Comparison of the nutritional quality of vermicompost and farmyard manure.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6518",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Chitin-Chitosan - Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",subtitle:"Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose and is a resourceful copious and cheap biomaterial discovered in 1859 owing to significant industrial and technological utility. Raw chitin-chitosan resembles keratin in its biological functions. Chitin chemistry vastly developed via innate unparalleled biological features and exceptional physicochemical characters. Chitosan endures assorted chemical/physical modifications easily at free proactive functionalities, yet intact bulk properties are achieved through processing, viz., film, membrane, composite, hybrid, nanofibre, nanoparticle, hydrogel and scaffolds. Rapidly lessen bioresources signify chitosan as an option due to renewable eco-friendliness and drive embryonic myriad applications in S&T. Controlled surface modification in its flexible framework imparts advanced functionalized applications in science and technology developments. Chitosan-matrix is advantageous over biopolymers due to inherent economic, versatile and unequivocal portfolio from bio-molecule to quantum dots which traced its great journey in modern S&T. Overall, chitosan chemistry boosted R&D in countless domains like agriculture, biochemical, medicine, pharmaceutics, nanotechnology, biotechnology, material/food science, microbiology, biomedicine, bioengineering, biochemistry, bioprocessing and environment.",isbn:"978-1-78923-407-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-406-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-519-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71146",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",numberOfPages:382,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2bbe245f1821a6691cc6d07e5b3462cf",bookSignature:"Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre",publishedDate:"July 18th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6518.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22768,numberOfWosCitations:56,numberOfCrossrefCitations:45,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:95,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:196,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 26th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 17th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 6th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 5th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",middleName:"Sukhadeorao",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188286/images/system/188286.jpg",biography:"Rajendra S. Dongre received his M.Sc. from the Department of Chemistry, R.T.M., Nagpur University in 1996 (Gold Medalist) and his PhD in 2010. His research work includes organic synthesis, chitosan bio-composite, assorted dimensional matrix, and remediation of water pollution de-fluoridation; nitrate, chromium, and phosphate lead (II). He has worked as a Scientist-B in the CSIR-LAB, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Nagpur M.S., India. Overall, he has 25 years of experience in research and development and 18 years of post-graduate teaching experience, which has resulted in 70 international research paper publications. He has guided four research students to pursue their PhD. He received the 6th National Award (runner-up) for Technology Innovation in Petrochemicals and Downstream Plastics Processing Industry, for research in the field of polymer science and technology, handed by the Honorable Ananth Kumar, Petrochemical & Fertilizers Minister of Government of India in 2016. He received the 5th National Science & Technology Award for research contribution in the field of developing science in 2017, by EET-CRS, Noida, India.",institutionString:"RTM Nagpur University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"916",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"biomaterials-biotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"61752",title:"Introductory Chapter: Multitask Portfolio of Chitin/Chitosan: Biomatrix to Quantum Dot",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77218",slug:"introductory-chapter-multitask-portfolio-of-chitin-chitosan-biomatrix-to-quantum-dot",totalDownloads:1256,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61752",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61752",authors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],corrections:null},{id:"60657",title:"Carboxymethyl-Chitosan Cross-Linked 3- Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Membrane for Speciation of Toxic Chromium from Water",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76035",slug:"carboxymethyl-chitosan-cross-linked-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-membrane-for-speciation-of-toxic-ch",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution onto the nanomaterials prepared by modified chitosan was investigated in a batch system to evaluate the efficiency of biomass as an adsorbent. The crosslinking materials of chitosan & silicon dioxide and carboxymethyl chitosan & silicon dioxide were synthesized, respectively, as new adsorbent materials for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption potential of Cr(VI) by the nanomaterials for desalination was investigated by varying experimental conditions such as pH, contact time and the dosage of the nanomaterials. Adsorption isotherms of Cr(VI) onto the membrane were studied with varying initial concentrations under optimum experiment conditions. The surface property of the membrane was characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The concentrations of Cr(VI) in solution are determined by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry). The membrane of carboxymethyl chitosan & silicon dioxide exhibited higher adsorption capacity than the membrane of chitosan & silicon dioxide for Cr(VI). The adsorption sites and specific surface area may be increased by changing from chitosan to carboxymethyl chitosan. The maximum adsorption capacity was estimated as 80.7 mg·g−1 for Cr(VI) under the optimum conditions.",signatures:"Naoki Kano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60657",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60657",authors:[{id:"140948",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",surname:"Kano",slug:"naoki-kano",fullName:"Naoki Kano"}],corrections:null},{id:"61247",title:"Chitosan-Clay Based (CS-NaBNT) Biodegradable Nanocomposite Films for Potential Utility in Food and Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76498",slug:"chitosan-clay-based-cs-nabnt-biodegradable-nanocomposite-films-for-potential-utility-in-food-and-env",totalDownloads:1344,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this work is to design newer material for food packaging applications and to valorize the Moroccan marine wastes using chitosan (CS) prepared from exoskeletons of shrimps. Biodegradable and uniform nanocomposite films developed from sodium bentonite nanoparticles dispersed in chitosan matrix were carefully studied. The montmorillonite is used as nanofiller, and aqueous acetic acid solution is employed as a medium for dissolving and dispersing chitosan and montmorillonite. The existence of dialdehyde chitosan as cross-linking agent was examined. Morphology, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films have been studied using FTIR, TGA, FEGSEM, TEM, XRD, and a tensile test. The XRD results indicate the formation of an intercalated and exfoliated nanostructure at low bentonite content and an intercalated and flocculated nanostructure at high bentonite content. Plastic deformation of the chitosan film is carried out using a thermomechanical treatment in the presence of a solvent and a plasticizer. The nanocomposite films obtained show a good tensile strength due to the reinforcement of chitosan intercalation in the silicate, which is an interesting mechanical property needed for food packaging applications. These nanocomposite films made from naturally occurring materials might play an important role in advanced research in food and environmental science.",signatures:"Asmae Laaraibi, Fatiha Moughaoui, Fouad Damiri, Amine Ouakit,\nImane Charhouf, Souad Hamdouch, Abdelhafid Jaafari, Abdelmjid\nAbourriche, Noureddine Knouzi, Ahmed Bennamara and\nMohammed Berrada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61247",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61247",authors:[{id:"224783",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Berrada",slug:"mohammed-berrada",fullName:"Mohammed Berrada"},{id:"237618",title:"Dr.",name:"Asmae",surname:"Laaraibi",slug:"asmae-laaraibi",fullName:"Asmae Laaraibi"},{id:"247093",title:"Dr.",name:"Fouad",surname:"Damiri",slug:"fouad-damiri",fullName:"Fouad Damiri"},{id:"255711",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",surname:"Moughaoui",slug:"fatiha-moughaoui",fullName:"Fatiha Moughaoui"},{id:"255712",title:"Dr.",name:"Amine",surname:"Ouaket",slug:"amine-ouaket",fullName:"Amine Ouaket"},{id:"255713",title:"Dr.",name:"Imane",surname:"Charhouf",slug:"imane-charhouf",fullName:"Imane Charhouf"},{id:"255714",title:"Prof.",name:"Souad",surname:"Hamdouch",slug:"souad-hamdouch",fullName:"Souad Hamdouch"},{id:"255715",title:"Prof.",name:"Noureddine",surname:"Knouzi",slug:"noureddine-knouzi",fullName:"Noureddine Knouzi"},{id:"255716",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Bennamara",slug:"ahmed-bennamara",fullName:"Ahmed Bennamara"},{id:"255717",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelmjid",surname:"Abourriche",slug:"abdelmjid-abourriche",fullName:"Abdelmjid Abourriche"},{id:"255718",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhafid",surname:"Jaafari",slug:"abdelhafid-jaafari",fullName:"Abdelhafid Jaafari"}],corrections:null},{id:"61572",title:"A Review of Chitosan-Based Materials for the Removal of Organic Pollution from Water and Bioaugmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76540",slug:"a-review-of-chitosan-based-materials-for-the-removal-of-organic-pollution-from-water-and-bioaugmenta",totalDownloads:1896,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chitin is a natural polymer extracted mostly from shrimp or crab shells and is the Earth’s second most abundant polysaccharide. After a simple deacetylation procedure, chitin is converted into chitosan that consists in a polysaccharide structure of deacetylated-β-glucosamine. Chitosan has been largely employed in wastewater treatment the removal of colloids through coagulation-flocculation processes. Different chitosan based materials have been produced and tested in the removal of inorganic pollutants such as toxic metals and metalloids, nutrients, dyes, micropollutants and hydrocarbons. Sorbents such as magnetic-activated carbon chitosan have been successfully tested in the removal of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and amoxicillin) from water. Raw chitosan and ZnO nanoparticles entrapped in chitosan have demonstrated an excellent potential for the removal of the insecticide permethrin from aqueous effluents. Chitin and chitosan in flake and powder form have also demonstrated a promising effectiveness in the removal of oil spilled in seawater. Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic sponges modified by thioles have been also prepared from chitosan and used for the removal of oil spills. Chitosan hydrogels have been tested as well as entrapment matrices for the immobilization of hydrocarbon-degrading biomass for oil spills. Strains such as R. corynebacteriorides (QBTo), Bacillus subtilis LAMI008 and B. pumilus have been successfully immobilized and employed in hydrocarbon degradation processes. In this book chapter, the use of chitosan and chitosan-based materials in the removal of organic pollutants from water is reviewed.",signatures:"Carlos Escudero-Oñate and Elena Martínez-Francés",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61572",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61572",authors:[{id:"188725",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Escudero-Oñate",slug:"carlos-escudero-onate",fullName:"Carlos Escudero-Oñate"},{id:"246684",title:"MSc.",name:"Elena",surname:"Martínez-Francés",slug:"elena-martinez-frances",fullName:"Elena Martínez-Francés"}],corrections:null},{id:"60859",title:"Chitosan’s Wide Profile from Fibre to Fabrics: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76196",slug:"chitosan-s-wide-profile-from-fibre-to-fabrics-an-overview",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Textile has a high structure capacity, is adaptive to multiple situations and is applied in food, energy, environmental, construction and medical industries. Its stable and flexible characteristics are sure to attract even more attention. Biofunctional textile is one of the most important categories of functional textile, taking up 7% of the total amount, and is expected to be the most promising section of growth. Due to the restrict requirement of fibre production, chitosan is one of the few materials that can be spun into pure fibre. The pure chitosan fibre can be blend with other fibres and produce durable functional fabric suitable for medical as well as daily use. This article also reviewed existed modification on chitosan material prepared for fibre spinning and technology related to chitosan-based textile production and discussed the difficulties and possible solutions in chitosan yarn spinning and possible ways of fabric forming.",signatures:"Xue Luo and Li Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60859",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60859",authors:[{id:"226218",title:"Prof.",name:"Li",surname:"Li",slug:"li-li",fullName:"Li Li"},{id:"240768",title:"Dr.",name:"Venus",surname:"Luo",slug:"venus-luo",fullName:"Venus Luo"}],corrections:null},{id:"61083",title:"Blended Composites of Chitosan: Adsorption Profile for Mitigation of Toxic Pb (II) Ions from Water",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74790",slug:"blended-composites-of-chitosan-adsorption-profile-for-mitigation-of-toxic-pb-ii-ions-from-water",totalDownloads:1312,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An environmental pollution is the unfavorable alteration of surrounding toxicity due to heavy metals, organic pollutants, radioactive materials, pesticides, dyes, pigments, fatty/oil impurities and minerals that are responsible for crucial ecological and health concerns. The indiscriminate industrial and anthropological activities render water resources unsuitable for consumptions. Percolations of synthetic pollutants in water are responsible for detrimental effects on aquatic flora and fauna. Environmental contamination of water poses the major challenge to develop efficient water treatment techniques based on usage of biopolymers. Hence, chitosan (de-acetylated chitin: β-(1 → 4) D-glucosamine) biosorbent is preferred which is cheap, biodegradable, and biocompatible for the mitigation of few heavy metals from water. Chitosan’s flexible skeleton was modified by doping few organic/inorganic moieties to yield biocomposites for adsorption of varied pollutants. In this chapter, the batch adsorption of toxic Pb (II) ions from water using graphite doped chitosan composite (GDCC) as an adsorbent is discussed. Maximum Pb (II) ions adsorption capacity was 6.711 mg/g (from Langmuir) at optimum pH 6 with dosage of 1 g/L in 120 min. Biosorption mechanism is emphasized in context with wastewater cleanup procedures.",signatures:"Asha H. Gedam, Prashil K. Narnaware and Vrushali Kinhikar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61083",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61083",authors:[{id:"223515",title:"Dr.",name:"Asha",surname:"Gedam",slug:"asha-gedam",fullName:"Asha Gedam"},{id:"241910",title:"Mr.",name:"Prashil",surname:"Narnaware",slug:"prashil-narnaware",fullName:"Prashil Narnaware"},{id:"241912",title:"Dr.",name:"Vrushali",surname:"Kinhikar",slug:"vrushali-kinhikar",fullName:"Vrushali Kinhikar"}],corrections:null},{id:"60136",title:"Sewage Polluted Water Treatment via Chitosan: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75395",slug:"sewage-polluted-water-treatment-via-chitosan-a-review",totalDownloads:1874,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to the increasing scarcity of water, wastewater treatment and water conditioning are one of the major future issues. Together with the need to apply highly accessible abundant materials and the demand to replace fossil-based chemicals with sustainable compounds from renewable resources, chitosan (CS) provides some of the solutions to obtain these goals and combines both, abundance and sustainability. Hence, the focus of this review is on the application of CS in wastewater treatment providing advantages and drawbacks in using CS in contrast to chitin. We herewith present the application of CS for coagulation/flocculation purposes, whether as native compound, as functionalized molecule or as blend, respectively, composite. The heavy metal, respectively, dye removal is an additional theme to be addressed in the body of the text. The third topic of this review contains the application of CS blends or composites in order to prepare membrane materials for water purification or conditioning. Together with a summary of the recent study, we discuss these findings and possible consequences for future works. In addition, we provide some theoretical background of the processes that CS is involved in and state some mechanistic insights.",signatures:"Thomas Hahn and Susanne Zibek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60136",authors:[{id:"235708",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Susanne",surname:"Zibek",slug:"susanne-zibek",fullName:"Susanne Zibek"},{id:"235709",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Hahn",slug:"thomas-hahn",fullName:"Thomas Hahn"}],corrections:null},{id:"59720",title:"Chitosan-Based Green and Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74989",slug:"chitosan-based-green-and-sustainable-corrosion-inhibitors-for-carbon-steel",totalDownloads:1354,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Development of non-toxic and environmental friendly corrosion inhibitors is highly desirable owing to the increasing demands of “green chemistry” throughout the world. In view of these several forms of green corrosion inhibitors such as drugs or medicines, plant extracts, ionic liquids and synthetic inhibitors derived from multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and mechanochemical mixing are being employed. Nowadays, MCRs in association with microwave and ultrasound irradiations represent one of the best green strategies. Natural polysaccharides particularly chitosan derivatives gained substantial advancement. Chitosan and its several derivatives have been employed effective as corrosion inhibitors for metals and alloys in various aggressive media. The present chapter features the collection of major works that have been published on the inhibition effect of chitosan and its derivatives. The utilization of the chitosan and its derivatives as effective corrosion inhibitors is based on the fact that they contain several polar functional groups such as amino (-NH2), hydroxyl (-OH) and acetyl (-COCH3) groups that effectively bind with metallic surface and behave as adsorption centers.",signatures:"Chandrabhan Verma, Arumugam Madhan Kumar, Mohammad\nAbu Jafar Mazumder and Mumtaz Ahmad Quraishi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59720",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59720",authors:[{id:"207838",title:"Prof.",name:"Mumtaz",surname:"Quraishi",slug:"mumtaz-quraishi",fullName:"Mumtaz Quraishi"},{id:"229278",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",surname:"Madhan Kumar",slug:"arumugam-madhan-kumar",fullName:"Arumugam Madhan Kumar"},{id:"229279",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandrabhan",surname:"Verma",slug:"chandrabhan-verma",fullName:"Chandrabhan Verma"},{id:"239861",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Mazumder",slug:"mohammad-mazumder",fullName:"Mohammad Mazumder"}],corrections:null},{id:"61448",title:"Overview of Electrospinned Chitosan Nanofiber Composites for Wound Dressings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76037",slug:"overview-of-electrospinned-chitosan-nanofiber-composites-for-wound-dressings",totalDownloads:1701,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chitosan has a medical application because of its natural origin and properties of biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and antimicrobial capacity. Electrospinning produces non-woven nanofibers to wound dressing with high specific surface area and small pores. These properties are favorable for absorption of exudates and prevent the penetration of bacteria, thus promoting wound healing. For this reason, chitosan blends are used to produce nanofiber dressings, and the characterization of the structural, mechanical, and biological properties is very promising for further studies. Nowadays, the researchers are seeking for biomaterials that provide modern dressings with many qualities, which are designed to promote wound healing. In this chapter, the electrospinning parameters that affect the nanofiber properties based on chitosan to prepare wound dressings are highlighted.",signatures:"Claudia A. Vega-Cázarez, Dalia I. Sánchez-Machado and Jaime\nLópez-Cervantes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61448",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61448",authors:[{id:"190200",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"López-Cervantes",slug:"jaime-lopez-cervantes",fullName:"Jaime López-Cervantes"},{id:"226463",title:"Ms.",name:"Claudia A.",surname:"Vega-Cázarez",slug:"claudia-a.-vega-cazarez",fullName:"Claudia A. Vega-Cázarez"},{id:"239902",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalia I.",surname:"Sánchez-Machado",slug:"dalia-i.-sanchez-machado",fullName:"Dalia I. Sánchez-Machado"}],corrections:null},{id:"60238",title:"Chitosan and Xyloglucan-Based Hydrogels: An Overview of Synthetic and Functional Utility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74646",slug:"chitosan-and-xyloglucan-based-hydrogels-an-overview-of-synthetic-and-functional-utility",totalDownloads:1625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The development of new strategies for wound healing has resulted in the design of biomedical devices using polymers of natural origin. Hydrogels are biomaterials formed by three-dimensional polymeric networks that can retain large amounts of water or biological fluids, and smooth texture similar to living tissue. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide, (1-4)-2-amino-2deoxy-ß-D-glucan, which has desirable features such as biocompatibility, non-toxicity, hemostasis and antibacterial character. Xyloglucans have different applications in tissue engineering for their physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and control of cell expansion. Hydrogels had been made of homogeneous mixtures prepared of chitosan and purified xyloglucan, followed by a freeze-drying process to develop a flexible and porous structure. Additionally, their mechanical properties such as porosity, solubility, biodegradation, and the antibacterial activity of the hydrogels are studied. The results suggest that the incorporation of xyloglucan favors the characteristics from chitosan-based hydrogels, providing a promising alternative for application in biomaterials with antimicrobial activity.",signatures:"Diana M. Martínez-Ibarra, Jaime López-Cervantes, Dalia I. Sánchez-\nMachado and Ana Sanches-Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60238",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60238",authors:[{id:"190199",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalia I.",surname:"Sánchez-Machado",slug:"dalia-i.-sanchez-machado",fullName:"Dalia I. Sánchez-Machado"},{id:"241596",title:"MSc.",name:"Diana M.",surname:"Martínez-Ibarra1",slug:"diana-m.-martinez-ibarra1",fullName:"Diana M. Martínez-Ibarra1"},{id:"241597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"López-Cervantes",slug:"jaime-lopez-cervantes",fullName:"Jaime López-Cervantes"},{id:"241599",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Sanches-Silva",slug:"ana-sanches-silva",fullName:"Ana Sanches-Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"60791",title:"An Overview of Chitosan-Xanthan Gum Matrices as Controlled Release Drug Carriers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76038",slug:"an-overview-of-chitosan-xanthan-gum-matrices-as-controlled-release-drug-carriers",totalDownloads:1404,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Naturally occurring polysaccharides and/or their chemically modified derivatives have been widely investigated in relation to their use as components of controlled release systems for drug delivery. The aforementioned is due, in part, to their distinct properties such as abundant availability and biocompatibility as well as environmental and economic advantages. Chitosan (CS) and xanthan gum (XG) based matrices have received growing scientific/pharmaceutical interest as oral controlled release drug carriers. Herein, recent advances spanning the last two decades in CS-XG based drug delivery systems are reviewed with the emphasis being on oral tablet formulations, due to their versatility as pharmaceutical dosage forms. The mechanism of interaction between CS and XG, by means of computational and experimental approaches, is scrutinized. Results obtained from the literature establish the possibility of fabricating a controlled release drug delivery system based on CS and XG matrices. This can be achieved by monitoring and manipulating the physiochemical properties of the two polymers as well as the experimental variables affecting their drug retardation efficiency, without the need to employ special equipment or sophisticated experimental techniques/methodologies.",signatures:"Suha M. Dadou, Milan D. Antonijevic, Babur Z. Chowdhry and\nAdnan A. Badwan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60791",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60791",authors:[{id:"230453",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Badwan",slug:"adnan-badwan",fullName:"Adnan Badwan"},{id:"230557",title:"Dr.",name:"Suha",surname:"Dadou",slug:"suha-dadou",fullName:"Suha Dadou"},{id:"240252",title:"Prof.",name:"Babur",surname:"Chowdhry",slug:"babur-chowdhry",fullName:"Babur Chowdhry"},{id:"240253",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",surname:"Antonijevic",slug:"milan-antonijevic",fullName:"Milan Antonijevic"}],corrections:null},{id:"60911",title:"Ampicillin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for In Vitro Antimicrobial Screening on Escherichia coli",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76034",slug:"ampicillin-loaded-chitosan-nanoparticles-for-in-vitro-antimicrobial-screening-on-escherichia-coli",totalDownloads:1074,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Purpose: To develop ampicillin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles by modified ionic gelation method for evaluating their antimicrobial activity onto Escherichia coli.",signatures:"Marilyn Porras-Gómez, Jose Vega-Baudrit and Santiago Núñez-\nCorrales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60911",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60911",authors:[{id:"224271",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",surname:"Vega Baudrit",slug:"jose-vega-baudrit",fullName:"Jose Vega Baudrit"},{id:"224330",title:"MSc.",name:"Marilyn",surname:"Porras-Gómez",slug:"marilyn-porras-gomez",fullName:"Marilyn Porras-Gómez"},{id:"227071",title:"BSc.",name:"Santiago",surname:"Nunez-Corrales",slug:"santiago-nunez-corrales",fullName:"Santiago Nunez-Corrales"}],corrections:null},{id:"60387",title:"Chitoneous Materials for Control of Foodborne Pathogens and Mycotoxins in Poultry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76041",slug:"chitoneous-materials-for-control-of-foodborne-pathogens-and-mycotoxins-in-poultry",totalDownloads:1186,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Public concern with the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly among foodborne pathogens has been challenging the poultry industry to find alternative means of control. Chitosan is a modified, natural biopolymer derived by deacetylation of chitin. The antimicrobial activity and film-forming property of chitosan makes it a potential source of food preservative or coating material of natural origin for improvement of quality and shelf life of various foods of agriculture, poultry, beef and seafood origin. In addition to its use as an antimicrobial, it has been shown that it has good properties as a mycotoxin adsorbent. The purposes of the present chapter is to summarize our experience using chitin-chitosan from Deacetylated 95% food grade chitosan (Paragon Specialty Products LLC Rainsville, AL) or Aspergillus oryzae meal (Fermacto®, PetAg Inc., Hampshire IL) to control foodborne pathogens, improve performance, biological sanitizer and mycotoxin binder in commercial poultry.",signatures:"Daniel Hernandez-Patlan, Bruno Solis-Cruz, Billy M. Hargis and\nGuillermo Tellez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60387",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60387",authors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"},{id:"76651",title:"Dr.",name:"Billy",surname:"Hargis",slug:"billy-hargis",fullName:"Billy Hargis"},{id:"240160",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Hernandez-Patlan",slug:"daniel-hernandez-patlan",fullName:"Daniel Hernandez-Patlan"},{id:"240161",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Solis-Cruz",slug:"bruno-solis-cruz",fullName:"Bruno Solis-Cruz"}],corrections:null},{id:"60805",title:"Chitosan: A Good Candidate for Sustained Release Ocular Drug Delivery Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76039",slug:"chitosan-a-good-candidate-for-sustained-release-ocular-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:1709,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the eye, one of the most important organs of humans. Current data on pathophysiology of the human eye are presented in direct correlation with a range of therapeutic products, with a well-known and widely used material, namely chitosan. Applications of chitosan biopolymer are described in the development of innovative, modern, therapeutic devices and solutions. Thus, chitosan is a good excipient either for classic drop-type ocular systems, as well as for complex drug systems such as nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanomicelles and nanosuspensions), liposomes, microemulsions, microspheres, in situ hydrogels and inserts or implants. A number of disadvantages for ocular administration of the drugs are thus overcome.",signatures:"Lăcrămioara Popa, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu\nand Teodora Irimia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60805",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60805",authors:[{id:"56579",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihaela Violeta",surname:"Ghica",slug:"mihaela-violeta-ghica",fullName:"Mihaela Violeta Ghica"},{id:"193810",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Dinu-Pirvu",slug:"cristina-dinu-pirvu",fullName:"Cristina Dinu-Pirvu"},{id:"228211",title:"Prof.",name:"Lacramioara",surname:"Popa",slug:"lacramioara-popa",fullName:"Lacramioara Popa"},{id:"228225",title:"Mr.",name:"Teodora",surname:"Irimia",slug:"teodora-irimia",fullName:"Teodora Irimia"}],corrections:null},{id:"60628",title:"Antifungal Activity of Chitosan against Postharvest Fungi of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76095",slug:"antifungal-activity-of-chitosan-against-postharvest-fungi-of-tropical-and-subtropical-fruits",totalDownloads:1440,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the present chapter, results about the efficacy of chitosan (Chi) on sporulation, mycelial growth, germination, as well as quality parameters on fruits are shown. The results demonstrate that chitosan can control various phytopathogen isolates from diverse fruits. The pathogens in the genera Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Rhizopus are involved in important postharvest disease losses throughout the world. In Nayarit, producers had reported high postharvest losses not only at field but also during the commercial chain with their products, besides the resistance of several pathogens to fungicides, which traditionally are applied for controlling diseases. In this sense, the aim of this research group is focused on the research of alternative and effective methods for controlling postharvest diseases. In vivo results are promising due to a good control in important tropical fruits like banana, avocado, mango, and jackfruit. An enhancement in the chitosan antimicrobial activity is reported with the combination with GRAS substances, as well as the use of nanotechnology. Chitosan can be an environment-friendly alternative to the use of chemical fungicides for controlling postharvest diseases in fruits.",signatures:"Porfirio Gutierrez-Martinez, Aide Ledezma-Morales, Luz del Carmen\nRomero-Islas, Anelsy Ramos-Guerrero, Jovita Romero-Islas, Carolina\nRodríguez-Pereida, Paloma Casas-Junco, Leonardo Coronado-\nPartida and Ramsés González-Estrada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60628",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60628",authors:[{id:"224889",title:"Dr.",name:"Porfirio",surname:"Gutierrez-Martinez",slug:"porfirio-gutierrez-martinez",fullName:"Porfirio Gutierrez-Martinez"},{id:"239966",title:"MSc.",name:"Anelsy",surname:"Ramos-Guerrero",slug:"anelsy-ramos-guerrero",fullName:"Anelsy Ramos-Guerrero"},{id:"239967",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramses",surname:"González-Estrada",slug:"ramses-gonzalez-estrada",fullName:"Ramses González-Estrada"},{id:"239968",title:"MSc.",name:"Aide",surname:"Ledezma-Morales",slug:"aide-ledezma-morales",fullName:"Aide Ledezma-Morales"},{id:"239969",title:"MSc.",name:"Luz Del Carmen",surname:"Romero-Islas",slug:"luz-del-carmen-romero-islas",fullName:"Luz Del Carmen Romero-Islas"},{id:"239971",title:"BSc.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Rodríguez-Pereida",slug:"carolina-rodriguez-pereida",fullName:"Carolina Rodríguez-Pereida"},{id:"239972",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovita",surname:"Romero-Islas,",slug:"jovita-romero-islas",fullName:"Jovita Romero-Islas,"},{id:"239974",title:"MSc.",name:"Paloma",surname:"Casas-Junco",slug:"paloma-casas-junco",fullName:"Paloma Casas-Junco"},{id:"239975",title:"MSc.",name:"Leonardo",surname:"Coronado-Partida",slug:"leonardo-coronado-partida",fullName:"Leonardo Coronado-Partida"}],corrections:null},{id:"61679",title:"Chitin/Chitosan’s Bio-Fertilizer: Usage in Vegetative Growth of Wheat and Potato Crops",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75208",slug:"chitin-chitosan-s-bio-fertilizer-usage-in-vegetative-growth-of-wheat-and-potato-crops",totalDownloads:1491,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter consists of valuing the chitosan to create bio-fertilizers as fertilizers without going through the composting process because of their richness in the nutrient base elements of plants: nitrogen and phosphorus. Physicochemical analyses of the chitosan focused on pH, dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as IR and XRD. The samples thus prepared were monitored for 15 days. PH, temperature and conductivity were monitored daily. According to the physicochemical analyses of waste (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and the nutritional needs of our selected crop (soft wheat, Arrehane variety which are 90-90-50 U/ha), several doses are then determined for the purpose of the optimal formula after their application on the crop. An application of bio-fertilizer on the potato was also undertaken. Follow-ups were carried out during this study, such as the monitoring of the vegetative growth of wheat and the mineralization of the soil via its physicochemical analyses. The results show that our bio-fertilizer is rich in nitrogen with 4.98% and phosphorus with 1.42% and mineralizes quickly on the ground while leaving the soft wheat to absorb its nutrients effectively and improving its growth properties, then giving good yields.",signatures:"Boukhlifi Fatima, Mamouni Fatima Zahrae and R. Razouk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61679",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61679",authors:[{id:"230141",title:"Prof.",name:"Boukhlifi",surname:"Fatima",slug:"boukhlifi-fatima",fullName:"Boukhlifi Fatima"},{id:"230458",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamouni",surname:"Fatima Zahrae",slug:"mamouni-fatima-zahrae",fullName:"Mamouni Fatima Zahrae"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7960",title:"Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc49969c3a4e2fc8f65d4722cc4d95a5",slug:"assorted-dimensional-reconfigurable-materials",bookSignature:"Rajendra Sukhjadeorao Dongre and Dilip Rankrishna Peshwe",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1487",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Applications for Nanomedicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"696e143e9bcc2385c45795c2d73cdafc",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1487.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"395",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41507bb56706aec99bb59a645585d54e",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/395.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1486",title:"Biomaterials Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38aeff8880e6259e624707abda269b0f",slug:"biomaterials-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1293",title:"Application of Thermodynamics to Biological and Materials Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7a1f8f3707f2cefd44a5d2d209485a1",slug:"application-of-thermodynamics-to-biological-and-materials-science",bookSignature:"Mizutani Tadashi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1293.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14519",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizutani",surname:"Tadashi",slug:"mizutani-tadashi",fullName:"Mizutani Tadashi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7727",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e6603fadccf154db3bc2b7a1e473121",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",bookSignature:"Eduardo Jacob -Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171980",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",title:"Corrigendum to: Eating Disorders as New Forms of Addiction",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66065.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66065",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66065",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66065",chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"June 28th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"June 28th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12298",leadTitle:null,title:"Leishmania Parasites",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe protozoa of the Leishmania genus are parasites that induce a complex of infectious diseases known as Leishmaniasis. It is one of the most important global parasitic diseases, affecting millions of people.
\r\n\tMore than 20 species of Leishmania cause different forms of leishmaniasis that range in severity from skin lesions to systemic infections. The variety of leishmaniasis clinical manifestations are related to the parasite species and to the host characteristics, such as genetic background, nutritional status, as well as immunocompetence, and environmental and social factors of the host.
\r\n\tThe current treatment is still based on pentavalent antimonials, which have been in use for more than 100 years, and like the other drugs used in leishmaniasis treatment, such as amphotericin B, pentamidine, and miltefosine, induce several adverse drug effects.
\r\n\tThese characteristics are associated with the increasing number of cases of resistance to current treatments, immunosuppressed patients, and those with hepatic and renal disorders, showing the necessity for research into new therapy options that are more efficient and non-toxic.
\r\n\tThe book is intended to collect chapters on interdisciplinary approaches covering host-parasite and vector interaction, the immune response of hosts, new molecular pathways for parasite survival and persistence, new drug development, and mechanisms of antileishmanial drugs, as well as control, epidemiology, and vaccine development.
Most of the aquaculture productions in developing countries are practiced in rural areas using semi-intensive fish pond culture systems. This rural aquaculture plays a major role in improving livelihoods, enhancing social equity, advancing gender equality, contributing to global food production (food and nutritional security), and promoting regional economies. Consequently, aquaculture helps curb the high rate of malnutrition occasioned by undernourishment in most rural setups (particularly in Africa) since the superior nutrition in fish improves health by providing food and supporting both mental and physical development and functioning [1]. Besides, unlike some animal protein sources, fish and fish by-products are widely accepted among various social, cultural, and religious backgrounds [2]. Moreover, in developing countries where people have the highest share of fish protein in their diets, the aquaculture sector plays a vital role in maintaining reasonable livelihoods through food and nutrition provision as well as job creation.
Nevertheless, the significant role played by aquaculture and the increasing demand of aquatic organisms as well as the advancement in science and technology, fish farming in most developing countries is still at infancy stages, being practiced secondary and part-time to agriculture.
Fish feed challenge has been identified as one of the limitations to the commercialization of aquaculture, particularly in Africa. This is because farmers prefer and highly depend on fishmeal as the main protein source due to its superior nutritional properties, palatability, and biological value. Consequently, the majority of the farmers do not achieve their full potential due to the cost, scarcity, and ecological implications associated with obtaining the fishmeal.
The majority of rural fish farming is undertaken in semi-intensive culture systems using earthen (polythene lined or cemented) ponds with limited or no supplementary feeding. Therefore, pond fertilization is taken as a crucial step in pond management to promote phytoplankton production that is the key link to the fish food chain. Studies have considered this old age undertaking as a cost-cutting practice that has the potential of enhancing the fish yields up to 2.8 times [3]. Fertilization is undertaken to improve the growth and reproduction of natural food organisms, which include zooplanktons, phytoplanktons, bacteria, microscopic algae, and insects. These natural organisms in water are eaten directly or indirectly depending on the fish-eating behaviors. For example, the herbivorous fish (such as carps) feed on algae and bacteria biomass, the carnivores (such as catfish) consume zooplanktons and insects, while omnivorous fish (such as tilapia) feed on all.
Therefore, when a pond is fertilized for example using manure, some portion is assimilated or stored by the phytoplanktons, while another share is consumed directly by zooplanktons and fish. Another portion goes to pond bottom where it combines with organic matter to promote the development of the microbial community, which apart from being fed by fish, the bacteria and fungi play a crucial role in ponds of decomposing uneaten fish feeds and toxic wastes [3]. There is also another portion of the manure that is adsorbed by pond sediment whereby it improves bottom soil quality and its water retention properties, and in case of decreased nutrients in the pond, these manures are released slowly back to the water body to promote the plankton development.
The fertilizers used are either organic or inorganic. The large-scale fish ponds are disposed to using inorganic fertilizers thanks to their easy storage and distribution as well as consistent and high nutritional contents. However, their utilization is limited by their scarcity, high cost of obtaining them, and the risks of impairing soil fertility, causing environmental degradation through the pollution to receiving waters, CO2 generation, and depletion of fossil fuels. Furthermore, chemical fertilizers if not used properly can cause fish toxicity by decreasing dissolved oxygen concentration and increasing total dissolved solutes, alkalinity, conductivity, and free carbon dioxide [4]. Besides, chemical fertilizer application beyond certain levels leads to decreased pond’s natural productivity due to self-shielding of sunlight by the upper layer of dense crops of phytoplanktons.
On the other hand, small-scale farmers depend on organic fertilizers from agricultural wastes of crops and livestock animals such as cow dung and chicken droppings. Unlike chemical fertilizers, organic manures are cheap and locally available, contain organic matter, can be directly consumed by fish, and improve soil structure and water retention. In addition, the straw-like particles in organic manure provide an attachment substrate for microbes to flourish. In Israel, Schroeder [5, 6] demonstrated that organic manure application in fish culture yields three times more than inorganic fertilizer. Nonetheless, organic manure nutritional content is variable and low and recently, they are becoming scarce and relatively expensive to obtain due to competition from crop and fuel production. In addition, cow manure increases biological oxygen demand (BOD) because of the high content of organic matter that consumes a lot of oxygen during their aerobic decomposition often leading to anorexic zones in pond bottoms. Further, livestock manure poses the risks of pathogen transfer to fish.
Therefore, there is a need to adopt economically and ecologically sustainable organic fertilizers such as vermicompost, which has no biosafety concerns. The vermicomposting biotechnology takes advantage of the voracious, polyphagous, fast-growing, and high reproduction nature of earthworms to consume large amounts of organic waste and excrete vermiwastes. The vermicomposting products are earthworm biomass and vermiwastes: vermicompost (solid waste) and vermiliquid (liquid waste). The earthworm biomass is either fed directly to aquatic organisms or used as the protein source in formulating fish diets [7, 8, 9]. Nonetheless, the earthworms biomass utilization in fish feed production is limited by processing challenges (handling, harvesting, and gut content evacuation) and the presence of anti-nutritional factors (coelom fluid and chitin), which inhibit uptake, digestion, and assimilation by aquatic organisms [8, 9]. The vermiwastes have also been used in formulating fish feeds; however, their utilization is equally limited by relatively low protein contents and processing impediments [10, 11, 12]. In addition, vermicompost utilization is still limited by its efficacy and undeveloped market when compared to compost and chemical fertilizers.
Therefore, this study reviews various applications of the vermiwastes in promoting aquaculture nutrition by improving pond primary production. This is to provide farmers with simple, easily available, and cost-effective fertilizer that can increase fish production and resource utilization without compromising water quality, health standards as well as environmental integrity.
Earthworms are ground-dwelling organisms, which belong to the phylum
In this biotechnology, the earthworms are made to consume large quantities of organic materials, which undergo a biochemical process in the worm’s gut before being deposited as an excreta known as the vermicompost or vermicast or vermiwastes. This complex biological and ecological process of vermicomposting is enhanced by the presence of microorganisms, mucus, and enzymes in the gut of the earthworms to produce a stable and safe compost that contains and can hold more nutrients for over an extended period of time without affecting the environment. The excreta is rich in humus, which contains micro and macronutrients, antibiotics, vitamins, microbes, growth promoters, and fungal communities [13].
The commonly used omnivorous earthworm species in vermicomposting are
The culture substrates for earthworms comprises a wide range of organic materials that can promote the production of fungi, protozoa, and bacteria that are the highly preferred diets of the worms. Earthworms feed on different food materials, such as livestock manure wood, leave, crop and kitchen wastes, sewage sludge, and agro-industrial waste. The commonly used substrates are livestock manure and kitchen wastes. However, the kitchen wastes of onions and meat should be avoided because they kill fish by reducing pH and suffocation, respectively.
Depending on the culture substrate and worms species used, the vermicompost is usually ready within 2 to 4 months, but the vermiliquid can be harvested on daily basis. There are several techniques of separating the earthworms from the compost but the most convenient one is to, stop sprinkling the substrate with water, introduce light from the top side to prompt the worms to bury downwards, and then collect the upper vermicompost. Otherwise, one can starve the earthworm for few days then introduce a new feed substrate at the top prompting the worms to migrate upward then harvest the vermicompost at the base.
The harvested vermicompost has elevated nutrient levels, which are in ready-to-uptake form by plants (unlike compost that requires curing before use) because they are released relatively easily and faster, thus improving plankton and fish growth performance [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. This is because the earthworms ingest large volumes of nitrogen-laden organic matter, mineralize it in their guts, and excretes it whereby it is stored in the vermicompost inform of nitrate that is more bioavailable to plants when compared to the ammonia form found in conventional compost [19, 20]. This mineralization of nitrates due to vermicomposting and the respiration by earthworms drops the C:N of fresh organic matter to the desired ratio of below 20:1 [12].
Apart from the vermicompost, the vermicomposting process produces vermiliquid, the leachate from the organic waste, and the vermicompost. The vermiliquid (also known as vermiwash or worm tea) just as the vermicompost is an equally nutritious fertilizer because it contains fecal excretion, organic materials, microorganisms, enzymes, earthworms secretions, mucus, and organic acids, and in addition, it contains soluble plant nutrients [21]. Vermiliquid has shown more potential to improve aquaculture nutrition because it further contains cocoons, body parts of worms, small and dead earthworms all that is edible to fish, and some zooplanktons and contributes to more nitrogen to the vermicompost [19, 22]. Besides, the vermiwash is known to contain bacterial biomass, hormones, antibiotics, free amino acids, vitamins (pro-vitamin B and D complex), metabolites suitable for fish growth, feed digestion, disease resistance, and immune boosters [16]. In addition, the vermiliquid has recommendable proteins contents with the potential of substituting basal ingredients in fish feed formulation [10, 11]. Musyoka et al. [12] demonstrated how a mixture of the three vermicomposting products (i.e. earthworms, vermicompost, and vermiliquid) also known as earthworm bedding has superior nutrition that is capable of economically replacing fishmeal in diets of Nile tilapia (
When compared to the traditional compost and other farmyard manures such as cow dung, horse dung, and poultry droppings, vermicompost has been found to be more nutritious, containing relatively good amounts of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and C:N ratio as shown in Table 1. Nonetheless, the quality of these vermiwastes can be enhanced by using nutritious substrates (preferably a mixture of different susbtrates) and different species of earthworms. For example Musyoka et al. [12] used mixed substrates of kitchen waste, coffee husks, barley waste, and livestock manure and produced vermicompost with superior nutrition when compared to farmyard manure as shown in Table 1. Similarly, when Marsh et al. [24] added shredded cardboard to aquaculture effluent they produced a vermicompost with superior nutrition when compared to Rahman et al. [25] who used cow dung substrate alone as shown in Table 1.
Nutrients (%) | Vermicompost [23] | Vermicompost [12] | Vermicompost [24] | Vermicompost [25] | Farm yard manure [23] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Substrate used | — | Kitchen waste, coffee husks, barley waste, and livestock manure | Shredded cardboard and aquaculture effluents | Cow dung | |
Nitrogen | 1.6 | 1.06 | 2.7 | 2.65a | 0.5 |
Phosphorus | 0.7 | 0.35 | 1.6 | 2.21a | 0.2 |
Potassium | 0.8 | 0.66 | 2.7 | — | 0.5 |
Calcium | 0.5 | 4.13 | 8 | 1.83a | 0.9 |
Carbon | — | 12.9 | 40 | 8.76 | — |
C:N ratio | 15.5 | 13.57 | 15.8 | — | 3.3 |
Comparison of the nutritional quality of vermicompost and farmyard manure.
mg 100 g−1 manure.
Studies have shown vermicompost to contain up to seven times more nutritional and plant growth-promoting value thanks to the faster activation of humus when compared to conventional composting [26, 27]. Besides providing nutrition, the humic acid produced during vermicomposting has the ability to suppress the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi (particularly those responsible for mycotoxins production); thus when consumed by animals, it promotes gut health (for increased nutrient utilization), stress management, and immune systems and controls intestinal diseases [28]. Unlike the compost whereby nutrients such as nitrogen are denatured and microbes die due to high temperatures, vermicompost contain a rich microbial community (that remains unchanged even after drying the vermicompost), which has shown to be direct food to zooplanktons and fish as well as being beneficial in reducing pathogenic bacteria [29]. Kaur and Ansal et al. [30] recommended the development of biotechniques for isolating and harvesting of the beneficial microbial biomass present in vermicompost to be used as biocontrol. In addition, the presence of coelom fluid produced by earthworms (whenever they get agitated) makes vermicompost pathogen-free and goes a long way in protecting fish from diseases [29]. Moreover, the vermicomposting presents stable and mature organic matter rich in humic acids that reduce the harmful effects associated with toxic gases produced by undigested or semi-digested organic manure to fish. In addition, the earthworms reduce heavy metal concentrations on organic matter by baring them in their gut and skin whereby they are slowly broken down into non-toxic forms [31]. Further, the non-thermophilic vermicomposting produces fewer greenhouse gases when compared to traditional composting [32]. Other advantages of vermicomposting over traditional composting are, being a friendly technology that is simple, cheap, relatively faster, can be done indoors using locally available organic materials and using less technical expertise. Correspondingly, studies have reported vermicompost to have great potential of replacing inorganic fertilizer. Sinha et al. [33] reported the vermicompost potential to enhance crop growth by up to 30–40% when compared to chemical fertilizers.
In addition, vermicomposting promotes waste treatment and resource utilization particularly in rural areas whereby cheap underutilized agro-industrial residues are in abundance. Importantly, these residues are not directly consumed by humans (unlike fishmeal), hence cheap and have less competition; however, their utilization in aquaculture nutrition is inhibited by unbalanced nutrition, unpalatability, high fiber, the presence of anti-nutritional factors, and have bio-safety, processing, and ethical issues. Various studies have demonstrated the potential of vermicomposting to vaporize these residues to nutritious earthworm biomass, vermicompost, vermiliquid, and earthworm bedding (mixture of the three) [7, 8, 34]. Besides, vermiremediation has been shown to reduce organic solid wastes by up to 75% faster, BOD and TDSS by over 95% and significantly removing chemicals, heavy metal contaminants, and undesirable gases such as H2S, NH3 [35, 36]. With the harvesting and processing challenges of earthworms as well as their bioaccumulation of toxic organic and heavy metals, the utilization of vermicompost in aquaculture has been seen as a suitable alternative [37]. Moreover, the utilization of vermitechnology has also been promoted by the preference to consume organically produced foods, the need to conserve energy, control organic waste pollution, and optimize economical resource utilization strategies.
The phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, benthos, microbes, and detritus are natural foods for aquatic organisms. These planktons are the key link to the food chain of aquatic ecosystems as they are the naturally preferred feeds by fish particularly the juveniles. Any artificial food in fish ponds is only required to supplement the deficiency of natural feeds in terms of quantity and quality. Just like most conventional artificial fish feed sources, the planktons have protein contents ranging between 40 and 60%, which is optimal for culturing fish [38]. Therefore, promoting the productions of planktons to adequate amounts can contribute to the overall development of fish in ponds and would mean less or none of the artificial feeds.
With the intensification of aquaculture, the abundance and diversity of planktons are augmented by fertilizer application. Intense fertilization has been shown to yield between 15 and 32 kg/ha/day with no additional supplemental feed in semi-intensive fish farming, translating to 100% replacement of conventional feed [6]. The vermicompost manure has been credited as potential pond fertilizer because it is nutritious enough to supply nutrients to the planktons [17, 30]. In vermicompost manured ponds, Kumar et al. [39] noticed a correlation between improved phytoplankton biomass and zooplankton abundance and diversity, with 68.38, 19.77, and 11.38% occurrence of rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods, respectively. These authors recommended a vermicompost application rate of 5000 kg/ha/year for optimum water qualities. Consequently, the vermicompost has been recommended as suitable manure for nursery pond management to provide zooplanktons that are the preferred feed diets by fingerlings. Habibnia and Bahram [40] observed improved growth and survival of Rutilis kutum (
On average, the majority of the studies have recommended a vermicompost manure application rate of 10,000 kg/ha/year for optimal water quality parameters, and maximum plankton and fish performance as shown in Table 2.
Vermicomposting substrate used | Parameters tested | Fish tested | Recommended application rate | Author (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cow dung | Water quality, fish growth performance, and plankton biomass | 10,000 kg/ha/year | [42] | |
Cow dung and poultry manure | Water quality, zooplankton production, and growth performance | 15,000 kg/ha/year | [30] | |
Cow dung | Growth performance | Labeo rohita | 10,000 kg/ha/yr | [41] |
Water hyacinth ( | Water quality, plankton production, and fish growth performance | 3970.56 kg/ha/90 days | [15] | |
Water hyacinth ( | Plankton abundance and diversity and fish growth performance | 3970.56 kg/ha/90 day | [16] | |
Cow dung | Growth performance of fish, water quality, and plankton production | 4000.00 kg/ha/90 days | [17] | |
Solid municipal waste | Water quality, soil retention, and fish growth performance | Cat fish, | 15,000 kg/ha/year | [43] |
Livestock manure | Water quality parameters and plankton biomass | 10,000 kg/ha/year | [29] | |
Cow dung | Water quality, plankton production, and fish growth performance | 5550 kg/ha/105 days | [25] | |
Cow dung, pig manure, and poultry manure | Growth performance of fish | 10,000 kg/ha/yr | [44] | |
Cow dung | Growth performance | 10,000 kg/ha/year | [18] | |
Cow manure | Plankton abundance, growth indices, and survival | 10,000 kg/ha/year | [40] | |
Cow dung | Fish growth performance and plankton biomass | 10,000 kg/ha/yr. | [45] |
Utilization of vermicompost in fish ponds.
Further, the vermicompost provides food directly to zooplanktons and fish [39]. Though the vermicompost alone might contain low protein value for feeding fish directly, the microbes adhering to organic manures improve their nutrition to contents suitable for the majority of aquatic organisms. Rahman et al. [25] fertilized monosex
Importantly, vermicompost has been shown to improve aquatic organisms’ survival and growth performance without compromising water quality [30, 41, 46]. Kaur and Gupta [45] indicated that vermicompost fertilizer did not alter the physicochemical properties of pond water and improved the growth performance of both planktons and fish. Likewise, Ansal et al. [47] and Kaur and Ansal [30] reported significantly increased dissolved oxygen concertation in fish ponds fertilized with vermicompost when compared to those fertilized with other organic fertilizers.
With the improved plankton biomass, water quality, the vermicompost manure subsequently produces significantly high fish growth performance. After fertilizing ponds with vermicompost, Godara et al. [29] observed significant high growth of catla (
Just like most organic manures, vermicompost is recommended over inorganic fertilizers. Chakrabarty et al. [15] observed significantly high production of plankton diversity and
On the other hand, the vermiliquid has equally shown the prospects of directly improving plankton productivity, particularly zooplanktons such as
It is interesting to note that a symbiotic system is developed when vermiculture is integrated with aquaculture; the pond wastes provide feed substrates to earthworms, and in return, the earthworms consume and excrete them as biofertilizers for improving fish pond natural productivity. Studies have recommended vermicomposting biotechnology as a suitable bioremediation technic to treat and vaporize aquaculture wastes to stable and safe organic fertilizers and earthworm biomass, that can be reused for increasing pond primary productions and fish feed production, respectively [24, 48]. Aquaculture waste (principally from intensive recirculating systems) is known to be rich in organic matter due to the elevated nutrients in uneaten feeds and the waste products of the fish. The untreated wastes cause pollution, siltation and its use as fertilizer are problematic because they are susceptible to putrefaction and contains disease-causing agents [48]. Therefore, integrating vermiculture into fish farming is fundamental to not only provide nutrition but also help in the recycling of organic wastes including that of aquaculture itself.
Vermicomposting has been recognized as a natural and cheap biotechnique of treating and bio-transforming organic wastes to safe and steady biofertilizers with the potential to promote aquaculture nutrition. This is because vermicompost contains elevated nutrients, organic matter, microbial biomass, humic acid, and exchangeable cations suitable for supplying nutrients for phytoplanktons, providing food directly to zooplanktons and fish as well as improving immunity, disease resistance, and physiochemical properties of water and pond sediment quality. Besides, the biotechnology is highly considered over the traditional composting because it regulates, improves, enhances, and promotes itself, and it conserves nutrients and microbial communities, involves low or no energy, forms little or no sludge, releases minimal greenhouse gases, and is performed on-site using simple structures requiring minimal expertise. This is particularly significant in developing nations, whereby fish farmers are struggling to break-even (even with many underutilized resources) and have less technical know-how, and their purchasing power of chemical fertilizer and commercial fish feeds is very low. Therefore, integrating vermicomposting into fish-cum agricultural activities can not only improve fish yields but also improve water and resource management, thus promoting sustainable aquaculture, and improving food security and ecological balance.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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At the beginning of humification, the significant decrease in the intensity of the band located at 1735 cm–1 shows that lignin is affected at the first stage of the composting process. At the end of the humification, the band located toward 3450–3420 cm–1 at the beginning of the process undergoes a systematic shift (Δν of the order of 10 cm–1) toward lower wave numbers. The band located at 1660–1650 cm–1 on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra before composting shifts systematically toward 1640 cm–1 at the end of humification. This phenomenon can be used as index of compost maturity. Measuring the band at 1035 cm–1 as an internal standard, it is possible to quantify the degradation rate of organic matter.",book:{id:"4645",slug:"biodegradation-and-bioremediation-of-polluted-systems-new-advances-and-technologies",title:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems",fullTitle:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems - New Advances and Technologies"},signatures:"Loubna El Fels, Mohamed Zamama and Mohamed Hafidi",authors:[{id:"164092",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Hafidi",slug:"mohamed-hafidi",fullName:"Mohamed Hafidi"},{id:"175610",title:"Dr.",name:"Loubna",middleName:null,surname:"El Fels",slug:"loubna-el-fels",fullName:"Loubna El Fels"},{id:"175611",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Zamama",slug:"mohamed-zamama",fullName:"Mohamed Zamama"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"42059",title:"Adsorption Technique for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater",slug:"adsorption-technique-for-the-removal-of-organic-pollutants-from-water-and-wastewater",totalDownloads:30039,totalCrossrefCites:51,totalDimensionsCites:221,abstract:null,book:{id:"3426",slug:"organic-pollutants-monitoring-risk-and-treatment",title:"Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment"},signatures:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",authors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}]},{id:"42294",title:"The Investigation and Assessment on Groundwater Organic Pollution",slug:"the-investigation-and-assessment-on-groundwater-organic-pollution",totalDownloads:4407,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3426",slug:"organic-pollutants-monitoring-risk-and-treatment",title:"Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment"},signatures:"Hongqi Wang, Shuyuan Liu and Shasha Du",authors:[{id:"161340",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongqi",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"hongqi-wang",fullName:"Hongqi Wang"},{id:"360083",title:"Dr.",name:"Shasha",middleName:null,surname:"Du",slug:"shasha-du",fullName:"Shasha Du"}]},{id:"77370",title:"Conventional and Contemporary Techniques for Removal of Heavy Metals from Soil",slug:"conventional-and-contemporary-techniques-for-removal-of-heavy-metals-from-soil",totalDownloads:230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"One of the most important components of the natural environment is soil. Soil is a non-renewable natural resources on which the whole human society is dependent for various goods and services. The intensive, and unsustainable anthropogenic practices along with the rapid growth of the human population have led to continuous expansion and concern for the degradation of soil. The agricultural soil is exposed to a plethora of contaminants, the most significant contaminant among them is heavy metals. The major sources of heavy metal contamination are associated with agriculture, industries, and mining. The increase of heavy metal contents in the soil system affects all organisms via biomagnification. In this chapter, we will review various conventional and contemporary physical or chemical and biological techniques for remediation of contaminated soil. 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PAHs are considered hazardous because of cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. Sixteen individual PAH compounds have been identified as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). All substances originated in to the environment by either biogenic or anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic compounds describe synthetic compounds, and compound classes as well as elements and naturally occurring chemical entities which are mobilized by man’s activities. In the marine environment, the fate of pollutants is largely determined by biogeochemical process. Some of these chemical changes enhance the toxicity of the pollutants. Other chemical changes cause the degradation or immobilization of pollutants and, as a result, act to purify the waters. Possible fates for PAHs, released into the environment, include volatilization, photo-oxidation, chemical oxidation, bioaccumulation and adsorption on soil particles, leaching, and microbial degradation. Elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been found in mangrove sediments due to anthropogenic compounds.",book:{id:"4645",slug:"biodegradation-and-bioremediation-of-polluted-systems-new-advances-and-technologies",title:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems",fullTitle:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems - New Advances and Technologies"},signatures:"Mehdi Hassanshahian, Moslem Abarian and Simone Cappello",authors:[{id:"163666",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Hassanshahian",slug:"mehdi-hassanshahian",fullName:"Mehdi Hassanshahian"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"131",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. 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He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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