Long-term impact of preeclampsia.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-678-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-677-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-679-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"6dcb071a2e978694b6b1cb9c20afc1a3",bookSignature:"Prof. Hai-Zhi Song",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11494.jpg",keywords:"Electric Field Effect, Nano-Materials, Electric Field Design, Antenna, Microelectronics, Optoelectronics, Electric Field Stimulation, Brain and Nerve, Electric Field Imaging, Atomic Electric Field, Space Science, Climate",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 22nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 26th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 12th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a day",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in the fields of new materials, optoelectronic devices, and quantum information processing, appointed vice director of the Science and Technology Committee of SWITP, author/co-author of more than 170 research papers, and holder of 40 patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196114",title:"Prof.",name:"Hai-Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"hai-zhi-song",fullName:"Hai-Zhi Song",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196114/images/system/196114.jpg",biography:"Curriculum Vitae\n\nName: Hai-Zhi Song \nGender: male\nDate of Birth: Oct. 20, 1968\nPlace of Birth: Shanxi, China\nAffiliation and Address: \nSouthwest Institute of Technical Physics\nNo.7, Section 4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu 610041, China\nAnd\nInstitute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences,\nUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China,\nNo. 4, Section 2, Jianshebei Road, Chengdu 610054, China\n\nWork Phone: +86-28-68180751, +86-28-83208728\nMobile Phone: +86-158-28239155\nFax: +86-28-83201896\nE-mail: hzsong1296@163.com, hzsong@uestc.edu.cn\n \nEducation \nSept, 1990 – July, 1995:Peking University, PhD, Thesis “Visible luminescence of porous silicon and its mechanism”, Researches on hydrogen-influenced Schottky diodes and silicon-based light-emitting materials. \nSept, 1986 – July, 1990:Nanjing University, Bachelor of Science, Thesis “Study of refractory metal silicides”, Research on Ohmic contact of semiconductors.\n\nWork Experience \nJuly, 1995 – Sept. 1997: Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, Postdoctoral Researcher, Research on silicon-based light-emitting materials. \nOct, 1997 – Sept. 1998: Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Visiting free Researcher, Research on amorphous semiconductors. \nOct, 1998 – Sept. 2001: Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan, Assistant Professor, Research on semiconductor quantum dots. \nOct, 2001 – March 2012: Fujitsu Lab. Ltd., Atsugi, Japan, Researcher/Senior Researcher, Researches on Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Quantum Information, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nApril, 2012 – March 2014: University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Senior Researcher, Researches on Quantum Information Processing Devices. \nApril, 2014 – now: Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nJune, 2015 – now: University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Nanoscaled Semiconductors and Quantum Information Processing Devices.\n \nAchievements\nSystematically studied the property of porous silicon materials and verified their mechanism; found green and ultraviolet luminescence, and clarified the multiple luminescence mechanisms of nanocrystalline-silicon embedded in SiO2, which is valuable to silicon-based optoelectronic integration; realized enhanced hole mobility in amorphous silicon, verified the existence of deep trap states in amorphous selenium, providing ways to improve amorphous optoelectronic materials. \nDiscovered lateral coupling between self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) and their tuning effect to 2D electron gas; illustrated and deeply explained the metal-insulator transition in 2D ordered QD arrays, all of which are worth in optoelectronic application of semiconductor QDs. \nDeveloped Sb-free technique to double the InAs/GaAs QD density and suppress the atomic interdiffusion, helped producing 1.3 um QD lasers, which won Japanese national prizes and had been merchandized; developed 1.06 um quantum-well lasers, which have been used to produce pure-green lasers robust against high temperature. \nFound a way to access buried QDs by scanning tunneling microscope; achieved a way to prepare diluted QDs by post-annealing and clarified its mechanisms; invented a technique to control the size and site of QDs by atomic-force microscopy lithography, and an apparatus to detect single electron spin states by optically-detected magnetic resonance; designed a few types of micropillar cavities applicable to realize 1.55 um highly-efficient, even coherent (strongly coupled) InAs/InP QD single photon sources; produced fiber-integrated photon-entangled sources, all of which are very useful to the applications of QDs in quantum information processing. \nDeveloped focal-plane single-photon avalanche detectors, providing central devices for 3D laser detecting and ranging system; explored antimonide middle- and long-wavelength infrared detectors and the surface plasmon enhancement effect in such detectors; advanced the acetone-sensing function of Eu-doped SnO2 nano-belt; found Nickle Phosphide serving as a good catalyst in hydrogen-producing. Realized a series of optoelectronic quantum devices for quantum information processing, such as fiber-integrated photon-pair-entangler, chiplet heralded single photon emitter, fiber quantum memories, quantum number generator, etc.\n\nHonor and Group Memberships \nSelected Scholar of the Recruitment Program of Global Experts, China\nEditorial member of “Laser Technology”\nEditorial member of “Journal of Electronic Science and Technology”\nEditorial member of “Internal J. Mat. Sci. Appl”\nMember of APS (American Physics Society)\nMember of OSA (Optical Society of America)\nPermanent Member of China Physical Science and Technology\nPermanent Member of the Chinese Optical Society\nTechnical committee member of PIERS, organizing a series of “quantum information processing and devices” sessions\nTechnical committee member of ICICM",institutionString:"Southwest University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Southwest University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"12252",title:"The Microwaves - Solution for Improving Woven Fabric",doi:"10.5772/10464",slug:"the-microwaves-solution-for-improving-woven-fabric",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/12252.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12252",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12252",totalDownloads:5632,totalViews:118,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:60,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 18th 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/12252",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/12252",book:{id:"3682",slug:"woven-fabric-engineering"},signatures:"Drago Katovic",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3682",type:"book",title:"Woven Fabric Engineering",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Woven Fabric Engineering",slug:"woven-fabric-engineering",publishedDate:"November 18th 2010",bookSignature:"Polona Dobnik Dubrovski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-194-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4541-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:221,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"10107",title:"Dr.",name:"Polona Dobnik",middleName:null,surname:"Dubrovski",slug:"polona-dobnik-dubrovski",fullName:"Polona Dobnik Dubrovski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1375"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12237",type:"chapter",title:"Anisotropy in Woven Fabric Stress and Elongation at Break",slug:"anisotropy-in-woven-fabric-stress-and-elongation-at-break",totalDownloads:5346,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Radko Kovar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12238",type:"chapter",title:"Mechanical Properties of Fabrics Made from Cotton and Biodegradable Yarns Bamboo, SPF, PLA in Weft",slug:"mechanical-properties-of-fabrics-made-from-cotton-and-biodegradable-yarns-bamboo-spf-pla-in-weft",totalDownloads:10264,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Ziva Zupin and Krste Dimitrovski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12239",type:"chapter",title:"Wing Tear: Identificationn of Stages of Static Process",slug:"wing-tear-identificationn-of-stages-of-static-process",totalDownloads:6016,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Beata Witkowska and Iwona Frydrych",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12240",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Topographic Structure on Wettability of Differently Woven Fabrics",slug:"effects-of-topographic-structure-on-wettability-of-differently-woven-fabrics",totalDownloads:3329,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Alfredo Calvimontes, M.M.Badrul Hasan and Victoria Dutschk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12241",type:"chapter",title:"Importance of the Cloth Fell Position and Its Specification Methods",slug:"importance-of-the-cloth-fell-position-and-its-specification-methods-",totalDownloads:5228,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Elham Vatankhah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12242",type:"chapter",title:"Artificial Neural Networks and Their Applications in the Engineering of Fabrics",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-and-their-applications-in-the-engineering-of-fabrics",totalDownloads:5245,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Savvas Vassiliadis, Maria Rangoussi, Ahmet Cay and Christopher Provatidis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12243",type:"chapter",title:"Prediction of Elastic Properties of Plain Weave Fabric Using Geometrical Modeling",slug:"prediction-of-elastic-properties-of-plain-weave-fabric-using-geometrical-modeling",totalDownloads:7723,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Jeng-Jong Lin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12244",type:"chapter",title:"Prediction of Fabric Tensile Strength By Modelling the Woven Fabric",slug:"prediction-of-fabric-tensile-strength-by-modelling-the-woven-fabric-",totalDownloads:8550,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mithat Zeydan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12245",type:"chapter",title:"Data Base System on the Fabric Structural Design and Mechanical Property of Woven Fabric",slug:"data-base-system-on-the-fabric-structural-design-and-mechanical-property-of-woven-fabric",totalDownloads:7667,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Seung Jin Kim and Hyun Ah Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12246",type:"chapter",title:"Surface Unevenness of Fabrics",slug:"surface-unevenness-of-fabrics",totalDownloads:5420,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eva Mouckova, Petr Ursiny and Petra Jiraskova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12247",type:"chapter",title:"Detection of Defects in Fabric by Morphological Image Processing",slug:"detection-of-defects-in-fabric-by-morphological-image-processing",totalDownloads:7048,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Asit Datta and Jayanta Kumar Chandra",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12248",type:"chapter",title:"Investigation of Wear and Surface Roughness of Different Woven Glass Fabrics and Aramid Fibre-Reinforced Composites",slug:"investigation-of-wear-and-surface-roughness-of-different-woven-glass-fabrics-and-aramid-fibre-reinfo",totalDownloads:4023,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hasim Pihtili",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12249",type:"chapter",title:"Coated Textile Materials",slug:"coated-textile-materials",totalDownloads:16726,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Stana Kovacevic, Darko Ujevic and Snjezana Brnada",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12250",type:"chapter",title:"Porosity of the Flat Textiles",slug:"porosity-of-the-flat-textiles",totalDownloads:7863,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Danilo Jaksic and Nikola Jaksic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12251",type:"chapter",title:"Wowen Fabric and Ultraviolet Protection",slug:"wowen-fabric-and-ultraviolet-protection",totalDownloads:8379,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Polona Dobnik Dubrovski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12252",type:"chapter",title:"The Microwaves - Solution for Improving Woven Fabric",slug:"the-microwaves-solution-for-improving-woven-fabric",totalDownloads:5632,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Drago Katovic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12253",type:"chapter",title:"Composites Based on Natural Fibre Fabrics",slug:"composites-based-on-natural-fibre-fabrics",totalDownloads:27471,totalCrossrefCites:24,signatures:"Gianluca Cicala, Giuseppe Cristaldi, Giuseppe Recca and Alberta Latteri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12254",type:"chapter",title:"Crashworthiness Investigation and Optimization of Empty and Foam Filled Composite Crash Box",slug:"crashworthiness-investigation-and-optimization-of-empty-and-foam-filled-composite-crash-box",totalDownloads:6103,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Hamidreza Zarei and Matthias Kroeger",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12255",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of the Long-Time Immersion on the Mechanical Behaviour in Case of Some E-glass / Resin Composite Materials",slug:"effects-of-the-long-time-immersion-on-the-mechanical-behaviour-in-case-of-some-e-glass-resin-composi",totalDownloads:3307,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Camelia Cerbu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12256",type:"chapter",title:"Simulations of Composite Reinforcement Forming",slug:"simulations-of-composite-reinforcement-forming-",totalDownloads:6265,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Philippe Boisse",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"276",title:"Textile Dyeing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8f404dbb188c5b04e3f1f3a72ba0c11",slug:"textile-dyeing",bookSignature:"Peter J. Hauser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32094",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Hauser",slug:"peter-hauser",fullName:"Peter Hauser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"25003",title:"Effect of Radiation on Textile Dyeing",slug:"effect-of-radiation-on-textile-dyeing",signatures:"Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti, Shahid Adeel and Muhammad Abbas",authors:[{id:"36637",title:"Dr.",name:"Ijaz",middleName:"Ahmad",surname:"Bhatti",fullName:"Ijaz Bhatti",slug:"ijaz-bhatti"}]},{id:"25004",title:"Dyeing Wool with Metal-free Dyes – The Use of Sodium Borohydride for the Application of Vat Dyes to Wool",slug:"dyeing-wool-with-metal-free-dyes-the-use-of-sodium-borohydride-for-the-application-of-vat-dyes-to-wo",signatures:"John A. Rippon, Jackie Y. Cai and Shaun M. Smith",authors:[{id:"37310",title:"Dr.",name:"Jackie",middleName:null,surname:"Cai",fullName:"Jackie Cai",slug:"jackie-cai"},{id:"51411",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"Anthony",surname:"Rippon",fullName:"John Rippon",slug:"john-rippon"},{id:"102863",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaun",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"Shaun Smith",slug:"shaun-smith"}]},{id:"25005",title:"Pretreatments of Textiles Prior to Dyeing: Plasma Processing",slug:"pretreatments-of-textiles-prior-to-dyeing-plasma-processing",signatures:"R. R. Deshmukh and N. V. Bhat",authors:[{id:"34437",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendrasing",middleName:"Rajesing",surname:"Deshmukh",fullName:"Rajendrasing Deshmukh",slug:"rajendrasing-deshmukh"},{id:"51577",title:"Prof.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",fullName:"Narendra Bhat",slug:"narendra-bhat"}]},{id:"25006",title:"From Murex Purpura to Sensory Photochromic Textiles",slug:"from-murex-purpura-to-sensory-photochromic-textiles",signatures:"Vedran Durasevic, Durdica Parac Osterman and Ana Sutlovic",authors:[{id:"42735",title:"BSc",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Durasevic",fullName:"Vedran Durasevic",slug:"vedran-durasevic"},{id:"51757",title:"Prof.",name:"Durdica",middleName:null,surname:"Parac-Osterman",fullName:"Durdica Parac-Osterman",slug:"durdica-parac-osterman"},{id:"51758",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Sutlovic",fullName:"Ana Sutlovic",slug:"ana-sutlovic"}]},{id:"25007",title:"Dyeing of Environmentaly Friendly Pretreated Cotton Fabric",slug:"dyeing-of-environmentaly-friendly-pretreated-cotton-fabric",signatures:"Petra Forte Tavčer",authors:[{id:"44477",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Forte Tavčer",fullName:"Petra Forte Tavčer",slug:"petra-forte-tavcer"}]},{id:"25008",title:"Improvement in Acrylic Fibres Dyeing",slug:"improvement-in-acrylic-fibres-dyeing",signatures:"E. Giménez-Martín, A. Ontiveros-Ortega and M. Espinosa-Jiménez",authors:[{id:"42630",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Giménez Martín",fullName:"Elena Giménez Martín",slug:"elena-gimenez-martin"},{id:"51578",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Ontiveros Ortega",fullName:"Alfonso Ontiveros Ortega",slug:"alfonso-ontiveros-ortega"},{id:"51583",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Espinosa Jiménez",fullName:"Manuel Espinosa Jiménez",slug:"manuel-espinosa-jimenez"}]},{id:"25009",title:"The Future of Dye House Quality Control with the Introduction of Right-First Dyeing Technologies",slug:"the-future-of-dye-house-quality-control-with-the-introduction-of-right-first-dyeing-technologies",signatures:"Melih Günay",authors:[{id:"33126",title:"Dr.",name:"Melih",middleName:null,surname:"Gunay",fullName:"Melih Gunay",slug:"melih-gunay"}]},{id:"25010",title:"Commercially Adaptable Coloration Processes for Generic Polypropylene Fiber",slug:"commercially-adaptable-coloration-processes-for-generic-polypropylene-fiber",signatures:"Murari L. Gupta, Fred L. Cook and J. Nolan Etters",authors:[{id:"34227",title:"Dr.",name:"Murari",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",fullName:"Murari Gupta",slug:"murari-gupta"},{id:"49604",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",middleName:null,surname:"Cook",fullName:"Fred Cook",slug:"fred-cook"},{id:"49605",title:"Dr.",name:"Nolan",middleName:null,surname:"Etters",fullName:"Nolan Etters",slug:"nolan-etters"}]},{id:"25011",title:"Substrate Independent Dyeing of Synthetic Textiles Treated with Low-Pressure Plasmas",slug:"substrate-independent-dyeing-of-synthetic-textiles-treated-with-low-pressure-plasmas",signatures:"Hossain Mohammad Mokbul and Hegemann Dirk",authors:[{id:"44872",title:"Dr.",name:"Mokbul",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"Mokbul Hossain",slug:"mokbul-hossain"},{id:"48774",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Hegemann",fullName:"Dirk Hegemann",slug:"dirk-hegemann"}]},{id:"25012",title:"Dyeing with Disperse Dyes",slug:"dyeing-with-disperse-dyes",signatures:"Joonseok Koh",authors:[{id:"39042",title:"Prof.",name:"Joonseok",middleName:null,surname:"Koh",fullName:"Joonseok Koh",slug:"joonseok-koh"}]},{id:"25013",title:"Pre-treatment of Textiles Prior to Dyeing",slug:"pre-treatment-of-textiles-prior-to-dyeing",signatures:"Edward Menezes and Mrinal Choudhari",authors:[{id:"33407",title:"Mr.",name:"Edward",middleName:"Walter",surname:"Menezes",fullName:"Edward Menezes",slug:"edward-menezes"},{id:"47798",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinal",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhari",fullName:"Mrinal Choudhari",slug:"mrinal-choudhari"}]},{id:"25014",title:"Polyamide 6.6 Modified by DBD Plasma Treatment for Anionic Dyeing Processes",slug:"polyamide-6-6-modified-by-dbd-plasma-treatment-for-anionic-dyeing-processes",signatures:"António Pedro Souto, Fernando Ribeiro Oliveira and Noémia Carneiro",authors:[{id:"44638",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Fernando Oliveira",slug:"fernando-oliveira"},{id:"44690",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Pedro Garcia De Valadares",surname:"Souto",fullName:"António Souto",slug:"antonio-souto"},{id:"44691",title:"Prof.",name:"Noémia",middleName:null,surname:"Carneiro",fullName:"Noémia Carneiro",slug:"noemia-carneiro"}]},{id:"25015",title:"Surface and Bulk Modification of Synthetic Textiles to Improve Dyeability",slug:"surface-and-bulk-modification-of-synthetic-textiles-to-improve-dyeability",signatures:"Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti, Julie Willoughby and Pramod Agrawal",authors:[{id:"32307",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazeyar",middleName:null,surname:"Parvinzadeh Gashti",fullName:"Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti",slug:"mazeyar-parvinzadeh-gashti"}]},{id:"25016",title:"Pretreatment of Proteinic and Synthetic Fibres Prior to Dyeing",slug:"pretreatment-of-proteinic-and-synthetic-fibres-prior-to-dyeing",signatures:"A. Bendak and W. M. Raslan",authors:[{id:"50445",title:"Dr.",name:"Wafaa",middleName:null,surname:"Raslan",fullName:"Wafaa Raslan",slug:"wafaa-raslan"},{id:"50457",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"El Bendak",fullName:"Ahmed El Bendak",slug:"ahmed-el-bendak"}]},{id:"25017",title:"Effect of Plasma on Dyeability of Fabrics",slug:"effect-of-plasma-on-dyeability-of-fabrics",signatures:"Sheila Shahidi and Mahmood Ghoranneviss",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi"}]},{id:"25018",title:"Dyeing and Fastness Properties of Disperse Dyes on Poly(Lactic Acid) Fiber",slug:"dyeing-and-fastness-properties-of-disperse-dyes-on-poly-lactic-acid-fiber",signatures:"Jantip Suesat and Potjanart Suwanruji",authors:[{id:"50714",title:"Dr.",name:"Jantip",middleName:null,surname:"Suesat",fullName:"Jantip Suesat",slug:"jantip-suesat"},{id:"51325",title:"Dr.",name:"Potjanart",middleName:null,surname:"Suwanruji",fullName:"Potjanart Suwanruji",slug:"potjanart-suwanruji"}]},{id:"25019",title:"Application of Cyclodextrins in Textile Dyeing",slug:"application-of-cyclodextrins-in-textile-dyeing",signatures:"Bojana Voncina",authors:[{id:"33838",title:"Prof.",name:"Bojana",middleName:null,surname:"Voncina",fullName:"Bojana Voncina",slug:"bojana-voncina"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"276",title:"Textile Dyeing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8f404dbb188c5b04e3f1f3a72ba0c11",slug:"textile-dyeing",bookSignature:"Peter J. Hauser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32094",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Hauser",slug:"peter-hauser",fullName:"Peter Hauser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1351",title:"Natural Dyes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d629f6f80b8b30b6e437ee998c78bf5",slug:"natural-dyes",bookSignature:"E. Perrin Akçakoca Kumbasar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1351.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10485",title:"Dr.",name:"Emriye",surname:"Akcakoca Kumbasar",slug:"emriye-akcakoca-kumbasar",fullName:"Emriye Akcakoca Kumbasar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2201",title:"Woven Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ddd72a2f1d7d44072bbedcf459e4e940",slug:"woven-fabrics",bookSignature:"Han-Yong Jeon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114618",title:"Prof.",name:"Han-Yong",surname:"Jeon",slug:"han-yong-jeon",fullName:"Han-Yong Jeon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9203",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126a19fe8435f744b10161895ed51116",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",bookSignature:"Ashis Kumar Samanta, Nasser S. Awwad and Hamed Majdooa Algarni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9203.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10147",title:"Waste in Textile and Leather Sectors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"36eb1ed7179e0790a029523c97f1df04",slug:"waste-in-textile-and-leather-sectors",bookSignature:"Ayşegül Körlü",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10147.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255885",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşegül",surname:"Körlü",slug:"aysegul-korlu",fullName:"Ayşegül Körlü"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79809",title:"Preeclampsia: From Etiopathology to Organ Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101240",slug:"preeclampsia-from-etiopathology-to-organ-dysfunction",body:'Hypertension is a common pregnancy-specific medical disorder, which is a significant cause of maternal and perinatal mortality [1]. There is disproportionate risk to the mother and fetus for further complications and long-term sequelae.
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy causing multi-organ dysfunction syndrome with placental dysfunction occurring in the latter half of pregnancy, with major cause of maternal morbidity, maternal intensive care admissions, Cesarean section, end-organ damage, and fetal complications.
Preeclampsia is defined as new onset of hypertension with or without proteinuria or new onset hypertension with evidence of end organ dysfunction after 20 weeks gestation or postpartum in a previously normotensive woman [2].
Classification of hypertension in pregnancy by ACOG (American College of Obstetrician and Gynecologist) 2013 task force:
Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia without severe features
Severe preeclampsia with severe features
Progress of preeclampsia is divided into two stages:
It occurs early in pregnancy with impaired remodeling of the spiral arteries and abnormal placentation. This failure of normal angiogenesis results in superficial placentation.
It presents in late second or third trimester and is characterized by signs and symptoms distinguished by the release of excess of antiangiogenic factor from intervillous space into the maternal circulation, which causes widespread maternal endothelial dysfunction and accentuated systemic inflammatory response specific to each organ system.
It affects 6–12% of all pregnant women worldwide, with preeclampsia in 5–8% of pregnancy [3, 4]. The WHO (World Health Organization) has identified hypertension as the second most common cause of maternal death among the triad of hemorrhage and sepsis [5]. It is responsible for 70,000 maternal deaths (major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality) and 500,000 fetal deaths worldwide every year [5]. Nulliparous women are prone to develop preeclampsia, while older women are at higher risk of chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia.
Hypertension is well known in pregnancy worldwide, including chronic, gestational, and possible dangerous preeclampsia [6]. It is considered as high-risk pregnancy when unfavorable conditions prevail for the well-being of mother, fetus, or both.
Effective antenatal care with good surveillance minimizes the risk of complications. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy can result in life-threatening multisystem pathology, affecting nervous, hematological, renal, hepatic, and respiratory systems.
Preeclampsia presents with maternal features of hypertension, proteinuria, and systemic dysfunction with or without fetal syndrome. Thus, proteinuria is an objective marker and reflects the system-wide endothelial leak that characterizes the preeclampsia syndrome.
There has been an alarming 30% increase in incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy [7], which is explained by the demographics of increase in maternal age, obesity, and increase in use of assisted reproductive techniques, which alters the maternal-fetal immune response. It is also influenced by genetic predisposition, race, and ethnicity.
Numerous preconceptional and pregnancy-related risk factors are identified and classified in development of preeclampsia.
There has been variation of maternal age of pregnancy from teenage to women who are 40 years or older, as compared with women between 20 and 29 years [8] of age, with approximately twofold increase in risk of preeclampsia. Hispanic ethnicity may be at increased risk of developing preeclampsia [9]. Women with advancing age and delayed childbirth show a substantial increase in chronic hypertension during pregnancy and are at increased risk of preeclampsia.
Maternal and fetal genetic factors carry strong risk for preeclampsia, with one-third attributable to maternal genetic factors [10]. Women are twice as likely to develop the disorder if they have a family history of preeclampsia, [11] and the risk increases with multiple affected pregnancies [12], potentially carrying high-risk outcomes of placental abruption and fetal growth restriction. Women with history of preeclampsia in previous pregnancy are at increased risk in subsequent pregnancy, particularly in the early onset of preeclampsia.
Partner-related risk factors are long considered a disease of primigravida in women due to limited paternal sperm antigens exposure before conception, which suggests an immunological role in pathophysiology of preeclampsia, with its incidence approximately threefold higher as compared to parous women [13]. A significant contribution of paternal genes (in the fetus) was identified as risk, with one-fifth of the variance in liability conferred through fetal genes in preeclampsia [14].
With worldwide increase in prevalence of obesity, risk of preeclampsia escalates with increasing body mass index (BMI) [15]. A systemic review found that an increase in BMI of 5–7 Kg/m was associated with a twofold increased risk of preeclampsia; it also has strong association with insulin resistance and chronic hypertension, elevating the risk of preeclampsia [16].
Other maternal medical conditions with recognized risk factors for preeclampsia are chronic renal disease, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus [17] and pregnancy-related conditions with increased placental mass, including multiple fetal gestation and hydatidiform mole, are associated with higher rates of preeclampsia as well [18].
Associated metabolic syndrome, chronic disorders hypertension, preexisting diabetes, and renal diseases that cause endothelial injury are risk factors for preeclampsia. This explains the similar tendency of endothelial dysfunction and common factor for association of preeclampsia with increased future cardiovascular diseases [19].
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy decreases the risk of preeclampsia [20] by 30–40% as compared to women who do not smoke although biological mechanism remains unknown but probable mechanism may include nicotine inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis [21], simulation of nitric oxide release, or combination of both.
Physical activity during pregnancy is associated with decreased risk for preeclampsia in non-obese women [22]. This occurs by decreasing oxidative stress, enhancing endothelial function, and modulating the immune and inflammatory response.
The exact cause of initiation and progress of the disease process is not known, with placenta being the focus in pathogenesis.
Following theories have been proposed to explain mechanics causing preeclampsia.
Abnormal placentation with failure of trophoblast invasion of uterine vessels.
Immunological intolerance between maternal, paternal (placental), and fetal tissues.
Vascular endothelial damage.
Genetic-inherited predisposition and polygenic disorders.
In physiological pregnancy, embryo-derived endovascular cytotrophoblast invades the decidual (10–12 weeks) and myometrial (16–18 weeks) segment of spiral arterioles of uteroplacental bed, replacing endothelial lining [23] and causing remodeling of vascular smooth muscles and inner elastic lamina (Figure 1). These physiological changes lead the maternal spiral arterioles to distend the luminal diameter fourfold, resulting in creation of tortuous and funnel-shaped flaccid [23] tubes that provide a low-resistance, low-pressure, high-capacitance, high-flow pathway into intervillous space, which gets further remodeled and unresponsive to vasoactive stimuli. These alterations in maternal vasculature ensure adequate blood flow to nourish the growing fetus and placenta.
A-Normal pregnancy uterine spiral arteries are wide open and remodeled by endovascular trophoblast, thereby increasing blood flow B-Preeclampsia women spiral arteries fail to remodel due to defective trophoblast invasion.
In preeclampsia, endovascular cytotrophoblast invasion may be incomplete [24] and only the decidual vessels undergo change, while the deeper myometrial arterioles do not lose their endothelial lining and musculoelastic tissue, resulting in narrowing of maternal spiral arterioles (Figure 1), thus impairing placental blood flow and remaining hyperresponsive to vasomotor stimuli. Inadequate spiral arteriolar remodeling leads to narrowing of maternal vessels and relative placental ischemia.
The severity of the disease correlates with the magnitude of defective trophoblastic invasion [25]. Atherosclerotic changes in maternal radial arteries that supply decidua are observed in preeclampsia. Decidual vasculopathy lesions have high association in preeclampsia with placental insufficiency, including intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age [26]. These changes correspond to symptomatic second stage of the preeclampsia syndrome with systemic inflammatory response [27].
In association with defective remodeling of uteroplacental vasculature, there may be presence of agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin receptor-1 (AT1) [28]. These autoantibodies activate AT1 receptors, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells [29]. The autoantibodies appear to block trophoblastic invasion and may induce the production of reactive oxygen species that plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia at several different stages [29].
Maternal immune tolerance to parentally derived placental and fetal antigens is lost at maternal-placental interface, which is suggestive of acute graft rejection. The abnormal uteroplacental development is not clearly understood but is likely due to complex interaction of immunologic, vascular, environmental, and genetic factors. The theory of immune maladaptation may play a central role in predisposition to abnormal placentation and subsequent preeclampsia, suggesting that long-term exposure to paternal antigens in sperm is protective.
In preeclamptic women, extravillous trophoblast in early pregnancy expresses reduced amounts of immunosuppressive non-classic human leukocyte antigen G (HLA G). These changes contribute to defective placental vascularization in stage 1 of preeclampsia syndrome [30].
Excess macrophages in the decidua are associated with impaired trophoblast invasion and impaired placentation, signifying excess inflammation. NK cells interact with fetal trophoblast cell markers
Etiology of preeclampsia is summarized in Figure 2.
Etiology of preeclampsia.
Inflammatory changes are said to be a continuation of stage 1 alternation. Placental factors are released in response to ischemia, and a cascade of events is provoked in response to antiangiogenic and metabolic factors and other inflammatory leukocyte mediators, commonly called endothelial cell activation or dysfunction. Systemic endothelial cell injury with intense vasospasm is from imbalance of vasodilators (PGI, NO), vasoconstrictors (Angiotensin-II, Thromboxane A2, and Endothelin-II), oxidative stress, and inflammatory mediators (Figure 3). Vasospasm exerts a damaging effect on blood vessels and causes endothelial cells to contract and, together with hypoxia, leads to hemorrhage, necrosis, and compromised end-organ function.
A: In normal pregnancy. B: Vasoconstriction in preeclampsia.
In preeclampsia, inflammatory mediators contributed by systemic oxidative stress are tumor necrosis factor [31] alpha (TNF-Alpha) and interleukins that in turn lead to formation of lipid peroxidases [32], producing toxic radicals that injure systemic vascular endothelial cells.
Mechanisms are precisely understood but proposed theory discussed are as follows:
Increase in circulatory pressor substances.
Increased sensitivity of the vascular system to normally circulating pressor substance.
First-time exposure to chorionic villi.
Superabundance of chorionic villi, exposed as with multifetal gestation or hydatidiform mole.
Have preexisting vascular diseases associated with endothelial cell activation or inflammation such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular or renal, immunological disorders, or hereditary influences.
Genetically predisposed to hypertension developing during pregnancy.
Imbalance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic proteins.
Injury to systemic endothelial cell is crucial in pathogenesis of preeclampsia and likely secretes placental protein factors into maternal circulation, which provokes activation and dysfunction of systemic vascular endothelium, producing less nitric oxide contributing to vasoconstriction, and promotes coagulation and greater sensitivity to vasopressors.
Normal pregnant women develop blunted vascular pressor response selectively to pressor agent angiotensin II, mediated by synthesis of endothelial prostaglandin and nitric oxide, which is a potent vasodilator. Following preeclampsia, angiotensinase activity is depressed, and the presence of autoantibodies to angiotensin AT1 receptor increases the vascular sensitivity to pressor agent angiotensin-II (Figure 4).
Imbalance of increased thromboxane and decreased prostacyclin in preeclampsia.
There is an imbalance of proangiogenic (VEGF) [33] and antiangiogenic (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase sFlt-I) proteins in placental vascular bed. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) has a receptor for VEGF (Figure 5).
Normal pregnancy: signaling of vascular hemostasias is maintained by physiological level of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Transforming growth factor (TGF). (B) In preeclampsia: excess secretion of Sflt1 (soluble fms- like tyrosine kinase) and sENG (soluble endoglin protein) inhibits VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) and TGF (transforming growth factor) signaling of vasculature.
With the progress of pregnancy, the placenta becomes relatively hypoxic at uteroplacental interface and results in an overexpression and release of placentally derived antiangiogenic peptide factors from the trophoblastic tissue, including sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin protein (sEng) into the maternal circulation, which appears to be important in pathogenesis of preeclampsia and remains the underlying theory [34]. Endothelin-I is synthesized by endothelial cells and is a potent vasoconstrictor causing hypertension (Figure 5).
In preeclampsia, sFlt-1 is a soluble antiangiogenic protein that is elevated, which binds and inactivates or reduces biological activity of free-circulating proangiogenic proteins, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and placental growth factor (PIGF), causing endothelial dysfunction [35].
Severe manifestations of preeclampsia occur in all body systems because of widespread endothelial dysfunction, making diagnosis difficult due to similar clinical presentation despite complex differences in their underlying pathophysiology and prognosis.
Numerous factors combine to exert vasoactive effects in preeclampsia [36], causing resistance to blood flow and accounts for the development of arterial hypertension. Systemic organ dysfunction is explained in Figure 6.
Etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Two marked cerebral pathologies are gross hemorrhage and ischemia, with other common variable lesions noted are edema, hyperemia, and thrombosis.
Manifestations of the central nervous system are severe headache, hyperexcitability, hyperreflexia, and coma attributable to hypoxia. Reversible vasogenic cerebral edema occurs commonly due to endothelial dysfunction of the brain in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Failure of autoregulation with reduced global cerebral blood flow and hyperperfusion commonly occurs in posterior circulation, such that the changes in the brain of patients with preeclampsia/eclampsia result in posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES) [37].
Intense ocular arteriolar constriction may cause visual disturbances, and may include blurred vision, scotoma, amaurosis [38], and retinal detachment (Figure 7).
PRES syndrome.
Airway: In normal healthy pregnancy, the internal diameter of the trachea is reduced because of mucosal capillary engorgement, which can be exaggerated with narrowing of upper airway, resulting in pharyngolaryngeal edema, and subglottic edema with signs of airway obstructions such as dysphonia, hoarseness, snoring, stridor, and hypoxemia; these changes may compromise visualization of airway landmarks during direct laryngoscopy making intubation difficult [39].
Pulmonary edema occurs in approximately 3% of preeclamptic women [40]. It is relatively infrequent in young healthy women than multiparous women. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure, in combination with increased permeability and the loss of intravascular fluid and protein into the interstitium, increases the risk for pulmonary edema [41]. Endothelial activations lead to extravasation of intravascular fluid into the extracellular space and, importantly, into the lungs. Excess intravenous fluid administration is an important risk factor for pulmonary edema in preeclampsia patients [42].
Common cardiovascular disturbances in preeclampsia syndrome are increased afterload caused by hypertension and reduced preload by pathologically diminished volume expansion during pregnancy.
Preeclampsia is a hyperdynamic state with increased vascular tone and increased sensitivity to vasoconstrictor, resulting in clinical manifestation of hypertension, vasospasm, and end-organ ischemia [43]. Hemodynamic response to circulatory catecholamine is exaggerated and characterized by severe vasospasm. Typically, blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance are elevated.
The majority of preeclamptic women show increased cardiac output [44], mild-to-moderate increased systemic vascular resistance [45], and hyperdynamic left ventricular function.
In summary, aggressive fluid administration in severe preeclampsia substantially elevates left-sided filling pressures and cardiac output to hyperdynamic levels. This elevates pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, causing pulmonary edema despite normal ventricular function.
Increase in blood volume is not evident in severe preeclampsia due to vasospastic state that follows endothelial activation and worsens with increased vascular permeability, and leakage of plasma into the interstitial space, resulting in increased hemoconcentration and hematocrit values that signify preeclampsia. These women with severe hemoconcentration are unduly sensitive to blood loss at delivery than normal [45].
Thrombocytopenia is the most common hematologic disorder with platelet count of less than 100,000/mm3 in severe preeclampsia disease or HELLP (hemolysis elevated liver function low platelets) syndrome [46] that creates a hypocoagulable state correlating with the severity of the disease process.
In preeclampsia [47], platelets are activated, subsequent degranulation accounting for decrease in platelet function, and aggregation appears to account for the decrease in platelet count.
HELLP syndrome: It is characterized by hemolysis, elevated levels of liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It is associated with increased rates of maternal and perinatal morbidity. Weinstein coined the acronym HELLP. Women who do not reveal one or more of the clinical features is called partial HELLP syndrome [48].
Clinical presentation of maternal signs and symptoms vary from right upper quadrant or epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, headache, hypertension, and proteinuria, and 12–18% of women may be normotensive and 13% may be without proteinuria. Clinical management has to prioritize maternal stability, particularly, hypertension and Coagulation abnormalities, and assess the fetal condition
Severe preeclampsia is frequently accompanied by microangiopathic hemolysis that manifests as elevated lactate dehydrogenase, reduced haptoglobin levels, hemolytic anemia, and abnormal peripheral blood smear with schistocytes, spherocytes, and reticulocytosis [49].
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a syndrome secondary to microthrombi formation in severe preeclampsia with liver derangement [50]. Activation of coagulation system is marked by consumptions of procoagulants, increased levels of fibrin degradation products, and end-organ dysfunction. In advanced stages of DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), it may cause spontaneous hemorrhage, intrauterine fetal demise, placental abruption, or postpartum hemorrhage.
Plasma levels of renin, angiotensin I & II, aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are substantially increased during normal pregnancy, which is further enhanced in preeclampsia women.
Extracellular fluid manifests as edema with pathological fluid retention in women with severe preeclampsia due to endothelial injury. In addition to generalized edema and proteinuria, these women have reduced plasma oncotic pressure, which creates a filtration imbalance and further displaces intravascular fluid into the surrounding interstitium, creating intravascular dehydration and extravascular overhydration. Electrolyte concentration does not differ grossly in preeclampsia patients.
Defining component of preeclampsia is proteinuria, with its renal manifestations of persistent proteinuria, changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and hyperuricemia. In preeclampsia serum markers, blood urea nitrogen BUN, creatinine, and uric acid reflect a decrease in renal functions. Hyperuricemia (elevated uric acid levels) is one of the recognized early predictors of preeclampsia, with the primary mechanism of decreased renal clearance [51]. High level of serum uric acid correlates with the severity of the disease. Glomerular endotheliosis is the main feature of the preeclamptic kidney defined by endothelial swelling and glomerular capillary narrowing.
Oliguria is a probable late manifestation and parallels the severity of preeclampsia. Persistent oliguria (< 500-mL urine output in 24 hours) requires immediate attention for evaluation of intravascular volume status.
Major pathological process of acute renal failure in preeclampsia (83–90%) is from prerenal and intrarenal pathology (most commonly acute tubular necrosis), which resolves completely after delivery.
Reduced blood flow to the liver may lead to periportal necrosis and are at risk of periportal hemorrhage, fibrin deposit, subcapsular bleeding, and hepatic rupture.
Hepatic involvement frequently presents as right upper quadrant or epigastric pain and accounts for 32% maternal mortality rate [50].
Rupture of a subcapsular hematoma of the liver is a life-threatening complication that can manifest as abdominal pain, which worsens over time and becomes localized to the epigastric area or right upper quadrant associated with nausea, vomiting, and headache. Alarming hypotension and shock develop with enlarged and tender liver. Diagnosis of liver subcapsular hematoma is confirmed by ultrasonography, computerized tomography (CT), or magnetic resonant imaging (MRI). The most common cause of death is coagulopathy. Conservative management is recommended for subcapsular hematoma or intraparenchymal hemorrhage without capsular rupture in stable women with an important component to avoid all potential trauma to the liver.
Uteroplacental perfusion can be impaired in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia with increased downstream resistance in the uteroplacental bed, decreased diastolic flow velocity, and increased systolic-diastolic flow velocity ratio [51]. Reduced uteroplacental malperfusion is considered one of the major causes of fetal compromise (IUGR, premature birth, and perinatal death). Risk of placental abruption is increased threefold with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality in preeclampsia women [51].
Definite treatment of preeclampsia is termination of pregnancy to prevent disease progression and reduce maternal complications and neonatal morbidity. Time of delivery is based on gestational age, severity of preeclampsia, and maternal and fetal condition.
Birth of infant who can then thrive subsequently.
Most patients with preeclampsia with or without severe features can be delivered vaginally. Cesarean delivery is indicated for obstetric indications.
Fluid balance must be titrated closely to avoid excessive administration and avoid pulmonary edema.
Expectant management of women with preeclampsia without severe features of disease process may be considered in tertiary care center setting with maternal-fetal medicine specialist (frequent laboratory monitoring, and clinical assessment of mother and fetus).
Complete restoration of mother’s health.
Table 1 describes long-term complications of preeclampsia syndrome.
Cardiovascular | Neurovascular | Metabolic | Renal | Central nervous system |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chronic hypertension | Stroke | Type 2 diabetes | Glomerular dysfunction | Cognitive dysfunction |
Ischemic heart disease | Retinal detachment | Metabolic syndrome | Proteinuria | Retinopathy |
Atherosclerosis | Diabetic retinopathy | Obesity | White-matter lesions | |
Cardiomyopathy | Dyslipidemia | |||
Thromboembolism |
Long-term impact of preeclampsia.
Preeclampsia is one of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with increased morbidity and mortality. It occurs in up to 12% of pregnancies. Advanced maternal age, genetic factors, obesity, and chronic renal impairment increase the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant patients. Abnormal placentation, immunological changes, endothelial injury and activation, and increased pressor response are the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Due to these generalized endothelial changes, the preeclampsia patients develop multiple organ dysfunction, including PRES (posterior reversible encephalopathy) syndrome, pulmonary edema, HELLP syndrome, acute kidney injury, and uteroplacental insufficiencies.
Management of preeclampsia is supportive therapy, blood pressure control, and seizures prevention and delivery of the fetus. Long-term effects of preeclampsia are chronic hypertension, stroke, and chronic kidney disease.
At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\nEven if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nFORMATS
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\n\nFORMATS
\n\nCOST
\n\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6602},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5908},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12542},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132766},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Pandemics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc9e4cab86c76f35cd70b39086d9b69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11472",title:"21st Century Slavery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b341f3fc3411ced881e43ce007a892b8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11472.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"20307129f7fb39aa443d5449acb6a784",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11546",title:"Smart and Sustainable Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8ea27a1ff85cde00efcb6f6968c20f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11546.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3134452ff2fdec020663f241c7a9a748",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e15ba86bab1a64f950318f3ab2584ed",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11588",title:"Autism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c5043c6174db167599cb3f762e8bba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11588.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11605",title:"Bamboo",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"378d957561b27c86b750a9c7841a5d18",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11605.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11645",title:"Neural Tube Defects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"08d6ba70d97767769a97cfeeb52dac78",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11645.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:100},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:336},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"18",title:"Neuroscience",slug:"life-sciences-neuroscience",parent:{id:"2",title:"Life Sciences",slug:"life-sciences"},numberOfBooks:65,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1649,numberOfWosCitations:1070,numberOfCrossrefCitations:725,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1699,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"18",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10922",title:"Music in Health and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a079df045b086b404399c5ed4ac049a",slug:"music-in-health-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal, Roshan Sutar and Anvesh Jallapally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10922.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10554",title:"Proprioception",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e104e615fbd94caa987df3a8d8b3fb8b",slug:"proprioception",bookSignature:"José A. Vega and Juan Cobo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10554.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59892",title:"Prof.",name:"José A.",middleName:null,surname:"Vega",slug:"jose-a.-vega",fullName:"José A. Vega"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9853",title:"Connectivity and Functional Specialization in the Brain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79f611488f3217579b5c84978f870863",slug:"connectivity-and-functional-specialization-in-the-brain",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",biography:"Yongxia Zhou obtained a Ph.D. in Biomedical Imaging from the University of Southern California. Her research interest is radiology and neuroscience technology and application. She had been trained as an imaging scientist at several prestigious institutes including Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Her research focuses on multi-modal neuroimaging integration such as MRI/PET and EEG/MEG instrumentation to make the best use of multiple modalities for better interpretation of underlying disease mechanisms. She is the author and editor of more than twelve books for well-known publishers including IntechOpen and Nova Science. She has published more than 100 papers and abstracts in many reputed international journals and conferences and served as reviewer and editor for several academic associations.",institutionString:"University of Southern California",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10475",title:"Smart Biofeedback",subtitle:"Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d2bd9997707c905959eaa41e55ba8f1",slug:"smart-biofeedback-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Edward Da-Yin Liao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3875",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward Da-Yin",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"edward-da-yin-liao",fullName:"Edward Da-Yin Liao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8059",title:"Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cc2c649900edf37ff3374fdc96a1586",slug:"neurostimulation-and-neuromodulation-in-contemporary-therapeutic-practice",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee and Seyed Mansoor Rayegani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8751",title:"Somatosensory and Motor Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86191c18f06e524e0f97a5534fdb2b4c",slug:"somatosensory-and-motor-research",bookSignature:"Toshiaki Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70872",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"toshiaki-suzuki",fullName:"Toshiaki Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9347",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3479e76c6ac538aac76409c9efb7e41",slug:"neuroimaging-neurobiology-multimodal-and-network-applications",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8938",title:"Inhibitory Control Training",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd82354f3bba4af5421337cd42052f86",slug:"inhibitory-control-training-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Massimo Bartoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6998",title:"Synucleins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Role in Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b4b802fec508928ce8ab9deebd1375f",slug:"synucleins-biochemistry-and-role-in-diseases",bookSignature:"Andrei Surguchov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"266540",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Surguchov",slug:"andrei-surguchov",fullName:"Andrei Surguchov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:65,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5886,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"},{id:"80821",title:"Neuroimmunology and Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19",slug:"neuroimmunology-and-neurological-manifestations-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103026",abstract:"Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Besides respiratory symptoms due to an attack on the broncho-alveolar system, COVID-19, among others, can be accompanied by neurological symptoms because of the affection of the nervous system. These can be caused by intrusion by SARS-CoV-2 of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and direct infection of local cells. In addition, neurological deterioration mediated by molecular mimicry to virus antigens or bystander activation in the context of immunological anti-virus defense can lead to tissue damage in the CNS and PNS. In addition, cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 can lead to nervous system related symptoms. Endotheliitis of CNS vessels can lead to vessel occlusion and stroke. COVID-19 can also result in cerebral hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis possibly related to changes in clotting behavior. Vaccination is most important to prevent COVID-19 in the nervous system. There are symptomatic or/and curative therapeutic approaches to combat COVID-19 related nervous system damage that are partly still under study.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Robert Weissert"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:17},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"