\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3276",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Latest Research into Quality Control",title:"Latest Research into Quality Control",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Quality control has an emerging importance in every field of life. Quality control is a process that is used to guarantee a certain level of quality in a product or service. It might include whatever actions a business deems necessary to provide for the control and verification of certain characteristics of a product or service. With the improvement of technology everyday we meet new and complicated devices and methods in different fields. Quality control should be performed in all of those new techniques. In this book "Latest Research Into Quality Control" our aim was to collect information about quality control in many different fields. The aim of this book is to share useful and practical knowledge about quality control in several fields with the people who want to improve their knowledge.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0868-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5141-8",doi:"10.5772/45955",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"latest-research-into-quality-control",numberOfPages:516,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"49d9b76f5f77b0ad5568b7f6b0feceb1",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",publishedDate:"December 12th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3276.jpg",numberOfDownloads:105652,numberOfWosCitations:117,numberOfCrossrefCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:129,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:286,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 28th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 20th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 16th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 16th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 15th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36323/images/123_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Isin Akyar graduated from School of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, in Turkey in 1989. She finished her Medical Microbiology Specialty training in Gazi University, Ankara in Turkey in 1999. She joined the Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories in Istanbul in Turkey as a Specialist of Microbiology in 2004. She became Coordinator of Microbiology in 2007. Since 2004 she had several Quality Control trainings. She works in the first accredited laboratory according to ISO 15189 for clinical laboratories in Turkey. In 2008, she joined the Department of Medical Microbiology at Acibadem University in Istanbul in Turkey. In 2011, she was promoted to serve as an Assistant Professor. Her special interests are laboratory quality control, molecular microbiology, parasitology and proteomics studies. \nCurrently she is both serving as Microbiology Coordinator and Assistant Professor. She has been serving as an Associate Editor for the Journal of Acibadem University Science of Health since 2009.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Acıbadem University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"473",title:"Quality Control",slug:"quality-control"}],chapters:[{id:"38256",title:"Quality Control of Rheum and Cassia Species by Immunological Methods Using Monoclonal Antibodies Against Sennosides",doi:"10.5772/51272",slug:"quality-control-of-rheum-and-cassia-species-by-immunological-methods-using-monoclonal-antibodies-aga",totalDownloads:2439,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Osamu Morinaga and Yukihiro 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Chahed",slug:"jamel-chahed"},{id:"20911",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamel",middleName:null,surname:"M’Rabet",fullName:"Kamel M’Rabet",slug:"kamel-m'rabet"}]},{id:"13533",title:"Mass Transfer in Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow in a Tube and in Channels of Complex Configuration",slug:"mass-transfer-in-two-phase-gas-liquid-flow-in-a-tube-and-in-channels-of-complex-configuration",signatures:"Nikolay Pecherkin and Vladimir Chekhovich",authors:[{id:"19085",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Pecherkin",fullName:"Nikolay Pecherkin",slug:"nikolay-pecherkin"},{id:"20208",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Chekhovich",fullName:"Vladimir Chekhovich",slug:"vladimir-chekhovich"}]},{id:"13534",title:"Mixed Convection Heat and Mass Transfer with Phase Change and Flow Reversal in Channels",slug:"mixed-convection-heat-and-mass-transfer-with-phase-change-and-flow-reversal-in-channels",signatures:"Brahim Benhamou, Othmane Oulaid, Mohamed Aboudou Kassim and Nicolas Galanis",authors:[{id:"19702",title:"Dr.",name:"Brahim",middleName:null,surname:"Benhamou",fullName:"Brahim Benhamou",slug:"brahim-benhamou"},{id:"20263",title:"Dr.",name:"Othmane",middleName:null,surname:"Oulaid",fullName:"Othmane Oulaid",slug:"othmane-oulaid"},{id:"20264",title:"PhD Student",name:"Mohammed Aboudou",middleName:null,surname:"Kassim",fullName:"Mohammed Aboudou Kassim",slug:"mohammed-aboudou-kassim"},{id:"20265",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Galanis",fullName:"Nicolas Galanis",slug:"nicolas-galanis"}]},{id:"13535",title:"Liquid-Liquid Extraction with and without a Chemical Reaction",slug:"liquid-liquid-extraction-with-and-without-a-chemical-reaction",signatures:"Claudia Irina Koncsag and Alina Barbulescu",authors:[{id:"16422",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Barbulescu",fullName:"Alina Barbulescu",slug:"alina-barbulescu"},{id:"20029",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Koncsag",fullName:"Claudia Irina Koncsag",slug:"claudia-irina-koncsag"}]},{id:"13536",title:"Modeling Enhanced Diffusion Mass Transfer in Metals during Mechanical Alloying",slug:"modeling-enhanced-diffusion-mass-transfer-in-metals-during-mechanical-alloying",signatures:"Boris B. Khina and Grigoriy F. Lovshenko",authors:[{id:"16980",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris B.",middleName:null,surname:"Khina",fullName:"Boris B. Khina",slug:"boris-b.-khina"},{id:"16983",title:"Dr.",name:"Grigoriy F.",middleName:null,surname:"Lovshenko",fullName:"Grigoriy F. Lovshenko",slug:"grigoriy-f.-lovshenko"}]},{id:"13537",title:"Mass Transfer in Steelmaking Operations",slug:"mass-transfer-in-steelmaking-operations",signatures:"Roberto Parreiras Tavares",authors:[{id:"16403",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:"Parreiras",surname:"Tavares",fullName:"Roberto Tavares",slug:"roberto-tavares"}]},{id:"13538",title:"Effect of Surface Tension on Mass Transfer Devices",slug:"effect-of-surface-tension-on-mass-transfer-devices",signatures:"Honda (Hung-Ta) Wu and Tsair-Wang Chung",authors:[{id:"18660",title:"Dr.",name:"Honda (Hung-Ta)",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Honda (Hung-Ta) Wu",slug:"honda-(hung-ta)-wu"},{id:"20138",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsair-Wang",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Tsair-Wang Chung",slug:"tsair-wang-chung"}]},{id:"13539",title:"Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient for Wood Drying Curves Predictions",slug:"overall-mass-transfer-coefficient-for-wood-drying-curves-predictions",signatures:"Rubén A. 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Shilyaev and E.M. Khromova",authors:[{id:"18168",title:"Prof.",name:"Michail Ivanovich",middleName:null,surname:"Shilyaev",fullName:"Michail Ivanovich Shilyaev",slug:"michail-ivanovich-shilyaev"}]},{id:"13546",title:"Mass Transfer in Filtration Combustion Processes",slug:"mass-transfer-in-filtration-combustion-processes",signatures:"David Lempert, Sergei Glazov and Georgy Manelis",authors:[{id:"18042",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Lempert",fullName:"David Lempert",slug:"david-lempert"}]},{id:"13547",title:"Mass Transfer in Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane for As and Hg Removal from Produced Water in Upstream Petroleum Operation in the Gulf of Thailand",slug:"mass-transfer-in-hollow-fiber-supported-liquid-membrane-for-as-and-hg-removal-from-produced-water-in",signatures:"U. Pancharoen, A.W. Lothongkum and S. Chaturabul",authors:[{id:"16502",title:"Prof.",name:"Ura",middleName:null,surname:"Pancharoen",fullName:"Ura Pancharoen",slug:"ura-pancharoen"}]},{id:"13548",title:"Mass Transfer in Fluidized Bed Drying of Moist Particulate",slug:"mass-transfer-in-fluidized-bed-drying-of-moist-particulate",signatures:"Yassir T. Makkawi and Raffaella Ocone",authors:[{id:"16956",title:"Dr.",name:"Yassir",middleName:"Taha",surname:"Makkawi",fullName:"Yassir Makkawi",slug:"yassir-makkawi"},{id:"20080",title:"Prof.",name:"Raffaella",middleName:null,surname:"Ocone",fullName:"Raffaella Ocone",slug:"raffaella-ocone"}]},{id:"13549",title:"Simulation Studies on the Coupling Process of Heat/Mass Transfer in a Metal Hydride Reactor",slug:"simulation-studies-on-the-coupling-process-of-heat-mass-transfer-in-a-metal-hydride-reactor",signatures:"Fusheng Yang and Zaoxiao Zhang",authors:[{id:"17936",title:"Prof.",name:"Zaoxiao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zaoxiao Zhang",slug:"zaoxiao-zhang"},{id:"20005",title:"Dr.",name:"Fusheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Fusheng Yang",slug:"fusheng-yang"}]},{id:"13550",title:"Mass Transfer around Active Particles in Fluidized Beds",slug:"mass-transfer-around-active-particles-in-fluidized-beds",signatures:"Fabrizio Scala",authors:[{id:"17940",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Scala",fullName:"Fabrizio Scala",slug:"fabrizio-scala"}]},{id:"13551",title:"Mass Transfer Phenomena and Biological Membranes",slug:"mass-transfer-phenomena-and-biological-membranes",signatures:"Parvin Zakeri-Milani and Hadi Valizadeh",authors:[{id:"17166",title:"Prof.",name:"Parvin",middleName:null,surname:"Zakeri-Milani",fullName:"Parvin Zakeri-Milani",slug:"parvin-zakeri-milani"},{id:"19860",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Valizadeh",fullName:"Hadi Valizadeh",slug:"hadi-valizadeh"}]},{id:"13552",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer in Packed Bed Drying of Shrinking Particles",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-in-packed-bed-drying-of-shrinking-particles",signatures:"Manoel Marcelo do Prado and Dermeval José Mazzini Sartori",authors:[{id:"19095",title:"Dr.",name:"Dermeval",middleName:null,surname:"Sartori",fullName:"Dermeval Sartori",slug:"dermeval-sartori"},{id:"19105",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Do Prado",fullName:"Manoel Marcelo Do Prado",slug:"manoel-marcelo-do-prado"}]},{id:"13553",title:"Impact of Mass Transfer on Modelling and Simulation of Reactive Distillation Columns",slug:"impact-of-mass-transfer-on-modelling-and-simulation-of-reactive-distillation-columns",signatures:"Zuzana Švandová, Jozef Markoš and Ľudovít Jelemenský",authors:[{id:"12119",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Markoš",fullName:"Jozef Markoš",slug:"jozef-markos"}]},{id:"13554",title:"Mass Transfer through Catalytic Membrane Reactor",slug:"mass-transfer-through-catalytic-membrane-reactor",signatures:"Nagy Endre",authors:[{id:"19732",title:"Dr.",name:"Endre",middleName:null,surname:"Nagy",fullName:"Endre Nagy",slug:"endre-nagy"}]},{id:"13555",title:"Mass Transfer in Bioreactors",slug:"mass-transfer-in-bioreactors",signatures:"Ma. del Carmen Chávez, Linda V. González, Mayra Ruiz, Ma. de la Luz X. Negrete, Oscar Martín Hernández and Eleazar M. Escamilla",authors:[{id:"22291",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleazar M.",middleName:null,surname:"Escamilla Silva",fullName:"Eleazar M. Escamilla Silva",slug:"eleazar-m.-escamilla-silva"}]},{id:"13556",title:"Analytical Solutions of Mass Transfer around a Prolate or an Oblate Spheroid Immersed in a Packed Bed",slug:"analytical-solutions-of-mass-transfer-around-a-prolate-or-an-oblate-spheroid-immersed-in-a-packed-be",signatures:"J.M.P.Q. Delgado and M. Vázquez da Silva",authors:[{id:"17110",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",fullName:"João Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado"},{id:"23772",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez Da Silva",fullName:"Marta Vázquez Da Silva",slug:"marta-vazquez-da-silva"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"36",title:"Heat Transfer",subtitle:"Mathematical Modelling, Numerical Methods and Information Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"heat-transfer-mathematical-modelling-numerical-methods-and-information-technology",bookSignature:"Aziz Belmiloudi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/36.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17391",title:"Prof.",name:"Aziz",surname:"Belmiloudi",slug:"aziz-belmiloudi",fullName:"Aziz Belmiloudi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"61",title:"Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and 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solidifies by the action of heat. This deposition reduces the capacity of exchangers to deliver the required outlet temperatures due to the low thermal conductivity of the deposit. The subsequent result of this reduction is the loss of thermal efficiency of the heat exchangers. Fouling is referred to the deposition of unwanted material on heat transfer surfaces resulting in the loss of thermohydraulic capacity of heat exchangers. The fouling usually occurs in most of the heat exchangers with varying severity. There are typically various sources that contribute to the development of foulants attached to the heat exchanger surface. The most common fouling precursors in crude oil are dirt particles, asphaltenes, salts, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds. It is crucial to consider the provision of fouling resistance in the heat exchanger design to compensate for the loss of efficiency due to fouling. At some point, it is desirable to take periodic shut down for mechanical cleaning of the heat transfer surface [1]. Usually, the outlet temperature of the heat exchanger is monitored, and required actions are taken to achieve the desired value.
Typically, the reduction of thermal efficiency is compensated by increasing the load on the furnace, which is manifested as an economic penalty in terms of extra fuel consumption. Van Nostrand et al. [2] divide the cost related to fouling into three categories, i.e., additional energy consumption, production loss, maintenance, and cleaning cost. They estimated the cost of fouling for a refinery processing 100,000 bbl per day at US$ 31.17 MM (extrapolated to 2022). The cost distribution for production loss, extra energy consumption, and maintenance was 40%, 10%, and <1%. Fouling mitigation strategies can reduce the cost of fouling. It is estimated that [3] 15% of energy savings can be achieved by applying fouling mitigation strategies in pre-heat trains and furnaces in oil refineries. Other options to mitigate the effect of fouling is to use retrofit of heat exchangers or to introduce tube inserts [4].
With the decrease in thermal efficiency, the flow area in the heat exchanger tube is also reduced, resulting in increased pressure drop and sometimes tube blockage. The monitoring of pressure drop and outlet temperature is therefore highly required to predict the extent of fouling and apply the mitigation actions by adjusting the operating conditions. It is also imperative to improve the heat exchanger design by incorporating the effect of operating conditions and the type of fluid used. The typical design strategy uses the fouling factor, which is merely a correction factor to compensate for the loss of heat transfer area due to fouling. The heat exchanger design also considers the ease of cleaning and elimination of hot spots to mitigate fouling. However, this scheme does not consider the dependence of fouling on the operating condition and fluid type.
In most cases, the mitigation strategy is adopted during the operation of heat exchangers. The feed is filtered to remove contaminants to minimize particle deposition, and chemical inhibitors are added. Different inhibitors used in the industry provide diverse functionality in preventing inorganic and organic fouling. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibitors are commonly used against crystallization fouling. Similarly, some antioxidants and surfactants are also used to prevent fouling from polymerization and particulate matter in crude oil. An alternative to using chemical inhibitors is the application of tube inserts such as wire matrix, twisted coils, or hiTRAN. They serve as turbulence promoters to increase the removal rate of fouling by the action of wall shear forces [5].
During the operation of heat exchangers, it is sometimes desirable to promote foulant removal through operational parameters. The most common strategy is to increase the velocity to detach the foulant layer from the heat transfer surface by turbulent sweeps and bursts. These actions can work effectively against weak foulant deposits and are adopted for a longer duration, especially in refineries. For hardened deposits such as in particulate fouling, the gas rumbling is useful for promoting the dislodging of foulant. It is carried out with pressurized air or nitrogen stream introduced in the fluid for a short duration.
Heat exchangers are designed for the required heat duty, temperatures, and flow rates of the hot and cold streams. The overall heat transfer coefficient is estimated to predict the required surface area of the heat exchanger using the following equation:
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as follows:
There are two approaches usually adopted during the operations to estimate the extent of fouling in heat exchangers, namely thermal and hydraulic approaches.
The estimation of the extent of fouling depends on the mode of operation of the heat exchanger. If the operation has a constant temperature difference, which is usually encountered in the operation of furnace and reactor [6], then the heat flux is decreased to maintain the constant temperature difference. The fouling resistance can be estimated as follows:
The second mode is with constant heat flux, which is predominantly applied in lab-scale fouling experimental units [7], in which the deposition on the surface is estimated with increasing temperature difference by the following equation:
The effect of pressure drop on heat exchanger performance is also very significant, manifested as decreases in the hydraulic efficiency of the exchangers. The pressure drop increases with the thickness foulant layer. It is crucial to estimate the pressure drop changes in tubes to predict the accurate thickness of the fouling layer. Sometimes the estimation of foulant thickness based on only the thermal resistance can lead to erroneous results due to the change in thermal conductivity of the foulant with aging [8]. Commonly thin-slab approximation [9] is employed to estimate the thickness of foulant as follows:
The aging of foulant manifested in its increasing thermal conductivity. Thus, Eq. (5) can be employed by incorporating the foulant’s aging to predict the fouling rate accurately. Usually, the heat exchangers are operated at constant mass flow rate operations in which pressure drop increases with the deposition. Usually, the pumping power is increased to overcome increasing pressure drops. The velocity increases with time, affecting the film heat transfer coefficient. The pressure drop for a clean tube is given by
Similarly, for a fouled tube, the pressure drop can be represented as
If the friction factor is assumed constant, the pressure drop can be related to foulant thickness by Blasius correlation [10] as follows:
Kern and Seaton [11] considered the deposition of foulant due to two competing processes: deposition and removal. Some of the foulant material are removed from the layer by the action of turbulent eddies. The net deposition can be given as follows:
The fouling rate can be determined from the slope of fouling resistance-time curves, which changes typically during the process, as shown in Figure 1.
Fouling resistance-time curves for different fouling mechanisms [
Initially, with the clean surface of the heat exchanger, the fouling resistance does not increase with time due to the low strength of the deposit to stick with the surface. This period of zero fouling rate is known as the induction period. Sometimes, during the induction period, the fouling rate becomes negative, representing the enhancement of heat transfer because of increased surface roughness contributed by the initial foulant layer. After the termination of the induction period, a constant initial fouling rate is usually attained. The fouling phenomenon determines the shape of the fouling resistance-time curve. As shown in Figure 1, an accelerating fouling curve represents a negligible removal rate due to hard deposits.
The linear fouling curve is the most common behavior in heat exchangers; it represents constant deposition and removal rate, while the deposition dominates over the removal. It is usually associated with crystallization fouling, but some studies also showed the asymptotic behavior for crystallization fouling [12, 13]. The falling and asymptotic curves depict the existence of the removal rate. As the deposit builds up, the flow area is reduced, and the velocity increases, allowing the foulant removal by shear forces. This retardation phenomenon is the cause of the asymptotic behavior of the fouling resistance-time curve and is proportional to the thickness of the foulant layer. This behavior is most familiar with particulate fouling and constant heat flux operations. The sawtooth behavior is typical in crude oil fouling, where the sudden removal of the deposits causes a negative fouling rate.
This initial fouling rate was represented by Ebert and Panchal [14] as a semi-empirical threshold model for crude oil fouling as:
They described the threshold point where the induction period is terminated. The above model was developed to predict the film temperature for a particular velocity to achieve a zero initial fouling rate, i.e., threshold point. They found that if this condition is maintained during the operation, there would be negligible or no fouling. If the left-hand side of Eq. (10) is taken to be zero, then a set of data appoints can be generated as shown in Figure 2 for different values of film temperatures. The developed curve in Figure 2 can be employed to estimate the corresponding film temperature in the non-fouling zone for a particular velocity.
Data curve to estimate film temperature for corresponding shear stress at zero fouling rate [
The fouling prediction models are modified to produce a similar behavior caused by complex interaction of different mechanisms existing in the crude oil fouling process. The feedstock composition also plays a critical role in defining the fouling behavior. The presence of inorganic and asphaltenes molecules in crude oil makes it difficult to predict feedstock composition effects on fouling rate.
Fouling phenomena depend on the type and concentration of foulant precursors in the bulk fluid entering the heat exchanger. There are several types of fouling based on the feedstock handled by the heat exchanger. Typically, foulant material consists of organic and inorganic constituents with deposition rates proportional to each other [15]. The following paragraphs are devoted to explaining different types of fouling.
The deposition of particles on the heat transfer surface is known as particulate fouling. These particles include originally suspended particles in the feedstock before entering the heat exchanger and particles formed within the heat exchanger by reaction or flocculation. The concentration of filterable solids in crude oil indicates the potential of particulate fouling. Wang and Watkinson [16] found that iron sulfide particles in crude oil were formed by the chemical reaction of hydrogen sulfide with iron oxides which resulted in particulate fouling. These particles can be inorganic, organic, or a mixture of both. For example, the salt contained by the boiler water and crude oils, corrosion products, and sand and dirt particles in cooling water is commonly referred to as inorganic particle fouling. Similarly, the deposition of organic particles produced by the aggregation and flocculation of asphaltenes in crude oils is known as organic particle fouling. The thermophoretic forces sometimes govern the particle deposition, which act on particles when there is a temperature difference between the hot surface and bulk fluid.
Under a favorable condition, the soluble reactants present in the fluid tend to react to form insoluble products, which are then deposited on the heat transfer surface. The reaction in the bulk fluid is often polymerization of organic molecules, which results in products with high molecular weights. The presence of transition metals and heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen tend to catalyze the reaction by polarizing other organic molecules, leading to lower activation energies for the reaction to occur. The oxygen reacts with organic molecules to form peroxides, increasing the polymerization reaction rate. The formation of highly viscous organic foulant from the deformation of organic molecules is also an example of chemical reaction fouling in refinery pre-heat train and furnace. Some reactions take place on the heated surface to transform them into harder products that are not easily removed, such as coke formation at high temperatures. The presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons, acidic compounds, mercaptans, and amines in crude oils induce polymerization reactions. Commonly, the acid number of crude oil is estimated to indicate its susceptibility to fouling. Temperature is also an important factor in chemical reaction fouling which promotes the fouling process. Therefore, it is desirable to operate the process at lower temperatures to mitigate the fouling phenomena.
The reaction of metal surfaces with the fluid stream in contact to produce deposits is called corrosion fouling. This type of fouling is highly dependent on the surface roughness, composition, and impurities in the fluid stream. The most common impurity is sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine compounds such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen chloride. The salt present in crude oils in the from sodium, calcium and magnesium chlorides sometimes enters the heat exchanger due to less efficient desalter process. When heated in the form of chlorides, these salts break down to hydrogen chloride, which is very toxic for steel. The hydrochloric acid deposits on the heat transfer surface and form corrosion product such as iron chloride. The reaction is incessant with the continuous production of hydrogen chloride.
The sulfur present in crude oils also reacts with iron to form iron sulfide, which is toxic to the metal surface. Mostly, the organic acids such as naphthenic acids present in crude oils tend to react with iron to form iron-organic acids, which then react with hydrogen sulfide to form iron sulfide.
The amount of naphthenic acid present in crude oils is represented by total acid number (TAN), which indicates crude oil susceptibility to corrosion. The iron sulfide is insoluble in water and crude oil which act as protection from further corrosion at low shear stress regions. Sulfur compounds like mercaptans decompose to hydrogen sulfide in the presence of hydrogen gas and become highly corrosive [16]. Temperature is also plays a major role in the corrosion process. The decomposition of mercaptans into H2S, called sulfidation, occur in the presence of hydrogen gas at temperatures higher than 230°C. If temperature exceeds 370°C the H2S decompose into elemental sulfur which is the most toxic state of sulfur.
This type of fouling can be caused by microorganisms (bacteria, algae, or fungus) or macroorganisms (barnacles, mussels, or seaweeds). These organisms colonize the metal surface by taking the nutrition from the interface between biofilm and fluid. Initially, the aerobic species consume the available oxygen and lead to anaerobic conditions, which only require nutrition to thrive [17]. This condition results in the rapid growth of biofilm. Biofouling is commonly found in sea and wastewater systems. The biofilm deposition by the microorganisms and their products served as the resistance to heat transfer in recirculation systems. The flow reduction and blockage of fluid passage are directly related to macroorganisms’ growth in once-through systems. These organisms can trap the silt and other suspended particles, which reduce the thermal efficiency of heat exchangers. Due to the depletion of oxygen near biofilm, the metal surface beneath biofilm becomes anodic, which results in an enhanced corrosion rate [18]. Biofouling can also result in corrosion by supplying ion-concentrated sites. The most common industries affected by biofouling are food, marine, water, medicine, and mining. Biofouling is highly concerned in power plants where condenser operations are highly susceptible to biofouling and corrosion. Chlorine is added to the water to overcome this difficulty.
In this type of fouling, the inorganic salts become insoluble in the fluid at supersaturated state and form deposits on the heat transfer surface. These salts can behave with normal solubility or inverse solubility. With normal solubility behavior, the solubility increases with temperature and vice versa with inverse solubility. The nuclei of the salt crystal can be formed in the bulk fluid and on the heated surface with inverse solubility at high temperatures. These nucleation sites may be corrosion products, impurities like crystals, or irregular sites on the surface. The crystals formed in the bulk fluid are deposited on the heated surface. The fouling grows by the deposition of the crystal layer over another layer. This fouling is common in desalination systems, boilers, and evaporators [19]. The crystallization fouling from inorganic salts from water is known as scaling. These salts usually are sulfates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium.
The deposition of asphaltenes separated from crude oils is categorized as precipitation fouling. Asphaltenes are considered the major foulant in crude oil fouling. When precipitated and flocculated from the crude oil, the asphaltenes molecules form large particles. These particles are aggregated and deposited on the surface of the heat exchanger. The chemical formula for asphaltenes is not specific; the number of atoms a molecule contains varies depending upon the source. Also, the molecular weight of asphaltenes differs in a wide range. The average molecular weight of asphaltene is 750 amu [20]. The structure of the asphaltene molecule contains polycyclic aromatic rings with alkyl side chains. The presence of heteroatoms, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, nickel, and vanadium, renders its polarity. There are two suggested structure types of asphaltene molecule, i.e., island and archipelago. The island structure is comprised of a monomer containing six or more rings, while the archipelago is a polymeric structure with polycondensed groups of rings linked by aliphatic side chains [21]. A rough estimate suggested about 7−8 fused rings in a single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) [22] which favors the proposed island structure.
The concentration of peptizers such as aromatics and resins in the crude oil should be enough to hold the asphaltenes soluble in the crude oil (Figure 3). The saturates present in the crude oils are considered as flocculants for the asphaltenes [24]. The ability of crude oils to maintain asphaltenes soluble is called stability. Sometimes the combination of different crude oils induces the precipitation of asphaltenes which cause deposition in the heat exchangers. The Colloidal Instability Index (CII) is considered as a good indication of the fouling propensity by asphaltenes precipitation.
Structure of asphaltenes molecule: Yen−Mullins island model (a) and archipelago model (b) [
Fouling is a complex phenomenon that involved multiple processes. These processes occur in a sequential manner, and sometimes one process dominates over another. The general sequence can be shown in the steps below:
Precursors → Foulant → Hard Deposit
Initially, the fouling precursors enter the heat exchanger or formed within the heat exchanger. These fouling precursors are then reacted to form insoluble deposits on the heat transfer surface. After the deposition, the foulant is transformed into a hard material by aging, which is difficult to be removed. It is still debatable whether the formation of precursor and foulant is in the bulk fluid or on the heat transfer surface. However, it is evident from the experimental work [25, 26] that the solubility of precursors and temperature have a high impact on fouling and both of these factors can affect fouling in the bulk fluid as well as on the heat transfer surface.
Epstein [27] categorized the fouling in the five stages known as the 5 × 5 matrix, as shown in Figure 4. This matrix relates the fouling stages with the type involved in the process.
The current standing of the 5 × 5 fouling matrix by Epstein [
The details of these main five events, i.e., initiation, transport, attachment, removal, and aging, are described in the subsequent paragraphs.
The fouling phenomenon starts with a delay or induction period with no increase in the resistance to heat transfer. On the contrary, the fouling resistance sometimes becomes negative due to an increase in surface roughens, which enhances heat transfer by turbulence [28]. The surface roughness is caused by the initial deposition of particles on the clean surface present initially in the bulk fluid or formed by polymerization or corrosion reaction.
Only a few studies were done on predicting the length induction period. Yang et al. [29] developed a model for fractional surface coverage (
To maintain a long induction period, the value of deposition rate constant (
The transfer of fouling precursors from the body of the fluid to the heat transfer surface occurs in many ways, e.g., diffusion, sedimentation, thermophoresis, or impaction. The migration of the precursor from bulk fluid to the surface boundary layer due to the concentration difference is called diffusion [30]. The deposition rate by diffusion can be described as
where
The sedimentation process by the action of gravitational force is common for large deposit particles such as sand, clay, or rust material [31]. The drag force on the particle should be lower than the gravitational force to settle it down on the surface. Thermophoresis, also known as thermodiffusion or Soret effect, is caused by the diffusion due to temperature gradient [32]. The particles are transferred from the hot zone to the cold zone by the thermophoretic force. This phenomenon is common in gas phase deposition, where particles are derived towards the colder regions of the heat exchanger. The deposition of particles by impaction is also significant as some particles achieve high velocity with respect to the fluid and reach the hot surface by inertial force.
The attachment of particles transported to the surface is highly dependent on the condition of the surface. The rough surface contains the potential to bind with the particles due to the availability of nucleation sites. The protective coatings on the heat exchanger surface provide a low-energy surface, reducing its wettability and preventing fouling. The sticking probability of the particles, defined as the residence time of the particles on the heat transfer surface, is also a function of velocity and surface temperature. The experimental studies suggest increased deposition with low velocity and high surface temperature [33]. Considerable work has been performed to model foulant deposition on heat transfer surfaces [34]. Many empirical or semi-empirical models were proposed to describe the deposition mechanism. Kern and Seaton [35] were the first to propose the deposition model as a competing phenomenon between deposition and removal as follows:
The first and second terms on the left-hand side represent the rate of deposition removal. They consider the removal rate to be the function of the thickness of the fouling layer. Paterson and Fryer [36] proposed a model for fouling by skimmed milk. They assumed the laminar sub-layer as a differential chemical reactor in which the foulant is produced, and the deposition rate is the product of the foulant production rate and sticking probability. The proposed model is given as
Polley et al. [37] suggested a fouling prediction model which relates the sticking probability (S) with shear stress as:
The sticking probability was defined as the function of shear stress
Other forces can influence particle residence time on the heat transfer surface, such as London–van der Waals force, electric double-layer structure, and viscous hydrodynamic force [38].
It is possible that the part of the deposited material loses its bonding with the surface or the deposition layer. The net deposition of the foulant is the result of the difference between the deposition rate and the removal rate. These two mechanisms occur simultaneously during the fouling process. Several factors affect the removal process, such as erosion, diffusion, or dissolution [39]. The shear forces generated by the interaction of moving fluid and the static foulant layer cause the breakup of the foulant particles from the deposited layer. These shear forces can also be generated from the turbulent sweeps and bursts. As the deposited layer becomes thicker, the cross-sectional area reduces, resulting in increased velocity and shear stress at the fluid-layer interface, referred to as the auto-retardation process [40]. This phenomenon leads to the removal of foulant particles by spalling or erosion. There is also a possibility that the deposit is removed by diffusion back to the bulk fluid. It is only possible if the foulant is a reaction product transformed into a soluble product or by the concentration gradient between the foulant layer and the bulk fluid. Kern and Seaton [35] related the deposition rate with the thickness of the foulant layer as:
Polley et al. [41] modified the model by suggesting the controlling mechanism of removal as mass transfer dependent rather than shear stress. They replaced the shear stress parameter with Re0.8 as:
The removal term is also referred to as entrainment because initially, there is no fouling layer on the clean surface to be removed [42].
After the foulant deposition, physical and chemical transformation occurs, which results in its mechanical and thermal properties known as the aging process. As time passes, the foulant becomes hard and thermally more conductive by the action of heat. In a few cases, such as in biofouling, the deposit becomes weaker in strength due to the corrosive decay of microorganisms. The organic deposit becomes harder in crude oil fouling as the coking process starts after the deposition. The thermal conductivity of the deposit also increases with aging, which also enhances the heat transfer resulting in a lower fouling rate. The change in thermal conductivity due to the conversion of organic deposit into a coke-like material was reported to be from 0.2 to 1 W/m K [43]. This mechanism is crucial in estimating the accurate thickness of the foulant layer. Therefore, aging plays a key role in describing the thermohydraulic behavior of heat exchangers. A long time is required for aging to occur, rendering its measurement impossible in laboratory experiments. The aging phenomenon was incorporated in the fouling prediction models by Ishiyama et al. [44]. They correlated the foulant thermal conductivity with a youth factor, y, which gradually decreases from 1 to 0 as aging takes place. The deposit thermal conductivity was represented as:
The youth factor was modeled using a first-order kinetics as:
where k is the rate constant for aging, which depends on temperature by Arrhenius law.
They assumed that the overall fouling resistance is the sum of resistance by individual sublayers with different aging histories. The thickness of each sublayer was assumed constant; however, the thermal conductivities were varied with time. This modeling scheme enabled to produce a close to the real behavior of the fouling process.
Fouling is still a long-standing problem in heat transfer research. It is related to the economic and environmental penalties in heat transfer operations. The complexity of the fouling mechanism entails difficulty in its understanding. However, recent development in fouling prediction models has enabled researchers to estimate the fouling rate accurately. A successful design of a heat exchanger requires a deep understanding of the fouling mechanism. This understanding is promising in improving the accuracy of mitigation actions to optimize the operation of the heat exchanger. Similarly, it also assures cost-effective cleaning and production planning.
Arrhenius coefficient Heat transfer area, m2 Concentration of foulants in bulk fluid, mol/m3 Concentration of foulants on surface, mol/m3 diameter of tube, m Activation energy, J/mol fanning friction factor mass flux, kg/s lumped rate constants, s−1 length of tube, m deposition flux, kg/m2 s removal flux, kg/m2 s pressure, atm rate of heat transfer, J/s heat flux, J/m2s initial heat flux, J/m2s heat flux after time t, J/m2s Gas constant, J/mol K thermal resistance, m2K/W Reynolds number sticking probability time, s temperature, K film temperature, K overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K clean overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K initial flow velocity, m/s flow velocity in fouled tube, m/s wettability parameter deposit thickness, m youth factor model fitting parameters. foulant thermal conductivity, W/m K fresh foulant thermal conductivity, W/m K aged foulant thermal conductivity, W/m K density, kg/m3 shear stress, N/m2 wall shear stress, N/m2 dynamic viscosity, Pa s fractional surface coverage
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The application of this test has significantly changed the practice of medical laboratories in which it is used for detection and quantification of molecules such as hormones, peptides, antibodies, and proteins. Various technical variants of this test can detect antigen (native or foreign) or antibody, determine the intensity of the immune response whether pathological or not; the type of induced immune response as well as the innate immunity potential; and much more. These capabilities, as well as the high sensitivity and robustness of the test and a small price, make it possible to quickly and reliably diagnose diseases in most laboratories. Besides, ELISA is a test that is also used in veterinary medicine, toxicology, allergology, food industry, etc. Despite the fact that it has existed for almost 50 years, different ELISA tests with different technical solutions are still being developed, which improves and expands the application of the this exceptional test. The aim of this chapter is to empower the rider to optimize, standardize and validate an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.",book:{id:"9850",slug:"norovirus",title:"Norovirus",fullTitle:"Norovirus"},signatures:"Rajna Minic and Irena Zivkovic",authors:[{id:"325806",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Zivkovic",slug:"irena-zivkovic",fullName:"Irena Zivkovic"},{id:"325839",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajna",middleName:null,surname:"Minic",slug:"rajna-minic",fullName:"Rajna Minic"}]},{id:"56750",title:"Laboratory Approach to Anemia",slug:"laboratory-approach-to-anemia",totalDownloads:6255,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Anemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and can be defined as a decreased quantity of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). The epidemiological studies suggested that one-third of the world’s population is affected with anemia. Anemia is not a disease, but it is instead the sign of an underlying basic pathological process. However, the sign may function as a compass in the search for the cause. Therefore, the prediagnosis revealed by thorough investigation of this sign should be supported by laboratory parameters according to the underlying pathological process. We expect that this review will provide guidance to clinicians with findings and laboratory tests that can be followed from the initial stage in the anemia search.",book:{id:"5942",slug:"current-topics-in-anemia",title:"Current Topics in Anemia",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Anemia"},signatures:"Ebru Dündar Yenilmez and Abdullah Tuli",authors:[{id:"183998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ebru",middleName:null,surname:"Dündar Yenilmez",slug:"ebru-dundar-yenilmez",fullName:"Ebru Dündar Yenilmez"},{id:"209103",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Tuli",slug:"abdullah-tuli",fullName:"Abdullah Tuli"}]},{id:"33133",title:"Waist Circumference in Children and Adolescents from Different Ethnicities",slug:"waist-circumference-in-children-and-adolescents-from-different-ethnicities",totalDownloads:8023,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"642",slug:"childhood-obesity",title:"Childhood Obesity",fullTitle:"Childhood Obesity"},signatures:"Peter Schwandt and Gerda-Maria Haas",authors:[{id:"29867",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Schwandt",slug:"peter-schwandt",fullName:"Peter Schwandt"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"185",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82740",title:"Secondary Pneumothorax from a Surgical Perspective",slug:"secondary-pneumothorax-from-a-surgical-perspective",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105414",abstract:"Although less frequent than the primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), secondary pneumothoraces (SP) are a common clinical problem with a wide range of severity, depending on the triggering cause(s) and patient clinical condition. By definition, an SP occurs in those patients with an underlying condition that alters the normal lung parenchyma and/or the visceral pleura and determines air entry in the pleural space (e.g., COPD) or, eventually, following trauma or invasive procedures (i.e., iatrogenic pneumothorax). Less frequent, yet described, is SP occurring in neoplastic patients or infectious ones. The gravity of an SP is directly correlated to the underlying cause and patients’ clinical conditions. For example, it may be a life-threatening condition in an end-stage COPD but less severe in a catamenial related syndrome. In this chapter, we are providing a surgical overview of the most relevant and updated information on etiology, incidence, pathophysiology, and management of secondary pneumothoraces.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Simona Sobrero, Francesco Leo and Alberto Sandri"},{id:"80875",title:"Pneumothorax: A Concise Review and Surgical Perspective",slug:"pneumothorax-a-concise-review-and-surgical-perspective",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101049",abstract:"Pneumothorax is the collection of air in pleural cavity, which is commonly due to development of a communication between pleural space and alveolar space (or bronchus) or the atmosphere. In this chapter, we will discuss the various aetiologies of pneumothorax, the differences in their pathophysiology and the implications on the management of the disease. The chapter focusses on the surgical aspects in the management, the revolution brought in by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and the advancement of the field by introduction of uniportal VATS and robotic-assisted thoracic surgery. The principles of management of catamenial pneumothorax are revisited. The chapter also throws light on the nuances of anaesthesia techniques and the latest developments are outlined. Lastly, a section is dedicated to COVID-19 associated pneumothorax and the approach to its management.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Shilpi Karmakar"},{id:"79289",title:"Indwelling Pleural Catheters",slug:"indwelling-pleural-catheters",totalDownloads:86,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100645",abstract:"Indwelling pleural catheters (IPC) are now being considered worldwide for patients with recurrent pleural effusions. It is commonly used for patients with malignant pleural effusions (MPE) and can be performed as outpatient based day care procedure. In malignant pleural effusions, indwelling catheters are particularly useful in patients with trapped lung or failed pleurodesis. Patients and care givers are advised to drain at least 3 times a week or in presence of symptoms i.e. dyspnoea. Normal drainage timing may lasts for 15–20 min which subsequently improves their symptoms and quality of life. Complications which are directly related to IPC insertion are extremely rare. IPC’s are being recently used even for benign effusions in case hepatic hydrothorax and in patients with CKD related pleural effusions. Removal of IPC is often not required in most of the patients. It can be performed safely as a day care procedure with consistently lower rates of complications, reduced inpatient stay. They are relatively easy to insert, manage and remove, and provide the ability to empower patients in both the decisions regarding their treatment and the management of their disease itself.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Yuvarajan Sivagnaname, Durga Krishnamurthy, Praveen Radhakrishnan and Antonious Maria Selvam"},{id:"79221",title:"Surgical Challenges of Chronic Empyema and Bronchopleural Fistula",slug:"surgical-challenges-of-chronic-empyema-and-bronchopleural-fistula",totalDownloads:118,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100313",abstract:"Chronic empyema has always been a clinical challenge for physicians. There is no standard procedure or treatment to deal with the situation, and multi-modality approach is often necessary. Surgical intervention plays a very crucial role in the treatment of chronic empyema. Since bronchopleural fistula is often seen in chronic empyema patients, therefore it should also be mentioned. In this chapter, the focus will be on the different treatment options, various surgical approaches, and the rationale behind every single modality. Certain specific entity will be included as well, such as tuberculosis infection, post lung resection empyema, and intrathoracic vacuum assisted closure system application. Even with the advancement of technology and techniques, chronic empyema management is still evolving, and we look forward to less traumatic ways of approach with better outcome in the future.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Yu-Hui Yang"},{id:"78826",title:"Pneumothorax in Children",slug:"pneumothorax-in-children",totalDownloads:94,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100329",abstract:"Pneumothorax is a common pleural disease worldwide and is defined as the free accumulation of air between visceral and parietal pleura. Pneumothorax can be spontaneous, iatrogenic, and traumatic. Although it is less common than adults, it is seen in about 1.1–4 per 100,000 per year in the childhood age group. In patients presenting with variable clinic according to the cause of etiology, diagnosis is confirmed on a PA chest radiograph, sometimes a computed tomography may be required. The management of pneumothorax is varying from conservative, over intermediate (chest tube drainage) to invasive methods (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery—VATS, thoracotomy). Here, we planned to write a chapter that includes a text containing general information about pediatric pneumothorax, algorithms, and visual and clinical cases of the causes of pneumothorax in children, including age, etiology, and treatment approach of pneumothorax in children.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Hatice Sonay Yalçın Cömert"},{id:"78760",title:"Bronchopleural Fistula after Pulmonary Resection: Risk Factors, Diagnoses and Management",slug:"bronchopleural-fistula-after-pulmonary-resection-risk-factors-diagnoses-and-management",totalDownloads:233,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100209",abstract:"Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after a pulmonary resection is rare with some of the most life-threatening consequences and a high mortality rate. Contamination of the pleural space resulting in empyema and spillage of the infected fluid into the remaining lung leading to respiratory distress remain the biggest concerns with BPF postoperatively. There are many patient characteristics and risk factors that can be evaluated to decrease the chance of a postoperative BPF. Presentation of BPF can be early or late with the late BPF more difficult to diagnosis and manage. Many options to treat BPF include surgical repair, conservative management, and endoscopic treatment.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Kristina Jacobsen"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. 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Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. 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That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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