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Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/923.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3557",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Advances in Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"013e7d01b6a7b47e35eef2648972a558",slug:"herbicides-advances-in-research",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Price and Jessica A. Kelton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66046",title:"Creating the Ideal Buttock (Lifting, Implanting or Fat Grafting)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84660",slug:"creating-the-ideal-buttock-lifting-implanting-or-fat-grafting-",body:'\nAn attractive buttock has become extremely popular in the last decade thanks to social media and some popular iconic figures that make a living simply from have what many thinks of as a “nice butt.” However, before the recent surg in popularity, various gluteal shaping procedure have been performed over the past half century to correct deformities and improve patient’ proportions, laxity or size. Most of the procedures remain about the same but many patient’s idea of what a beautiful backside should look like has changed. Still, physiologically, the buttock remains a major weight bearing anatomic unit as well as a source for moment and strength. It has been the source of inspiration by many artists. Yet, many cultures use the buttocks as the site for corporal punishment. In numerous cultures the buttock plays a significant role in sexual attraction and seduction. A full, well-rounded buttocks is considered attractive because it indicates health, youthfulness, and could indirectly be related to fertility, as a larger pelvic is considered more ideal for childbearing.
\nThere are a multitude of options that can be used to improve the buttock including non-surgical injections, implants, fat, excisional, liposuction and various energy devices (Figure 1). Understand the diagnosis helps formulate the ideal plan and selection of the best technique to give the patient a pleasing result. This chapter will cover the top three surgical procedures in great detail; the formal buttock lift, the Brazilian butt lift (BBL) and gluteal implants (Figure 2). Currently, more than ever, the buttock plays a significant role in physical and sexual attraction. This particular body part has gained an enormous amount of attention in social media and conventional media due to a number of Hollywood celebrities and the rising popularity of social media models in recent years causing a spike in gluteal enhancement operations (Figure 3).
\nEnhancing the buttock can be performed via a wide variety of options. Understanding the diagnosis is critical to select the proper technique for buttock enhancement.
Not including filler injections, the top three surgical gluteal enhancement or ‘gluteoplasty’ procedures are Brazilian butt lifting (BBL), formal or skin excisional buttock lifting as well gluteal implant placement.
The buttock has gained a lot of attention in social media and conventional media due to a number of Hollywood celebrities and the rising popularity of social media models who flaunt their extreme curves in the gluteal area in particular. This has caused an exponential rise in buttock cosmetic surgery procedures in the last decade.
When it comes to body contouring surgery, the surgeon should know the universal characteristics and proportions that make up a universally attractive buttock. Many have classified buttock into shape categories. The most common four are the round, square, “V” shape, and the upside-down heart (Figure 4). With the upside-down heart in general being most attractive and the V shape being least attractive. In 1993, Singh published his study on the role that the waist-to-hip ratio plays in regards to female physical attractiveness in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology [1]. After the analysis of three different studies, Singh proposed that there is a correlation between female attractiveness and the proportions of the waist and buttocks which he described as the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Moreover, he found that males in those studies considered female figures with a low WHR more attractive, healthier, and of greater reproductive potential than females with higher WHR. More specifically, the studies indicated that the ideal female figure has a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7 (Figure 5). This ratio is measured by obtaining the circumference of the waist at its narrowest area and dividing it by the circumference of the thighs (“hips”) at the level of the buttocks with maximum projection (Figure 6). Another characteristic of a beautiful, youthful, and attractive buttocks includes a short gluteal crease that does not extend past the medial third with no ptosis over this line. Such idea buttock shapes may be a goal for many but can be exceptional hard to achieve in some patients such as massive weight loss clientele (Figure 7).
\nThe most common four buttock shapes are considered to be the round, square, ‘V’ shape, and the upside-down heart With the upside down heart in general being most attractive and the V shape, also known as a frog’s buttock’ as being least attractive as well as the hardest to correct.
Throughout history, a small waist has generally been considered attractive. A specific waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7 appears most attractive.
Several studies recently validated that the ideal female figure has a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7, yet they also found ethnic differences in what size buttock various cultures found attractive.
Massive weight loss patients often require formal skin excision buttock lifts plus augmentation. Even with maximum effort, it is difficult to achieve a small waist, short infra gluteal crease and upside-down heart shape.
It is fair to say that all cultures find a female body with a waist-to-hip ratio around 0.7 to be very attractive. However, there are significant ethnic differences when it comes to the ideal shape of a buttock. The senior author has performed well over 1000 gluteal augmentations including fat grafting, gluteal lifts and gluteal implants. It is our experience that patient’s satisfaction depends heavily on what their ethnicity perceives as an attractively shaped buttock and did the surgeons results match what they hoped to achieve. If the surgeon does not understand how significant the buttock shape is based on ethnicity, a good result from the surgeon’s standpoint may be a terrible result for the patient. This observation is based on over 22 years’ experience performing gluteal surgeries in many parts of the world and on an extremely large number of ethnically diverse patients (Figure 8). With the United States and the world as a whole becoming much more diverse due to immigration patterns and medical tourism, it is important for the surgeon to take into consideration ethnic background of the patient when doing this type of surgery. It is also important to go over before and after photos with patients to assess what it is that they consider ideal for their body. The major differences noted among ethnic groups are:
Patients of
Ethnic diversity regarding buttock shape is particularly significant for differences seen between Caucasian, Latinos, and African American women. Maximum projection location is one difference among this group as shown and lateral fullness is another area where Caucasian vary greatly from Latinos or Black women.
BBLs for Caucasian women often require removing a portion of the convexity as shown in the lateral thigh fat not typically removed in Latinos or Blacks. Fat can be grafting into the lateral greater trochanter depression but more grafting in general is focused centrally versus laterally.
BBLs for Latino / Hispanic women typically involves significant fat grafting to the mid and lower 1/3 of the buttock as well as major grafting in the lower lateral buttock. Even when a large implant is used, many Hispanic women will also want additional fill laterally with fat to accentuate the upside-down heart shape.
This figure demonstrate the fat grafting pattern commonly seen with differing ethnicities from a more lateral view. Black and Hispanic females generally prefer larger volumes than Caucasian women but Black women like more rounded appearance with a more accentuated Lordotic curve from back to buttock.
BBLs for Latino / Hispanic women typically involves significant fat grafting to the mid and lower 1/3 of the buttock as well as major grafting in the lower lateral buttock. Even when a large implant is used, many Hispanic women will also want additional fill laterally with fat to accentuate the upside-down heart shape.
Most Black females who desire BBLs have very consistent cultural request of a large, round buttocks that is almost “shelf-like” at the top. On average, women of this culture request a large, round buttocks with major fullness of the lateral buttocks and lateral thighs, as well as a substantial lordotic curve.
Of note, these ethnic variations are valid for most cases. However, interracial relationships may play a role in what patient’s desire. Some Caucasian, Hispanic and Asian women may request the look of an African-American shape if they are in a significant relationship with an African-American male or if they socialize predominantly with that ethnic group. In a similar fashion, Black and Hispanic females in significant relationships with Caucasians may request reduction of the lateral thighs. Care must be taken to discuss details of what each individual patient hopes to achieve and what their specific preferences are regarding perigluteal shape and size.
\nAs patients age, the buttock undergoes changing due to multiple factors including generics, gravity, weight gain and weight loss. The vast majority of patients experience fat hypertrophy in the peri-gluteal areas and a flattened buttock shape. One of the most important things for a surgeon is to categorize the patient based on their buttock shape. There are four major shapes identified. The “A” shape which the most desired shape as it typically follows the 0.7 waist-to-hip ratio. The “square” shape which is very common seen in those patients with excess waist circumference from increased adipose tissue around the waist and lower back region. The “O” shape is usually made up by a full and round buttock. Finally, the “V” shape buttock is often seen in the massive weight loss patient or in patients who have an atrophic buttock with excess fat adiposity in the “love handle” area (Figure 4). Another remarkable finding is the inferior oblique gluteal crease that is most prominently seen in the “square” buttock (Figure 14). It is an oblique groove that is observed in the lower pole and close to the medial third. There is usually excess fat on either side of the oblique groove (Figure 15).
\nA square buttock is very common and often is marked by a distinct inferior oblique groove that is observed in the lower pole and close to the medial third as shown There is usually excess fat on either side of the oblique groove. The square shape is mostly created from excess hip or flank fat.
Fat grafting should not be limited to the central buttock for best results. As shown, fat can be added to the oblique groove if present, posterior as well as lateral buttock and greater trochanter depression. Occasionally, fat may need to be blended even further down the patient’s thigh.
There are certain changes that take place in the gluteal and peri-gluteal region that take place over time which begin to change the buttock shape into a less ideal one. One of them is the loss of the inward curves at the level of the waist and also the inward sweep in the mid-line of the lower back (lumbosacral area). Another unaesthetic change of the aging buttock is the elongation of the infragluteal crease. One of the most aesthetic of a buttock is the “lifted” look which is why most buttocks that are considered attractive have their most prominent part in the upper to middle third. However, with aging and changes in weight, the buttock may become ptotic with most of its projection in the lower third and likely overhanging over the infragluteal crease.
\nThere are surgical and non-surgical therapies to correct deformities of the buttocks and to enhance its shape and size. The least invasive way to enhance gluteal deformities and irregularities is by injection of fillers such as poly-l-lactic acid (Sculptra by Galderma Laboratories, L.P.) which is a synthetic material that is naturally absorbed by the body over time. Sculptra® is indicated for healthy patients who are looking for correction of irregularities and small areas of atrophy. In the gluteal area is used off label since his FDA approval is for correction of facial wrinkles and deep nasolabial folds. The injection technique is considered subcutaneous to deep dermal in a cross-hatch pattern. It is recommended to ovoid overcorrection because the product is expected to gradually improve the contour deficiency after treatment of the area.
\nSurgical enhancement of the gluteal region depends largely on the amount of available fat to be harvested with liposuction and fat transfer. It also depends on the degree of skin laxity of the buttocks. Liposculpture (liposuction and fat transfer) is the preferred method of buttock augmentation on those female patients how have excess amounts of fat in the lower back, waist and/or abdominal area. This technique of liposculpture is popularly known and marketed as a “Brazilian butt lift” (BBL) procedure. The necessary amount of fat harvest needed varies on a case by case basis but on average 200–1000 cc of fat is micro-grafted into each side of the buttocks. In a recent reviewed survey of 100 board certified cosmetic surgeons who perform BBLs routinely, the average was 600 cc of fat inject per side. If the patient does not have enough excess fat available and is not willing to gain weight, then gluteal silicone implants are the treatment of choice (Figure 16).
\nGluteal implants can be a great option for patients who desire significant gluteal enhancement but has very little excess fat. However, sometime even with implants, a Hispanic patient may want additional fullness laterally that can be performed simultaneously if at least some fat is available.
In the massive weight loss patient or patients with limiting amounts of fat and severe skin laxity, a traditional incisional butt lift is on treatment of choice. The enhancement in projection for those patients may be performed with micro-fat grafting and/or silicone gluteal implants (Figure 17). Auto-augmentation via use of a dermofatty pedicle during a formal butt lift adds bulk and projection, but unfortunately it is limited to an isolated area and often additional fat injection laterally is required or implants if no significant fat source exist.
\nIn the massive weight loss patient with severe skin laxity, a traditional incisional butt lift is the treatment of choice. The enhancement in projection for those patients can be performed with auto-augmentation via use of a dermofatty pedicle as shown. Regrettably, it is limited to an isolated area and often additional fat injection laterally is required or implants if no extra fat source exist.
The other type of patient that is often encountered is the patient that lacks projection in the gluteal region and desires an improved shape but are too thin for autogenous fat transfer. They usually have an athletic build and little to no gluteal ptosis. These patients have one option for aesthetic gluteal enhancement which is the surgical placement of a gluteal implant. Historically, one of the first ways surgeons started to augment the buttocks was with round silicone gel breast implants. However, surgeons quickly realized that breast implants were problematic in the buttock region [2]. Over the years, multiple techniques have been described for gluteal augmentation using prosthesis in three anatomical planes: submuscular, intramuscular and subfascial [3, 4, 5]. The submuscular placement is considered unfavorable because of the increased risk of injury to the sciatic nerve. This potential risk was minimized, but not eliminated, by placing the implant in an intramuscular plane. The subfascial technique virtually eliminates the morbidity of sciatic nerve injury but comes with other limitations such as a more visible and palpable implant.
\nFirst, the fat donor sites are established. Common areas for fat harvest include, but are not limited to, the abdomen, chest, lateral thorax, waist, hips, back, arms, and/or thighs. For the best aesthetic outcomes, the lower back, sacrum, waist and hips are areas that are almost always treated with liposuction to narrow the waist and accentuate the curves and lower the hip/waist ratio.
\nNext, pre-surgical markings are preformed while the patient is in an upright position. Deep depressions or areas that need to be grafted are outlined in red and areas that need to be liposuction are marked in blue. Once the patient has been put under general anesthesia, foot pumps are applied for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis and 2 g of cefazolin (Ancef) is given. If allergic to penicillin, clindamycin 600 mg IV is given as antibiotic prophylaxis.
\nNext, the skin is prepared in a sterile fashion with 4% chlorohexidine diluted with sterile 0.9% normal saline with sterile gauze to clean all areas that will be treated with liposuction or fat grafting. Then, a 20 gauge spinal needle connected to a Wells Johnson® infiltration pump is used to superficially inject the tumescent anesthesia solution. Next, a #11 blade is used to make punctures in all planned liposuction sites. Lastly, a blunt infiltration cannula attached to the infiltration pump is used to infiltrate with majority of the tumescent solution into the deep and superficial fat layers until the tissues have a tense feel to them due to the increase hydrostatic pressure. The tissues area left undisturbed for ~20 min to allow for vasoconstriction by the epinephrine within the tumescent anesthesia infiltrated. During this time, the patient is prepared and draped in a sterile fashion for a second time but this time using a ChloraPrep™ stick. In addition, a lap sponge soaked in betadine solution is placed and secured over the anus with one 3-0 prolene suture at the level of the sacrum and a 3 M ioband dressing to completely seal off the anus from potentially contaminating the sterile field (Figure 18). The maximum concentration of lidocaine used is 35 mg/kg and all cases are done under general endotracheal anesthesia.
\nA lap sponge soaked in betadine solution is placed and secured over the anus with one 3-0 Prolene suture at the level of the sacrum and covered with a 3M ioband dressing to completely seal off the anus from the sterile field. Drains are commonly used and punctures sealed sterilely in an effort to prevent post op infections.
Next, 3 or 4 mm liposuction cannulas are used to harvest the fat from all areas to be treated. The fat is collected sterile into a 3 L, glass, and reusable sterile canister. Excess fluid and blood settles on the bottom of the canister and fat micro-grafts float to the top of the canister via continuous vibration table. The excess fluid is decanted to isolate only the fat grafts. The fat is then treated with an antibiotic solution containing 80 mg gentamicin and 600 mg of clindamycin mixed in a saline solution of 250 ml. Right before the fat is about to be injected back into the patient, 5–6 cc of platelet rich plasma (PRP) from the patient’s own blood is mixed with the fat. A 4 mm infiltration cannula with a single hole is used to pump the fat back into the patient’s buttocks. The fat infiltration technique most often used by the authors is a superficial grafting technique above the muscle in a parallel plane to the back and far from the superior and inferior gluteal veins to avoid injury which could lead to fat emboli (Figure 19). A pressure-controlled injection system by Wells Johnson is used which cuts off automatically if it senses pressures higher than central venous pressure. The preferred infiltration system is a closed loop injection system that includes a vibrating table to help with separation of the fat from the supernatant. The advantages of this system when compared to previous methods of fat grafting include efficiency, perfect micro-droplet size, more sterile or cleaner, and low pressure of injection.
\nThe fat infiltration technique used by the authors is a superficial grafting technique above the muscle in a parallel plane to the back which keeps the cannula well above the superior and inferior gluteal veins. Injection should be keep out of the inner bowl of the pelvis and essentially stay above the boney crest.
First, the patient’s upper and lower gluteal crease are marked. Then, the patient is asked to sit down to mark a horizontal line when the buttocks is touching the chair. The skin marking are made with a custom-designed template. The template fits perfectly into the gluteal area just above the horizontal line previously marked on the skin. Medial extend of the implant is ~2 cm lateral from the external rim of the sacral bone. Once the patient has been put under general anesthesia, foot pumps are applied for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis and 2 g of cefazolin (Ancef) is given. If allergic to penicillin, clindamycin 600 mg IV is given as antibiotic prophylaxis.
\nNext, the skin is prepared in a normal sterile fashion and tumescent anesthesia is infiltrated into the sacral and gluteal areas. One single, vertically oriented, 6 cm incision is made in the midline of the sacral region in the intergluteal crease. The incision is made through skin, subcutaneous tissue and proceeds laterally until the lateral borders of the sacral bone and the medial border of the gluteal maximus is identified. A 4–6 cm incision is made intramuscularly blunt dissection is then performed intra-muscularly laterally, caudally and in a cephalad direction to create the implant pocket. This is performed bilaterally. The implants are then introduced into the pocket through the small incisions using a plastic funnel (Figure 20). The position of the implant is verified with palpation and the aesthetics of the augmentation is assessed from multiple angles. The implant can be adjusted slightly up or down to a limit. Often, a Latino female may want her implants slightly lower than what would be preferred by an African American female (Figure 21). Next, the implants are secure in place using a non-resorbable suture to the underlaying fascia. Layered closure is followed.
\nA 5cm midline skin incision is used for placement of both butt implants followed by initial blunt dissection within the gluteus maximus muscle to create the implant pocket. After lighted retraction and hemostasis assured, implants are then introduced into the pocket through the small incisions using a Keller funnel®.
The position of gluteal implants should be verified from multiple angles. After positioning, the muscle can be sutured primarily over the implant. Often, a Latino female may want her implants slightly lower than would be preferred by an African American female.
As previously mentioned, this procedure is common in the massive weight loss patient. It is used to address the damage to collagen and elastic fibers which have been severely stretched. The typical “V” shape appearance of the massive weight loss patient is due to excess skin and lack of skin elasticity. The lack of projection is due to the loss of volume.
\nThe incisional butt lift is a procedure that can be perfumed by itself to address the skin laxity and the ptosis of the skin. But it could also be combined with autogenous fat grafting and/or gluteal implants. The first step in this technique is to place the most superior incision along the iliac crest while the patient is standing in the upright position. This upper incision is marked from the mid-line and it ends laterally on the most lateral portion of the iliac crest. This creates a wide “M” shaped incision marking just above the underwear line. Then, a pinch test is performed in order to determine where the lower incision will be marked. The excess skin and fat excision is performed in a “Gull Wing” fashion (Figure 22). The patient is prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. Upper incision is made following the markings. No undermining above this incision is recommended. The only undermining of skin and subcutaneous fat is carried out in a caudal direction below Scarpa’s fascia (Figure 23). Once the desired fat and skin has been excised, further undermining in a caudal direction takes place in order to be able to advance the lower skin and subcutaneous tissues up to the upper incision and close with the least tension as possible. Liposuction of the flanks and thighs is done only as needed. Another common procedural adjunct to an incisional but lift is a gluteal tuck which is also known as a posterior thigh lift.
\nThe most superior incision for a formal butt lift is along the iliac crest while the patient is standing in the upright position. Then, a pinch test is performed in order to determine where the lower incision will be marked. The excess skin and fat excision is performed in a “Gull Wing” fashion. Minimal undermining is required and liposuction can be performed simultaneously along with occasional fat grafting or implants when indicated.
The patient shown is before and after a standard skin excisional buttock lift with the addition of fat grafting to improve final shape and projection.
In certain cases when fullness to the upper buttocks is desired, the surgeon should consider the rotation of a dermal pedicle inferiorly to give the upper buttocks more volume and projection. This could eliminate the need for a gluteal silicone implant. Planning is critical and one much keep correct proportions, maintain the superior incision at the iliac crest and avoid a thin flap to prevent unwanted complications (Figure 24).
\nThe patient shown had complications from what appears to have been poor planning as well as technique. Correction focused on restoring a better hip to waist ratio by scar revision and fat grafting along with removal of fat at the true waist line.
Even though gluteal augmentation surgery has an incidence of infection of <1%, surgeons should avoid this serious complication at all cost. Patients should clean their entire body with an antiseptic skin cleanser the night before or the morning prior to surgery (i.e., Hibiclens® soap). All of our patient’s get a double prep prior to surgery. One sterile prep takes place prior to tumescent or local anesthesia infiltration and the other prep takes places prior to incision time. Antibiotic prophylaxis with 2 g Ancef q4h, Unasyn 3 g q6h, and gentamicin 5 mg/kg/24 h [6]. In addition, the peri-anal area is also covered with a lap sponge soaked in betadine solution plus a seal over it using a 3 M™ Ioban™ adhesive intra-operatively, using a closed liposuction system for high volume fat harvesting and reinjection prevents the fat from ever being exposed to the open air in the operating room. Thus, reducing the risk for airborne pathogens. Prior to re-injection of fat, the harvested fat in the 3 L canister is treated with an antibiotic solution containing 250 cc of normal saline, 600 mg of clindamycin, and 80 mg of gentamicin. Lastly, all liposuction and injection punctures sites are sutured and sealed with sterile tegaderm dressings.
\nConsidered one of the rapidly evolving and one of the most popular cosmetic procedures of the last decades, the fat transferred procedure marketed as a “Brazilian butt lift” has been in the news in the past couple of years due to an increase in mortality rate associated to the potential risk for fat embolism and its fatal effect on the cardio-pulmonary system. In 2017, a report on mortality from gluteal fat grafting was published on the Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery Journal. The reports revealed that the mortality risk worldwide of 1:3000 for those patients undergoing gluteal fat grafting. Before that reports was published, the cosmetic surgery procedure associated with the highest mortality rate was attributed to abdominoplasty which is only 1:18,000. That makes the mortality risk for gluteal fat grafting six times higher when compared to abdominoplasty [7].
\nFat embolism takes place when fat enters the venous system. Therefore, it is believed that fat is being grafted into the veins in the gluteal region and traveling up into to cardio-pulmonary system. No one is aware of the exact mechanism but there are two theories. One is the “direct cannulation” theory, in which it is thought the cannula tip enters the vein and a bolus of fat is inserted into the vein. The fat bolus then can travel up to the pulmonary circulation and cause cardio-pulmonary instability. The second theory is the “laceration siphon” theory described by Del Vecchio and Wall [8]. In this theory, there is some iatrogenic damage to a large vein which is created under low pressure, which is then followed by fat introduction into the damaged vein under high pressure. It is thought that a pressure gradient in the area may transfer the fat slowly overtime into the damaged vein due to the difference in pressure. This theory has also been called the “Venous Traction” theory.
\nThe evolution in technology used for large volume fat grafting are helping to make this procedure safer. The use of tommie-syringes for fat transferred is now considered outdated and somewhat high risk due to the variable and unpredictable amount of pressure needed to be applied to get the fat to come out. It is highly recommended to use a closed-circuit liposuction system in which the fat is kept sterile in a large cannister and then re-injected back into the patient without being exposed to air. The preferred system is the HVP™ system by Wells Johnson which allows you to precisely control pressure and flow rates. It allows you to manage and control both negative and positive pressures. The average positive pressure generated by a 60 ml Toomey syringe is 80″ Hg and a 1 ml syringe reaches up to 1425″ Hg. The standard infiltration pump that comes in the HVP™ system can create positive pressures up to 77″ Hg, and it allows you to set an upper limit so that the machine would automatically stop.
\nAnother recommendation to ovoid vascular injury and fat embolism into the superior and inferior gluteal vessels is to use 4 mm blunt cannulas, avoiding the use of smaller diameter cannulas These vessels are located within the fascia or deep to the fascia of the gluteus maximus (Figure 25). Therefore, intramuscular injection of fat is not recommended and/or needed in order to achieve an aesthetic result. However, if the surgeon is going to inject fat into muscle, it is recommended to stay in the superficial portion of the muscle that is part of the convexity at or above the hip bone level, avoiding any deep muscle injection. It is also recommended to inject fat using a micro-droplet technique rather than large pooling boluses of fat.
\nVascular injury and fat embolism into the superior and inferior gluteal vessels may be avoided by use of 4mm blunt cannulas and avoiding the use of smaller diameter cannulas that may more easily tear the vessels located deep to the gluteus maximus and medius.
The angulation of the infiltrating cannula is also very important. In order to avoid the “danger zone,” it is suggested to keep the infiltration cannula as parallel as possible to the lower back and to resist angulating the cannula in a steep angle (Figure 26). In addition, it is recommended to perform fat infiltration from the punctures made in the supra-gluteal crease which makes it less likely to inject fat intramuscularly than using the infra-gluteal crease.
\nThe angulation of the infiltrating cannula is very important as shown. In order to avoid the “danger zone,” it is suggested to keep the infiltration cannula as parallel as possible to the lower back and to resist angulating the cannula at a steep angle to avoid the deep gluteal veins.
Any of the main gluteoplasty procedures mentioned have the potential for heavy blood loss especially from aggressive liposuction. Patients with BMIs > 35 and those getting simultaneous abdominoplasty have increased risk of both anemia as well as deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (Figure 27).
\nA high risk obese patient is shown who underwent a simultaneous abdominoplasty plus liposuction and fat grafting BBL. A BMI >35 greatly increases her risk for many issues and especially wound problems.
We obtain pre and post-operative hemoglobin levels and hematocrit levels on all BBL patients as well as implant and formal butt lift patients. All patients have routine pneumatic foot pumps and other routine DVT prophylaxis. Lovenox, heparin or other anticoagulants are used on a case by case basis only since the risk for hematoma often outweighs the risk for DVT for many cosmetic surgery procedures, especially where major tissue undermining may be required (Figure 28).
\nDemonstration of the ideal patient for a BBL, healthy, normal BMI and limited fat volume injected above muscle to may a nice difference.
Gluteal enhancement was a relatively infrequent procedure before the twenty-first century, but gluteal enhancement procedures have exploded in popularity after 2010 thanks mostly from social media and celebrities. Unfortunately, an unheralded increase in numbers of fat grafting procedures to the buttock throughout the world did not allow time for some complications to be realized in a timely manner. Many good surgeons around the world were caught off guard by this dangerous phenomenon. Fat embolism death has been associated with BBL procedures at an alarming frequency (mortality rate 1:3000). Fortunately, research and preventive measures are finally catching up and death rates from this procedure will expectantly fall precipitously in the next few years. This would be a welcome development to an otherwise excellent procedure. Many a patient have been thrilled with their ne shape and well-rounded curvy figure and small hip to waist ratio.
\nBeyond a BBL using fat, there are a multitude of options that can be used to improve the buttock including non-surgical injections, implants, excisional, liposuction and various energy devices. The surgeon must thoroughly understand the diagnosis to formulate the ideal plan and select the best technique for each patient. This chapter attempted to cover the top three surgical procedures (formal buttock lift, the Brazilian butt lift and gluteal implants) in enough detail to be very valuable for those performing these procedures. More than ever, the buttock plays a significant role in physical and sexual attraction and surgeons are ask routinely to obtain results that are beautiful as well as low risk.
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Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"317",title:"Malacology",slug:"malacology",parent:{id:"31",title:"Animal Biology",slug:"animal-biology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:77,numberOfWosCitations:44,numberOfCrossrefCitations:30,numberOfDimensionsCitations:70,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"317",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10738",title:"Update on Malacology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a84e581549b3720e44e989c3c0be467",slug:"update-on-malacology",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray and Soumalya Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10738.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8289",title:"Molluscs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"875b915098303d4f668c1c81036b9d8c",slug:"molluscs",bookSignature:"Genaro Diarte-Plata and Ruth Escamilla-Montes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198991",title:"Dr.",name:"Genaro",middleName:null,surname:"Diarte-Plata",slug:"genaro-diarte-plata",fullName:"Genaro Diarte-Plata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5899",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7f042a23fd6991a546812db126ef875",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5899.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55399",doi:"10.5772/68133",title:"Gut Microbiome Analysis of Snails: A Biotechnological Approach",slug:"gut-microbiome-analysis-of-snails-a-biotechnological-approach",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Mollusks are a diverse group of animals not only at the species level but also with respect to their habitat and behavior. Gastropods comprise 80% of the mollusks with approximately 62,000 living species including snails. Over the period of time, snails have evolved into marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms with a transitional shift in their feeding habits. From prehistoric times, mollusks have established an intimate relationship with humans. These animals are used as food, medicine, offering to gods and are also responsible for economic losses in the form of agricultural pests. As most of these animals feed on plant biomass, their guts have evolved to digest such lignocellulosic biomass with extraordinary efficiency. The plant fiber digestion in their guts depends predominantly on the metabolic activities of the gastro‐intestinal microflora. Besides digestive functions, the seasonal dynamic and spatial distribution of bacterial gut community largely influences cold hardiness and many other metabolic properties in snails. Here, we assessed an overview of the various bacterial populations dwelling in digestive tracts of snails. This chapter provides insights into the gut microbiome of various snails that can be exploited for various industrial applications such as biomass degradation, production of biofuel, paper, wine and laundry detergents.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mudasir A. Dar, Kiran D. Pawar and Radhakrishna S. Pandit",authors:[{id:"201161",title:"Mr.",name:"Mudasir",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mudasir-dar",fullName:"Mudasir Dar"},{id:"201162",title:"Prof.",name:"Radhakrishna S",middleName:null,surname:"Pandit",slug:"radhakrishna-s-pandit",fullName:"Radhakrishna S Pandit"},{id:"201163",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiran D",middleName:null,surname:"Pawar",slug:"kiran-d-pawar",fullName:"Kiran D Pawar"}]},{id:"54507",doi:"10.5772/67862",title:"Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores",slug:"patellid-limpets-an-overview-of-the-biology-and-conservation-of-keystone-species-of-the-rocky-shores",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective management. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosystem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to establish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa",authors:[{id:"200407",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",slug:"paulo-henriques",fullName:"Paulo Henriques"},{id:"200915",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",slug:"ricardo-sousa",fullName:"Ricardo Sousa"},{id:"200916",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado",fullName:"João Delgado"}]},{id:"54666",doi:"10.5772/67995",title:"Mussel as a Tool to Define Continental Watershed Quality",slug:"mussel-as-a-tool-to-define-continental-watershed-quality",totalDownloads:1268,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Bivalves appear as relevant sentinel species in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment. This is particularly true in marine ecosystems. In fact, several biomonitoring frameworks in the world used mollusks since several decades on the base of contaminant accumulation (Mussel Watch, ROCCH) and/or biological responses called biomarker (OSPAR) measurements. In freshwater systems, zebra and quagga mussels could represent alternative sentinels, which could be seen as the counterparts of mussel marine species. This chapter presents original studies and projects underlying the interest of these freshwater mussels for water quality monitoring based on contaminant accumulation and biomarker development measurements. These sentinel species could be used as a tool for chemical/biological monitoring of biota under the European water framework directive and for the development of effect-based monitoring tools.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mélissa Palos Ladeiro, Iris Barjhoux, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, Marc\nBonnard, Elise David, Odile Dedourge-Geffard, Elodie Geba, Emilie\nLance, Maxime Lepretre, Gabrielle Magniez, Damien Rioult,\nDominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, Gaëlle Daniele, Arnaud\nSalvador, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Jean Armengaud and Alain Geffard",authors:[{id:"14169",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurelie",middleName:null,surname:"Bigot",slug:"aurelie-bigot",fullName:"Aurelie Bigot"},{id:"145053",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Aubert",slug:"dominique-aubert",fullName:"Dominique Aubert"},{id:"145057",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Villena",slug:"isabelle-villena",fullName:"Isabelle Villena"},{id:"199642",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Palos Ladeiro",slug:"melissa-palos-ladeiro",fullName:"Melissa Palos Ladeiro"},{id:"205006",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Barjhoux",slug:"iris-barjhoux",fullName:"Iris Barjhoux"},{id:"205007",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnard",slug:"marc-bonnard",fullName:"Marc Bonnard"},{id:"205008",title:"Dr.",name:"Elise",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"elise-david",fullName:"Elise David"},{id:"205009",title:"Dr.",name:"Odile",middleName:null,surname:"Dedourge Geffard",slug:"odile-dedourge-geffard",fullName:"Odile Dedourge Geffard"},{id:"205010",title:"MSc.",name:"Elodie",middleName:null,surname:"Geba",slug:"elodie-geba",fullName:"Elodie Geba"},{id:"205011",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Geffard",slug:"alain-geffard",fullName:"Alain Geffard"},{id:"205012",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilie",middleName:null,surname:"Lance",slug:"emilie-lance",fullName:"Emilie Lance"},{id:"205013",title:"MSc.",name:"Maxime",middleName:null,surname:"Lepretre",slug:"maxime-lepretre",fullName:"Maxime Lepretre"},{id:"205014",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabrielle",middleName:null,surname:"Magniez",slug:"gabrielle-magniez",fullName:"Gabrielle Magniez"},{id:"205015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaëlle",middleName:null,surname:"Daniele",slug:"gaelle-daniele",fullName:"Gaëlle Daniele"},{id:"205016",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuelle",middleName:null,surname:"Vulliet",slug:"emmanuelle-vulliet",fullName:"Emmanuelle Vulliet"},{id:"205018",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Salvador",slug:"arnaud-salvador",fullName:"Arnaud Salvador"},{id:"205019",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Armengaud",slug:"jean-armengaud",fullName:"Jean Armengaud"},{id:"205264",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Rioult",slug:"damien-rioult",fullName:"Damien Rioult"}]},{id:"54501",doi:"10.5772/67811",title:"Lipid Composition Modifications in the Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from the White Sea",slug:"lipid-composition-modifications-in-the-blue-mussels-mytilus-edulis-l-from-the-white-sea",totalDownloads:1307,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Studying biochemical indicators in response to various environmental factors allows revealing the metabolic adaptive strategy of the organism’s tolerance and survival under a variety of environmental impacts. This review analyses both the authors’ own data and the available literature on the problem of biochemical adaptations of the lipid composition in marine bivalves, particularly blue mussels, Mytilus edulis L., to various environmental impacts. Modifications in the composition of lipids and their fatty acids in blue mussels caused by short-term (under laboratory conditions) and chronic (field monitoring) exposure to natural and human factors indicate that homeostasis is maintained in cell membranes and the organism’s energy requirements and facilitate the adaptation and tolerance of the mussels to environmental disturbances. The lipid and fatty acid composition indices in White Sea intertidal mussels which reflect their chronic exposure to a wide variety of environmental factors are discussed and compared to data on changes in the lipid composition of blue mussels exposed to some environmental factors (salinity, anoxia, metals) in aquarium experiments. The lipid profile plays an important role in the adaptation of blue mussels to new conditions in the habitat, and it can be used as a biochemical marker for indicating the organism’s physiological state.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Natalia N. Fokina, Tatiana R. Ruokolainen and Nina N. Nemova",authors:[{id:"199037",title:"Mrs.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Fokina",slug:"natalia-fokina",fullName:"Natalia Fokina"},{id:"199478",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Ruokolainen",slug:"tatiana-ruokolainen",fullName:"Tatiana Ruokolainen"},{id:"199479",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Nemova",slug:"nina-nemova",fullName:"Nina Nemova"}]},{id:"64501",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81778",title:"Immune Response of Molluscs",slug:"immune-response-of-molluscs",totalDownloads:1341,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In common with other invertebrates, molluscs are known to have internal immune response against foreign particles and organisms. The innate immunity of molluscs reflects the inherent non-specific response that provides the first line of defense. Anatomic barriers, phagocytic cells, and physiological components are the main elements of the innate immune response in molluscs. It is composed of both cellular and humoral elements. The cellular components are the circulating hemocytes. Small invaders are eliminated by the phagocytic hemocytes, while large invaders are eliminated by encapsulation. The ingested foreign particles are then hemolyzed by the action of certain toxic enzymes that catalyze oxidative burst reactions capable of killing pathogens and foreign invaders. Humoral components of molluscan immunity involve nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, lectins, and the phenyloxidase system. The current chapter sheds light on the elements of the molluscan innate immune system and presents a case study of the immune response of Lymnaea stagnalis mollusc against Chaetogaster limnaei parasite. The effect of the parasite on some humoral immune response parameters such as nitric oxide, phenol oxidase, and lysozyme production was investigated. In conclusion, the snail Lymnaea stagnalis exerts humoral immune response against Chaetogaster limnaei parasite. However, this response is insufficient to eliminate the parasite.",book:{id:"8289",slug:"molluscs",title:"Molluscs",fullTitle:"Molluscs"},signatures:"Hanan Al-Khalaifah and Afaf Al-Nasser",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54507",title:"Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores",slug:"patellid-limpets-an-overview-of-the-biology-and-conservation-of-keystone-species-of-the-rocky-shores",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective management. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosystem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to establish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa",authors:[{id:"200407",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",slug:"paulo-henriques",fullName:"Paulo Henriques"},{id:"200915",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",slug:"ricardo-sousa",fullName:"Ricardo Sousa"},{id:"200916",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado",fullName:"João Delgado"}]},{id:"54666",title:"Mussel as a Tool to Define Continental Watershed Quality",slug:"mussel-as-a-tool-to-define-continental-watershed-quality",totalDownloads:1268,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Bivalves appear as relevant sentinel species in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment. This is particularly true in marine ecosystems. In fact, several biomonitoring frameworks in the world used mollusks since several decades on the base of contaminant accumulation (Mussel Watch, ROCCH) and/or biological responses called biomarker (OSPAR) measurements. In freshwater systems, zebra and quagga mussels could represent alternative sentinels, which could be seen as the counterparts of mussel marine species. This chapter presents original studies and projects underlying the interest of these freshwater mussels for water quality monitoring based on contaminant accumulation and biomarker development measurements. These sentinel species could be used as a tool for chemical/biological monitoring of biota under the European water framework directive and for the development of effect-based monitoring tools.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mélissa Palos Ladeiro, Iris Barjhoux, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, Marc\nBonnard, Elise David, Odile Dedourge-Geffard, Elodie Geba, Emilie\nLance, Maxime Lepretre, Gabrielle Magniez, Damien Rioult,\nDominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, Gaëlle Daniele, Arnaud\nSalvador, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Jean Armengaud and Alain Geffard",authors:[{id:"14169",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurelie",middleName:null,surname:"Bigot",slug:"aurelie-bigot",fullName:"Aurelie Bigot"},{id:"145053",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Aubert",slug:"dominique-aubert",fullName:"Dominique Aubert"},{id:"145057",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Villena",slug:"isabelle-villena",fullName:"Isabelle Villena"},{id:"199642",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Palos Ladeiro",slug:"melissa-palos-ladeiro",fullName:"Melissa Palos Ladeiro"},{id:"205006",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Barjhoux",slug:"iris-barjhoux",fullName:"Iris Barjhoux"},{id:"205007",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnard",slug:"marc-bonnard",fullName:"Marc Bonnard"},{id:"205008",title:"Dr.",name:"Elise",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"elise-david",fullName:"Elise David"},{id:"205009",title:"Dr.",name:"Odile",middleName:null,surname:"Dedourge Geffard",slug:"odile-dedourge-geffard",fullName:"Odile Dedourge Geffard"},{id:"205010",title:"MSc.",name:"Elodie",middleName:null,surname:"Geba",slug:"elodie-geba",fullName:"Elodie Geba"},{id:"205011",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Geffard",slug:"alain-geffard",fullName:"Alain Geffard"},{id:"205012",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilie",middleName:null,surname:"Lance",slug:"emilie-lance",fullName:"Emilie Lance"},{id:"205013",title:"MSc.",name:"Maxime",middleName:null,surname:"Lepretre",slug:"maxime-lepretre",fullName:"Maxime Lepretre"},{id:"205014",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabrielle",middleName:null,surname:"Magniez",slug:"gabrielle-magniez",fullName:"Gabrielle Magniez"},{id:"205015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaëlle",middleName:null,surname:"Daniele",slug:"gaelle-daniele",fullName:"Gaëlle Daniele"},{id:"205016",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuelle",middleName:null,surname:"Vulliet",slug:"emmanuelle-vulliet",fullName:"Emmanuelle Vulliet"},{id:"205018",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Salvador",slug:"arnaud-salvador",fullName:"Arnaud Salvador"},{id:"205019",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Armengaud",slug:"jean-armengaud",fullName:"Jean Armengaud"},{id:"205264",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Rioult",slug:"damien-rioult",fullName:"Damien Rioult"}]},{id:"55399",title:"Gut Microbiome Analysis of Snails: A Biotechnological Approach",slug:"gut-microbiome-analysis-of-snails-a-biotechnological-approach",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Mollusks are a diverse group of animals not only at the species level but also with respect to their habitat and behavior. Gastropods comprise 80% of the mollusks with approximately 62,000 living species including snails. Over the period of time, snails have evolved into marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms with a transitional shift in their feeding habits. From prehistoric times, mollusks have established an intimate relationship with humans. These animals are used as food, medicine, offering to gods and are also responsible for economic losses in the form of agricultural pests. As most of these animals feed on plant biomass, their guts have evolved to digest such lignocellulosic biomass with extraordinary efficiency. The plant fiber digestion in their guts depends predominantly on the metabolic activities of the gastro‐intestinal microflora. Besides digestive functions, the seasonal dynamic and spatial distribution of bacterial gut community largely influences cold hardiness and many other metabolic properties in snails. Here, we assessed an overview of the various bacterial populations dwelling in digestive tracts of snails. This chapter provides insights into the gut microbiome of various snails that can be exploited for various industrial applications such as biomass degradation, production of biofuel, paper, wine and laundry detergents.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mudasir A. Dar, Kiran D. Pawar and Radhakrishna S. Pandit",authors:[{id:"201161",title:"Mr.",name:"Mudasir",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mudasir-dar",fullName:"Mudasir Dar"},{id:"201162",title:"Prof.",name:"Radhakrishna S",middleName:null,surname:"Pandit",slug:"radhakrishna-s-pandit",fullName:"Radhakrishna S Pandit"},{id:"201163",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiran D",middleName:null,surname:"Pawar",slug:"kiran-d-pawar",fullName:"Kiran D Pawar"}]},{id:"78157",title:"Recent Trends in Freshwater Pearl Farming in India",slug:"recent-trends-in-freshwater-pearl-farming-in-india",totalDownloads:200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cultured pearls have an important place in international trade. The Vedas, the Bible, and the Koran all mentioned pearls, and they are regarded as one of the highest honours. Pearls are generated in nature when an irritant, such as a sand grain or a parasite, is swept into the pearl molluscs and lodged within it, where it is coated with micro-layers of nacre, a lustrous substance made up of 80–90 per cent aragonite crystals of CaCO3. The ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India, has created a base technology for cultivating pearls in freshwater habitats, recognising the scope and value of freshwater pearl production. Indian pond mussel, Lamellidens marginalis is the major species used in freshwater pearl aquaculture. In addition, ICAR-CIFA has pioneered a novel feature of freshwater pearl farming. The Institute has also taken the lead in disseminating freshwater pearl culture technology to the country’s fish farming communities, entrepreneurs, researchers, and students to build a sustainable model for the country’s socio-economic development. In this chapter, we will briefly cover pearls and their types, their historical significance, the spread of pearl mussels of freshwater origin in various countries, pearl biomineralisation, pearl farming techniques, and factors affecting pearl quality, among other things.",book:{id:"10738",slug:"update-on-malacology",title:"Update on Malacology",fullTitle:"Update on Malacology"},signatures:"Shailesh Saurabh, Sweta Pradhan and Sonal Suman",authors:[{id:"415795",title:"Dr.",name:"Shailesh",middleName:null,surname:"Saurabh",slug:"shailesh-saurabh",fullName:"Shailesh Saurabh"},{id:"415797",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sweta",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"sweta-pradhan",fullName:"Sweta Pradhan"},{id:"415799",title:"Ms.",name:"Sonal",middleName:null,surname:"Suman",slug:"sonal-suman",fullName:"Sonal Suman"}]},{id:"55299",title:"An Insightful Model to Study Innate Immunity and Stress Response in Deep‐Sea Vent Animals: Profiling the Mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus",slug:"an-insightful-model-to-study-innate-immunity-and-stress-response-in-deep-sea-vent-animals-profiling-",totalDownloads:1512,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Deep‐sea environments are, in some cases, largely unexplored ecosystems, where life thrives driven by the geochemical features of each location. Among these environments, chemosynthesis‐based ecosystems, in the Mid Atlantic Ridge, have an exclusive combination of high depth, high sulfur, and high methane concentrations. This is believed to modulate the biological composition of vent communities and influence the overall vent animal transcriptional activity of genes involved in adaptation processes to extreme environments. This opens, thus, the possibility of finding gene expression signatures specific to a given hydrothermal vent field. Regardless of the extreme physicochemical conditions that characterize deep‐sea hydrothermal vents, the animals dwelling around the vent sites exhibit high productivity and thus must cope with toxic nature of vent surrounding, seemingly deleterious to the animals, while developing surprisingly successful strategies to withstand adverse environmental conditions, including environmental microbes and mechanical stress whether ensuing from animal predation or venting activity. The deep‐sea vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus has adapted well to deep‐sea extreme environments and represents the dominating faunal community from hydrothermal vent sites in the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, owing its successful adaptation and high biomasses to specialized exploitation of methane and sulfide sources from venting activity. Its extraordinary capabilities of adapting and thriving in chemosynthesis‐based environments, largely devoid of photosynthetic primary production and characterized by rapid geochemical regime changes are due to symbiotic associations with chemosynthetic bacteria within its large gills. In an attempt to understand physiological reactions in animals normally set to endure extreme deep‐sea environments, our laboratory has undertaken, for the last few years, a series of investigations, aimed at characterizing molecular indicators of adaptation processes of which components of the host defense system has received most attention. This study reviews recent advances on the characterization of molecules and genes participating in immune reactions, using in vivo and ex vivo models, to elucidate cellular and humoral defense mechanisms in vent mussels and the strategies they have adopted to survive under extreme environments.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Raul Bettencourt, Inês Barros, Eva Martins, Inês Martins, Teresa\nCerqueira, Ana Colaço, Valentina Costa, Domitília Rosa, Hugo\nFroufe, Conceição Egas, Sergio Stefanni, Paul Dando and Ricardo S.\nSantos",authors:[{id:"201154",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Bettencourt",slug:"raul-bettencourt",fullName:"Raul Bettencourt"},{id:"205564",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",slug:"eva-martins",fullName:"Eva Martins"},{id:"205565",title:"Dr.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",slug:"ines-martins",fullName:"Inês Martins"},{id:"205566",title:"Dr.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Barros",slug:"ines-barros",fullName:"Inês Barros"},{id:"205567",title:"Ms.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Cerqueira",slug:"teresa-cerqueira",fullName:"Teresa Cerqueira"},{id:"205568",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Colaço",slug:"ana-colaco",fullName:"Ana Colaço"},{id:"205569",title:"Ms.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"valentina-costa",fullName:"Valentina Costa"},{id:"205570",title:"Ms.",name:"Domitília",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"domitilia-rosa",fullName:"Domitília Rosa"},{id:"205571",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Stefanni",slug:"sergio-stefanni",fullName:"Sergio Stefanni"},{id:"205572",title:"MSc.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Froufe",slug:"hugo-froufe",fullName:"Hugo Froufe"},{id:"205573",title:"Dr.",name:"Conceição",middleName:null,surname:"Egas",slug:"conceicao-egas",fullName:"Conceição Egas"},{id:"205574",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Dando",slug:"paul-dando",fullName:"Paul Dando"},{id:"205575",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Serrão Santos",slug:"ricardo-serrao-santos",fullName:"Ricardo Serrão Santos"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"317",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/13147",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"13147"},fullPath:"/chapters/13147",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()