District-wise livestock census (19th) of pigs in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6083",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Semiconductors - Growth and Characterization",title:"Semiconductors",subtitle:"Growth and Characterization",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Semiconducting materials are widely used in several applications such as photonics, photovoltaics, electronics, and thermoelectrics, because of their optical and electro-optical features. The fundamental and technological importance of these materials is due to the unique physical and chemical properties. Over the years, numerous methods have been developed for the synthesis of high-efficient semiconductors. Moreover, a variety of approach and characterization methods have been used to study the numerous and fascinating properties of the semiconducting materials. This book collects new developments about semiconductors, from the fundamental issues to their synthesis and applications. Special attention has been devoted to electrochemical growth and characterization.",isbn:"978-953-51-3884-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3883-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4032-0",doi:"10.5772/68094",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"semiconductors-growth-and-characterization",numberOfPages:186,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"53bed47ef5d839f8d10d5f1a3b050c49",bookSignature:"Rosalinda Inguanta and Carmelo Sunseri",publishedDate:"March 7th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6083.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10838,numberOfWosCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:71,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 6th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 29th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 29th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 29th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"174858",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosalinda",middleName:null,surname:"Inguanta",slug:"rosalinda-inguanta",fullName:"Rosalinda Inguanta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174858/images/7013_n.jpg",biography:"Rosalinda Inguanta is currently an assistant professor of Applied Physical Chemistry at the University of Palermo. She received her PhD degree in 2008 at the University of Palermo. Her research interests include the synthesis of nanostructured electrochemical devices for electrochemical sensors, batteries, solar cells, and electrolysers and the synthesis of biocoatings to prevent the corrosion of medical devices in human body and the recovery of precious metals from electronic waste. She has developed a new method for the synthesis of nanostructures and thin film of different materials based on galvanic synthesis. In the field of semiconductors, she has studied the electrochemical deposition of different semiconductors, such as CIGS and CZTS; currently, her research team is employed on the study of perovskite thin film starting from electrodeposition of PbO2 layers.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Palermo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"174862",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:null,surname:"Sunseri",slug:"carmelo-sunseri",fullName:"Carmelo Sunseri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174862/images/7014_n.jpg",biography:"Carmelo Sunseri is a full professor of Applied Thermodynamic at the University of Palermo. His main research interests are in the fields of thermodynamic and kinetic study of electrochemical reactions on both metallic and semiconducting electrodes, electrochemical synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials, and photoelectrochemical investigation of semiconductor surfaces. His research activity is focused on materials and systems of technological interest in view of their potential application in the following fields: electrochemical storage and conversion of energy (battery and fuel cells), photovoltaics, fabrication of thin-film devices, and electrochemical fabrication of porous devices.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Palermo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"159",title:"Semiconductor",slug:"semiconductor"}],chapters:[{id:"58741",title:"Investigation of the Nanostructured Semiconductor Metamaterials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72801",slug:"investigation-of-the-nanostructured-semiconductor-metamaterials",totalDownloads:1319,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The presence of electromagnetic waves on two-dimensional interfaces has been extensively studied over the last several decades. Surface plasmonic polariton (SPP), which normally exists at the interface between a noble metal and a dielectric, is treated as the most widely investigated surface wave. SPPs have promoted new applications in many fields such as microelectronics, photovoltaics, etc. Recently, it has been shown that by nanostructuring the metal surface, it is possible to modify the dispersion of SPPs in a prescribed manner. Herein, we demonstrate the existence of a new kind of surface wave between two anisotropic meta-materials. In contrast to extensively studied surface waves such as SPPs and Dyakonov waves, the surface waves supported by the nanostructured semiconductor metamaterial cross the light line, and a substantial portion at lower frequencies lies above the free-space light line. Consequently, the proposed structure will interact with the material via leaky waves.",signatures:"Aleksej Trofimov, Tatjana Gric and Ortwin Hess",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58741",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58741",authors:[{id:"212653",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatjana",surname:"Gric",slug:"tatjana-gric",fullName:"Tatjana Gric"},{id:"212660",title:"Prof.",name:"Ortwin",surname:"Hess",slug:"ortwin-hess",fullName:"Ortwin Hess"},{id:"231188",title:"MSc.",name:"Aleksej",surname:"Trofimov",slug:"aleksej-trofimov",fullName:"Aleksej Trofimov"}],corrections:null},{id:"57748",title:"Understanding the Mechanisms that Affect the Quality of Electrochemically Grown Semiconducting Nanowires",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71631",slug:"understanding-the-mechanisms-that-affect-the-quality-of-electrochemically-grown-semiconducting-nanow",totalDownloads:1422,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Template-assisted synthesis of nanowires is a simple electrochemical technique commonly used in the fabrication of semiconducting nanowires. It is an easy and cost-effective approach compared to conventional lithography, which requires expensive equipment. The focus of this chapter is on the various mechanisms involving mass transport of ions during successive stages of the template-assisted electrochemical growth of indium antimonide (InSb) nanowires. The nanowires were grown in two different templates such as commercially available anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates and polycarbonate membranes. The chapter also presents the results of characterizing the InSb nanowires connected in a field effect transistor (FET) configuration. The Sb-rich InSb nanowires that were fabricated by DC electrodeposition in nanoporous AAO exhibited hole-dominated transport (p-type conduction). Temperature-dependent transport measurement shows the semiconducting nature of these nanowires.",signatures:"Abhay Singh and Usha Philipose",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57748",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57748",authors:[{id:"24712",title:"Dr.",name:"Usha",surname:"Philipose",slug:"usha-philipose",fullName:"Usha Philipose"},{id:"208020",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Singh",slug:"abhay-singh",fullName:"Abhay Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"59407",title:"Semiconductor Quantum Wells with BenDaniel-Duke Boundary Conditions and Janus Nanorods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73837",slug:"semiconductor-quantum-wells-with-bendaniel-duke-boundary-conditions-and-janus-nanorods",totalDownloads:1053,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The energy levels of bound states of an electron in a quantum well with BenDaniel-Duke boundary condition are studied. Analytic, explicit, simple, and accurate formulae have been obtained for the ground state and the first excited state. In our approach, the exact, transcendental eigenvalues equations were replaced with approximate, tractable, algebraic equations, using algebraic approximations for some trigonometric functions. Our method can be applied to both type I and type II semiconductors and easily extended to quantum dots. The same approach was used for the semi-quantitative analyze of two toy models of Janus nanorods.",signatures:"Victor Barsan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59407",authors:[{id:"100805",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Barsan",slug:"victor-barsan",fullName:"Victor Barsan"}],corrections:null},{id:"59109",title:"Nanostructured ZnO, Cu2ZnSnS4, Cd1−xZnxTe Thin Films Obtained by Spray Pyrolysis Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72988",slug:"nanostructured-zno-cu2znsns4-cd1-xznxte-thin-films-obtained-by-spray-pyrolysis-method",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The paper presents the investigation on the influence of substrate temperature Ts and the sprayed initial solution volume Vs on structural, substructural, optical properties, and elemental composition of ZnO and Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) films as well as state-of-the-art of studying the Cd1−xZnxTe (CZT) films obtained by spray pyrolysis technique. The single-phase nanocrystalline ZnO films with average crystallite size of DC = 25–270 nm and thickness of d = 0.8–1.2 μm can be deposited at substrate temperatures of Ts > 473 K. The continuous CZTS films with optimal thickness (d = 1.3 μm) for application as absorber layers in solar cells were deposited at the sprayed initial precursor volume of Vs = 5 ml. The increase of the substrate temperature up to 673 K caused the significant improvements in the stoichiometry of ZnO films. The optimal stoichiometry ratio of CZTS films for application in solar cells was obtained at Vs = 3–4 ml. Optical study of ZnO films showed that these films have a high-transmission coefficient values of T = 60–80%. To the best of our knowledge, there is the lack of works devoted to the study of CZT films obtained by spray pyrolysis technique.",signatures:"Oleksandr Dobrozhan, Denys Kurbatov, Petro Danilchenko and\nAnatoliy Opanasyuk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59109",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59109",authors:[{id:"144156",title:"Dr.",name:"Anatoliy",surname:"Opanasyuk",slug:"anatoliy-opanasyuk",fullName:"Anatoliy Opanasyuk"},{id:"223520",title:"Dr.",name:"Denys",surname:"Kurbatov",slug:"denys-kurbatov",fullName:"Denys Kurbatov"},{id:"237396",title:"MSc.",name:"Oleksandr",surname:"Dobrozhan",slug:"oleksandr-dobrozhan",fullName:"Oleksandr Dobrozhan"},{id:"237398",title:"MSc.",name:"Petro",surname:"Danilchenko",slug:"petro-danilchenko",fullName:"Petro Danilchenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"57273",title:"E-ALD: Tailoring the Optoeletronic Properties of Metal Chalcogenides on Ag Single Crystals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71014",slug:"e-ald-tailoring-the-optoeletronic-properties-of-metal-chalcogenides-on-ag-single-crystals",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Technological development in nanoelectronics and solar energy devices demands nanostructured surfaces with controlled geometries and composition. Electrochemical atomic layer deposition (E-ALD) is recognized as a valid alternative to vacuum and chemical bath depositions in terms of growth control, quality and performance of semiconducting systems, such as single 2D semiconductors and multilayered materials. This chapter is specific to the E-ALD of metal chalcogenides on Ag single crystals and highlights the electrochemistry for the layer-by-layer deposition of thin films through surface limited reactions (SLRs). Also discussed herein is the theoretical framework of the under potential deposition (UPD), whose thermodynamic treatment open questions to the correct interpretation of the experimental data. Careful design of the E-ALD process allows fine control over both thickness and composition of the deposited layers, thus tailoring the optoelectronic properties of semiconductor compounds. Specifically, the possibility to tune the band gap by varying either the number of deposition cycles or the growth sequence of ternary compounds paves the way toward the formation of advanced photovoltaic materials.",signatures:"Emanuele Salvietti, Andrea Giaccherini, Filippo Gambinossi, Maria\nLuisa Foresti, Maurizio Passaponti, Francesco Di Benedetto and\nMassimo Innocenti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57273",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57273",authors:[{id:"189009",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Innocenti",slug:"massimo-innocenti",fullName:"Massimo Innocenti"},{id:"189015",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Di Benedetto",slug:"francesco-di-benedetto",fullName:"Francesco Di Benedetto"},{id:"189017",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Giaccherini",slug:"andrea-giaccherini",fullName:"Andrea Giaccherini"},{id:"218978",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",surname:"Salvietti",slug:"emanuele-salvietti",fullName:"Emanuele Salvietti"},{id:"218979",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",surname:"Gambinossi",slug:"filippo-gambinossi",fullName:"Filippo Gambinossi"},{id:"218980",title:"MSc.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"Passaponti",slug:"maurizio-passaponti",fullName:"Maurizio Passaponti"},{id:"218981",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Luisa",surname:"Foresti",slug:"maria-luisa-foresti",fullName:"Maria Luisa Foresti"}],corrections:null},{id:"58740",title:"Pulsed Electrochemical Deposition of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Semiconductor Thin Films",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71857",slug:"pulsed-electrochemical-deposition-of-cuinse2-and-cu-in-ga-se2-semiconductor-thin-films",totalDownloads:1453,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"CuInSe2 (CIS) and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) semiconductors are the most studied absorber materials for thin films solar cells due to their direct bandgap and large absorption coefficient. The highly efficient CIGS devices are often fabricated using expensive vacuum based technologies; however, recently electrodeposition has been demonstrated to produce CIGS devices with high efficiencies and it is easily amenable for large area films of high quality with effective material use and high deposition rate. In this context, this chapter discusses the recent developments in CIS and CIGS technologies using electrodeposition. In addition, the fundamental features of electrodeposition such as direct current, pulse and pulse-reverse plating and their application in the fabrication of CIS and CIGS films are discussed. In conclusion, the chapter summarizes the utilization of pulse electrodeposition for fabrication of CIS and CIGS films while making a recommendation for exploring the group’s unique pulse electroplating method.",signatures:"Sreekanth Mandati, Bulusu V. Sarada, Suhash R. Dey and Shrikant V.\nJoshi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58740",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58740",authors:[{id:"207526",title:"Dr.",name:"Sreekanth",surname:"Mandati",slug:"sreekanth-mandati",fullName:"Sreekanth Mandati"},{id:"207714",title:"Dr.",name:"Bulusu V.",surname:"Sarada",slug:"bulusu-v.-sarada",fullName:"Bulusu V. Sarada"},{id:"207715",title:"Dr.",name:"Suhash Ranjan",surname:"Dey",slug:"suhash-ranjan-dey",fullName:"Suhash Ranjan Dey"},{id:"207717",title:"Prof.",name:"Shrikant V.",surname:"Joshi",slug:"shrikant-v.-joshi",fullName:"Shrikant V. Joshi"}],corrections:null},{id:"58469",title:"The Electrochemical Performance of Deposited Manganese Oxide-Based Film as Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitor Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71957",slug:"the-electrochemical-performance-of-deposited-manganese-oxide-based-film-as-electrode-material-for-el",totalDownloads:1736,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The transition metal oxide has been recognized as one of the promising electrode materials for electrochemical capacitor application. Due to the participation of charge transfer reactions, the capacitance offered by transition metal oxide can be higher compared to double layer capacitance. The investigation on hydrous ruthenium oxide has revealed the surface redox reactions that contributed to the wide potential window shown on cyclic voltammetry curve. Although the performance of ruthenium oxide is impressive, its toxicity has limited itself from commercial application. Manganese oxide is a pseudocapacitive material behaves similar to ruthenium oxide. It consists of various oxidation states which allow the occurrence of redox reactions. It is also environmental friendly, low cost, and natural abundant. The charge storage of manganese oxide film takes into account of the redox reactions between Mn3+ and Mn4+ and can be accounted to two mechanisms. The first one involves the intercalation/deintercalation of electrolyte ions and/or protons upon reduction/oxidation processes. The second contributor for the charge storage is due to the surface adsorption of electrolyte ions on the electrode surface.",signatures:"Chan Pei Yi and Siti Rohana Majid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58469",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58469",authors:[{id:"197956",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"S.R.",surname:"Majid",slug:"s.r.-majid",fullName:"S.R. Majid"},{id:"216449",title:"Ms.",name:"Pei Yi",surname:"Chan",slug:"pei-yi-chan",fullName:"Pei Yi Chan"}],corrections:null},{id:"58476",title:"Semiconducting Electrospun Nanofibers for Energy Conversion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72817",slug:"semiconducting-electrospun-nanofibers-for-energy-conversion",totalDownloads:1238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, semiconducting thin films, thanks to their unique and excellent properties, play a crucial role for the design of devices for energy conversion and storage, such as solar cells, perovskite solar cells, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and fuel cells. Since the nanostructured arrangements can improve the behavior of the materials in several application fields, in this chapter we propose the electrospinning process as electro-hydrodynamic deposition to obtain semiconducting materials, in the form of nanofiber mats. The nanostructured mats are able to provide high surface-area-to-volume ratio and a microporous structure, which are crucial aspects for energetic application. 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Recent Advances",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the largest contributor to death worldwide. Early studies demonstrated that high consumption of fat increased the risk for CVD and mortality. Subsequently, certain studies indicated that replacing a portion of saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased the risk for CVD. In addition, it has been shown that intake of saturated fat increases total cholesterol concentrations. However, cholesterol is found in a variety of components, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. The consumption of saturated fat tends to increase both LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations. Interestingly, the intake of saturated fat has been reported to increase large LDL particles, which are less atherogenic, compared to small LDL particles. To add to the complexity, low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets likely increase triglyceride and decrease HDL concentrations.
\r\n\r\n\tFurthermore, the consumption of certain food components, including fiber, phytochemicals, micronutrients, and probiotics, may partially offset the individual effects of fatty acids on CVD risk factors. Other interesting and timely health topics regarding fat and fatty acids include seizures and depression. A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet has been used to treat individuals who experience seizures. Additionally, some authors have indicated that omega-3 fatty acids may treat depression.
\r\n\r\n\tTherefore, the aim of this book will provide recent evidence on the effects of fat and fatty acid consumption on CVD risk, seizures, and depression.
\r\n\t
Andaman and Nicobar islands are one of the diversified unique ecosystems in the world. Being away from the main land and less population pressure, the area is still maintaining almost pollution free virgin environment, harbouring pure and rich germplasm resources. It is situated in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal between 92o12′ E and 93o57′ E longitude and between 6o 45′N and 13o 41′N latitude with 10oN channel dividing the Nicobar group of islands from Andaman group of Islands. Andaman and Nicobar is a group of 576 islands, islets and rocks covering a geographical area of 8293 km2 and a population of 3.80 lakhs. Andaman and Nicobar islands share the same broad agro-ecological region as South East Asian countries. Majority of the 188 named islands are small in size. Thirty-six of these are inhabited. Only four islands namely North, Middle and South Andaman in the Andaman group and Great Nicobar in the southern group have an area greater than 1000 km2. Little Andaman with an area of 731 km2 is the next largest island. Among the rest, 32 islands exceed 10 km2 while 96 are less than 1 km2 in area. Of the inhabited islands, 12 have population exceeding 1000 persons. Andaman and Nicobar islands have the annual rainfall of average is 3070 mm covering the month from May to December. The period between January and April is the driest when the number of rainy days in each month hardly exceeds three. During these periods, agricultural crops often suffer severely. The mean temperature (24.3-30.5°C), relative humidity (82.5%) and wind speed (5.8 km/h) almost remains same throughout the year. The seasons were classified into rainy/wet (May to November) and dry/summer (December to April) in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Average sun light hours per day differed significantly between rainy (4.28 ± 0.89) and dry summer (9.20 ± 0.74) seasons. From the month of December to April in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the sun shines regularly, whereas the sky is often become cloudy from June to September. Average relative humidity (%) was differed significantly between rainy (84.21 ± 1.93) and dry summer (75.80 ± 2.06) seasons. Average temperature (°C) was differed significantly between rainy (29.71 ± 0.62) and dry summer (31.42 ± 0.80) seasons. Average rainfall (mm) was differed significantly between rainy (444.92 ± 13.62) and dry summer (89.04 ± 8.84) seasons. Average solar direct irradiance (kWh/m2/day) was differed significantly between rainy (3.47 ± 0.95) and dry summer (6.24 ± 0.56) seasons. Average temperature humidity index (THI) was differed significantly between rainy (84.92 ± 1.59) and dry summer (85.59 ± 1.15) seasons. Average sea surface temperature (°C) was differed between rainy (27.97 ± 0.87) and dry summer (29.94 ± 1.30) seasons.
Livestock farming is considered to be a profitable enterprise in agriculture and constitutes an important activity for income enhancement. As per livestock census of 2012, the cattle, buffalo, goat, pig and poultry population including duck in the island is 45625, 7863, 65324, 35921 and 1165223, respectively. Livestock census, India revealed that the pig population was reduced (25.79%) significantly from 18th (2007: 48406 [1]) to 19th (2012: 35921 [2]) and then increased (5.98%) from 19th to 20th (2017: 40488[3]) livestock census, Government of India (Tables 1 and 2). Similarly, Tsunami, 2004 has significantly affected the Nicobari pig population in Nicobar group of Islands. There are four different genetic groups of pigs in the Islands, namely, Andaman local pig (ALP), long snouted Little Andaman wild pig (Schedule II animal under Forest Act, 1972, Govt. of India), Nicobari pig and pure and cross breeds of Large White Yorkshire (Table 3). Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands are endowed with immaculate flora and fauna biodiversity [5]. The indigenous livestock germplasm namely Nicobari, Andaman local and Andaman wild pigs, Teressa and Andaman local goats and Nicobari fowl are predominant in Andaman and Nicobar group of islands. Among the indigenous livestock, pig occupies 27.26% of the total livestock in Andaman and Nicobar Islands [6]. However, the Nicobari indigenous pig is under severe threat to endanger from the island, therefore immediate conservation effort is to be taken and its very much necessary [7]. Till 2012, this Nicobari breed received very little attention and no systematic documentation was made. This Nicobari pigs were considered as a recognised and distinguished pig breed of Indian Government (INDIA PIG-3300-NICOBARI09005 by NBAGR, Karnal). Genetic diversity was very high as compared to European breeds [7]. Nicobari pig breed is adapted well physiologically and anatomically and has high tolerable capacity to different humid tropical deleterious environmental conditions. Nicobari pigs are natural scavengers and size is from medium to large with low reproductive and growth performance. Nicobari pig breed is highly preferred among the tribals, it is a good source of protein supplement to them and also it helps to improve their family income.
District | Category | Male | Female | Grand total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<6 Months | >6 Months | Total | <6 Months | >6 Months | Total | |||
Nicobar | Indigenous | 4381 | 3928 | 8309 | 4442 | 3644 | 8086 | 16395 |
Exotic/crossbred | 1892 | 1477 | 3369 | 1579 | 1438 | 3017 | 6386 | |
North & Middle Andaman | Indigenous | 1725 | 1513 | 3238 | 1604 | 1544 | 3148 | 6386 |
Exotic/crossbred | 1004 | 951 | 1955 | 854 | 870 | 1724 | 3679 | |
South Andaman | Indigenous | 528 | 409 | 937 | 704 | 676 | 1380 | 2317 |
Exotic/crossbred | 134 | 215 | 349 | 167 | 242 | 409 | 758 |
District-wise livestock census (19th) of pigs in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Tehsil wise | Exotic/Crossbred | Indigenous | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | ||
Diglipur | 851 | 713 | 1564 | 1682 | 1823 | 3505 | 5069 |
Mayabunder | 571 | 420 | 991 | 625 | 558 | 1183 | 2174 |
Rangat | 553 | 591 | 1124 | 930 | 765 | 1695 | 2819 |
Ferrargunj | 98 | 109 | 207 | 11 | 29 | 40 | 247 |
Port Blair (Rural) | 134 | 200 | 334 | 9 | 15 | 24 | 358 |
Port Blair (Urban) | 117 | 100 | 217 | 27 | 50 | 77 | 294 |
Little Andaman | 0 | 0 | 0 | 890 | 1286 | 2176 | 2176 |
Car Nicobar | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6369 | 6240 | 12609 | 12610 |
Nancowry | 3056 | 2719 | 5775 | 1583 | 1528 | 3111 | 8886 |
Campbell Bay | 312 | 298 | 610 | 358 | 320 | 678 | 1288 |
Nicobar Dist | 3369 | 3017 | 6386 | 8310 | 8088 | 16398 | 22784 |
Tehsil-wise livestock census (19th) of pigs in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Common name | Scientific name | Habitat | Status | Adaptation | Disease resistance | Management |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nicobari pig | Nicobar group of islands | Not-endangered | Adapted to hot and humid climate of Nicobar islands | Acquired Resistance to common pig diseases | Backyard pig production system | |
Andaman local pig | Andaman group of islands | Not-endangered | Adapted to hot and humid climate of Nicobar islands | Acquired Resistance to common pig diseases | Backyard and intensive pig production system | |
Andaman wild pig | Andaman group of islands | Endangered | Adapted to hot and humid climate of Andaman islands | Acquired Resistance to common pig diseases | Completely scavenging Feral |
Status of pigs in Andaman and Nicobar Islands [4].
The ALP is associated with the socio-culture-economic-tradition of tribals. Andaman local pig is in general as semi-feral in behaviour and is mostly reared in extensive or free-range system with little amount of management. Mitogenome analysis revealed that this ALP can be evolved as an independent breed in Andaman and Nicobar Islands as merit for registration as a recognised pig breed [8]. This pig group is under the condition of endanger and immediate preservation, conservation and propagation effort is very much needed to save the local breed of pig from extinction [7]. Pig production system is highly economical due to high production potential, fast growth rate, short generation interval, prolific fecundity, highly efficient carcass yield and higher adaptability to the different micro and macro environmental as well as the climatological conditions [9]. ALP is very well adapted and tolerable to the different tropical humid harsh environmental conditions with higher relative humidity, higher temperature as well as higher temperature humidity index. Further, these local indigenous Andaman local pigs are scavengers and also semi-wild in their behaviour or character. Andaman local pigs have very good maternal ability and are aggressive when farrowing or delivery. Although the ALPs have lower in their growth rate and reproductive and productive performances, it is highly liked by the rural tribal communities for supplementation of sufficient protein and income for the family. Pork production is essential especially in the Nicobar Islands than in the other part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. People of Nicobar group of Islands consume 70% of the pork produced in Andaman and Nicobar Islands while the rest of the islanders consume 30% of pork [2]. Wild pig of Andaman (
Nicobari pig (
Nicobari pig is a registered descriptive domesticated pig breed of India (INDIA_PIG_3300_NICOBARI_09005). Molecular characterisation with use of microsatellite markers on local pig breeds revealed that the Nicobari pig has mean observed heterozygosity of 0.70 ± 0.09 and Andaman local pig has 0.72 ± 0.07 and both were has significantly higher mean observed heterozygosity than in the Large White Yorkshire as 0.56 ± 0.07, the present study result indicated that Andaman Local pig as well as Nicobari pigs are genetically different from the exotic pig breeds of LWY as well as from other Indian indigenous pig breeds such as Gahuri, North Indian desi and Ankamali [16]. Nicobari pig population was highest in Car Nicobar followed by Chowra, Teressa, Nancowry and Katchal. At present, this indigenous pig breed is under the endangered and threatened category and immediate conservation effort is necessary. In Nicobar and other parts of Islands where the Nicobar tribes are living, there is no commercial pig rearing system or commercial pork production system among the Nicobari tribal community. The pigs are also exchanged as gift between families and islands, bartering within their communities. This porter or exchange practice has significantly reduced the inbreeding among the pigs in the villages. Nicobari pigs are short in stature with compact body, black/brownish or creamy white or reddish brown or blackish brown coat, light brown or pinky and strong muzzle, light brownish creamy-white or light blackish white hooves and small eyelids with brown or creamy white and short, coarse, straight ears and attached with close to the head or body. In some pockets of islands, piglets were shown with dark brownish red stripes in the dorsal part of the body and this appearance of striped piglets is an essential indicator of primitive pig type or marker of origination of this pig from wild group of pigs. The majority of the pigs appears small to medium sized, short legged, short with a long body and their skin colour includes black, grey, brown and blackish brown. Sometime, the ventral side (belly region) were coloured with cream or white and in some pigs the pattern of colouring has extended throughout the whole body. The bristles are dense, coarse with black or brown or creamy in colour. This pig has a marked bristle crest or mane on the dorsal part of the pig which is extending to tail base from mid head/shoulder. Slight downward curvature or arch of the back/low back is considered as the most common feature in this pig breed. There are no facial warts in pigs. These breeds are sturdy and short compared to other desi breeds. Head is short with a strong slightly curved (downward) snout and large jowl. Some pigs inside the jungle are reported with long big head and strong lengthy snout with aggressive indicates wildness. Neck is short, clean and heavy. The shoulders are light, firm and free from coarseness, medium width and well attached to body. The body is medium length, slightly arched (downwards) at back, no uniform breadth/sides, well sprung ribs, strong and slightly wider loin and back; slightly broad hams, well-filled but not up to hocks. Nicobari pigs have large, capacious/heavy and moderately pot-bellied abdomen. The fascial profiles of pigs vary from flat to concave giving a docile nature and rooting behaviour. The legs of pig are short, strong, smooth pattern with or without wrinkles and they are fast runners. The legs are square with body. Tail is generally medium to long in size and the characteristic feature of the tail is that no curling observed and it is straight extending beyond hock. Uncastrated pigs live inside the jungle are heavy weight with well grown tusk, ferocious in nature and attempts to attack the strange people, those enter inside the jungle. This indigenous pig breed is healthy, very active, alert and fast runner and well adapted to the local environment of Nicobar. These parameters mark that the Nicobari pigs are originated or descendent from wild boar i.e.
The pig is managed under open grazing, free range systems in the coconut plantation and inside the dense forest. These pigs have the natural habitats include rain forest, mountain forest and plantation area. During day time, pigs roam freely in jungles in search of food and in evening, they return to their respective owners or remain in the forest. Feed and feeding practices reveal that none of the farmers provide pigs with commercial feed. Feeding the pigs, both in morning and evening is the important routine of the day and these pigs are very active both in very early morning and late evening and move in batches of 4 to 20 to eat feeds [17]. No feed (ration) is prepared separately for the pigs. The pigs are grown and fattened using locally available feed resources and without any concentrate ration. Nicobari pigs are omnivorous, though largely vegetarian; are opportunists and most will eat a wide range of food of animal origin. The pigs are fed with copra, coconut and its water, ripe pandanus fruit, bread fruit, Nicobari aalu, root crops, both fresh and cooked fish, poor quality fish waste, crab, coconut beetles, kitchen and vegetable waste and other commonly found arthropods. Pigs are also fond of dehusking ripe coconuts and breaking the hard nut to enable them to eat the coconut kernel. Some of these pigs are also found on the sea shore, especially during the low tide, scavenging for snails, shellfish and other sea creatures. This Nicobari pig breed has very good behaviour on rooting and gets sufficient nutrient rice feeds especially on wild palm root and also eats crabs, small insects and also other sea wastes which are in sea shore areas. Four local or indigenously available feed materials such as pandanus, coconut, and Nicobari aalu and bread fruit are commonly fed to pigs by the tribals. Coconut is the main feed for Nicobari pigs and almost one third of the total coconut produce is reserved for feeding their pigs. Pigs are fattened mainly on coconut feeding. In Teressa Island, pigs are fed with poor quality fish, snails and meaty portions of seashells [13]. Although higher market value of coconuts, this Nicobari pigs are fed continuously with coconuts as these pigs are placed in a high position in the minds of the Nicobarese. At the time of feeding, the tribes have very different and distinct ways of calling the pigs, for example, by beating bamboo, producing different sounds by shouting at a peculiar high peak or singing particular songs. These animals soon respond to their owners and come to their respective place of feeding. It is observed that only the pigs of the concerned
The allele size range, observed and effective number of alleles, observed and expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content (PIC) at 23 loci in Nicobari pig are studied. The allele size range varies from 86 to 116 bp at locus SW936 to 280–296 at locus IGFI. The total number of alleles ranges between 5 (S0178, SW951, SW24 and S0386) and 11 (S0355). The effective number of alleles ranges from 2.97 (SW24) to 7.9 (S0355). The mean observed number of alleles for all 23 loci in Nicobari pigs is 6.96 ± 0.31. The observed heterozygosities are lower than the expected values at all the 23-studied loci in Nicobari pig. The mean expected and observed heterozygosities are 0.75 ± 0.01 and 0.655 ± 0.02, respectively. The mean PIC for all the 23-studied loci is 0.74 ± 0.01 [7].
Herd composition of individual Nicobari pig family is 15.56 ± 2.59, 2.33 ± 0.33, 2.00 ± 0.48, 2.70 ± 0.90 and 1.83 ± 0.31 for herd size, sows, boars, growers and piglets respectively. They can survive with a very low level of management [4, 18]. The herd statistics reveals that the pig herd size per household ranges from 7.5 to 10.0 with a mean of 8.9. The herd size of Nicobari pig in every individual family in Nancowry, Teressa and Car Nicobar varies between 10 and 15 and is higher than on other islands. The overall herd size of the Nicobari pig is 12.46. It is recorded that 33.2% of farmers kept less than 5 pigs, 47.1% of farmers kept more than 10 pigs and 19.7% of farmers kept 5–10 pigs in their house. The herd composition reveals that the adult female population ranged between 9 and 20 percent. The adult breeding populations are important to further propagate the germplasm and there is an immediate need to increase breedable population of female pigs in Nicobar group of islands. 97.2% of household are rearing indigenous Nicobari pigs whereas remaining 2.8% are rearing Large White Yorkshire crossbreeds. Pigs for fattening purpose are reared by 84% of farmers. Black-coloured pigs are preferred by 86.7% of farmers, 6.7% liked white ones and 6.6% had no colour preference. Husbandry practices reveal that the tribal farmers did not rear pigs as a source of income. All the animals are used for domestic consumption during weddings and other festivals [7, 10, 11, 12].
Pigs in Nicobar do not have separate house/shelter or sty. Pigs are mainly resting underneath the tribal’s hut/shelter. The Nicobari shelters/hut are prepared in sufficient height from the ground floor with approximately 2-3 m to assure a sufficient space/place for pig and piglets to get sufficient rest and also to protect from heavy rainfall in Nicobar islands [7, 10, 11, 12]. No separate pig house or sty or any housing pattern is constructed for the pigs. A separate enclosure/shelters for piglet are made using locally available material usually bamboos by the tribes of all the islands. Two types of night shelter are provided for pigs. In 58% of households, the pigs are housed underneath the tribe’s hut. The huts are made in appropriate height from the floor to protect the pigs from heavy rainfall and other inclement weather. Seventy-six percent of shelters have concrete floors and they are cleaned regularly. On the other hand, in 42% of household, separate indigenous pig sties made of bamboo or other indigenous plant material are provided. The size of the sty varies according to the size of the pig and population. The pigs marked for slaughter and feral pigs caught from jungles were kept in separate wooden enclosures with roofs made of wild leaves or long grasses. The shelters are generally made of pieces of wooden planks, tree branches and the roofing is made using leaves/grasses [7, 10, 11, 12]. The shelters are made in different sizes depending on the population. Nicobari tribes in Teressa Island are using sea sand as the suitable bedding material for sows as well as old rags; cloths and/or dry big size leaves are used for new born piglets as bedding materials [13].
Adult body weight of Nicobari pig is 175-200 kg. Dressing percentage, live weight at slaughter (kg) and average age at slaughter (months) was reported as 70-80, 112.82 ± 14.26 and 12.76 ± 1.07, respectively. Both growers and adults are slaughtered. Pig slaughter and pork consumption pattern revealed that there is no commercial system of pig rearing or sale of pork prevailed among the tribal people. They rear pigs mainly for consumption during different festivals, ceremonies, village functions and inter village sports. During the functions, all the tribal people of a particular village assemble and take part in a fight between pigs and the tribe popularly known as “pig fight”. The tribe members fight the pigs either alone or in a group. After defeating a pig, it is subjected to slaughter. Slaughtering of the pigs is carried out in different locations including the pig farmer’s own premise, as there is no organised slaughterhouse. The slaughter procedure is done very systematically. Pigs are killed by direct cardiac puncture using a sharp-ended stick and the entire pig is roasted in a fire for scalding and cut off parts for consumption. Dressing percentage is found high; varied from 70 to 80%. The pig fat is smeared over the meat for long-term storage. Most of the festivals and ceremonies are cantered on pig and the pig festival (Cana-haun in Nicobari language). Mostly, male/boars are preferred for slaughter [7, 10, 11, 12].
Pigs are allowed for open range feeding and breeding occurs in the forest area. Reproductive performance reveals that natural mating is occurred in the jungle as in free-range systems of farming. The reproduction of this Nicobari pig stock is very high in comparison to other livestock. In general, the breeding male resides in jungle and also it is difficult to see or collect. The adult mature female pig goes to inside the jungle to cross with the adult boar at the breeding cycle. Reproductive performances of pigs are as age at first farrowing (months), litter size (number) and farrowing interval was 10.91 ± 0.85, 8.06 ± 0.33 piglets and 17.91 ± 0.33, respectively. The age at first farrowing is 10 to 12 months, the litter size is normally 6 to 10, farrowing interval is 8-10 months and the method of mating is natural. It is observed that before farrowing, the pregnant sow goes to jungles and prepares nests with wild leaves, grasses and some other plant materials and this indicates that the Nicobari pig has inherent behaviour for fashioning or building their nest. Pregnant sows and nursing sows are cared by the tribal women with utmost important which is same as traditional pig rearing practices which is followed at Kebar and Manokwari where pregnant females get top prior attention on feeding and management and they are kept as close to the tribal house and also supplied good quality food, water and shelter to them. It is also reported that sows in their last stage of pregnancy go to the jungle, farrow there and do not return to tribal shelter until 2 to 3 weeks, later bringing along with piglets. As farrowing occurred in the forest, exact litter size and piglet mortality are not known. Based on tribal farmers assumption, it is revealed that the mean age at first farrowing (months), litter size (number) and farrowing interval (months) were 10.8 ± 0.8, 6.8 ± 0.4 and 8.3 ± 0.4, respectively. It is reported that the teat number in Nicobari sows is varied from 5 to 6 pairs indicated that it has higher fecundity. The pigs are observed with good mothering characteristics. No weaning practice is followed. There is no information about the pre or post weaning mortality in pigs [7, 10, 11, 12].
The tribes have the knowledge and benefits of castration. It was believed that the castration might improve the body weight gain of pigs and makes the male pig more docile. Castration practices revealed that it was found that 94% of the farmers used to castrate their male pigs at the age of 3–4 months. Among the male piglets, the piglets with better vigour, body weight and health are not castrated; they are kept for breeding purpose. These practices indicate that the tribes have the knowledge of selection of good boar for breeding. Castration is performed in the dry season. The farmers use a surgical method of castration [7, 10, 11, 12].
One study was conducted to assess the effect of intensive and extensive system on different reproductive parameters. Results revealed that age at first oestrus (160.10 ± 6.83 vs. 173.6 ± 2.91 days), oestrus duration (66.00 ± 0.44 vs. 88.56 ± 3.57 hrs), age at first mating (160.00 ± 5.77 vs. 188.10 ± 2.41 days), gestation period (114.64 ± 0.23 vs. 116.12 ± 0.11 days), age at first farrowing (301.70 ± 2.4 vs. 319.20 ± 4.25 days), farrowing interval (226.00 ± 6.20 vs. 242.40 ± 4.84 days), litter size at farrowing (6.50 ± 0.34 vs. 7.19 ± 0.18), stillbirth (0.20 ± 0.01 vs. 0.59 ± 0.04 number per sow) and mortality (0.22 ± 0.08 vs. 0.68 ± 0.02 number per sow) are significantly lower in intensive system than free range system in female animals. Similarly oestrus cycle duration (26.09 ± 0.22 vs. 21.01 ± 0.20 days), litter weight at birth (0.83 ± 0.29 vs. 0.79 ± 0.71 kg), litter size at weaning (5.33 ± 0.33 vs. 5.23 ± 0.14), litter weight at weaning (31.28 ± 3.19 vs. 24.52 ± 3.15 kg) and litter weight at weaning (31.28 ± 3.19 vs. 24.52 ± 3.15 kg) are higher in intensive than in extensive system of rearing. In male, age at first mating (156.30 ± 2.08 vs. 143.1 ± 2.11 days) was significantly higher in intensive than in the extensive rearing system [19].
Body measurements (cm) such as chest girth (84.45 ± 3.01 vs. 93.77 ± 3.87), body length (84.88 ± 4.08 vs. 78.56 ± 2.77), height at withers (56.11 ± 2.44 vs. 60.65 ± 2.68) and neck girth (78.10 ± 3.40 vs. 67.64 ± 3.86) were differed between male and female Nicobari pigs in Nicobar group of Islands [20]. Similarly, body weights (kg) were significantly higher in intensive system than in extensive system in male and female animals at birth (0.86 ± 0.05 vs. 0.81 ± 0.06 and 0.81 ± 0.09 vs. 0.79 ± 0.07), weaning (6.56 ± 0.27 vs. 4.95 ± 0.15 and 5.17 ± 0.12 vs. 4.42 ± 0.13), 3 months (8.32 ± 0.14 vs. 6.47 ± 0.10 and 7.17 ± 0.17 vs. 6.15 ± 0.15), 6 months (50.00 ± 0.20 vs. 28.39 ± 0.30 and 42.27 ± 0.32 vs. 26.47 ± 0.22), 9 months (64.00 ± 0.27 vs. 38.39 ± 0.34 and 54.60 ± 1.07 vs. 36.57 ± 0.54) and 12 months (77.50 ± 0.29 vs. 43.06 ± 0.74 and 66.90 ± 1.08 vs. 40.95 ± 0.78). It is concluded that growth and reproductive performances of Nicobari pigs reared under intensive system has significantly higher beneficial than in free-range system [19].
Nicobari tribes identify their pigs in the systematic methods as they create identical cuts on the piglets’ ears in such a way to easily identify or differentiate the piglets from one lineage or joint family to another lineage or family. Generally, markings resemble the symbols of claw and eyes of the crab, circle, half moon and similar identification cuts. It is a locally formatted act which is done by experienced tribal people of that specific lineage or family. In case, the identification cuts are wrong, the particular pig is killed and slaughtered and the particular concern person who marked wrongly is forced to eat the whole amount of pork without dividing with the other fellow
Lack of feed is found to be the biggest constraint. The main disease constraints are swine fever, parasitic diseases and respiratory problems. Swine fever as the main disease constraint in Nicobar pigs in Nicobar group of Islands. It was reported in the last decade, there was an outbreak of swine fever which caused mortality in young and adult pigs. A vaccination program against swine fever had been implemented by the Veterinary Department of Andaman and Nicobar Administration. Higher prevalence of parasitic diseases has also been observed. Worm infection is diagnosed by discerning of abdomen (67%), unthriftiness (43%) and poor appetite (41%). Only 33% of farmers practiced deworming. Other than diseases, the pigs were killed by the predators like python in the forest and street dogs [7]. There are various conditions such as natural calamities (tsunami and earthquake), predators (Reticulated pythons), outbreak of disease (swine fever) and non-availability of scientific breeding and farming practices leads to severe threat to the Nicobari pigs. Upto date there is three swine fever outbreaks have been observed from these Andaman and Nicobar islands. Nicobari pig breed which is available in Nicobar Islands are very much susceptible to this swine fever disease. The sero prevalence of swine fever was 41.75%, of which Lapathy in Car-Nicobar showed highest Sero-prevalence of 21.87% followed by Diglipur (18.75%), Nancowry (14.28%) and Tamaloo (Car Nicobar, 3.13%). The prevalence of Ascariasis, infestation with tape worm and abnormal nutritional deficiencies were reported in pigs in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A mild outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD-type O) in pig was reported just after the episode of tsunami, 2004 [5].
A Nicobari sows aged 2 years with complete prolapsed uterus was presented for treatment. History revealed that farrowing was normal and the hanging of prolapsed uterus was unnoticed for long period in the night time after farrowing. Everted uterine horns were protruded from vulva in clinical examination. The uterine masses which prolapsed were severely congested as well as oedematous. The values of body temperature, pulse and respiration rate were 102°F, 95/minute and 17/minute respectively. The prolapsed mass was cleaned with cold potassium permanganate (1:1000) solution. Ice packs were applied to reduce oedema. The rear part of the animals was elevated by placing gunny bags. After that attempts were given to replace the everted organ by gently pushing to its original position. However, the sow died due to prolonged exposure of complete prolapse in Nicobari pig [21].
Nicobari pig breed is believed as a local/indigenous pig germplasm belongs to this Andaman and Nicobar island territories. The external/phenotypic parameters revealed that this Nicobari pig breed is indigenous/ ethnic to these bay islands and their presence was reported since many decades. Nicobari pig revealed higher prolificacy as litter size varies from 8 to 10 numbers as well as lower preweaning mortality prevailed. Castrated boar and adult sow revealed significantly higher body weight (110-160 kg). The pigs are reared and considered as family asset among the tribal. No commercial farms or sale of meat is practiced. However, most of the pigs are slaughtered mostly during festive seasons or family/community ceremony. Awareness programme on conservation of indigenous pig germplasm and training on scientific pig farming is given for the Tribal and island farmers [11, 12]. Tribal families were identified for maintaining /conserving the pig germplasm.
Andaman local pig (ALP) has been introduced by settlers in these Islands from mainland India. This ALP is one of the indigenous pig breeds of Andaman group of islands and is mostly found in Baratang and Mayabunder area of Andaman. Its body coat colour differs from rusty grey to black or brown. Neck and back portion hair are very thick as well as long whereas hair on the sides and flank regions are shorter and thinner relatively. The adult male body weight varies from 75 to 80 kg female body weight varies from 60 to 70 kg. Age at first farrowing is about 300 days with litter size of about 7-8. They maintain good health with low plane of nutrition [22].
ALP is very well adapted and tolerable to the different tropical humid harsh environmental conditions with higher relative humidity, higher temperature as well as higher temperature humidity index. Further, these local indigenous Andaman local pigs are scavengers and also semi-wild in their behaviour and character. The Andaman local pigs have good mother caring ability and are more aggressive at farrowing or delivery time. Although the ALPs have lower in their growth rate and reproductive and productive performances, it is highly liked by the rural tribal communities for supplementation of sufficient protein and income for the family. The ALP is associated with the socio-culture-economic-tradition of tribals. Andaman local pig is in general as semi-feral in behaviour and is mostly reared in extensive or free-range system with little amount of management. Mitogenome analysis revealed that this ALP can be evolved as an independent breed in Andaman and Nicobar Islands as merit for registration as a recognised pig breed [8]. This indigenous local pig is under the endangered position and immediate preservation, conservation propagation effort is need to be taken to safeguard the indigenous pig breed from disappearance [7].
Microsatellite markers have been used widely for the genetic characterisation of animal breeds including pig [23, 24, 25, 26]. The microsatellites are used to assess the genetic diversity at higher level among the large genetic resource pools of pigs throughout the world [25]. Andaman local pig was characterised by 23 FAO recommended microsatellite markers. The allele size range, observed and effective number of alleles, observed and expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content (PIC) at 23 loci in Andaman local pig is explained. The allele size range varies from 86 to 116 bp at locus SW936 to 280–296 at locus IGFI. The alleles’ total number is ranged between 5 (SW122, S0228, SW951, S0178 and SW24) and 12 (S0355). The effective number of alleles ranges from 3.14 (SW24) to 8.1 (S0355). The mean expected and observed number of alleles for all the different 23 loci in Desi pigs of Andaman are 5.09 ± 0.20 and 7.04 ± 0.37, respectively [18]. The mean value of effective number of alleles for Andaman local pig is found higher than South-African pig breeds, Mozambique (8.45), Kolbroek (6.18) and Kune-Kune (5.97) but is lower than Duroc (3.98) [27]. The mean effective number of alleles of the Indian pig breeds Desi, Gahuri and Ankamali are 5.00, 5.33 and 5.34 respectively [28]. Higher allele numbers in India populations than in European breeds indicated that isolation and selection effects of these pig populations have been mild or minimum. Andaman local pig has the observed heterozygosities is lower than the expected value at the 22nd loci in S0005. The mean expected and observed heterozygosities are 0.77 ± 0.01 and 0.69 ± 0.01, respectively. The mean PIC for all the 23 studied loci is 0.74 ± 0.01. The genetic diversity in Andaman local pig is higher than the European pig breeds. The PIC is higher than Large White Yorkshire but comparable with other Indian pig breeds like Desi, Gahuri and Ankamali [28]. PIC values of all the microsatellite loci are above 0.5 which indicates that the microsatellite loci are suitable for detection of genetic diversity in Andaman local pig. Mean observed and expected heterozygosities of 23 microsatellite loci of Andaman local pig are found high indicating high genetic diversity of this pig breed. From the microsatellite data, it is also found that this pig breed is distinguishable from other pig breeds. As the pig breed is under the threat of extinction due to extensive cross breeding, serious effort must be initiated to conserve this breed in its breeding tract [18].
Reproductive parameters such as litter size at birth (no.), total and individual litter weight at birth (kg), litter size at weaning (no.), total and individual litter weight at weaning (kg) and pre and post-weaning mortality (%) are recorded. Growth parameters such as body weights (kg) from month 1 to 9 are recorded. Dressing percentage, fat thickness, percentage of lean, fat, meat: bone ratio and also bone are recorded for Andaman local pigs in separately for male and female pigs [20].
Significantly higher body weights are observed from month 1 to 9 under intensive system in male than in female pigs. The rate of body weight growth in different months revealed that the rate between first and second months was 37.10% and this rate has been increased from second (15.39%), third (17.79%) and fifth months (22.81%) and then decreased from fifth (13.42%), sixth (12.45%), seventh (2.87%), eighth (3.14%) to ninth months (2.34%) in male pigs. Similar trend is also observed in female pigs as in month 1 (37.39%), month 2 (15.96%), month 3 (18.28%), month 4 (21.18%), month 5 (16.56%), month 6 (9.93%), month 7 (4.09%), month 8 (3.21%) and month 9 (1.64%). In overview, the body weight of female pig is significantly lower than the male pig (47.87 vs. 52.12%) with an average of 42.66 and 46.18 kg, respectively for female and male pigs [20].
Weight of total litter size, litter size at birth, and individual at birth, litter size at weaning, weight of total litter size and individual at weaning and pre and post weaning mortality differs significantly between male and female pigs at the rate of 17.72, 9.94, 7.79, 3.41, 5.18, 34.19 and 23.46%, respectively. The male has significantly higher value than in female with respect to all these parameters except the pre and post weaning mortality which are significantly higher in female than in male. However, these values are within the normal range of pigs of indigenous population [20].
One study was conducted to assess the reproductive parameters in Andaman local pigs. Results revealed that these reproductive parameters such as litter size at birth (3.87 ± 0.16 vs. 3.17 ± 0.12), average individual weight at birth (1.66 ± 0.02 vs. 1.42 ± 0.02 kg), litter weight at birth (6.41 ± 0.27 vs. 4.48 ± 0.17 kg), litter size at weaning (3.33 ± 0.13 vs. 3.11 ± 0.11), average individual weight at weaning (10.55 ± 0.09 vs. 9.51 ± 0.06 kg), litter weight at weaning (35.08 ± 0.31 vs. 29.56 ± 0.19 kg), pre-weaning mortality (8.87 ± 0.12 vs. 4.35 ± 0.08%) and post weaning mortality (3.42 ± 0.11 vs. 2.12 ± 0.03%) were significantly higher in male than in female animals. Similarly body weight (kg) at 1st Month (6.67 ± 0.15 vs. 5.96 ± 0.20), 2nd month (14.51 ± 0.18 vs. 13.08 ± 0.18), 3rd month (19.79 ± 0.22 vs. 18.05 ± 0.19), 4th month (28.36 ± 0.24 vs. 26.13 ± 0.29), 5th month (45.13 ± 0.17 vs. 40.77 ± 0.27), 6th month (59.13 ± 0.30 vs. 56.96 ± 0.27), 7th month (75.96 ± 0.29 vs. 69.53 ± 0.39), 8th month (80.45 ± 0.14 vs. 75.47 ± 0.22) and 9th month (85.67 ± 0.23 vs. 78.00 ± 0.37) was significantly higher in male than in female animals in Andaman local pigs [20].
Cross breeding with the use of Artificial insemination (AI) can be a tool to upgrade genetically inferior local pigs and avoid inbreeding that usually happens with less number of available breeding boars or small pig population. The purpose of semen preservation for AI is to maximise the use of superior germplasm with extended sperm viability but without much effect on the sperm fertility essential for successful breeding. With the aforesaid vision, semen collection was attempted in Andaman local pigs using gloved hand technique. This is for the first time to be reported in Andaman local pigs.
Preliminary study indicated that Andaman local pig has released total semen volume, gel free semen and gel in semen volume was 220, 30 and 190 ml, respectively, and pH of semen was found to be 7.5. Objective assessment of total and progressive sperm motility was done which were 80 and 75%, respectively. Sperm concentration was estimated with use of haemocytometer chamber and count is 210x106/ml. Morphometric measurements of pig spermatozoa with software enabled microscope were performed. Average head length, head width, tail length and full sperm length was observed to be 9.42, 5.24, 43.93 and 52.37 μm, respectively. The preserved liquid semen was used for artificial insemination purpose in the organised pig breeding farm, ICAR-CIARI, Port Blair, India and the sow was conceived and farrowed 5 piglets in the year 2019 [29].
Carcass characters such as dressing percentage, meat: bone ratio and fat thickness are not significantly different between male and female pigs whereas other parameters such as percentage of lean, fat and bone differs significantly between them. Percentage of fat (10.10%) in female and lean meat percentage (4.80%) and bone percentage (7.20%) in male are significantly higher than those in the other sex. Carcass characteristics such as dressing percentage (76.54 ± 0.31 vs. 75.52 ± 0.41), meat: bone ratio (5.53 ± 0.15 vs. 5.69 ± 0.15), fat thickness (5.55 ± 0.18 vs. 5.61 ± 0.16 cm), lean meat percentage (58.79 ± 0.36 vs. 53.4 ± 0.41; p < 0.05), fat percentage (30.37 ± 0.25 vs. 37.2 ± 0.20; p < 0.05) and bone percentage (10.86 ± 0.24 vs. 9.4 ± 0.23; p < 0.05) differed between male and female Andaman local pigs [5].
Locally available feed resources such as rice bran, maize, wheat, coconut, taro (
Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia (MMA) syndrome causes huge economical losses in the swine industry. Andaman local sow aged 3 years with the history of farrowing 18 days ago and complaint of anorexia, restlessness and inattentive towards her piglets, agalactia and lameness was presented with the elevated rectal temperature, congested mucus membrane, swollen painful mammary glands with foul smelling muco-purulent vulval discharge. Based on the visible clinical signs, sow was tentatively diagnosed as suffered from mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome. The affected sow was treated with ice fomentation, cleaning with liquid soap, application of Lugol’s iodine solution and antiseptic ointment on the udder, injection of gentamicin, streptopenicillin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, prostaglandin F2α, intrauterine infusion of normal saline followed by Lugol’s iodine solution along with supportive therapy with multivitamin and hydrotherapy in water bath. The pig was fed with boiled chicken eggs for supports to her health. The piglets were fed with toned cow milk during the treatment regimen along with creep feed. On day 3rd post treatment, the sow was recovered and allowed the piglets to suckle. Thus the quick diagnosis and prompt treatment saved the pigs from the life threatening syndrome along with eliminating the pre-weaning piglet mortality. The MMA prevalence could be reduced through optimization of husbandry, feeding and managemental practices. This is first report of MMA syndrome in Andaman local pig in Andaman and Nicobar Islands that too affected after 18 days of farrowing [30].
Piglet movement from one sow to another is known as fostering which is frequently observed when the number of piglets a sow gives birth to do not match her rearing ability. This practice is very common in Andaman local pigs. Andaman local sow aged 3 years farrowed 6 piglets with good health condition. At the near farrowing room, another Andaman local pig farrowed 8 piglets with good health condition. The second Andaman local sow died due to complete uterine prolapse. These orphan piglets were allowed to suck in another normal sow. The unaffected sow accepted and fostered till the weaning age.
The coprophagy was observed in Andaman local pig is autocoprophagy (eating its own faeces). This may possibly to rebalance their microbiome or to ingest missing nutrients. Coprophagy is thought to be a source of vitamins B and K, produced by gut bacteria.
An Andaman local sow aged 2 years was observed to eat her own placenta after 1-2 hours of farrowing. History revealed that the farrowing was normal with 6 piglets, sow was late attended and the placenta was eaten by dam. Body temperature, pulse and respiration rate were observed within the range. It is advised to attend sow after farrowing along with feeding the pig with good balanced diet enriched with vitamin and mineral supplements.
The complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of Nicobari pig and Andaman local pig were submitted to GenBank with the accession numbers MK248681 and MK248682, respectively. Both the Nicobari as well as Andaman local pigs have the length of the mitogenome of 16,613 bp and are have 37 encoded genes which include protein coding genes (13 PCGs), two rRNAs and 22 tRNAs. In addition, one AþT rich region (D-loop) was present. The orientation and order of the genes was same as to the mitogenomes of similar vertebrate species. Protein coding genes were located on heavy strand except ND6. Start codons for 13 protein coding genes were having ATN codon followed by truncated/ abbreviated stop codon was found in ND1, COX3, ND2, ND4 and ND3. From the phylogenetic tree, it was found that Nicobari pig has close phylogenetic relationship with Banna mini and Breed I pig, whereas Andaman local pig is close to Mong Cai and Jinhua pig. Mitogenome analysis on local indigenous pig breeds revealed that the analysis will be useful to format conservation strategy of the swine breeds in Andaman and Nicobar islands [8].
Long snouted Little Andaman wild pig (Schedule II animal under Forest Act, India) is a threatened and endangered in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Andaman wild pig is preferred by the local people as a meat source. Wild pig of Andaman is commonly spread at the Jarawa as well as Onge tribal forest reserve areas of Andaman group of islands. The Jarawa tribes also prefer this wild pig. They are being poached by the primitive Jarawa tribes and are the main source of protein for them from time immemorial. Due to unauthorised poaching, the number of this wild pig is reducing day by day, which needs attention for its conservation. Andaman wild pig was once found all over in the forests of the Andaman group of Islands, but have become extremely rare and currently the last strong holds are the Jarawa Reserve forest area, Rutland and Little Andaman Islands. It is a scheduled animal, black in colour, short legged, small to medium sized and a prolific breeder. As per the literature, Andaman wild pig has the litter size (number) from 4 to 7; however, due to unavailability of food and water and illegal hunting, their numbers has been decreasing very fast in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Presently, this pig comes under schedule I Part I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act of India, 1972. These wild pigs of Andaman are well adapted physiologically and anatomically to this island ecosystem over the many centuries as they are native of these islands. They are black in colour, short legged, small to medium sized animal and very active, alert and fast runner [22].
Body height of Andaman wild pig was measured as 20 inch at the level of shoulder with the compact body. The pig is very active, wild expression and a fast running animal. The RBC concentration, PCV and Haemoglobin concentration were found very high [22]. The phenotypic characters of male pig (in inches) are presented as body length (from shoulder to base of tail): 23, body height at shoulder level: 20, neck width: 15.5, ear length: 3, ear width: 3, Leg length; 9, hoof circumference: 2.5, tail length: 4, abdomen width: 20.5, chest width: 21.5, testis length: 2.5, testis width: 2 and body weight based on chest girth: 16 kg [31]. Boden Kloss [14] observed that the pigs (
The blood profiles of Andaman wild male pig revealed that the RBC: 9.72 x 106/μL, MCV: 63.1 f1, PCV: 61.3%, MCH: 17.77 pg., MCHC: 28.17 g/dl, Hgb: 17.27 g/dL. The leucocytic parameters of Andaman wild male pig revealed that the WBC: 35.12 103/μL, lymphocyte: 62.80%, monocyte: 8.37%, neutrophils: 4.80%, eosinophils: 21.37% and basophils: 0.70%. The thrombocytic parameters of Andaman wild male pig revealed that the platelet: 696.00 103/μL, MPV: 6.83 f1, Pct: 0.43% and PDW: 11.90 [22]. The WBC is also found high in Andaman wild pig. WBC count of Andaman wild pig is higher than that reported in wild boar of Croatia [32].
This comparision study was conducted in Andaman and Nicobar islands. Blood indices revealed that PCV, RBC and Hgb were significantly higher in Andaman wild pig than in other all pig breeds (Nicobari pig, Large White Yorkshire and Andaman local pig). The RBC, PCV and Hgb of LWY were significantly higher as compared to Andaman local pig and Nicobari pig. No significant differences in RBC, PCV and Hgb were found between Andaman local pig and Nicobari pig. Andaman wild pig has significantly higher Hgb, RBC and PCV indicates that a higher level of oxygen is required for wild pig as it is a fast running animal Andaman wild and Nicobari pig are not differed significantly in their MCV, however, both these pigs were had significantly higher MCV than in Andaman local pig as well as LWY in Andaman and Nicobar Islands [31]. Higher values of MCV in wild pigs impute an enhanced need for oxygen [33]. Nicobari pigs are too growing in open grazing or free range systems; which also fast running animal. The increased blood profile is due to environmental effect on haematological traits as haematological and biochemical values may be affected by a wide range of factors, including environment, season, diet, age and stress [32]. Whereas, MCH of Nicobari pig was found significantly higher in comparison to all the other pig breeds, the value was lowest in LWY. However, MCHC did not show significant differences within the pig breeds. Wild pig of Andaman is well adapted anatomically and physiologically in the humid tropical climate of Andaman and Nicobar Islands [31].
The blood leukocyte indices revealed that the WBC was significantly higher in Andaman wild pig in comparison to Nicobari pigs and was lowest in LWY. Similarly lymphocyte concentration was significantly lower in LWY than in all the other pig breeds; however, there was non-significant difference between the Andaman wild pig, Andaman local pig and Nicobari pig in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A significantly higher monocyte was found in LWY as compared to all the other pig breeds. Wild pig of Andaman had lower neutrophils significantly as compared to other all pig breeds available in Andaman and Nicobar Islands; LWY has highest value. Eosinophil was highest in Andaman wild pig followed by Andaman local pig, Nicobari pig and LWY. No significant differences were found in basophils among all the pig breeds studied. The neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio was lowest in Andaman wild pig and was highest in LWY. The MCV of Andaman wild pig was also significantly higher in comparison to Andaman local pig and LWY [31].
Blood thrombocytic values in Andaman wild pigs revealed that no significant (p < 0.05) difference was found in PLT between Andaman wild pig and LWY but the values were significantly higher in comparison to Andaman local pig and Nicobari pig. MPV value of LWY was significantly lower in comparison to all the other pig breeds studied. PCT of Andaman wild pig was significantly higher than Nicobari pig and LWY but did not differ significantly with Andaman local pig. PWD of LWY was lowest among all the breeds [31].
The reports on Andaman wild pigs revealed that based on the physical appearance, phenotypic characters and haematological profiles, these pigs are native to these islands and are well adapted to this island ecosystem over the centuries. Extensive survey on population status and studies on characterisation (
Andaman cross breed is a cross between Large White Yorkshire and Andaman local or Nicobari pig. They are dark brown to slight white with different lines of black colour. This crossbred pigs exhibit high growth rate, fecundity and early maturity. It has high prolificacy (litter size 8–10 nos.), maternal care and the average body weight of matured animal varies from 110 to 125 kg. Moreover, this crossbred is adapted highly to the local tropical humid environmental conditions and also can adjust with locally available feed resources on the different agricultural produces. This is highly suitable for commercial production of swine meat in the island [16].
Different reproductive parameters like age at puberty (221.67 ± 3.99 days), age at first conception (245.50 ± 3.94 days), age at first farrowing (357.00 ± 4.07 days) and various litter traits like litter size at birth (6.17 ± 0.48), total litter weight at birth (7.26 ± 0.87 kg), individual litter weight at birth (1.18 ± 0.12 kg), litter size at weaning (5.17 ± 0.48), litter weight at weaning (30.46 ± 1.98 kg), individual litter weight at weaning (6.11 ± 0.60 kg) and weaning percentage (84.7 ± 5.51) were reported in Large White Yorkshire x Andaman local crossbred pigs [6].
Andaman and Nicobar Islands are completely packed with rich biodiversity. Porcine species occupies 27.26% of total livestock in these islands, of which, 70% pork consumption in Nicobar group of islands. There are three different groups of pig groups/breeds in ANI. Andaman Local is in Andaman group of Islands, Nicobari is in Nicobar group of Islands and Andaman wild pig in Andaman and Nicobar islands. Besides, crossbreds of LWY are prevalent in this ANIs. Nicobari pig plays significant roles in custom, festivals and socio-economic status of Nicobari tribes. Andaman local and Nicobari pigs are reared for meat purpose under free range or semi-intensive system. Andaman wild pig is an endangered pig germplasm of ANI. Another pig group is crossbred of LWY with Andaman local or Nicobari pig. This crossbreed exhibits high growth rate, early maturity and fecundity. In addition, it is highly adapted to the local environmental conditions and can be reared with locally available feed resources. This is highly suitable for commercial pork production in ANI. However, these domestic pig breeds need to be protected and be conserved in this Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands.
The indigenous porcine population is decreasing gradually in ANI. Therefore conservation and propagation strategy needs to be established for domestic indigenous pig breeds/groups with formation of nucleus of elite flocks in farms [5]. This can be performed as follow as
Survey of natural population: this can be performed by scholars or the people of local community. Survey training would be performed by ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Establish shelters and farms for producing young ones for distribution.
Analysis of recording of the breed performance in different conditions and locations on and off the farm.
Establishing farms are: With the help of the Tribal Council in Car Nicobar and Hut Bay, Kamorta, ICAR-CIARI, Mayabunder, Diglipur and Port Blair, help from Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Andaman and Nicobar Administration. Creation of multiple centres can help that if one centre is severely affected by a natural calamity or disaster or disease outbreak, other remaining centres could help to restore.
Caution in conservation of the Nicobari pig: In the Andaman Islands, the Nicobari pigs do not place near the areas where Andaman wild pigs are reported.
The pigs are fed with locally available feed resources and agricultural, horticultural and marine by-products or waste without analysing the chemical composition or ration. Therefore, it is needed to survey the available local feed resources and formulate the ration suitable for the pigs for better growth rate and better production and reproduction performances.
The indigenous pigs are reared in free range or semi-intensive system and breeding has been occurred in the jungle or forest with dominant boars. This will create more inbreeding lines which inturn affect the growth rate, reproduction and production performances. This needs to be addressed with formation of suitable breeding strategy and artificial breeding programme with use of elite porcine germplasm.
Prevalence of various diseases has been reported in pigs. These diseases should be analysed in season wise, island wise, age group and sex wise and are to be treated accordingly. Time schedule for deworming and vaccination protocol are need to be implemented in different islands of Andaman and Nicobar. As there are many diseases are zoonotic in nature in pork eating community, therefore, prevention and control of the diseases in pigs is very important.
Pig slaughtering is need to be modernised and hygienic handling of the pork is need to be improved. There is need to be established the modernised slaughter house, quality control lab, pork processing and preservation chamber in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Carcass characters, meat quality, chemical composition of pork of different breeds of pigs need to be studied.
Housing facilities need to be improved. Different houses like piglet, grower and adult pen are to be established. Clean and hygienic house and its surrounding are to be maintained.
Identification of pigs is done with cuts on the ears in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This can be improved with the help of tags or electronic chip method.
Comparision study needs to be conducted between different indigenous and cross or pure exotic breeds of pigs in island ecosystem on different growth, production and reproduction parameters. Further detailed study needs to be conducted on effect of free range, intensive and semi-intensive system on different growth, production and reproductive parameters in different breeds of pigs.
Abnormal behaviours/conditions like Coprophagia behaviour, placentophagy behaviour and mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome are need to be studied thoroughly about the aetiology, pathophysiology, prevention, treatment and control in pigs.
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',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
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\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
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\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
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\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
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\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
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\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
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Very young children are regular users of smartphones and tablet, so their early digital engagement poses new challenges to parent-child relationships and parental role. First, the chapter introduces the “digital parenting” construct, moving through the literature from “traditional” parenting styles to more recent studies on “parental mediation,” that is, the different behaviors parents adopt to regulate children’s engagement with the Internet and digital media. Second, the chapter reviews empirical researches on different parental mediation practices (active or restrictive behaviors) and how they are adjusted according to the child’s characteristics (age, digital competences, etc.) or parent’s media competence and beliefs. Finally, from a bidirectional perspective of parent-child relationships, the chapter discusses the role of youths’ social involvement, communication, self-disclosure, and digital skills on parent’s beliefs and practices. 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Very young children are regular users of smartphones and tablet, so their early digital engagement poses new challenges to parent-child relationships and parental role. First, the chapter introduces the “digital parenting” construct, moving through the literature from “traditional” parenting styles to more recent studies on “parental mediation,” that is, the different behaviors parents adopt to regulate children’s engagement with the Internet and digital media. Second, the chapter reviews empirical researches on different parental mediation practices (active or restrictive behaviors) and how they are adjusted according to the child’s characteristics (age, digital competences, etc.) or parent’s media competence and beliefs. Finally, from a bidirectional perspective of parent-child relationships, the chapter discusses the role of youths’ social involvement, communication, self-disclosure, and digital skills on parent’s beliefs and practices. 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The chapter highlights the associated aspects of childhood and adolescence, raised by helicopter parenting. As parents have their own concern about raising their children in certain manner, it is important to understand the underlying mechanism of parenting style. Therefore, this chapter also describes the theoretical framework. The associated mental health issues and supportive psychological intervention to be also discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Deepika Srivastav and M.N. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. 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After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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