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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7061",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Blood Glucose Levels",title:"Blood Glucose Levels",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The main source of energy for the body is glucose. Its low blood concentrations can cause seizures, loss of consciousness and death. Long lasting high glucose levels can cause blindness, renal failure, cardiac and peripheral vascular disease, and neuropathy. Blood glucose concentrations need to be maintained within narrow limits. The process of maintaining blood glucose at a steady state is called glucose homeostasis. This is achieved through a balance of the rate of consumption of dietary carbohydrates, utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, and the loss of glucose through the kidney tubule. The liver and kidney also play a role in glucose homeostasis. This book aims to provide an overview of blood glucose levels in health and diseases.",isbn:"978-1-78985-526-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-525-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-222-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73823",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"blood-glucose-levels",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"71d38173067c610b03c51dec97dd031d",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",publishedDate:"January 8th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7061.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10639,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:32,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:46,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 4th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 25th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 24th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 12th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 11th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"178",title:"Endocrinology",slug:"medicine-endocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"65705",title:"Introductory Chapter: Glucose Transporters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82263",slug:"introductory-chapter-glucose-transporters",totalDownloads:1091,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Leszek Szablewski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65705",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65705",authors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],corrections:null},{id:"70043",title:"Molecular Basis of Blood Glucose Regulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89978",slug:"molecular-basis-of-blood-glucose-regulation",totalDownloads:1336,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Blood glucose level is regulated by multiple pancreatic hormones, which regulate it by different pathways in normal and abnormal conditions by expressing or suppressing multiple genes or molecular or cellular targets. Multiple synthetic drugs and therapies are used to cure glucose regulatory problems, while many of them are used to cure other health issues, which arise due to disturbance in blood glucose regulations. Many new approaches are used for the development of phytochemical-based drugs to cure blood glucose regulation problems, and many of the compounds have been isolated and identified to cure insulin resistance or regulate beta cell function or glucose absorption in the guts or GLP-1 homoeostasis or two/more pathways (e.g., either cure hyperglycemia or raise insulin resistance or cure pancreatic beta cell regeneration or augmentation of GLP-1, production of islet cell, production and increased insulin receptor signaling and insulin secretion or decreased insulin tolerance or gluconeogenesis and insulin-mimetic action or production of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor or conserve islet mass or activate protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) or activate AMPK and reduce insulin sensitivity or suppress α-glucosidase activity and activate AMPK and downstream molecules or prevents cell death of pancreatic β-cell and activates SIRT1 or lower blood glucose due to their insulin-like chemical structures or decrease lipid peroxidation.",signatures:"Asma Ahmed and Noman Khalique",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70043",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70043",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63301",title:"Role of PI3K/AKT Pathway in Insulin-Mediated Glucose Uptake",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80402",slug:"role-of-pi3k-akt-pathway-in-insulin-mediated-glucose-uptake",totalDownloads:3663,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:31,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Glucose uptake is regulated by several mechanisms, where insulin plays the most prominent role. This powerful anabolic hormone regulates the transport of glucose into the cell through translocation of glucose transporter from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane mainly in metabolically active tissues like skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, or liver (GLUT4). This translocation occurs through multiple steps of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In this chapter, we will focus on molecular events leading to GLUT4 translocation, starting with activation of insulin receptors through signaling cascade involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB) and finally, the action of their effectors. We will present regulatory mechanisms and modulators of insulin-mediated glucose uptake.",signatures:"Ewa Świderska, Justyna Strycharz, Adam Wróblewski, Janusz Szemraj, Józef Drzewoski and Agnieszka Śliwińska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63301",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62244",title:"Cardiovascular and Biochemical Responses in Exercise Recuperation in Diabetic Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79084",slug:"cardiovascular-and-biochemical-responses-in-exercise-recuperation-in-diabetic-rats",totalDownloads:705,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this study was to assess the cardiovascular and biochemical responses during aerobic exercise recuperation in diabetic rats. There were utilized 12 animals, of 60 days, divided in two groups: control and diabetic. On the test day, the animals performed a 60 minutes’ session of predominantly aerobic exercise, using an overload of 6% of their body’s weight. After and before the exercise, the animals had their systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR), lactate, glycerol and glucose measured. The animals were trained during 30 days by swimming tank, with an extra weight equivalent to 4% extra weight a 40-min session. A decrease in glucose value occurred in the diabetic animals after exercising, as well as an increase of lactate in the same group. 1’, 3’, 5’ and 7’ after the exercise, a significant reduction of HR in the diabetic group was noticed when compared with the control group, such behavior was also observed with double product (DP) together with SBP values 1’, 3’ and 5’ after the exercise. The diabetic animals’ recovery has been possibly affected by a reduction of blood flow and a reduction of energetic substrates contribution, as well as lactate clearance.",signatures:"Luiz Augusto da Silva, Jéssica Wouk and Vinicius Muller Reis Weber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62244",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68511",title:"Carbohydrate Metabolism in Hypoglycemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88362",slug:"carbohydrate-metabolism-in-hypoglycemia",totalDownloads:994,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hypoglycemia is generated by mechanisms directly related to an increase in insulin secretion, by metabolic disorders that require increased glucose consumption or by a deficient metabolic production of glucose by the body. Mechanisms include high glucose intake, increased dose of oral hypoglycemic, exogenous administration of insulin, metabolic hepatic conditions that lead to an increase in the production of amino acids, growing tumors, and in diabetic pregnant woman with abnormal increase in glucose and amino acids that end up producing insulin hypersecretion in the newborn. Work that requires high glucose expenditure or reduction of insulin antagonist, such as cortisol and glucagon, ends up in hypoglycemia. Finally, hypoglycemia is generated by metabolic deficit in pathophysiological situations such as defects in enzymatic systems, alcoholic hepatitis, and insufficient nutrition. The most characteristic symptoms include bulimia, fits of sweating, and tremors due to a strong activation of the sympathetic system. Obviously, the CNS is strongly affected by the lack of glucose, which is even more complicated because also hypoglycemia leads to a situation of decreased lipolysis and ketone bodies that finally seriously compromise the supply of energy to the nervous system, producing losses of consciousness, spasms, and even irreversible brain damage.",signatures:"María L. Kennedy and Miguel A. Campuzano-Bublitz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68511",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68511",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69558",title:"Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88674",slug:"symptoms-of-hypoglycaemia",totalDownloads:628,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hypoglycaemia is common in clinical practice for people with diabetes. However, the symptoms can vary between individuals and at different stages of their condition. Moreover, several factors influence symptoms experienced by people with diabetes, and many are amenable to intervention. Symptoms are commonly neuroglycopenic or neurogenic in aetiology, and these lead to different clusters of symptoms. Certain patient groups such as the elderly and pregnant women are particularly susceptible to hypoglycaemia. In this chapter, we describe the physiology and pathophysiology behind the symptoms of hypoglycaemia, with reference to current knowledge from neuroimaging studies, and outline potential interventions to modify or restore hypoglycaemia symptoms.",signatures:"Panagiota Loumpardia and Mohammed S.B. Huda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69558",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69558",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69258",title:"Hypoglycemia: Essential Clinical Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86994",slug:"hypoglycemia-essential-clinical-guidelines",totalDownloads:1416,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Hypoglycemia is the acute complication of diabetes mellitus and the commonest diabetic emergency and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. It can be caused by too much insulin intake or oral hypoglycemic agents, too little food, or excessive physical activity. The level of glucose that produces symptoms of hypoglycemia varies from person to person and varies for the same person under different circumstances. It characterized by sweating, tremor, tachycardia, palpitation, nervousness, hunger, confusion, slurred speech, emotional changes, double vision, drowsiness, sleeplessness, and often self-diagnosed which may leads to serious symptoms of seizure, cognitive impairment, coma and death. The immediate treatment of hypoglycemia should be known by all the diabetic patients, so that need for hospitalization could be avoided. Hypoglycemia and its severity can be prevented by early recognition of hypoglycemia risk factors, self-monitoring of blood glucose, selection of appropriate treatment regimens, appropriate educational programs for healthcare professionals. The major challenges of the treatment of hypoglycemia are good glycemic control, minimize the risk of hypoglycemia and thereby minimize long-term complications. Hence there is an urgent need to understand the clinical spectrum and burden of hypoglycemia so that adequate control measures can be implemented against this life-threatening complication.",signatures:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69258",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69258",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69197",title:"The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89333",slug:"the-effect-of-ramadan-fasting-on-metabolic-syndrome-mets-",totalDownloads:807,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The effect of Ramadan fasting on most of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) markers is still controversial. However, most of the available evidences showed positive effect on most of the MetS markers. In general, Ramadan fasting may help to reduce the risk of MetS. Nevertheless, most of the positive results seem to be impermanent and reading many variables (MetS markers) return to the previous reading after few weeks (~3–4 weeks). Therefore, intermittent fasting such as Ramadan fasting could be one of the cure alternatives especially in people with MetS, cardiovascular or metabolic diseases with considering their physician supervision. Again, more evidences are recommended to clarify the controversial issues related to the role of Ramadan fasting on MetS markers.",signatures:"Khalid S. Aljaloud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69197",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69197",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6581",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85899eab2d8b01653e1297b168c470d7",slug:"adipose-tissue",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6581.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3857",title:"Glucose Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6d19b59871b430fbcfc4bd297e242d",slug:"glucose-homeostasis",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3857.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6246",title:"Salivary Glands",subtitle:"New Approaches in Diagnostics and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"de375ecbd9ac673d6464107a0c416763",slug:"salivary-glands-new-approaches-in-diagnostics-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6246.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36790",title:"M.D.",name:"Işıl",surname:"Adadan Güvenç",slug:"isil-adadan-guvenc",fullName:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7848",title:"Selected Chapters from the Renin-Angiotensin System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38e89685aa86d8cbff0718f3813ae625",slug:"selected-chapters-from-the-renin-angiotensin-system",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Kibel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"183303",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Kibel",slug:"aleksandar-kibel",fullName:"Aleksandar Kibel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7269",title:"Endocrine Disruptors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"571f5c496c8b0e8db9043204fa58be2a",slug:"endocrine-disruptors",bookSignature:"Ahmed R. 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Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. 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Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11601",leadTitle:null,title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tAcademicians and policy-makers are always searching for new econometric methods to answer specific policy questions. More importantly, the advent in the advances of computing power has enabled more advanced econometric techniques to be computed with ease. Econometrics uses statistical methods and real-world data to predict and establish specific trends within economics and other social sciences.
\r\n\r\n\tThis volume attempts to explore the practical aspects of econometrics to economics, and other social sciences that use econometric methods. This volume is expected to cover a broad range of topics that include but are not limited to spatial econometrics, time series, forecasting, and machine learning, This volume hopes to attract dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models which are gaining prominence in applied macroeconomics. This proposed volume could serve as a reference for academicians, researchers, policy-makers, graduate students, and very abled undergraduate students who are seeking current research on the various applications of econometrics as used in research and to answer specific policy questions.
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Geography addresses the issues associated with population ageing from a variety of perspectives: demographic; medical/health; critical theory; economic; and at the interface of gerontology to name some of the more relevant. In addition, it is clearly and interdisciplinary undertaking given the conjunction of geography and gerontology which makes for an additional level of undertaking in terms of theory, methods, practices and synthesis [1]. While the geographic interest in ageing is a long-established one, global population ageing makes it an increasingly relevant and practical field of inquiry and analysis.
In this chapter I examine some of the key issues for a non-geographical audience in considering the relationship between population ageing and gerontological thinking using geography as the lens of inquiry. The implication being that social phenomena, social policy and societal responses all have geographic implications. As I have stated elsewhere [2], social policy is fundamentally geographic in nature because the, often, uneven nature of policy design and implementation will be exhibited in and through associated spatial effects. So, for example, access to healthcare services or aged care services will exhibit a spatial dimension because both the demand and supply sides of those ‘equations’ will vary across geographic space. This scenario exists even without the effects of gerrymandering and associated political impacts on policy and funding arrangements which, if anything, increase differential spatial effects.
My position here is intended for a broad audience and not an exclusively geographical one. It also is developed in the awareness that the United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing Strategy (2021–2030) presents a number of the issues discussed here from a somewhat different but related perspective. This includes key concepts such as age-friendly environments discussed through the lens of space-place relations in this chapter; combatting ageism including sites of abuse and carcerality in ageing as a focus here; long-term care, both community and institutional in my analysis; integration, which I see as untenable without improved space-place management; and an overarching theme of enablement which I present as the process of negotiating the space-place relations and relationships of a ‘reconciled’ geographical gerontology. In addition, this chapter discusses the variability of ageing as an individual and collective experience through this space-place approach. My intention is that this contributes to the emerging discussion represented by the UN strategy.
In the Australian context, and elsewhere, we know that factors associated with ageing as an individual experience and population ageing as an aggregate phenomenon, vary significantly across urban areas, and between metro and non-metropolitan regions. The implications for service provision and access are considerable, with factors such as frailty a central focus of research [3]. This type of differential patterning is also leading to the phenomenon described as ‘super ageing’ in several countries including Japan and South Korea [4, 5]. While central governments make claims to providing universal systems of care that support health and ageing, in reality this is much more difficult to achieve than policy proclamations indicate. Indeed, we can observe that ageing well is often highly geographically patterned, as the research on centenarians and the so-called ‘blue zones’ all illustrate [6]. The ‘blue zones’, for example, are quite specific geographic places, often sub-national in character, that exhibit unique combinations of factors that appear to support socially engaged and healthy ageing including Okinawa, Sardinia, Ikaria and Costa Rica [7]. A question then arises in studying these if we can genuinely replicate them for urban environments or draw on them to reshape our spatial and place-based approaches to population ageing ‘at large’?
Consequently, gerontology and the broader science of ‘healthy ageing’ can be seen to exhibit some key geographical characteristics including a differentiation between abstract ideas of space and those of a more embodied place production. From a geography of ‘ultra-aged’ communities, this is also likely to raise the ancient, even resurgent, concept of ‘genius loci’ in that we may seek to identify the unique characteristics of blue zones and other ageing ‘hot spots’ in order to research their replicability or, perhaps, replaceability, in the context of contemporary urban industrial societies [8]. Even the conventional concept of ‘neighbourhoods’ offers a place-based approach within major urban settings because it illustrates the idea that, as with scale in spatial analysis, smaller units of analysis are both viable and useful for understanding individual and collective experiences, and the factors acting on them.
Making more ‘places’ that satisfy the needs, wants and capabilities of ageing communities means we can combine the utilitarian quantitative spatial techniques of technologies like geographic information systems (GIS) with the more qualitative and subjective or lived experiences of people within communities, to knit together these space-place aspects. Instead of divergence in both form and function, I suggest, designing our environments for an aging society may help us reconcile the abstracted spatial instrumentalities with the demands of place-based ageing where people can delay or avoid institutional aged care, and the loss of autonomy that experience often entails, while maintaining community support and care in ways that enhance the ageing-in-place experience.
Geography, architecture, philosophy, sociology and even psychology all concern themselves to varying degrees with the space-place duality. Quantitative geography followed quickly on from the emergence of computers in the post-war period and was informed by computer-based mapping technologies (now increasingly digital) of the kind pioneered by Roger Tomlinson and others. By the 1970’s there was a resurgence in qualitative and critical theory in geography, including phenomenology and the work of Tuan [9], Buttimer [10] and Relph [11]. By the 1980’s geographies of various aspects of ageing were emerging and associated categories of interest developed through the 1990’s and onwards. These included the impact of feminist geography, health geography (as contrasted with more traditional medical geography) and even geographies of institutional and personal services ‘care’ [12]. While these are specific to geography as a discipline, geographers often travel in a disciplinary and practice sense and so the concept of geographical gerontology became more explicit with the work of a number of geographers including, for example, Andrews, Cutchin and Wiles [13] and several influential others. In effect, I suggest, the humanistic turn in geography produced new generations of researchers in addition to the ongoing work of the pioneers in this area and their students.
Amongst the relevant considerations is the integration of an expanding science of ageing and associated methods and technologies that may expand and extend our understanding of ageing across space and place. The risks are, as with many of the technological responses to ageing (service robots, surveillance systems etc.) the abstract, quantified and technical realm substitutes for the human dimension, including understanding and support that older people actually need. In this framework we continue to produce spaces of ageing, with some environmental modifications, that provide institutional forms of care and treatment for unwell older people. What happens out in the community, so much less surveilled, remains something of a mystery in that formal systems of care are often episodic and disconnected. Hence the recognition of case management as a paradigm for connecting the various systems-based silos in aged care and elsewhere [14].
The sub-field of geographical gerontology is close to 30 years old, depending on how the origin point is defined. While geographical gerontology gained visibility and, perhaps, momentum with the work of it can also be seen more broadly as a consequence of the interest of geographers in ageing as a process and population ageing as a demographic dynamic. Even these two factors alone might be sufficient to have produced the field of geographical gerontology, but it nonetheless goes beyond this including concepts such as the ‘geography of care’, disability geography and so on in which the geographical patterning and implications of specific social phenomena lend themselves to both theorization and analysis by geographers [12]. The converse is social scientists and others seeking some common ground with geography through concepts such as ‘place making’ on the one hand or the use of GIS on the other [15].
My position here is that much of what we take to be the development of demographic theory, more specifically concepts such as the demographic and epidemiological transitions, were a result of and deeply influenced by geographic comparisons and analysis. Omran, for example, developed his theory of epidemiological transition based on population planning research in Egypt [16] which was taken further by researchers in other locations [17, 18]. The demographic transition theory emerged from a number of shared observations in France and the United States (e.g. Thompson, Landry, Notestein), although earlier concerns about population decline and ageing had driven some racist, classist and more broadly eugenic thinking for several decades previously [19, 20].
These factors illustrate how the science of ageing has been deeply enmeshed in the politics of population change for decades. This also suggests why responses to population ageing are so variable since, at a social and political level, they have inherited many of these formative positions and ideas. This in turn has influenced responses to building for the prospect of an ageing society. Instrumentalist spatial views see the functional response as sufficient—the top-down view—while place-based perspectives assume a connection between the individual, their community and their location. Rather than taking an either-or view, my position here is that there is utility in combining them for an emergent geographical gerontology that can assist in meeting the material and relational needs of individual and population ageing. Neither the spatial nor the place-based perspective are sufficient on their own and neither guarantee satisfactory outcomes for older people more generally. But an informed and ongoing synthesis may yet offer potential improvements as population ageing progresses.
Ageing as an individual experience and population-level ageing are two distinct phenomena. Individual ageing is heavily mediated through factors such as life experience, health status and even social and financial resources. Indeed, aged care policy in many countries is a fraught negotiation between established and emerging understandings of these complex factors. So, for example, the influence of the British Workhouse system on aged care policy is sometimes acknowledged but the values associated with that spatial formation (the aged care institution, in particular) have persisted well after the demise of the workhouse and thus influence political and associated attitudes towards older people, ageing and aged care. This can be seen, for example, in various inquiries into (ongoing) abuses of elderly patients and residents in such settings including the Midstaffordshire or Francis Inquiry [21].
Meanwhile, population ageing is an identified phenomena with specific features that make its study scientific. One of those features is a form of quantified abstraction that aggregates the experiences of many people, indeed a growing proportion of the population, and then reduces those experiences to some ‘key’ phenomena and concepts. This is highly problematic because the complex nature of individual ageing makes for a lack of generalizability in my opinion. Instead, rising population ageing is generative of a growing diversity of individual and categorical forms of ageing. Olshansky and Ault [22], for example, proposed a fourth stage to Omran’s three-stage epidemiological transition, one of delayed degenerative diseases. Others have proposed yet a fifth stage or even a second phase, and so on [18]. The intersectionality of physical and cognitive ageing, for example, make for many highly unique scenarios which current health systems struggle to diagnose and treat effectively including the dementias for which there are currently no cures and limited treatments.
When we add the environments, both physical and social, within these people age this diversity grows yet again. We can add the highly female aspect of advanced ageing to this mix to suggest that policy made by male-dominated societies or with a lack of a relational place-based approach to ageing, bode poorly for the care and treatment of older women [23]. The exaggerated abstraction of the very human experience of ageing likewise makes for a limited response to the full scope of the ageing experience and the needs of older people. Seeing these factors through a ‘spatial’ lens has some benefits but the addition of a place-based one could, I propose, inform the more instrumental spatial formations we commonly see. Again, in the Australian context, the ‘big box’ approach to residential aged care is driven not by the needs of older people but by funding and regulatory requirements that make a minimum institutional size necessary, rather than desirable.
Taking comments from the previous section a little further here, we can see that at a systemic level, this spatialized view and its intersection with the ‘view from nowhere’ presents a number of concerns and problems for successful and supported ageing, in both community and institutional care contexts. The exaggerated top-down view tends to assume a uniformity of service provision and accessibility that rarely exist and, even if it does in principle, it is rarely accessible to all social groups in the same way. So, for example, different social groups based on factor such as ethnicity, indigeneity, migration status, or disability category may find the same ‘system’ a very different entity in their particular encounters with it.
Indeed, the diversity of the ageing population here in Australia, and elsewhere, suggests yet another reason why spatial representations are insufficient and even the place-making concept needs to be seen as multiple and not, simply, a relational form of replacement for the spatial perspective. Instead, we may need to be seeing place-making as polymorphic and polysemic in that I suggest place-making runs counter to an abstracted universal and instead represents localized responses to both shared, in a general sense, and unique conditions. So, for example, responses to population ageing and its associated challenges may be quite different in Japan, Australia and China even though all three countries are experiencing the phenomenon of population ageing [24].
Given that a variety of spatial formations and practices already exist which regulate much of the ageing process and experience, ranging from acute care geriatric wards in hospitals to residential aged care facilities and even dementia-specific locked wards, the issue in this discussion is how we improve place-making for ageing. The clinical view is effectively a view from nowhere unless mediated by genuine interaction with and understanding of the ageing individual. And many acute environments do not lend themselves to this kind of qualitative experience because they are designed and delivered on a ‘factory’ style model which emphasizes numbers and throughout, including a variety of metrics that tend to reinforce such models (e.g. length of stay). Thus, the ageing society requires a shift to a more qualitative approach that acknowledges these various complexities and their implications for the unwell older person, their careers and allied social supports. In effect, I am suggesting places within spaces as a form of not just redesign but reinvention.
This requires a shift to aged care as a process of place-making, one which seeks to humanize the experience of older people and the care provided to them. Many spatial formations either distort or minimize the inherent relationality in ‘care’, and as such create or exacerbate problems inherent in many institutional forms designed through a lens of spatial logic (schools, prisons, hospitals, asylums etc.). Yet, as many feminist theorists and others have identified, ‘care’ needs to be in relational terms [25, 26]. My position here is that so too does place-making in that it represents a form of relational creation, including that cognitive and affective attachments that individuals and groups bring to ‘places’. And, as some observers have noted, this does not always ensure a positive outcome—place-making can also be negative and research domains associated with the Glasgow Effect (morbidity and mortality effects) or environmental racism illustrate all too readily [27, 28].
Closely linked to geographies of ageing, of mental health and feminist geographies is that of geographies of care [29]. Discussions in these fields have emphasised the interactional, relation al and even co-productive nature of spaces and places. This would seem to support the ideas discussed here and reinforce the concept of geographical gerontology as a relational, pluralistic engagement of space, place and time. Indeed, my own position is that demographic change sits at the intersection of space, place and temporality [2]. Given that these can be seen as framing both individual and collective experiences, I suggest this enhances the role and value of a contemporary and emergent geographical gerontology.
Not only is population ageing a dynamic process but so too is the wider environment(s) within which people age. Structured and funded health, aged and disability care services not only intersect with the ageing process but also they are themselves dynamic, as they respond to new knowledge but also shifts in policy, funding, politics and so on. Ageing in place, for example, became a popular policy framework based on the idea of keeping people in their own homes (where they had them) for as long as possible [30]. This usually focused on some structural adjustments to the home often with a focus on the home as a modifiable space and some social supports, rather than an approach informed by ‘place’ thinking.
It also intersects with James Fries’ [31, 32] ideas around the compression of morbidity, because the home and the local environment are and tend to remain very familiar to older people even as physical impairments and dementing illnesses progress. Certainly, much more familiar than their potential relocation to aged care facilities that may be physically far from their own ‘place’, including familiar friends, neighbours and families. In the broader context of rising chronic disease levels at a population level, these ideas of adjustment and compression could be seen as going well beyond the ‘aged’ in terms of their utility. Whether they are really about place-making is another issue and hence unpacking such policy perspectives through a space-place lens is helpful here too.
Institutional aged care has become increasingly about caring for medically unwell older people and the definitions of such institutions are shifting in response to population ageing [33]. The common framing of aged care facilities as more ‘welfare’ oriented that health and illness oriented is at once both suspect and problematic. In the Australian context, for example, residential aged care is primarily about caring for these medically unwell older people, frailty and dementia being contributing factors, who in many cases cannot remain safely in the community [34]. And this has been the situation for many years now. The scope of that ‘unwellness’ includes physical disease impairments, cognitive disorders including the dementias, and a variety of, often multiple, sensory impairments including especially hearing and sight.
Additional complexity arises as the health problems associated with these various sub-domains intersect and overlap, making for an increasing variety of often quite specific symptoms and disease states in individual older people. How these individuals respond to space and place factors needs to be seen through this complex array of mediating factors which make generalisations both difficult and perhaps even inappropriate. We may still seek universals in knowledge production but ageing has a way of reinforcing the individual and the local. Consequently, I suggest, geographical gerontology will of necessity be pluralistic in the way it addresses both ageing in place and place-making (and place maintenance) for ageing.
The growth of clinical and research knowledge in this field also adds to the nature of these complexities. We know that, as with the neurosciences, our knowledge base is growing rapidly but there is a great deal yet to learn. Consequently, the assumption of certainties in this area is problematic. If our rate of knowledge doubles or quadruples in the coming decade, for example, then much of what we assume to be solid now is unlikely to be so in another decade. New knowledge will shift our thinking and the diversity of the ageing experience, and its growing documentation will greatly expand what is, currently, known. We will know more about more diverse spaces and places of ageing as time passes and, consequently, develop a greatly enlarged geographical gerontology.
Critical theory approaches add another layer to this scenario in that we can geographically examine the
The potential scope of questions in this area is therefore an evolving one. Peak population ageing is occurring at different times in different countries, and can also vary within countries, for example in younger urban settings compared to aged rural contexts, or across provinces and regions. Growing data illustrates how even at the national level, the progressive geographies of population ageing vary considerably even across the richer countries [38]. Thus, we face a multiplicity of geographies of ageing and associated formations of geographical gerontology at the level of official geographies (nation, province, region etc.) due to these spatial and temporal variabilities. We are engaged in an unequivocally pluralistic undertaking in both trying to reconcile space and place, as well as in place-making for ageing societies. If we then turn our attention to the ‘place’ concept, this variability must be seen as having an existing and developmental scope because local environments, cultures and responses will vary, as will individual responses mediated by these, and the health-related factors identified above.
The implications of this interpretation include the need and desirability of a pluralistic approach to the domains of theory, policy and practice in this ‘emergent’ geographical gerontology. Perhaps obviously, progressive population ageing in different countries and cultures (and within multicultural societies) requires a capacity for theory that does not homogenize the ageing experience and associated knowledge. In the policy domain, this demands a commitment to and capacity for negotiated space-place relations that are adaptive since, for example, the needs of younger old communities will differ from those marked by advanced population ageing. While we still tend to ‘consolidate’ those aged 65 and over, their trajectories and experiences differ significantly at the individual and cohort level, as discussed earlier. And, lastly, at the practice level we need to build the skills across disciplines and within communities to negotiate space-place relations and relationships for successful population ageing.
Place-making implies a set of negotiated outcomes and yet it remains that much of what we see in ageing theory, policy and practice maintains the top-down perspective. So planning for sites of ageing services and aged care could be improved by better engagement with older people, their advocates and the knowledge base we currently possess. The lived realities of ageing in the community and/or in institutional care demand an improved synthesis and not the disciplinary silos that persist in many contexts. We know, for example, that nutritional support is extremely important for people to ‘age in place’ successfully and yet supportive meal services in countries like Australia were and remain largely based on charity models from a bygone era (e.g. meals on wheels). A consequence of this is that many community-dwelling older people present to acute care services with malnutrition already present [39, 40]. Despite considerable evidence-based research on this issue, and its consequences for individuals and healthcare services, little has changed in the past few decades. And, at the policy level, a marketized approach to social care services has done nothing, I suggest, to improve this situation. Here too, an improved space-place synthesis offers a pathway to improved management of health and social care concerns that have wider systemic impacts.
The chapter draws of a variety of literatures and, as such, is a conceptual piece. As noted earlier, the intended audience is not a strictly geographical one but rather a broadly gerontological audience for whom some geographical ideas may be of interest. In addition, attempts at the synthesis of ideas from different fields carry some innate risk in a piece of this length. The proposed benefit in doing this is that the result informs thinking and practice across those academic and professional disciplines. As mentioned earlier, my hope is that this can inform local through to international discussions about the issues identified in the UN strategy and their implications for population ageing as an increasingly global phenomenon.
It is the contention of this chapter that geographical gerontology offers an opportunity to explore and, perhaps, even reconcile the key concepts of space and place in ways that avoid the problems associated with ‘the view from nowhere’ and the excessive abstraction often associated with quantification as a tool for understanding complex social phenomena. A key point explored here is that variation is normal at the individual level of ageing and, therefore, it is magnified when inquiring on population-level ageing and its associated complexities over space and time. By this I mean that the uniqueness of individual and aggregate level ageing is growing and will continue to do so as the ageing experience develops, as aged care models develop, and as new knowledge adds to what is already known or assumed to be known about ageing.
The conventional understandings of space and place, especially outside of disciplines that directly inquire on them, must change too. Geography’s intersection with gerontology has a key role to play in this process because adapting to population-level ageing requires an ongoing synthesis of new knowledge from the various research and clinical practice fields which engage with ageing. That makes ageing, to borrow from the philosopher of biology John Dupré [41], a process phenomenon rather than a categorical one given its pluralism and fluidity. In addition, the personal and community experience(s) of ageing will only grow in their diversity in coming years as the phenomenon progresses globally. It is in this sense that geographical gerontology may also become a way of linking the abstract and the personal as well as the spatial and the place-based experiences of ageing.
“The author declares no conflict of interest.”
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He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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