
\nOrganizations such as FAO, WHO and the European Food Safety Authority have indicated probiotic strains must meet both safety and effectiveness criteria for their selection process. The regulations require that safety and absence of risks is paramount for human and animal health. The human probiotic products usually belong to the
Probiotic use has been postulated to be potent against human disorders such as inflammatory enteral diseases such as Crohn’s disease, colitis, and non-specific ileitis. Intake of probiotics has also been assessed by various studies as capable of treating lactose intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome [37] and in the prevention of peptic ulcers and colorectal cancer [38]. Beneficial effects of probiotics have been observed in the process of digestion, food allergies treatment [39], dental caries [40], and candidoses [41]. The beneficial effects of probiotics observed by the host through augmentation of the epithelial wall, intestinal mucosal and competitive elimination of pathogens has been reported to aid inflammatory bowel disease (determined by cytokine-induced harm to the epithelial cell walls). Probiotics is capable of repressing gut inflammation via the downregulation of Toll-like Receptors’ expression, the prevention of TNF-α entrance into the mononuclear cell in blood and the suppression of enterocyte’s NF-kB (Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling pathway [42].
\nSynbiotics are a combination of prebiotics and probiotics. The consumption and intake of the combination of prebiotics and probiotics has been reported to stimulate, modulate, and alter the gut microbiota by lowering the colonic secretion of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Synbiotics can be used to help improve the beneficial microbes as well as increase the number of specific beneficial strains in the gastrointestinal tract [11].
\nImmunomodulatory effects of prebiotics and probiotics on human health.
\nOne the putative ways by which prebiotics and probiotics affect the health is altering the immune system. There are two categories of the immune system: either the innate immunity or the adaptive immune system. The immune system is responsible for protecting the host against pathogens. The type of effective immune response which recognizes and mounts reactions to eliminate the pathogen is determined by the site and type of pathogen present. Prebiotics and probiotics modulate the gut immune system thereby also having effects on bone health.
\nFurther studies are needed to investigate the benefits of synbiotics on bone health both in human and animal model.
\nBone loss/osteoporosis is a major health problem that is associated with the imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption; often resulting in osteoporotic fractures. In addition, the estimation is that one in two women and one in four men over the age of 50 years will break a bone due to osteoporosis in their life time [43]. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is largely attributed to estrogen deficiency in women age 50 years and above due to ablation of the ovarian function which stimulates bone resorption resulting in bone loss. Risk factors leading to bone diseases include internal (genetic and aging) and external modifiable factors (e.g., diet, exercise, environment, medication etc). In osteoporosis treatment, different approaches have been used but lately due to the safety, low adverse effect and lack of major side effects, probiotics and prebiotics have been introduced. Treatment of bone diseases including osteoporosis and fracture has been mainly through hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as well as others such as bisphosphonates and more recently low-dose parathyroid hormone. However, there are side effects reported with this such as tumorigenesis, mood swings, fluid retention and bleeding as well as low compliance of daily injections [44].
\nProbiotics may aid the modulation of the hosts’ inflammatory status by reducing the cytokine secretion levels. The downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 [45] and TNF-α [46, 47] by probiotics has been reported on several occasions. Studies have shown that some peptides such as p40 and p75 secreted by
The role of the intestinal microbiota has been implicated in influencing bone health. A way by which the intestinal tract aids bone is by the regulation of the absorption of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. This can also be accomplished by endocrine and gut-derived factors such as incretins and serotonins which may influence bone remodeling. Evidence from using germ-free mice indicated the effect of the intestinal microbiome on bone physiology. These studies observed higher bone mass in germ-free mice as compared to the conventional mice. In addition, a decrease in the number of osteoclasts per bone surface and a reduction in CD4+ T cells and osteoclasts precursors were observed in the bone marrow of the mice [50].
\nThe RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway is one of the mechanisms that influence bone turnover/remodeling. Osteoclast’s formation and activities are controlled by the RANKL/RANK pathway. They are also an essential pathological process of the bone remodeling. Concomitantly, OPG (decoy receptor of RANKL) acts as a bone protector by binding to RANKL and preventing further resorption [42]. Probiotics (beneficial microbes) have been postulated to reduce inflammation [51] and increase OPG expression in bone [52].
\nStudies have shown that various strains of
\n
Probiotics are known to aid mineral absorption for the purpose of bone health maintenance. A study showed that supplementation of growing rats with
Narva et al. demonstrated the effect a bioactive peptide (valylprolyl-proline) and
Studies have also shown that supplementation with
In a study, male senescence-accelerated mice prone to developing osteoporosis with aging were orally administered heat-killed and living (viable)
The growth of bone as an extra-intestinal organ is suppressed by undernutrition in children. The study by Schwarzer et al. indicated that
Furthermore, the effects of probiotics have also been reported in dysbiosis-induced bone loss observed in the periodontal model [67, 68], Type-1 diabetes-induced bone loss [69] and IBD-induced bone loss [70, 71].
\nA human study conducted in Denmark evaluated the combined effects of bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics on bone health and estrogen metabolism using a randomized controlled trial in postmenopausal women. Their findings showed that administration red clover extract (isoflavones) and probiotic attenuated BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, reduced plasma concentrations of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1) as well as increased the urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OH) to 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OH) ratio (the equol producer status) [72].
\nThe use of probiotics however needs to be administered with caution since although the potential beneficial effect in the treatment of inflammatory and auto-immune gastrointestinal diseases for the modulation of immune response is well recognized, individuals with weaker immune systems may still be at risk of viable bacterial cells; in which case the administration the use of killed/inactivated bacteria might be more beneficial [73].
\nPrebiotics are non-digestible short-chain carbohydrates also known as oligosaccharides (and maybe polysaccharides) which selectively improves the function and activities of specific types of beneficial microbes. The chemical compounds are neither hydrolyzed by the human digestive system nor absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Prebiotics have been termed ‘colonic foods’ due to the ability of these types of foods to move through the colon serving as a substrate to endogenous bacteria while benefitting the host by providing energy and essential nutrients [74].
\nSome varieties of benefits have been attributed to the consumption of prebiotics. These include the ability of prebiotics to increase the absorption of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus [75, 76, 77, 78] as well as iron [79] as reported quite recently. The absorption of these minerals has consequently been observed to improve bone mineralization and density [80], trabecular structure and increase equol production [81] which is known to reduce bone loss.
\nFOS supplementation has been administered to both Korean [82] and Chinese [83] postmenopausal women to investigate its effect in the prevention of osteoporosis, modulation of bone biomarkers and mineral absorption. Their findings indicate that there is potential for prebiotics to play a pivotal role in the above mentioned. The study by van den Heuvel et al. reported the benefit of intake of both GOS and inulin in increasing calcium absorption in postmenopausal women [84] and oligofructose stimulating calcium absorption in adolescents [85]. Intake of oligofructose-enriched inulin resulted in improved mineral absorption and impacted the bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women [86]. Other studies also looked into the effect of prebiotics in infants as was recorded with GOS, polydextrose [87] and inulin [88]. Some of these studies have also been conducted in animal models as has been shown in a recent review [89].
\nDue to the effect of the change in metabolism from protein fermentation causing the release of ammonia that leads to an increase in pH to more carbohydrate fermentation resulting in the release of acids, a reduction in the intestinal pH is observed. Low intestinal pH tends to increase bowel movement while protecting against pathogens. Diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and Crohn’s diseases are characterized by high pH levels [90]. Prebiotics are therefore able to reduce the symptoms and severity of these diseases. In addition, they are able to restore intestinal bacterial imbalance created by antibiotics, diarrhea, stress and sometimes medication and drugs intake [74].
\nPrebiotics are also known to help relief constipation. Most carbohydrates are able to increase water retention of the intestine and the acids’ production thereby increasing intestinal motility [91]. Furthermore, prebiotics have been used as bioactive functional foods to modulate blood lipid levels [92] and it also been effective in weight loss and metabolic syndrome [93]. The anti-carcinogenic effects of both prebiotics and probiotics have been reported in the inhibition of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) which is a biomarker of colon cancer [94, 95, 96].
\nRecently, prebiotic food and Bidobacterium spp. have been reported to improve bone resorption and reduce serum TRACP-5b levels of Japanese female athletes [97]. Application of the combination of probiotic and prebiotic has been reported to confer a synergistical effect on the host due to the combined benefits of the two. This has been backed with the study by Scholz-Ahrens et al. which showed that probiotics supports the growth of other habitual microbiota strains and prebiotics chain length impacts the composition colonic, caecal, and fecal microflora. The combined administration of oligofructose and
The study of the effect of synbiotics on gut microbiota and bone health profile is now growing rapidly. Probiotic strains have differing genotype and phenotype and may therefore show different metabolic and immunological functions. The mechanisms however still need further investigation to look into the effect of synbiotics on the gut for the regulation of bone metabolism via the process of mineral absorption, the immune, endocrine system. Further studies are needed to elucidate the importance and mechanisms by which prebiotics and probiotics modulates the microbiota-gut-bone axis in order to get the full benefit of the long-term safety and efficacy of consumption of these functional bioactive products.
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\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
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\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
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El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1034",title:"Classical Immunology",slug:"classical-immunology",parent:{id:"184",title:"Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology",slug:"immunology-allergology-and-rheumatology"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:132,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitations:55,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1034",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9848",title:"Antimicrobial Immune Response",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81f326b26578dca756e003ba6980add0",slug:"antimicrobial-immune-response",bookSignature:"Maria del Mar Ortega-Villaizan and Veronica Chico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254101",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Mar",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega-Villaizan",slug:"maria-del-mar-ortega-villaizan",fullName:"Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8959",title:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cea4f56328f9d1ee0c6f1486a12afa23",slug:"innate-immunity-in-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena and Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/287184/images/system/287184.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hridayesh Prakash is a fellow of the Royal Society of Biology, London. Currently, he is an associate professor at the Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, NOIDA. He has expertise in innate immunity with a special interest in macrophage immunobiology, tumor immunology/immunotherapy, cell-based immunotherapies, pulmonary infection biology, and radiation biology. \n\nDr. Prakash conducts research to exploit various immunotherapeutics for managing persistent bacterial and viral Infections and gastric cancer. He is unraveling the therapeutic potential of M1 effector macrophages against solid tumors. He is also studying various mechanisms that certain pathogens like Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia, and Mycobacteria are exploiting for polarizing M1 effector macrophages towards the M2 phenotype during chronic and persistent infections. Under this major objective, he is now validating the therapeutic impact of M1 effector macrophages for the control of persistent infection-driven cancer (adenocarcinoma) progression. \n\nDr. Prakash is also exploring the palliative potential of macrophages against autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory disorders like IBD, radio-pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and radiation syndrome.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8798",title:"Cells of the Immune System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e8acf20a4e80bc7c97cb34d1672e53d",slug:"cells-of-the-immune-system",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs and Seyyed Shamsadin Athari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3396",title:"Current Trends in Atherogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"914c59b8518185a41a0931cc0637c0bf",slug:"current-trends-in-atherogenesis",bookSignature:"Rita Rezzani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3396.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63457",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Rezzani",slug:"rita-rezzani",fullName:"Rita Rezzani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"67756",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86600",title:"Neutrophil Function Impairment Is a Host Susceptibility Factor to Bacterial Infection in Diabetes",slug:"neutrophil-function-impairment-is-a-host-susceptibility-factor-to-bacterial-infection-in-diabetes",totalDownloads:1015,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent noncommunicable disease globally. One of the main complications of diabetes is the increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. Neutrophils play a crucial role in inflammatory response against bacterial infections, once they are the first cells recruited to the sites of injury. In diabetes, there is a failure in the neutrophil functions, including migration, ROS production, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing, which are associated with the high incidence of bacterial infections. Herein, we point out pieces of evidence revealing the primary molecular mechanisms involved with impairment of neutrophil functions in diabetes, with relationship with high susceptibility to bacterial infections.",book:{id:"8798",slug:"cells-of-the-immune-system",title:"Cells of the Immune System",fullTitle:"Cells of the Immune System"},signatures:"Daniella Insuela, Diego Coutinho, Marco Martins, Maximiliano Ferrero and Vinicius Carvalho",authors:[{id:"296748",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinicius",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",slug:"vinicius-carvalho",fullName:"Vinicius Carvalho"},{id:"303254",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniella",middleName:null,surname:"Insuela",slug:"daniella-insuela",fullName:"Daniella Insuela"},{id:"303255",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Coutinho",slug:"diego-coutinho",fullName:"Diego Coutinho"},{id:"303256",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximiliano",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrero",slug:"maximiliano-ferrero",fullName:"Maximiliano Ferrero"},{id:"303257",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Aurelio",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",slug:"marco-aurelio-martins",fullName:"Marco Aurelio Martins"}]},{id:"42857",doi:"10.5772/53035",title:"Atherosclerosis and Current Anti-Oxidant Strategies for Atheroprotection",slug:"atherosclerosis-and-current-anti-oxidant-strategies-for-atheroprotection",totalDownloads:3085,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"3396",slug:"current-trends-in-atherogenesis",title:"Current Trends in Atherogenesis",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Atherogenesis"},signatures:"Luigi Fabrizio Rodella and Gaia Favero",authors:[{id:"118762",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Rodella",slug:"luigi-fabrizio-rodella",fullName:"Luigi Fabrizio Rodella"},{id:"160911",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",middleName:null,surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}]},{id:"42907",doi:"10.5772/54636",title:"MicroRNAome of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Potential for MicroRNA-Based Vascular Therapies",slug:"micrornaome-of-vascular-smooth-muscle-cells-potential-for-microrna-based-vascular-therapies",totalDownloads:1813,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3396",slug:"current-trends-in-atherogenesis",title:"Current Trends in Atherogenesis",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Atherogenesis"},signatures:"Kasturi Ranganna, Omana P. Mathew, Shirlette G. Milton and Barbara E. Hayes",authors:[{id:"63103",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsuri",middleName:null,surname:"Ranganna",slug:"katsuri-ranganna",fullName:"Katsuri Ranganna"}]},{id:"71468",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91730",title:"Multiplex Technology for Biomarker Immunoassays",slug:"multiplex-technology-for-biomarker-immunoassays",totalDownloads:658,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The simultaneous measurement of different substances from a single sample is an emerging area for achieving efficient and high-throughput detection in several applications. Although immunoanalytical techniques are established and advantageous over alternative screening analytical platforms, one of the challenges for immunoassays is multiplexing. While ELISA is still commonly used to characterise a single analyte, laboratories and organisations are moving towards multiplex immunoassays. The validation of novel biomarkers and their amalgamation into multiplex immunoassays confers the prospects of simultaneous measurement of multiple analytes in a single sample, thereby minimising cost, time and sample. Therefore, the technological advancement in clinical sciences is helpful in the identification of analytes or biomarkers in test samples. However, the analytical bioanalysers are expensive and capable of detecting only a small amount or type of analytes. The simultaneous measurement of different substances from a single sample called multiplexing has become increasingly important for the quantification of pathological or toxicological samples. Although multiplex assays have many advantages over conventional assays, there are also problems that may cause apprehension among clinicians and researchers. Hence, many challenges still remain for these multiplexing systems which are at early stages of development.",book:{id:"8959",slug:"innate-immunity-in-health-and-disease",title:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease"},signatures:"Haseeb Ahsan and Rizwan Ahmad",authors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"},{id:"412254",title:"Dr.",name:"Haseeb",middleName:null,surname:"Ahsan",slug:"haseeb-ahsan",fullName:"Haseeb Ahsan"}]},{id:"67340",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86598",title:"Modulating the T Lymphocyte Immune Response via Secretome Produced miRNA: From Tolerance Induction to the Enhancement of the Anticancer Response",slug:"modulating-the-t-lymphocyte-immune-response-via-secretome-produced-mirna-from-tolerance-induction-to",totalDownloads:828,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"T cells are key mediators of graft tolerance/rejection, development of autoimmunity, and the anticancer response. Consequently, differentially modifying the T cell response is a major therapeutic target. Most immunomodulatory approaches have focused on cytotoxic agents, cytokine modulation, monoclonal antibodies, mitogen activation, adoptive cell therapies (including CAR-T cells). However, these approaches do not persistently reorient the systemic immune response thus necessitating continual therapy. Previous murine studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of polymer-grafted (PEGylated) allogeneic leukocytes resulted in the induction of a persistent and systemic tolerogenic state. Further analyses demonstrated that miRNA isolated from the secretome of polymer-modified or control allogeneic responses effectively induced either a tolerogenic (TA1 miRNA) or proinflammatory (IA1 miRNA) response both in vitro and in vivo that was both systemic and persistent. In a murine Type 1 diabetes autoimmune model, the tolerogenic TA1 therapeutic effectively attenuated the disease process via the systemic upregulation of regulatory T cells while simultaneously downregulating T effector cells. In contrast, the proinflammatory IA1 therapeutic enhanced the anticancer efficacy of naïve PBMC by increasing inflammatory T cells and decreasing regulatory T cells. The successful development of this secretome miRNA approach may prove useful treating both autoimmune diseases and cancer.",book:{id:"8798",slug:"cells-of-the-immune-system",title:"Cells of the Immune System",fullTitle:"Cells of the Immune System"},signatures:"Mark D. Scott, Duncheng Wang, Wendy M. Toyofuku and Xining Yang",authors:[{id:"202243",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:"D.",surname:"Scott",slug:"mark-scott",fullName:"Mark Scott"},{id:"205640",title:"BSc.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Toyofuku",slug:"wendy-toyofuku",fullName:"Wendy Toyofuku"},{id:"205641",title:"BSc.",name:"Xining",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"xining-yang",fullName:"Xining Yang"},{id:"296981",title:"Dr.",name:"Duncheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"duncheng-wang",fullName:"Duncheng Wang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70362",title:"Resident Memory T Cells",slug:"resident-memory-t-cells",totalDownloads:932,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Until recently, T cells were thought to remain in circulation until recruitment of the inflammation and only a small number of T cells remained in the peripheral tissues without inflammation. However, studies have found that a group of T cells settled in the tissues and remained there for a long time. Those cells are named as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). TRM cells are transcriptionally, phenotypically, and functionally distinct from other T cells, which recirculate between blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and non-lymphoid tissues. They undergo a distinct proliferation that discriminates them from circulating T cells and their main cell surface markers are CD69, CD103, and CD49a. Upon exposure to the same or similar diseases, TRM cells provide a first line of adaptive cellular defense against infection in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues, such as skin, lungs, digestive, and urogenital tracts. This approach forms the basis of a novel vaccination strategy called “prime and pull”, which ensures long-term local immunity. On the other hand, abnormal activated and malignant TRM may contribute to numerous human inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and vitiligo. Here in this chapter, we aimed to emphasize TRM cell location, migration, phenotypic structure, maintenance, and diseases associated with TRM cells.",book:{id:"8798",slug:"cells-of-the-immune-system",title:"Cells of the Immune System",fullTitle:"Cells of the Immune System"},signatures:"Hasan Akbaba",authors:[{id:"260489",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Akbaba",slug:"hasan-akbaba",fullName:"Hasan Akbaba"}]},{id:"71769",title:"Immune Dysfunction during Enteric Protozoal Infection: The Current Trends",slug:"immune-dysfunction-during-enteric-protozoal-infection-the-current-trends",totalDownloads:765,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Enteric protozoa usually cause severe morbidity and mortality in humans. Protozoal infections contribute to the high burden of infectious diseases. Despite recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnostic tool, molecular biology, and treatment of protozoan illnesses, gaps in knowledge still exist; hence, protozoal infections require further research. We are describing here some important enteric protozoal infections along with the immune dysfunction produced by them. Genus- 1. Entamoeba; 2. Giardia; 3. Cryptosporidium; 4. Cyclospora; 5. Cystoisospora; 6. Dientamoeba; 7. Blastocystis; 8. Balantidium.",book:{id:"8959",slug:"innate-immunity-in-health-and-disease",title:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease"},signatures:"Renu Kumari Yadav, Shalini Malhotra and Nandini Duggal",authors:[{id:"176430",title:"Dr.",name:"Shalini",middleName:null,surname:"Malhotra",slug:"shalini-malhotra",fullName:"Shalini Malhotra"},{id:"315666",title:"Dr.",name:"Renu",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari Yadav",slug:"renu-kumari-yadav",fullName:"Renu Kumari Yadav"}]},{id:"69233",title:"Innate Immune Defense in the Male Reproductive System and Male Fertility",slug:"innate-immune-defense-in-the-male-reproductive-system-and-male-fertility",totalDownloads:776,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"To protect the male germ cells from adverse immune reaction, the male reproductive system adopts special immune environment such as immunoprivileged status. The male genital organs can be infected by various microorganisms via hematogenous dissemination and ascending genitourinary tracts. To overcome the immunoprivileged status, the male genital organs also adopt their own innate defense against microbial infection. The tissue-specific cells in the male reproductive system are well equipped with innate immune machineries, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their negatively regulatory system. PRR-initiated immune responses must be tightly regulated by the negative regulatory system for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The immune homeostasis can be disrupted by unrestrictive innate immune response, which may lead to inflammatory conditions in the male genital tracts, an important etiological factor contributing to male infertility. This chapter describes the current understanding of the innate immune responses in the male reproductive system and their effects on male fertility.",book:{id:"8959",slug:"innate-immunity-in-health-and-disease",title:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease"},signatures:"Fei Wang, Ran Chen and Daishu Han",authors:[{id:"295978",title:"Dr.",name:"Daishu",middleName:null,surname:"Han",slug:"daishu-han",fullName:"Daishu Han"},{id:"303373",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"fei-wang",fullName:"Fei Wang"},{id:"309874",title:"Dr.",name:"Ran",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"ran-chen",fullName:"Ran Chen"}]},{id:"71781",title:"Innate Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases",slug:"innate-immunity-and-autoimmune-diseases",totalDownloads:765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The innate immune response is responsible for the initial defense against invading pathogens and signs of damage; in turn, it activates the adaptive immune response to result in highly specific and lasting immunity, mediated by the clonal expansion of antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes. Inflammation is the acute response to infection and tissue damage to limit aggression to the body. It is a complex reaction of vascularized tissues to infection, toxin exposure or cell injury that includes extravasation of plasma proteins and leukocytes. Paradoxically, uncontrolled and prolonged inflammation can result in secondary damage and the development of immune pathology in the host. The components of the innate immune system have recently been studied as responsible mechanisms in various chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, asthma and allergies, among others. Autoimmune disease is an attack on auto tissues by the adaptation of the immune system. In general, such diseases are characterized by autoantibodies and/or autoreactive lymphocytes directed at antigens against themselves. The innate immune system is often considered an effector of self-reactive lymphocytes, but also provides protection. Studies in mice with specific gene-directed mutations show that defects in innate immune system proteins may predispose to the development of a systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome (lupus) characterized by autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA (ds DNA) or nuclear components. This seems to be due to a failure in the removal of apoptotic cells or nuclear waste. These observations imply that the innate immune system has a general protective role against autoimmune disease. For example, in systemic diseases such as lupus, innate immunity is important in the elimination of nuclear antigens and, therefore, in the improvement of tolerance to B lymphocytes. Alternatively, in specific organ disorders such as type diabetes 1 o Crohn’s disease, the innate immune system can be protective by eliminating pathogens that trigger or exacerbate the disease or regulate the presentation of antigens for T lymphocytes. Discuss various disease models in which the innate immune system could provide a protective role, deficiencies in the regulation of B lymphocyte signaling through the antigen/receptor or in the clearance of lupus antigens, (dsDNA and nuclear proteins), can lead to a disease similar to lupus. The repertoire of B cells seems to be very biased toward self-activity, as, possibly, that of the T-cell. This tendency toward self-activity is not surprising because B and T cells are positively selected against highly conserved autoantigens.",book:{id:"8959",slug:"innate-immunity-in-health-and-disease",title:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease"},signatures:"Marcela Catalina Fandiño Vargas",authors:[{id:"312253",title:"M.D.",name:"Marcela Catalina",middleName:null,surname:"Fandiño Vargas",slug:"marcela-catalina-fandino-vargas",fullName:"Marcela Catalina Fandiño Vargas"}]},{id:"69097",title:"Assessment of Immune Reconstitution Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"assessment-of-immune-reconstitution-following-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:979,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potential curative treatment for both congenital and hematological malignancies. Immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is implicated in successful transplant outcomes such as overall survival and relapse-free survival. The reconstitution of immune cell subsets after HSCT occurs in different phases at different time points encompassing pre-engraftment, engraftment, and post-engraftment. The recovery of innate cellular immunity with the appearance of monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells in peripheral blood correlates with initiation of cellular engraftment. The cellular adaptive immunity is characterized by both thymic-independent expansion of T cells infused with graft and thymus-dependent expansion of naïve T cells derived from donor stem cells. The humoral immunity consists of B-cell reconstitution, which consists primarily of transitional and naïve subsets with the recovery of memory B cells that occur much later. In this review, we highlight the factors affecting immune reconstitution, the reconstitution of innate and adaptive immunity, techniques to assess immune reconstitution, and ways to enhance it.",book:{id:"8798",slug:"cells-of-the-immune-system",title:"Cells of the Immune System",fullTitle:"Cells of the Immune System"},signatures:"Meenakshi Singh, Selma Z. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. 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He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. 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He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. 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He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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