\r\n\tNotably, the book encourages academic scholars and researchers to contribute to the modern concepts of CSR. Fundamentally, it speaks for well-developed literature for entrepreneurs and managers, thus assisting them in the decision-making process.
\r\n\tFurthermore, this book is of great value to policymakers, practitioners, and corporations, thus contributing to various disciplines (e.g., social science and management).
\r\n\tThese proposed themes encourage future researchers and professionals to share their ideas, concepts and work concerning these subject domains. All these suggested topics had recommended under the rubrics of CSR. Perhaps, all the professionals, researchers, and scholars are welcome to submit their piece of work, in particular to the suggested topics.
\r\n\tIndeed, the recommended topics include the following but are not limited to these only.
\r\n\t• Corporate Governance and Sustainability
\r\n\t• Green Innovation and CSR
\r\n\t• Social Entrepreneurship
\r\n\t• Green Economy and Social and Environmental Sustainability
\r\n\t• Sustainable Development and Industrialization
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Al - Asmari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3124.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52973",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Awad",surname:"Al-Asmari",slug:"dr.-awad-al-asmari",fullName:"Dr. Awad Al-Asmari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78726",title:"Aromatic Rice of India: It’s Types and Breeding Strategies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99232",slug:"aromatic-rice-of-india-it-s-types-and-breeding-strategies",body:'1. Introduction
Rice is an important crop as half of the world’s population depends on it. The year 1966 was declared as Year of Rice by FAO and again in 2002, United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 as International Year of Rice. Milled rice is the third most produced crop after wheat and maize in world. Rice cultivation is source of employment to billions of people in rice cultivating countries. The global rice consumption is dominated by the countries in the Asia-Pacific region, like China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. There are different types of rice cultivated around the world, but if we talk about global rice trade, then there are four types: long grained Indica (80%), short grained Japonica (15%), aromatic rice viz., Basmati and Jasmine (4%) [1] and glutinous rice (1%). Among different types of rice, aromatic rice occupies a very small group but they possess excellent quality traits of rice. However, the word aromatic literal meaning is pleasant or sweet smell, though the aromatic rice is more than aroma. They are known for soft cooked rice texture, sweet taste and tenderness which make them class apart and command premium price in comparison to non-aromatic type of rice. From Glaszmann [2] classification of rice types, aromatic rice falls under three groups; Group I (Jasmine, aromatic rice from South East Asia and China); Group V (Basmati); and Group VI (aromatic rice from Indonesia, Philippines, and China). Aromatic rice is cultivated in all rice growing countries; each having their own indigenous collection: like Basmati of India and Pakistan; Dulhabhog of Bangladesh; Khao-Dawk-Mali (Jasmine) from Thailand; Azucena and Milfor of Philippines; Rodojolele of Indonesia and Sugandhi of Myanmar [3] Della rice of USA. Major aromatic rice producing and exporting countries in the global market are India (Basmati types), Pakistan (Basmati types) and Thailand (Jasmine types). In this chapter we will learn about aromatic rice varieties of India it economic importance to India and breeding strategies used to develop these varieties.
2. Aromatic rice in India
India has nearly 300 indigenous collections of aromatic rice varieties. These varieties falls under different types based on kernel length: Small grained (≤5.51 mm); Medium grained (5.51–6.60 mm); Long grained (6.61–7.51 mm); and Very Long grained (>7.51 mm). Most of the aromatic rice of India are short to long grained only few of them are Very long grained (Basmati types). In general, there are two types of aromatic rice: Basmati and non-Basmati types [4]. This differentiation is done on the basis of kernel dimensions (Kernel length, Kernel breadth, ratios of length/breadth; before and after cooking) as mentioned in Table 1.
2.1 Non-Basmati type of aromatic rice of India
This group mainly constitutes of small, medium and long grained types of aromatic rice. The center of diversity of non-Basmati types of aromatic rice of India is located in Himalayan foothills; Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; and Tarai region of Nepal [5]. Few famous and locally cultivated varieties of this group with respective kernel length are listed below (Table 2) along with their area of cultivation. There are a total of eight non-Basmati types of aromatic rice with GI tag in India; names of such varieties are mentioned in bold and italicized letters in the table (Table 2).
Kernel dimensions | Basmati type | Non-Basmati type |
---|
Kernel length | 6.4–7.6 mm | 5.2–5.4 mm |
Kernel length/breadth ratio before cooking | 3.5–4.2 | 3.3–3.5 |
Kernel length/breadth ratio after cooking | 4.9–5.6 | 2.95–3.8 |
Elongation ratio of kernel length | 1.7–1.83 | 1.4–1.57 |
Elongation ratio of kernel breadth | 1.26–1.33 | 1.31–1.61 |
Table 1.
Differentiation of Basmati and non-Basmati types.
States of India | Small grained (≤5.51 mm) | Medium grained (5.51–6.60 mm) | Long grained (6.61–7.51 mm) |
---|
Andhra Pradesh | — | Jeeragasamba | — |
Assam | Joha rice | — | — |
Bihar | Badshah Bhog, Deobhog, Katarni, Tulsi-Manjari, Shyam, Jeevan, Kanak Jeera, Mircha, Bramobhusi, Ranijawain, Karina, Tulsi Pasand, Dewatabhog | Gopal Bhog, Champaran Basmati (Lal), Champaran Basmati (Kali), Champaran Basmati (Bhini), Bhilahi Basmati, Amod, Abdul, Kesar, Sonachur | Baikani |
Himachal Pradesh | | Achhu, Begrui, Panarsa (local) | Baldhar Basmati, Madhumati, Mushkan, Seond Basmati |
Kerela | Jeeraksala, Gandhaksala | — | — |
Madhya Pradesh | Chinore, Dubrej, Kalimooch, Bishnubhog, Badshah Bhog, Tulsi-Manjari | Chatri, Modhuri, Vishnu Parag | Laloo |
Maharashtra | Ambemohar, Ajaraghansal | Prabhavati | — |
Manipur | — | Chak Hao | — |
Uttar Pradesh | Adamchini, Badshah Pasand, Bindli, Bhartaphool, Dhania, Chhoti Chinnawar, Laungchoor, Jeerabattis, Kanak Jeeri, Yuvraj, Moongpholi, Rambhog, Ramjawain | Karmuhi, Kesar, Kesarparsom, Sonachur, Tilakchandan, Kalanamak, Vishnu Bhog | Type-3, Hansraj, Nagina-12, Safeda, Kalasukhdas, Tapovan Basmati, Type-9, Duniapat Dabraj |
West Bengal | Gobindbhog, Tulaipanji | Kanakchur | — |
Table 2.
Indigenous aromatic varieties cultivated in different states of India.
Italicized and bold genotypes names indicate that they hold GI tag.
2.2 Basmati type of aromatic rice of India
This group includes slender and long to very long grained type of aromatic rice. It is indigenous to Himalayan foothills. The word Basmati is derived from Sanskrit word, vas (aroma) and mayup (ingrained or present from earlier). Morphologically Basmati rice is similar to indica type but differs from indica in phenol reaction and isoenzyme pattern [2]; opaque kernel appearance, intermediate amylose content and alkali spreading value. Consequently, Basmati is classified into intermediate group between indica and japonica [6].
Basmati is aromatic rice, but all aromatic rice is not Basmati. A rice variety to be called as Basmati rice has to meet all the minimum standards of Basmati rice quality traits. These minimum standards have been outlined by the recommendations of the Central Sub Committee on Crops Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties for Agricultural Crops constituted by the Central Seed Committee established under Section 3 of the Seeds Act, 1966 of India and Export of Basmati Rice (Quality Control and Inspection) Rules, 2003. These traits are mainly quality traits; and are summarized below.
Hence, any aromatic rice in India can be called as Basmati only when it meets the minimum standards given in aforementioned table (Table 3). Apart from, quality standards, there is another writ under Export of Basmati Rice (Quality Control and Inspection) Rules, 2003 which defines which genotype of an aromatic rice can be called as Basmati. According to this rule; Basmati is of two types:
Traditional Basmati: these are pureline selection from the existed Basmati landraces which are six in number (Table 4).
Evolved Basmati: Evolved Basmati varieties are developed through hybridization or any other breeding methods in such way that at least one of the parents used to develop them was a Traditional Basmati Variety or pureline Basmati variety (Table 4).
Traits | Value |
---|
Average pre-cooked milled rice length | >6.61 mm |
Average pre-cooked milled rice breadth | <2 mm |
Average length/breadth ratio of pre-cooked milled rice | >3.5 |
Average cooked rice length | >12 mm |
Average pre-cooked rice length/pre-cooked rice length (elongation ratio) | >1.7 |
Average volume expansion ratio | >3.5 |
Amylose content range | 20–25% |
Alkali spreading value range | 4–7 |
Minimum brown rice recovery | 76% |
Minimum milled rice recovery | 65% |
Minimum head rice recovery | 45% |
Aroma | Present |
Texture of cooked grain (without surface bursting of cooked rice kernel), non-stickiness, tenderness, good taste and mouth feel | Present |
Table 3.
Minimum standard of Basmati rice quality traits.
Traditional Basmati | Year of release | Pedigree |
---|
Basmati-217 | 1973 | Pureline selection from local landraces of Punjab |
Basmati-370 | 1976 | Pureline selection from local landraces of Punjab (now in Pakistan) |
Type-3 | 1978 | Pureline selection from Dehraduni Basmati |
Ranbir Basmati | 1996 | Pureline selection from Basmati-370 |
Taraori Basmati | 1996 | Pureline selection from Karnal local |
Basmati-386 | 1997 | Pureline selection from local landraces of Punjab |
Evolved Basmati | | Pedigree |
Punjab Basmati-1 | 1984 | Sona/Basmati370 |
Pusa Basmati-1 | 1989 | Pusa150/Karnal Local |
Kasturi | 1989 | Basmati370/CR 88-17-1-5 |
Haryana-1 | 1991 | Sona/Basmati370 |
Mahi Sugandha | 1995 | BK-79/Basmati370 |
Improved Pusa Basmati-1 | 2007 | Pusa Basmati-1 |
Pusa Basmati-1121 | 2008 | Pusa 614-1-2/Pusa 614-2-4-3 (sister line of PB-1) |
Vallabh Basmati-22 | 2009 | — |
Pusa Basmati-6 | 2010 | PB-1/PB-1121 |
Punjab Basmati-2 | 2012 | — |
CSR-30 | 2012 | Buraratha 4-10/Pak Basmati |
HUBR10-9 | 2013 | Taraori Basmati/Jaya |
Vallabh Basmati-21 | 2013 | — |
Pusa Basmati-1509 | 2013 | Pusa Basmati-1301/Pusa Basmati-1121 |
Basmati-564 | 2015 | — |
Vallabh Basmati-23 | 2015 | — |
Vallabh Basmati-24 | 2015 | — |
Pusa Basmati-1609 | 2015 | PRR78/C101A51 |
Pant Basmati-1 | 2016 | PB-1/IET-12603 |
Pant Basmati-2 | 2016 | — |
Punjab Basmati-3 | 2016 | B-386/IET-17948/B-386 |
Pusa Basmati-1637 | 2016 | MAS derived NIL from PB-1 |
Pusa Basmati-1728 | 2016 | MAS derived NIL from PB-6 |
Pusa Basmati-1718 | 2019 | PB 1121/SPS97//PB1121*IRBB59 |
Table 4.
Notified Basmati varieties of India.
Given the importance of Basmati; in year 2008 APEDA, an Indian government Organization has filed an application to obtain GI tag for Basmati. Basmati became a registered GI form 15th February 2016 under agricultural goods with its GI periphery confines to seven states of India; Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttrakhand, and Uttar Pradesh. Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF), is an organization founded by APEDA to promote Basmati export; regulate production of foundation and certified seeds; authorize centers for sample drawn by customs department; develop new DNA testing laboratories to monitor quality standards of newly notified Basmati rice in National Trials of India; and supervise registration of Basmati as GI product.
2.3 Economic importance of aromatic rice in India
World trade of aromatic rice mostly includes Basmati and Jasmine types of varieties and India is leading exporter of Basmati in International market. In year 2019–2020, India has exported 4.45 million MT of Basmati to Iran, Saudi Arab, Iraq, UAE, Kuwait (major countries which import Basmati from India), US, UK, Singapore and Malaysia; earning 4,330.68 million USD. Major export of Basmati from India is headed to Asian countries (Middle East) followed by Western Europe [7]. Besides, milled Basmati, parboiled Basmati called as Sella Basmati rice in India and Middle East; and Cooked Basmati in United Kingdom [8] is also exported from India. Nearly half of the exported Basmati to Gulf countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and UAE) as well as UK and USA, includes Sella types of Basmati [7]. Earlier, Traditional Basmati viz., Basmati-370 and Taraori Basmati dominated the export of Basmati from India. In early 1990s, an evolved Basmati variety PB-1 replaced them and ruled Basmati export. Currently, PB1121 is the major Basmati variety exported from India; which has an exceptional kernel length (approximately 9 mm) and elongation ratio of 2.7 [9]. Cooked kernels of PB1121 attain a maximum length of 21.0 mm to 21.5 mm which maximum known in any rice germplasm [9]. It occupies 47% of Basmati growing area, followed by PB 1509 (26%), PB-6 (9%) and PB-1 (8%); (APEDA, [10], Basmati Survey Report, Kharif, Volume 2).
3. Plant breeding methods used to develop aromatic varieties in India
In India, the systematic rice breeding program started with the establishment of agricultural organizations like ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Delhi) in 1929; NRRI (National Rice Research Institute, Orissa) in 1946; Directorate of Rice Research; and Agricultural universities [3]. Aromatic rice breeding program was initiated at research stations: Kala Shah Kaku (Punjab state, now in Pakistan) and Nagina (Uttar Pradesh, India) [3] in 1920s. Further a separate program namely Basmati Variety Development Program was started at different research stations in India at Kaul, Kapurthala, Pantnagar and New Delhi, to develop new Basmati varieties by applying pureline selection in available germplasm, using dwarfening genes and hybridization techniques. These iniations, and diligence of plant breeders led to the development of few short, medium, and long grained aromatic varieties and a total of 30 notified Basmati varieties. PB-1718 is latest addition to this list; notified as Basmati variety in 2019 (APEDA [10], Basmati Crop Survey Report, Kharif, Volume 2).
Breeding for aromatic rice varieties is a complex task which is attributed to its quality traits. In a study Khush and Juliano [11] gave three reasons which adversely affect the aromatic rice breeding programs, 1) number of breeding objectives are more; 2) lack of equipment to measure grain quality and; 3) selection indices are not well defined. In present time the second problem has been overcome due to development of different equipments, software etc. to measure to the quality attributes of aromatic rice. Still breeding for aromatic rice is a complicated task, attributed to reasons outlined in the following paragraph; after reviewing work of famous scientists on aromatic rice:
Rice is staple food to half of world population, and in scenario of increasing population; increasing yield become the prime objective of any varietal development program; accordingly less emphasis is made on quality rice (aromatic rice).
Aromatic rice and Indica varieties belong to two different groups; hybridization between them is incompatible resulting into hybrid sterility [12].
Aromatic rice yield poor [6, 13, 14, 15]; photoperiod sensitive [14].
Environmental factors viz., climate, soil, temperature; and cultural practices affect the grain quality of aromatic rice [6, 15].
Aromatic rice grow and express quality traits best in their indigenous area only [6].
Some of the most common breeding methods practiced to develop aromatic rice varieties in India are listed below:
3.1 Pureline selection
Pureline selection is oldest breeding method used in development of new aromatic rice varieties. Breeding for Basmati rice started with pureline selection in 1920’s at two research stations; Kala Shah Kaku (Punjab state, now in Pakistan) and Nagina (Uttar Pradesh, India) [3]. The very first Basmati variety Basmati-370 was developed through pureline selection in 1933, at Kala Shah Kaku Research station by Late Sardar Mohammad. Few other Basmati varieties developed at these two research station were Basmati-217, Type-3, Type-23, N-10-B, N-12, Muskan, Begumi and Hansraj [8]. Among these, Basmati-217, Type-3 and Basmati-370 are still recognized as Basmati variety in India. A list of aromatic varieties (other than Basmati) developed through pureline selection is given below (Table 5).
New variety developed | From | Traits improved | State of India |
---|
3 new genotypes | Jeeraksala | Improved agronomic and yield potential | Kerala |
14 new genotypes | Kalanamak | Improved agronomic and yield potential | Uttar Pradesh |
C435 | Jeerege Sanna | Early maturing | Karnataka |
K441 | Kakasali | Early maturing | Karnataka |
DP33 | Krishna Pasangi | Early maturing | Karnataka |
Madhuri Selection A | Madhuri | Perform well in delayed planting conditions | Madhya Pradesh |
N-10B | Hansraj | Better quality and high yielding | Uttar Pradesh |
N-12 | Safeda | Better quality and high yielding | Uttar Pradesh |
Type-9 | Dimnepet | Better quality and high yielding | Uttar Pradesh |
Type-1 | Ramjeevan | Better quality and high yielding | Uttar Pradesh |
Type-23 | Kalasukhdas | Better quality and high yielding | Uttar Pradesh |
Sugandha | Pureline selection from local Basmati | | Bihar |
Table 5.
Aromatic varieties developed through pureline selection.
3.2 Hybridization
It is a very common breeding method utilized in development of a crop variety. Hybridization is a process in which crosses are made between two varieties of same species (inter-varietal hybridization); between two different species of same genus (inter-specific); between two different genera of same family (inter-generic). For self pollinated crop like rice, hybridization program is followed via Pedigree selection, Bulk Method, and Convergent Breeding to develop new varieties. Introduction of dwarfing gene and development of hybridization techniques in 1960s, augmented the Basmati development program Siddiq et al. [7] and other aromatic varieties too. Short, medium and long grained aromatic rice were developed at different agricultural research Institution in India (Table 6). PB1 is the first, high yielding, and semi-dwarf Basmati variety, developed through convergent breeding method in 1989 [9].
Variety name | Kernel type | Parents |
---|
Kusuma (LS) | Long | TN-1/Basmati-370 |
PAU 29-295 | Very long | Basmati-370/Hamsa |
GR101 | Very long | IR8/Pankhali 203 |
PNR-546 | Long | PNR-125-2/PNR130-2 |
Narendra Sugandha Dhan NDR-6093 | Long | NDR 637/Type-3 |
Ketkijoha | Medium | Savitri/Badsh abhog |
Nua kalajeera | Short | Pureline selection for Kalajeera |
Nua Dhusara | Medium | Pureline selection for Dhusara |
Nua Chinikamini | Short | |
CR Dhan 907 | Medium | Dubraj/Pusa 44 |
CR Sugandh Dhan 908 | Medium | Swarna/Geetanjali |
CR Sugandh Dhan 909 | Medium | Pankaj/Podum oni |
CR Sugandh Dhan 910 | Medium | Swarna/Geetanjali |
Gangawati Ageti | Long | Gaurav x Kalinga III |
HUBR-2-1 | Long | HBR92/Pusa Basmati/Kasturi |
Table 6.
Aromatic varieties developed through hybridization in India.
Outstanding achievements of Hybrid rice breeding in China encouraged Indian plant breeders to employ hybrid breeding in aromatic rice too. In India, hybrid breeding in aromatic rice was initiated first in Basmati germpalsm. CMS lines like: Pusa 3A and Pusa 4A, were developed at IARI (Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi) from PB-1. Several high yielding varieties viz., Pusa Sugandha-2, Pusa Sugandha-3, and Pusa Sugandha-5 were developed using crosses of Pusa 3A and Haryana Basmati-1 [7]. Sugandha is a Hindi word meaning “Scented”. In 2001, IARI developed first hybrid aromatic rice (PRH10) in world. PRH-10 was developed by crossing Pusa Sugandha with Pusa 6A (CMS line).
3.3 Mutation breeding
Mutation breeding is a useful method to produce genetic variability in crop. In mutation breeding, whole plant/plant part/seed are subjected to mutagen (physical or chemical). This method has been widely applied in developing new varieties in different crops including rice. In aromatic rice, mutation breeding is used to bring desirable change in quality traits. Many mutants line have been developed from several aromatic rice genotypes including Basmati (especially Basmati-370) but only few of them are cultivated. In India mutant lines have been developed in genotypes viz., Kalimoonch-6, Bindli, Kamal Local, Type-9, NP-49, T412, Kalanamak, Gobindbhog, Badshapasand and Basmati-370. Mutants showing certain desirable trait (dwarf stature, lodging resistance, early maturing) are conserved to be used in future breeding program. One such institute is NRRI, Cuttack, India which is maintaining more than 100 mutant lines having certain desirable traits of aromatic rice. Geetanjali and ADT 41 aromatic rice varieties were developed at NRRI; these are mutant lines of Basmati-370. A-201 aromatic variety of USA was developed by using PI457920 mutant; this mutant was developed from Basmati-370 of Pakistan.
3.4 Molecular breeding
In recent years, application of molecular breeding techniques has increased in field of plant breeding. Biotechnological tools viz., NGS, GWAS, MAS, and QTL mapping etc. have been utilized at larger scale in studies related to plant breeding. In India, only two aromatic varieties (Basmati type) have been developed by using molecular breeding method. ImprovedPB-1 has been developed which is resistant to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). Two bacterial blight gene (Xa13 and Xa 21) has been introgressed in PB-1 through Marker Assisted Backcross Breeding from donor parent IRBB55 [16]. PB-1718 is developed through MAS from NIL of PB-1121; the variety posses bacterial blight resistance gene Xa13. However, genetic mapping [17], QTL mapping [18], whole genome wide SNP marker analysis [19] have been used to study aroma genes of aromatic rice and other quality traits too.
4. Conclusion
Aromatic rice is not only special food in India, but they are culturally auspicious too. Indian consumers prefer aromatic rice over non-aromatic rice. Basmati is premium quality of aromatic rice of India and it is mainly cultivated for export purposes. There is a huge demand of Basmati in International market, but in India, demand of aromatic rice is not limited only to Basmati; rather many non-Basmati indigenous varieties are cultivated, and are very popular among locals. A major portion of non-Basmati types of aromatic varieties had been gradually lost in course of time due to aftermath of Green Revolution in India. Unfortunately, those lost aromatic germplasm inherited enriched quality traits on par with traditional Basmati types. In context of present scenario of aromatic rice in India, there is a need to emphasize on the under-utilized non-Basmati varieties rather only aiming to develop more and more of Basmati types.
\n',keywords:"aromatic rice, types of aromatic rice in India, basmati rice, basmati breeding program",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78726.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78726.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78726",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78726",totalDownloads:134,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"June 17th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 5th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 23rd 2021",datePublished:"January 26th 2022",dateFinished:"September 23rd 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The coalescence of organoleptic traits viz., pleasant aroma, cooked rice texture, and taste make aromatic rice unique and distinguished from non-aromatic rice. Aromatic rice is cultivated in every rice growing country; with each country has its own indigenous collection. International trade of rice is dominated by Indica (long grained), Japonica (short grained), aromatic rice (Basmati and Jasmine) and glutinous rice; amidst which, Basmati types from India and Pakistan; and Jasmine types from Thailand have phenomenal demand. In India all types of aromatic rice are cultivated based on Kernel length; short, medium, long and very long grained. Basmati varieties own the major market, while other types of aromatic rice besides Basmati are popular in local market only. The country inherits rich diversity of aromatic rice germplasm; with more than 300 different types, each of the rice growing states of India has its own locally popular aromatic rice varieties. India a country where two third of its population consume rice as part of their daily food; aromatic rice always remain their favorite. Basmati, by virtue of its excellent qualities it dominates both national and international market. Every year, Basmati ranks first in respect of foreign exchange earned from the export of agricultural products from India (APEDA). The phenomenal demand and export figures have augmented Basmati Breeding program. However, only few aromatic varieties are cultivated depending on their demand, and their breeding program is also limited. In India, Basmati has over-shadowed other types of aromatic rice in market and in plant breeding programs too. Breeding for Basmati varieties is undertaken by prime agricultural institutions of India. The country regulates quality standards and development of Basmati varieties with the help of Export of Basmati Rice (Quality Control and Inspection) Rules 2003; Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA); and Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF). However, no such initiatives have been taken to promote the development of other aromatic rice varieties of India besides Basmati.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78726",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78726",signatures:"Aarti Sharma, Sandhya , Akanksha Srivastava, Snehanshu Singh, Subhash Mishra, Shiva Mohan, Chhavi , Akanksha Singh, Avinash Kumar Singh and Hemant Kumar Jaiswal",book:{id:"10896",type:"book",title:"Integrative Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Integrative Advances in Rice Research",slug:"integrative-advances-in-rice-research",publishedDate:"January 26th 2022",bookSignature:"Min Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10896.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-600-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-599-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-601-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"353611",title:"Dr.",name:"Aarti",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Aarti Sharma",slug:"aarti-sharma",email:"aartisharma4564@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"436028",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandhaya",middleName:null,surname:null,fullName:"Sandhaya null",slug:"sandhaya",email:"sbsandhyabharti@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"436029",title:"Dr.",name:"Akanksha",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastava",fullName:"Akanksha Srivastava",slug:"akanksha-srivastava",email:"akankshasrivastava7528@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"436030",title:"Dr.",name:"Snehanshu",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Snehanshu Singh",slug:"snehanshu-singh",email:"snehansusingh55@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"436031",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhash",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",fullName:"Subhash Mishra",slug:"subhash-mishra",email:"Subhashmishra1212@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"436032",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shiva",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",fullName:"Shiva Mohan",slug:"shiva-mohan",email:"shivagupta136@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"436034",title:"Dr.",name:"Chhavi",middleName:null,surname:null,fullName:"Chhavi null",slug:"chhavi",email:"chhavi51.biotech@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"436035",title:"Prof.",name:"Akanksha",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Akanksha Singh",slug:"akanksha-singh",email:"singh.akanksha050619@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"436037",title:"Dr.",name:"Avinash Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Avinash Kumar Singh",slug:"avinash-kumar-singh",email:"avinash.singh.2592@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"436040",title:"Prof.",name:"Hemant Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Jaiswal",fullName:"Hemant Kumar Jaiswal",slug:"hemant-kumar-jaiswal",email:"hkjbhu@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Aromatic rice in India",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Non-Basmati type of aromatic rice of India",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Basmati type of aromatic rice of India",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Economic importance of aromatic rice in India",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Plant breeding methods used to develop aromatic varieties in India",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 Pureline selection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Hybridization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.3 Mutation breeding",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.4 Molecular breeding",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'[Richaria, R.H., Mishra, B., and Kulkarni, V.A. (1965). Studies in world genetic stock of rice. IV—Distribution of scented rices. Oryza 2:57-59]'},{id:"B2",body:'[Glaszmann, J.C. (1987). Isozymes and classification of Asian rice varieties. Theortical and Applied Genetics 74:21-30]'},{id:"B3",body:'[Ahuja, S.C., Panwar, D.V.S., Ahuja, U., and Gupta, K.R. (1995). Basmati Rice: The Scented Pearl. Hisar, Haryana, India: Directorate of Publications, CCS Haryana Agricultural University. pp. 1-61]'},{id:"B4",body:'[Singh, R.K., Singh, U.S., Khush, G.S., Rohilla, R., Singh, J.P., Singh, G., and Shekhar, K.S. (2000). Small and Medium Grained Aromatic Rices of India. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 155-178]'},{id:"B5",body:'[Pachauri, V., Singh, M.K., Singh, A.K., Singh, S., Shakeel, N. A., and Singh, V.P. (2010). Origin and genetic diversity of aromatic rice varieties, molecular breeding and chemical and genetic basis of rice aroma. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 19(2):127-143]'},{id:"B6",body:'[Ahuja, U, Ahuja, S.C., Thakrar, R., and Rani, N.S. (2008). Scented rice of India. Asian Agri-History 12(4):267-283]'},{id:"B7",body:'[Siddiq, E. A., Vemireddy, L. R., and Nagaraju, J. (2012). Basmati rices: Genetics, breeding and trade. Agricultural Research 1(1):25-36]'},{id:"B8",body:'[Bhattacharjee, P., Singhal, R.S., and Kulkarni, P.R. (2002). Basmati rice: A review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 37:1-12]'},{id:"B9",body:'[Singh, A.K., Ellur, R.K., Gopala Krishna, S., Bhowmick, P.K., Nagarajan, M., Vinod K.K., Haritha, B., et al. (2018). Basmati rice variety Pusa Basmati 1718. Indian Journal of Genetics 78:151]'},{id:"B10",body:'[Basmati Crop Survey Report (2019). Basmati Export Development Foundation, APEDA, New Delhi. Vol. 2. p. 11]'},{id:"B11",body:'[Khush, G.S., and Juliano, B.O. (1991). Research priorities for improving rice grain quality. In: Rice Grain Marketing and Quality Issues. Manila, Philippines: IRRI. pp. 65-66]'},{id:"B12",body:'[Mathure, S., Shaikh, A., Renuka, N., Wakte, K., Jawali, N., Thengane, R., and Nadaf, A. (2011). Characterization of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm and correlation between their agronomic and quality traits. Euphytica 179:237]'},{id:"B13",body:'[Bemer, D.K., and Hoff, B.J. (1986). Inheritance of scent in American long grain rice. Food Science and Technology 26:876-878]'},{id:"B14",body:'[Prasad, G.S.V., Padmavathi, G., Suneetha, K., Madhav, M. S., and Muralidharan, K. (2020). Assessment of diversity of Indian aromatic rice germplasm collections for morphological, agronomical, quality traits and molecular characters to identify a core set for crop improvement. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience 1:13]'},{id:"B15",body:'[Prodhan, Z.H., Faruq, G., Rashid, K. A., and Taha, R. M. (2017). Effects of temperature on volatile profile and aroma quality in rice. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 19(5):1065-1072]'},{id:"B16",body:'[Gopalakrishnan, S., Sharma, R.K., Anand Rajkumar, K., et al. (2008). Integrating marker assisted background analysis with foreground selection for identification of superior bacterial blight resistant recombinants in Basmati rice. Plant Breeding 127:131-139]'},{id:"B17",body:'[Bradbury, L.M., Fitzgerald, T.L., Henry, R.J., Jin, Q., and Waters, D.L. (2005) The gene for fragrance in rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal 3:363]'},{id:"B18",body:'[Prodhan, Z.H., and Qingyao, S. (2020). Rice aroma: A natural gift comes with price and the way forward. Rice Science 27(2):86-100]'},{id:"B19",body:'[Kishor, D.S., Seo, J., Chin, J.H., and Koh, H.J. (2020). Evaluation of whole-genome sequence, genetic diversity, and agronomic traits of Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). Frontiers in Genetics 11:86]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Aarti Sharma",address:"aartisharma4564@gmail.com",affiliation:'- Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, India
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'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10896",type:"book",title:"Integrative Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Integrative Advances in Rice Research",slug:"integrative-advances-in-rice-research",publishedDate:"January 26th 2022",bookSignature:"Min Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10896.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-600-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-599-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-601-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"171387",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanan",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",email:"ygao@dicp.ac.cn",fullName:"Yanan Gao",slug:"yanan-gao",position:null,biography:"Prof. Yanan Gao received his bachelor’s degree in 1999 and doctorate degree in 2005 from Shandong University. Then he continued his research at Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems(2006-2008), University of Akron(2008-2009)and University of York(2009-2011)as a postdoctoral research fellow. In 2011, Prof. Gao jointed Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences as the principal investigator of Chinese Ionic Liquids Lab and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics-Queen’s University Joint Lab and the leader of Porous Organic Framework Material Group. Now Prof. Gao is the vice director of Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education and the member of Academic committee in School of Chemical Engineering and Technology in Hainan University. His current research interests focus on the design, synthesis and application of covalent organic frameworks (COFs).",institutionString:"Hainan University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171387/images/system/171387.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Hainan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"48447",title:"Various Self-Assembly Behaviors of Amphiphilic Molecules in Ionic Liquids",slug:"various-self-assembly-behaviors-of-amphiphilic-molecules-in-ionic-liquids",abstract:null,signatures:"Bin Dong and Yanan Gao",authors:[{id:"171387",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanan",surname:"Gao",fullName:"Yanan Gao",slug:"yanan-gao",email:"ygao@dicp.ac.cn"}],book:{id:"4504",title:"Ionic Liquids",slug:"ionic-liquids-current-state-of-the-art",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"64611",title:"Synthesis, Properties, and Their Potential Application of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)",slug:"synthesis-properties-and-their-potential-application-of-covalent-organic-frameworks-cofs-",abstract:"Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent an emerging class of crystalline porous polymers, which are ingeniously assembled with organic building blocks through reversible covalent bonds. The well-defined crystalline porous structures, easy functional modification, high surface area, together with structural designability and diversity have offered the COFs superior potential in various applications, such as catalysis, gas adsorption and separation, and optoelectricity. Since the pioneer work of Omar Yaghi in 2005, this field has developed rapidly and attracted much attention from researchers with diverse expertise. In this chapter, we describe the basic design concepts, the recent synthetic advancements, and the frontiers of functional exploration in gas adsorption and storage. Special emphasis is placed on their potential application in heterogeneous catalysis field. Finally, the prospects of COFs and remaining issues in these fields are indicated.",signatures:"Lifeng Deng, Junfeng Zhang and Yanan Gao",authors:[{id:"171387",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanan",surname:"Gao",fullName:"Yanan Gao",slug:"yanan-gao",email:"ygao@dicp.ac.cn"},{id:"265789",title:"BSc.",name:"Lifeng",surname:"Deng",fullName:"Lifeng Deng",slug:"lifeng-deng",email:"denglifeng@hainu.edu.cn"},{id:"279899",title:"Mr.",name:"Junfeng",surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Junfeng Zhang",slug:"junfeng-zhang",email:"252033706@qq.com"}],book:{id:"8592",title:"Mesoporous Materials",slug:"mesoporous-materials-properties-and-applications",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"18064",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Martínez Palou",slug:"rafael-martinez-palou",fullName:"Rafael Martínez Palou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"I was born in Cuba in october 30, 1964. I studied Chemistry in Havana University (1982-1987). After working 8 years ago in a research centre of the sugar industry I moved to Mexico to studied MS (1995-1997) and PhD (1997-2002) in Organic Chemistry. I work as research in Mexican Petroleum Institute since 2002. I do research in applied organic chemistry.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"18306",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzaneh",surname:"Shemirani",slug:"farzaneh-shemirani",fullName:"Farzaneh Shemirani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"19012",title:"Dr.",name:"Chuan-Fu",surname:"Liu",slug:"chuan-fu-liu",fullName:"Chuan-Fu Liu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"South China University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"51333",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",surname:"I. Abu-Eishah",slug:"samir-i.-abu-eishah",fullName:"Samir I. Abu-Eishah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51333/images/2527_n.jpg",biography:"I have over 32 years of experience at four different universities (Jordan University of Science & Technology, University of Jordan, University of Bahrain and currently, UAE University). I have taught Process Modeling & Simulation, Process and Plant Design and Process Optimization. In addition I taught other core and specialized courses in chemical engineering, for example, Operations Research, Process Control, Advanced Process Control, and Petroleum Refining Engineering. I have developed laptop teaching material for Process Modeling & Simulation, Process and Plant Design and Petroleum Refining Engineering. \nI have supervised many graduation projects on gas processing (e.g., Aromatic Emission Minimization, Design and Application of Hydrocarbons’ Vapor Recovery Unit, Design of a Sour Natural Gas Processing Facility in Abu Dhabi). I have supervised term projects on energy integration through the Process & Plant Design course. My PhD thesis was on: Design and Control of a Two-Column Distillation Process for the Separation of Homogeneous Binary Azeotropic Mixtures. The first publication on that subject appeared in 1985. My PhD thesis is a mix of process modeling, simulation, energy integration, process optimization, process design, and process control. I have also published, among others, several papers on vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria and prediction of critical properties of binary fluid mixtures with emphasis on hydrocarbon/gas mixtures.\nI have supervised 9 M.Sc. theses (7 in Jordan and 4 in UAE) in addition to other graduate and term projects and I was a member of the examining committee of many M.Sc. theses (CHE, ME, Chemistry, Environmental Science Master Program, and Water Resources Master Program) and an examiner in the qualifying exam for PhD students.\nI also supervised, among other works, a thesis on “Investigation on the Minimization of SO2 Emissions at Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company Limited (ADGAS) and Its Impact on Ambient Air Quality” and published two papers on that subject. \nIn addition, I have supervised many graduation projects during my career (and examiner of many others) that include process modeling, simulation, design and control as applied to oil and natural gas processing.\nI am the reviewer for many international scientific journals and associate editor of the Emirates Journal for Scientific Research (UAE University). I have over 300 citations for my published research in peer-reviewed journals.\nI have concentrated in my research on process modeling and simulation of chemical processes. I have organized and offered short courses on process modeling and simulation, process safety, risk assessment and analysis, and several others that are related to hydrocarbons processing and handling. I have been serving the community in many aspects at the various locations during my career. I have been a member of national committees (Standards and Codes, Non-CFC Standards, Jury Expert for Industrial Claims). I also supervised training at different industrial and professional entities. I have built a very good record with industry and received grants from different industries in Jordan (Jordan Phosphate Mines Co. and Arab Potash Co.) In the UAE I have received grants from (UAE University, General Holding Corporation for work on steel slag in cement manufacturing, Doosan Heavy Industries on desalination plants, Ministry of Presidential Affairs on Horizon for Petrochemicals in UAE, and recently from Emirates Foundation on photocatalytic conversion of CO2 back to hydrocarbons using TiO2 nanocatalyst and UV and/or visible light). I also received international grants from Japan Petroleum Institute and from Overseas Development Administration in Britain).\nI have been very competitive in getting research funding at the interdisciplinary and national levels and I am willing to engage myself in collaborative research, outstanding scholarly activities that will lead to national, regional and international recognition. In this regards, I have published 2 chapters in two books by Intech Open Access on “Ionic Liquids: Recycling for Reuse” in 2011 and \\Utilization of Ionic Liquids in Wood and Wood-Related Applications — A Review\\ in 2015",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"United Arab Emirates University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"139343",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Maciejewska",slug:"magdalena-maciejewska",fullName:"Magdalena Maciejewska",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/139343/images/system/139343.jpeg",biography:"Magdalena Maciejewska received her M.Sc. (Polymer Technology) from Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland, in 2004. She obtained her Ph.D. in the field of technical sciences (Chemical Technology) and Ph.D. D.Sc. from the same university, in 2008 and 2018, respectively. She is currently working as Assistant Professor at Lodz University of Technology, in the Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz, Poland. Her research work has been credited with 8 national patents, 40 research and review articles in peer-reviewed national and international journals, 10 book chapters in international and national books and 31 proceedings. She has attended more than 30 international and domestic conferences. She has supervised 50 diploma thesis and was an assistant supervisor of 3 Ph.D. theses. Her major areas of research are polymer and elastomer composites, ionic liquids in the elastomer technology, vulcanization of elastomers, thermal analysis.",institutionString:"Lodz University of Technology",institution:{name:"Lodz University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"153602",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinya",surname:"Sasaki",slug:"shinya-sasaki",fullName:"Shinya Sasaki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Radiological Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"171459",title:"Dr.",name:"Octavio",surname:"Olivares-Xometl",slug:"octavio-olivares-xometl",fullName:"Octavio Olivares-Xometl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"171477",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",surname:"Sashina",slug:"elena-sashina",fullName:"Elena Sashina",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Saint Petersburg State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"171683",title:"Dr.",name:"Negin",surname:"Fasih Ramandi",slug:"negin-fasih-ramandi",fullName:"Negin Fasih Ramandi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"171685",title:"Dr.",name:"Filip",surname:"Walkiewicz",slug:"filip-walkiewicz",fullName:"Filip Walkiewicz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"our-story",title:"Our story",intro:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\nIn the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\nThe IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n2004
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t- Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n2005
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n2006
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n2008
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n2009
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n2010
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t- IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n2011
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t- IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t- IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t- IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n2012
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t- IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n2013
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n2014
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t- IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n2015
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t- 40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t- Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n2016
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n2017
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t- Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\nIn the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\nThe IntechOpen timeline
\n\n2004
\n\n\n\t- Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t- Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n2005
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n2006
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n2008
\n\n\n\t- Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n2009
\n\n\n\t- Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n2010
\n\n\n\t- Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t- IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n2011
\n\n\n\t- Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t- IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t- IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t- IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n2012
\n\n\n\t- Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t- IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n2013
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n2014
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t- IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n2015
\n\n\n\t- Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t- Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t- 40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t- Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n2016
\n\n\n\t- IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n2017
\n\n\n\t- Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t- Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"420151",title:"Prof.",name:"Novirman",middleName:null,surname:"Jamarun",slug:"novirman-jamarun",fullName:"Novirman Jamarun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"420149",title:"Dr.",name:"Rusmana",middleName:"Wijaya Setia",surname:"Wijaya Setia Ningrat",slug:"rusmana-wijaya-setia-ningrat",fullName:"Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"339759",title:"Mr.",name:"Abu",middleName:null,surname:"Macavoray",slug:"abu-macavoray",fullName:"Abu Macavoray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}},{id:"339758",title:"Prof.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Emikpe",slug:"benjamin-emikpe",fullName:"Benjamin Emikpe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ibadan",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"339760",title:"Mr.",name:"Moinina Nelphson",middleName:null,surname:"Kallon",slug:"moinina-nelphson-kallon",fullName:"Moinina Nelphson Kallon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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