Geen technologies for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from natural sources.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8506",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Some Aspects of Diamonds in Scientific Research and High Technology",title:"Some Aspects of Diamonds in Scientific Research and High Technology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book considers some aspects of diamond-based technologies: CVD diamond synthesis, application of diamond as a material with high hardness and thermal conductivity, and the investigation of charge carrier transport properties of synthetic diamond and chemical properties of diamond surfaces.",isbn:"978-1-78984-517-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-516-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-596-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78882",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"some-aspects-of-diamonds-in-scientific-research-and-high-technology",numberOfPages:112,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7ab81202ec11afae75334956029ebd31",bookSignature:"Evgeniy Lipatov",publishedDate:"July 8th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8506.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5203,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 29th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 31st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 1st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 20th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 19th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"21254",title:"Mr.",name:"Evgeniy",middleName:null,surname:"Lipatov",slug:"evgeniy-lipatov",fullName:"Evgeniy Lipatov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/21254/images/system/21254.jpg",biography:"Evgeniy Lipatov graduated from the Radiophysical Faculty of Tomsk State University in 2000. He defended his thesis for the degree of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in the specialty 'Optics” at Tomsk State University in 2012. At present he is Head of Laboratory of Quantum Information Technologies of Tomsk State University, Senior Researcher at the Institute of High Current Electronics and Assistant Professor at the Department of Quantum Electronics and Photonics of Tomsk State University.",institutionString:"Institute of High Current Electronics",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Institute of High Current Electronics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1170",title:"Crystallography",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-crystallography"}],chapters:[{id:"72430",title:"Introductory Chapter: Some Aspects of Diamonds in Scientific Research and High Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92809",slug:"introductory-chapter-some-aspects-of-diamonds-in-scientific-research-and-high-technology",totalDownloads:648,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Evgeniy Lipatov and Dmitrii Genin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72430",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72430",authors:[{id:"21254",title:"Mr.",name:"Evgeniy",surname:"Lipatov",slug:"evgeniy-lipatov",fullName:"Evgeniy Lipatov"}],corrections:null},{id:"67995",title:"Polycrystalline Diamond Characterisations for High End Technologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85428",slug:"polycrystalline-diamond-characterisations-for-high-end-technologies",totalDownloads:955,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Characterisations of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) coatings have routinely been done over the past three decades of diamond research, but there is less number of reports on some of its very unique properties. For example, diamond is the hardest known material and, in probing such hard surfaces with any indenter tip, it may lead to damage of the instrument. Due to such chances of experimental accidents, researchers have performed very few attempts in evaluating the mechanical properties of PCDs. In the present work, some of these very special properties of diamond that are less reported in the literature are being re-investigated. PCDs were characterised by photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The diamond surface was also polished to bring the as-grown micron level of surface roughness (detrimental for wear application) down to few hundreds of nanometer. The tribological properties of such polished and smooth surfaces were found to be appropriate for wear protective coating application. This chapter revisits some of the unreported issues in the synthesis and characterisation of PCD coatings grown on Si wafer by the innovative 915 MHz microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition (MPCVD) technique.",signatures:"Awadesh Kumar Mallik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67995",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67995",authors:[{id:"178218",title:"Dr.",name:"Awadesh",surname:"Mallik",slug:"awadesh-mallik",fullName:"Awadesh Mallik"}],corrections:null},{id:"68159",title:"Significance of Diamond as a Cutting Tool in Ultra-Precision Machining Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86864",slug:"significance-of-diamond-as-a-cutting-tool-in-ultra-precision-machining-process",totalDownloads:935,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the purpose of using diamond as a cutting tool in various ultra-precision machining applications. The complicated structures such as resin and ceramic mold used for making optical lenses are machined by the diamond tool to improve the precision of the finished product. It is difficult to machine hard and brittle materials such as glasses, ceramics, and composites with the assistance of diamond tool due to the complexity in the aspheric surfaces. Moreover, the tool wear is a major problem in machining these hard materials to a fine dimensional accuracy and tolerances. The microscopic defect forms at the cutting edge lead to the damage of the surface finish of the workpiece material. Therefore, the discussions are associated with the achievement of machining hard materials using a diamond tool in ultra-precision applications.",signatures:"P. Suya Prem Anand",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68159",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68159",authors:[{id:"285029",title:"Dr.",name:"Suya Prem",surname:"Anand P",slug:"suya-prem-anand-p",fullName:"Suya Prem Anand P"}],corrections:null},{id:"66249",title:"Development, Properties, and Applications of CVD Diamond-Based Heat Sinks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85349",slug:"development-properties-and-applications-of-cvd-diamond-based-heat-sinks",totalDownloads:1112,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Heat sink is an essential component to nanoelectronics, microelectronics, and optoelectronics applications because it allows the thermal management of devices such as integrated circuits (ICs), microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs), and graphic unit processing. There are different materials being employed for heat sink production. Among them, diamond has stood out due to its excellent chemical and physical properties. This book chapter focuses on the development, properties, and applications of CVD diamond heat sinks. It covers the basic concepts of heat conduction applied to CVD diamond as a heat sink material and its production as freestanding CVD wafers of polycrystalline CVD diamond, since the literature about this topic is extensive, giving the reader a comprehensive overview. We will comprise the use and potential widening of applications of in CVD diamond heat sink technology, providing the reader with a substantial background at the current development of solutions and new frontiers in the practical use of CVD diamond thermal management devices.",signatures:"José Vieira da Silva Neto, Mariana Amorim Fraga and Vladimir Jesus Trava-Airoldi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66249",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66249",authors:[{id:"285413",title:"M.Sc.",name:"José",surname:"Vieira",slug:"jose-vieira",fullName:"José Vieira"},{id:"285414",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana Amorim",surname:"Fraga",slug:"mariana-amorim-fraga",fullName:"Mariana Amorim Fraga"},{id:"285416",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Jesus",surname:"Trava-Airoldi",slug:"vladimir-jesus-trava-airoldi",fullName:"Vladimir Jesus Trava-Airoldi"}],corrections:null},{id:"66896",title:"Intrinsic Carrier Parameters and Optical Carrier Injection Method in High-Purity Diamonds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86002",slug:"intrinsic-carrier-parameters-and-optical-carrier-injection-method-in-high-purity-diamonds",totalDownloads:598,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diamond attracts increasing attentions as a semiconductor, since high-purity synthesized diamonds have become commercially available in these decades. For appropriate design of any devices, the basic carrier transport parameters should be known. However, it has been difficult to determine carrier parameters in diamond, because the controlled doping and Ohmic contact formation have been hard to achieve. In this chapter, a modern experimental method to measure basic carrier parameters, such as the effective mass, scattering times, and mobility of intrinsic diamonds, is introduced. The method, i.e., nanosecond time-resolved cyclotron resonance (TRCR), is applicable to optically injected carriers in intrinsic diamonds without wire connection. Following the key technique of optical carrier injection, detailed analysis methods for the cyclotron resonance spectra are introduced. The extracted basic parameters of diamond are summarized in comparison to those of silicon and germanium in the same group-IV semiconductor family. This is worthy for triggering further ideas in application-oriented researches using widespread materials.",signatures:"Ikuko Akimoto and Nobuko Naka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66896",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66896",authors:[{id:"187905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ikuko",surname:"Akimoto",slug:"ikuko-akimoto",fullName:"Ikuko Akimoto"},{id:"287232",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuko",surname:"Naka",slug:"nobuko-naka",fullName:"Nobuko Naka"}],corrections:null},{id:"67682",title:"Simulation of Diamond Surface Chemistry: Reactivity and Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86865",slug:"simulation-of-diamond-surface-chemistry-reactivity-and-properties",totalDownloads:955,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The diamond material possesses very attractive properties, such as superior electronic properties (when doped), in addition to a controllable surface termination. During the process of diamond synthesis, the resulting chemical properties will depend not only on the adsorbed species but also on the type of substitutional doping element. The combination of adsorbate and dopant will thus have the ability to influence both the chemical and electronic properties of a diamond surface. All resulting (and interesting) properties of doped and terminated diamond surfaces make it clear that these types of material modifications are very important for a variety of applications that are based on photoactivated chemical processes. Theoretical modeling has been shown to act as an important scientific tool in explaining and predicting experimental results. Simulation of the dependence of, e.g. surface termination and doping on diamond material properties, is expected to give important information about various surface electronic properties (like photo-induced surface electrochemistry).",signatures:"Karin Larsson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67682",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67682",authors:[{id:"292193",title:"Prof.",name:"Karin",surname:"Larsson",slug:"karin-larsson",fullName:"Karin Larsson"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6638",title:"Handbook of Stillinger-Weber Potential Parameters for Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e174b9329a7cb36d22d4e14768667ac4",slug:"handbook-of-stillinger-weber-potential-parameters-for-two-dimensional-atomic-crystals",bookSignature:"Jin-Wu Jiang and Yu-Ping Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6638.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"228449",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin-Wu",surname:"Jiang",slug:"jin-wu-jiang",fullName:"Jin-Wu Jiang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"9205",title:"Electron Crystallography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9185ce16fc6f5756cf55fe6082f09fab",slug:"electron-crystallography",bookSignature:"Devinder Singh and Simona Condurache-Bota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184180",title:"Dr.",name:"Devinder",surname:"Singh",slug:"devinder-singh",fullName:"Devinder Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",title:"Corrigendum to: Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80611.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80611",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80611",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80611",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80611",chapter:{id:"78849",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",dateSubmitted:"August 20th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 27th 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"11416",title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo"}],productType:{id:"5",title:"Annual Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"78849",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",dateSubmitted:"August 20th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 27th 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"11416",title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo"}],productType:{id:"5",title:"Annual Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"11416",title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo"}],productType:{id:"5",title:"Annual Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11236",leadTitle:null,title:"Heart Transplantation",subtitle:"New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Since the first heart transplantation was performed by Dr. Christiaan Barnard in South Africa in 1967, there has been steady progress in terms of recipient selection, donor selection and management, surgical technique, preoperative management, immunosuppression, mechanical circulatory support during waiting for heart transplantation, especially in the last two decades. This book presents recent information in the field of heart transplantation. It includes thirteen chapters that address such topics as novel immunosuppression therapy and the role of transplant pharmacists, donor management and intervention for primary graft failure, mechanical circulatory, diagnostic modalities for cardiac allograft vasculopathy, surgical techniques, pediatric heart transplantation, and gene therapy. We hope that readers will find this book a useful resource because of its summarization of relevant details and issues that will facilitate the acquisition of emerging new information in each area of heart transplantation.",isbn:"978-1-80355-433-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-432-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-434-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98028",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"heart-transplantation-new-insights-in-therapeutic-strategies",numberOfPages:266,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"057f326c913ef980a7aaedb700047c03",bookSignature:"Norihide Fukushima",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11236.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:946,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 9th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 7th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 6th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 25th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Norihide Fukushima did research concerning xenotransplantation, long-term cardiac preservation, and cardiac donation after cardiac death as well as clinical works. After returning to Japan in 1994, he has been mainly preparing heart transplantation systems and contributed first heart transplantation in Japan.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"284629",title:"Prof.",name:"Norihide",middleName:null,surname:"Fukushima",slug:"norihide-fukushima",fullName:"Norihide Fukushima",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284629/images/system/284629.jpg",biography:"Dr. Norihide Fukushima is a professor at Graduate School of Nursing, Senri Kinran University, Japan, a visiting director at the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan, and a recruit professor in the Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan. After graduating from the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, he finished clinical training in the 1st Department of Surgery, Osaka University Hospital, and obtained his Ph.D. in Prolonged Cardiac Immersion storage in 1992. Dr. Fukushima worked at Loma Linda University, California, USA as a research and clinical fellow from 1991 to 1994. His team underwent the first heart transplantation in Japan in 1999. He and his colleagues made a revision to the Transplant Act in 2010 to increase deceased organ donation and heart transplantation in Japan.",institutionString:"National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"984",title:"Cardiac Surgery",slug:"cardiac-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"81451",title:"Donor Assessment and Management for Heart Transplantation",slug:"donor-assessment-and-management-for-heart-transplantation",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"284629",title:"Prof.",name:"Norihide",surname:"Fukushima",slug:"norihide-fukushima",fullName:"Norihide Fukushima"}]},{id:"80303",title:"Primary Graft Dysfunction after Heart Transplantation",slug:"primary-graft-dysfunction-after-heart-transplantation",totalDownloads:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"438743",title:"M.D.",name:"Soo Yong",surname:"Lee",slug:"soo-yong-lee",fullName:"Soo Yong Lee"}]},{id:"80305",title:"Hepatic and Endocrine Aspects of Heart Transplantation",slug:"hepatic-and-endocrine-aspects-of-heart-transplantation",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"165121",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Székely",slug:"andrea-szekely",fullName:"Andrea Székely"},{id:"440246",title:"Dr.",name:"Andras",surname:"Szabó",slug:"andras-szabo",fullName:"Andras Szabó"},{id:"440247",title:"Dr.",name:"Balazs",surname:"Szécsi",slug:"balazs-szecsi",fullName:"Balazs Szécsi"}]},{id:"80317",title:"Durable Ventricular Assist Device for Bridge to Transplantation",slug:"durable-ventricular-assist-device-for-bridge-to-transplantation",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"438677",title:"Prof.",name:"Minoru",surname:"Ono",slug:"minoru-ono",fullName:"Minoru Ono"}]},{id:"80417",title:"Heart Transplant after Mechanical Circulatory Support",slug:"heart-transplant-after-mechanical-circulatory-support",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"337128",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Pereda",slug:"daniel-pereda",fullName:"Daniel Pereda"},{id:"346717",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Sandoval",slug:"elena-sandoval",fullName:"Elena Sandoval"}]},{id:"79970",title:"The Role of Large Impella Devices in Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support for Patients Undergoing Heart Transplantation",slug:"the-role-of-large-impella-devices-in-temporary-mechanical-circulatory-support-for-patients-undergoin",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"437227",title:"Prof.",name:"Payam",surname:"Akhyari",slug:"payam-akhyari",fullName:"Payam Akhyari"},{id:"445456",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukiharu",surname:"Sugimura",slug:"yukiharu-sugimura",fullName:"Yukiharu Sugimura"},{id:"445457",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",surname:"Bauer",slug:"sebastian-bauer",fullName:"Sebastian Bauer"},{id:"445459",title:"Dr.",name:"Moritz",surname:"Immohr",slug:"moritz-immohr",fullName:"Moritz Immohr"},{id:"445460",title:"Dr.",name:"Arash",surname:"Mehdiani",slug:"arash-mehdiani",fullName:"Arash Mehdiani"},{id:"445461",title:"Dr.",name:"Hug",surname:"Aubin",slug:"hug-aubin",fullName:"Hug Aubin"},{id:"445463",title:"Dr.",name:"Ralf",surname:"Westenfeld",slug:"ralf-westenfeld",fullName:"Ralf Westenfeld"},{id:"445464",title:"Prof.",name:"Udo",surname:"Boeken",slug:"udo-boeken",fullName:"Udo Boeken"},{id:"445465",title:"Prof.",name:"Artur",surname:"Lichtenberg",slug:"artur-lichtenberg",fullName:"Artur Lichtenberg"}]},{id:"81437",title:"Pediatric Heart Transplantation",slug:"pediatric-heart-transplantation",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"437274",title:"Prof.",name:"Estela",surname:"Azeka",slug:"estela-azeka",fullName:"Estela Azeka"}]},{id:"80213",title:"Evolution of Heart Transplantation Surgical Techniques",slug:"evolution-of-heart-transplantation-surgical-techniques",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"439327",title:"Prof.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Jacob",slug:"samuel-jacob",fullName:"Samuel Jacob"},{id:"439329",title:"Prof.",name:"Si M.",surname:"Pham",slug:"si-m.-pham",fullName:"Si M. Pham"},{id:"451575",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony N.",surname:"Pham",slug:"anthony-n.-pham",fullName:"Anthony N. Pham"}]},{id:"81057",title:"Induction Therapy in the Current Immunosuppressive Therapy",slug:"induction-therapy-in-the-current-immunosuppressive-therapy",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"316481",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuya",surname:"Watanabe",slug:"takuya-watanabe",fullName:"Takuya Watanabe"},{id:"451095",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",surname:"Seguchi",slug:"osamu-seguchi",fullName:"Osamu Seguchi"},{id:"451725",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroki",surname:"Mochizuki",slug:"hiroki-mochizuki",fullName:"Hiroki Mochizuki"},{id:"451726",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaya",surname:"Shimojima",slug:"masaya-shimojima",fullName:"Masaya Shimojima"},{id:"451727",title:"Dr.",name:"Tasuku",surname:"Hada",slug:"tasuku-hada",fullName:"Tasuku Hada"},{id:"451728",title:"Dr.",name:"Satsuki",surname:"Fukushima",slug:"satsuki-fukushima",fullName:"Satsuki Fukushima"},{id:"451729",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoyuki",surname:"Fujita",slug:"tomoyuki-fujita",fullName:"Tomoyuki Fujita"},{id:"464004",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasumasa",surname:"Tsukamoto",slug:"yasumasa-tsukamoto",fullName:"Yasumasa Tsukamoto"}]},{id:"80300",title:"Role of the Transplant Pharmacist",slug:"role-of-the-transplant-pharmacist",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"451095",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",surname:"Seguchi",slug:"osamu-seguchi",fullName:"Osamu Seguchi"},{id:"440221",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Megumi",surname:"Ikura",slug:"megumi-ikura",fullName:"Megumi Ikura"},{id:"447737",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuki",surname:"Nakagita",slug:"kazuki-nakagita",fullName:"Kazuki Nakagita"},{id:"447740",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaya",surname:"Uno",slug:"takaya-uno",fullName:"Takaya Uno"},{id:"447741",title:"MSc.",name:"Hiromi",surname:"Takenaka",slug:"hiromi-takenaka",fullName:"Hiromi Takenaka"},{id:"447742",title:"BSc.",name:"Sachi",surname:"Matsuda",slug:"sachi-matsuda",fullName:"Sachi Matsuda"},{id:"447744",title:"BSc.",name:"Miho",surname:"Yoshii",slug:"miho-yoshii",fullName:"Miho Yoshii"},{id:"447745",title:"BSc.",name:"Rikako",surname:"Nagata",slug:"rikako-nagata",fullName:"Rikako Nagata"},{id:"447746",title:"MSc.",name:"Ichiro",surname:"Nakakura",slug:"ichiro-nakakura",fullName:"Ichiro Nakakura"},{id:"447748",title:"BSc.",name:"Naoki",surname:"Hayakawa",slug:"naoki-hayakawa",fullName:"Naoki Hayakawa"},{id:"447749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsutomu",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"tsutomu-nakamura",fullName:"Tsutomu Nakamura"},{id:"447750",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyoichi",surname:"Wada",slug:"kyoichi-wada",fullName:"Kyoichi Wada"}]},{id:"80447",title:"Limited Sampling Strategies to Monitoring Mycophenolic Acid Exposure in a Heterogeneous Population of Heart Transplant Recipients: A Pilot Study",slug:"limited-sampling-strategies-to-monitoring-mycophenolic-acid-exposure-in-a-heterogeneous-population-o",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"247950",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Baraldo",slug:"massimo-baraldo",fullName:"Massimo Baraldo"},{id:"440660",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Lo Re",slug:"francesco-lo-re",fullName:"Francesco Lo Re"},{id:"440661",title:"Prof.",name:"Ugolino",surname:"Livi",slug:"ugolino-livi",fullName:"Ugolino Livi"},{id:"440662",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandro",surname:"Sponga",slug:"sandro-sponga",fullName:"Sandro Sponga"},{id:"440663",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",surname:"Nalli",slug:"chiara-nalli",fullName:"Chiara Nalli"},{id:"440664",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",surname:"Zucchetto",slug:"antonella-zucchetto",fullName:"Antonella Zucchetto"},{id:"450592",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacopo",surname:"Angelini",slug:"jacopo-angelini",fullName:"Jacopo Angelini"}]},{id:"80425",title:"Diagnostic Intravascular Imaging Modalities for Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy",slug:"diagnostic-intravascular-imaging-modalities-for-cardiac-allograft-vasculopathy",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"316481",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuya",surname:"Watanabe",slug:"takuya-watanabe",fullName:"Takuya Watanabe"},{id:"451095",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",surname:"Seguchi",slug:"osamu-seguchi",fullName:"Osamu Seguchi"},{id:"451725",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroki",surname:"Mochizuki",slug:"hiroki-mochizuki",fullName:"Hiroki Mochizuki"},{id:"451726",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaya",surname:"Shimojima",slug:"masaya-shimojima",fullName:"Masaya Shimojima"},{id:"451727",title:"Dr.",name:"Tasuku",surname:"Hada",slug:"tasuku-hada",fullName:"Tasuku Hada"},{id:"451728",title:"Dr.",name:"Satsuki",surname:"Fukushima",slug:"satsuki-fukushima",fullName:"Satsuki Fukushima"},{id:"451729",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoyuki",surname:"Fujita",slug:"tomoyuki-fujita",fullName:"Tomoyuki Fujita"},{id:"440210",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yasumasa",surname:"Tsukamoto",slug:"yasumasa-tsukamoto",fullName:"Yasumasa Tsukamoto"}]},{id:"80721",title:"Gene Therapy for Cardiac Transplantation",slug:"gene-therapy-for-cardiac-transplantation",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"441185",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Dawn E.",surname:"Bowles",slug:"dawn-e.-bowles",fullName:"Dawn E. Bowles"},{id:"441945",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",surname:"Mendiola Pla",slug:"michelle-mendiola-pla",fullName:"Michelle Mendiola Pla"},{id:"452214",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuting",surname:"Chiang",slug:"yuting-chiang",fullName:"Yuting Chiang"},{id:"452215",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Neng",surname:"Roan",slug:"jun-neng-roan",fullName:"Jun-Neng Roan"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3542",title:"Artery Bypass",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b48ec67e1291ca98f3aded6a9af92ca",slug:"artery-bypass",bookSignature:"Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6556",title:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2bbeca8acf93c99a265e3a81166a2833",slug:"advanced-concepts-in-endocarditis",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6556.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6558",title:"Heart Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa6adc2ed66fd8de1500ed382fd80f7a",slug:"heart-transplantation",bookSignature:"Antonio Loforte, Andrea Montalto and Cristiano Amarelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42172",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Loforte",slug:"antonio-loforte",fullName:"Antonio Loforte"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9060",title:"The Current Perspectives on Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cedc3547eae8f66f9440cc35216d7963",slug:"the-current-perspectives-on-coronary-artery-bypass-grafting",bookSignature:"Takashi Murashita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192448",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Murashita",slug:"takashi-murashita",fullName:"Takashi Murashita"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8819",title:"Cardiac Surgery Procedures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d84cc6e6750d835e4b86578dfdbbdd9",slug:"cardiac-surgery-procedures",bookSignature:"Andrea Montalto, Antonio Loforte and Cristiano Amarelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8819.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222866",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Montalto",slug:"andrea-montalto",fullName:"Andrea Montalto"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8218",title:"Aortic Stenosis",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9a81a576f7026e76fa6d29c27b308a6",slug:"aortic-stenosis-current-perspectives",bookSignature:"Peter Magnusson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8218.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188088",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Magnusson",slug:"peter-magnusson",fullName:"Peter Magnusson"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"10097",title:"Templated Si-based Nanowires via Solid-Liquidsolid (SLS) and Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) Growth: Novel Growth Mode, Synthesis, Morphology Control, Characteristics, and Electrical Transport",doi:"10.5772/8844",slug:"templated-si-based-nanowires-via-solid-liquidsolid-sls-and-vapor-liquid-solid-vls-growth-novel-growt",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/10097.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10097",totalDownloads:4258,totalViews:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:20,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 1st 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/10097",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/10097",book:{id:"3713",slug:"cutting-edge-nanotechnology"},signatures:"Jae Ho Lee and Robert E. Geer",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3713",type:"book",title:"Cutting Edge Nanotechnology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Nanotechnology",slug:"cutting-edge-nanotechnology",publishedDate:"March 1st 2010",bookSignature:"Dragica Vasileska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3713.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-93-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5496-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:41,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"3809",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragica",middleName:null,surname:"Vasileska",slug:"dragica-vasileska",fullName:"Dragica Vasileska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"10115",type:"chapter",title:"The Need for Practical Regulation of Developing Commercial Nanotechnology",slug:"the-need-for-practical-regulation-of-developing-commercial-nanotechnology",totalDownloads:3255,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Charles R. McConachie and J.D.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10109",type:"chapter",title:"Improving Performance and Reliability of MOS Devices Using Deuterium Implantation",slug:"improving-performance-and-reliability-of-mos-devices-using-deuterium-implantation",totalDownloads:5187,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jae-Sung Lee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10114",type:"chapter",title:"Heating Effects in Nanoscale Devices",slug:"heating-effects-in-nanoscale-devices",totalDownloads:4496,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Dragica Vasileska, Katerina Raleva and Stephen M. Goodnick",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10099",type:"chapter",title:"Low-Dimensional Group III-V Compound Semiconductor Structures",slug:"low-dimensional-group-iii-v-compound-semiconductor-structures",totalDownloads:2945,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nobuhiko P. Kobayashi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10100",type:"chapter",title:"Analytic Approach to the Operation of RTD Ternary Inverters Based on MML",slug:"analytic-approach-to-the-operation-of-rtd-ternary-inverters-based-on-mml",totalDownloads:2172,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Juan Nunez, Jose M. Quintana and Maria J. Avedillo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10098",type:"chapter",title:"Development of Superlattice Infrared Photodetectors",slug:"development-of-superlattice-infrared-photodetectors",totalDownloads:2902,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shih-Hung Lin, Ying-Hsiang Wang, Che-Wei Chang, Jen-Hsiang Lu, Chun Chi Chen and Chieh-Hsiung Kuan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10106",type:"chapter",title:"“Bottom-up” Approaches for Nanoelectronics",slug:"-bottom-up-approaches-for-nanoelectronics",totalDownloads:4821,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mrunal A. Khaderbad, Arindam Kushagra, M. Ravikanth and V. Ramgopal Rao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10097",type:"chapter",title:"Templated Si-based Nanowires via Solid-Liquidsolid (SLS) and Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) Growth: Novel Growth Mode, Synthesis, Morphology Control, Characteristics, and Electrical Transport",slug:"templated-si-based-nanowires-via-solid-liquidsolid-sls-and-vapor-liquid-solid-vls-growth-novel-growt",totalDownloads:4258,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jae Ho Lee and Robert E. Geer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10105",type:"chapter",title:"Probe Technologies for Micro/Nano Measurements",slug:"probe-technologies-for-micro-nano-measurements",totalDownloads:4815,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kuang-Chao Fan, Fang Cheng, Yejin Chen and Bor-Shen Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10116",type:"chapter",title:"Tensile and Flexural Deformation of Nickel Nanowires via Molecular Dynamics Simulations",slug:"tensile-and-flexural-deformation-of-nickel-nanowires-via-molecular-dynamics-simulations",totalDownloads:4585,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ram Mohan and Yu Liang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10110",type:"chapter",title:"Advances in Nanowire-Based Computing Architectures",slug:"advances-in-nanowire-based-computing-architectures",totalDownloads:2272,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jun Wu, Sriram Venkateswaran and Minsu Choi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10108",type:"chapter",title:"New Class of Coolants: Nanofluids",slug:"new-class-of-coolants-nanofluids",totalDownloads:4440,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sadollah Ebrahimi, Anwar Gavili, Maryamalsadat Lajevardi, Taghi Dallali Isfahani, Iraj Hadi and Jamshid Sabbaghzadeh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10113",type:"chapter",title:"Intersubband Transitions in the Quantum Dot Layers for Quantum Confined Photodetector",slug:"intersubband-transitions-in-the-quantum-dot-layers-for-quantum-confined-photodetector",totalDownloads:3888,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shiang-Feng Tang, Tzu-Chiang Chen, Shih-Yen Lin and Hsing-Yuan Tu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10101",type:"chapter",title:"Intersublevel Relaxation Properties of Self- Assembled InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Heterostructures",slug:"intersublevel-relaxation-properties-of-self-assembled-inas-gaas-quantum-dot-heterostructures",totalDownloads:3038,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jiunn-Chyi Lee and Ya-Fen Wu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10102",type:"chapter",title:"Arithmetic Circuits Realized by Transferring Single Electrons",slug:"arithmetic-circuits-realized-by-transferring-single-electrons",totalDownloads:3109,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wan-cheng Zhang and Nan-jian Wu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10107",type:"chapter",title:"Single-Electron Circuits for Sigma-Delta Domain Signal Processing",slug:"single-electron-circuits-for-sigma-delta-domain-signal-processing",totalDownloads:2900,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hisato Fujisaka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10112",type:"chapter",title:"Carbon Nanotube Capacitors",slug:"carbon-nanotube-capacitors",totalDownloads:3764,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mark M. Budnik and Eric W. Johnson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10104",type:"chapter",title:"Electrochemical Co-Deposition of Metal-Nanoparticle Composites for Microsystem Applications",slug:"electrochemical-co-deposition-of-metal-nanoparticle-composites-for-microsystem-applications",totalDownloads:3426,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kyle Jiang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10111",type:"chapter",title:"Single Cell Analysis inside Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM)-Nanomanipulator System",slug:"single-cell-analysis-inside-environmental-scanning-electron-microscope-esem-nanomanipulator-system",totalDownloads:3209,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad, Masahiro Nakajima, Seiji Kojima, Michio Homma and Toshio Fukuda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10103",type:"chapter",title:"Anti Silver Nanoparticle Bacteria",slug:"anti-silver-nanoparticle-bacteria",totalDownloads:3355,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chi-Yea Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"9729",title:"Thermodynamic Properties of Nano-Silver and Alloy Particles",slug:"thermodynamic-properties-of-nano-silver-and-alloy-particles",signatures:"Wangyu Hu, Shifang Xiao, Huiqiu Deng, Wenhua Luo and Lei Deng",authors:[null]},{id:"9731",title:"Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Aligned Elongated Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Silica",slug:"linear-and-nonlinear-optical-properties-of-aligned-elongated-silver-nanoparticles-embedded-in-silica",signatures:"Raul Rangel-Rojo, J.A. Reyes-Esqueda, C. Torres-Torres, A. Oliver, L. Rodriguez-Fernandez, A. Crespo-Sosa, J.C. Cheang-Wong, J. McCarthy, H.T. Bookey and A.K. Kar",authors:[null]},{id:"9724",title:"The Applicability of Global and Surface Sensitive Techniques to Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles for Ink-Jet Printing Technology",slug:"the-applicability-of-global-and-surface-sensitive-techniques-to-characterization-of-silver-nanoparti",signatures:"M. Puchalski, P.J. Kowalczyk, Z. Klusek and W. Olejniczak",authors:[null]},{id:"9721",title:"In Situ Photochemically assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrixes",slug:"in-situ-photochemically-assisted-synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-in-polymer-matrixes",signatures:"Lavinia Balan, Jean-Pierre Malval and Daniel-Joseph Lougnot",authors:[null]},{id:"9732",title:"Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized in Dielectrics by Ion Implantation and Laser Annealing",slug:"linear-and-nonlinear-optical-properties-of-silver-nanoparticles-synthesized-in-dielectrics-by-ion-im",signatures:"Andrey L. Stepanov",authors:[null]},{id:"9719",title:"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Laser Assistance",slug:"synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-with-laser-assistance",signatures:"A. Pyatenko",authors:[null]},{id:"9735",title:"Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles by Through Thin Film Ablation",slug:"synthesis-of-ag-nanoparticles-by-through-thin-film-ablation",signatures:"P. Terrence Murray and Eunsung Shin",authors:[null]},{id:"9720",title:"O-Phenylenediamine Encapsulated Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications for Organic Light-Emitting Devices",slug:"o-phenylenediamine-encapsulated-silver-nanoparticles-and-their-applications-for-organic-light-emitti",signatures:"Chang-Sik Ha, Jin-Woo Park and Habib Ullah",authors:[null]},{id:"9722",title:"High Surface Clay-Supported Silver Nanohybrids",slug:"high-surface-clay-supported-silver-nanohybrids",signatures:"Jiang-Jen Lin, Rui-Xuan Dong and Wei-Cheng Tsai",authors:[null]},{id:"9723",title:"Silver Nanoparticles in Oxide Glasses: Technologies and Properties",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-in-oxide-glasses-technologies-and-properties",signatures:"N.V. Nikonorov, Sidorov A.I. and Tsekhomskii V.A.",authors:[null]},{id:"9730",title:"Silver Nanoparticles: Sensing and Imaging Applications",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-sensing-and-imaging-applications",signatures:"Carlos Caro, Paula M. Castillo, Rebecca Klippstein, David Pozo and Ana P. Zaderenko",authors:[null]},{id:"9734",title:"Silver Nanoparticles as Optical Sensors",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-as-optical-sensors",signatures:"Chien Wang, Marta Luconi, Adriana Masi and Liliana Fernandez",authors:[null]},{id:"9725",title:"Biosynthesis and Application of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles",slug:"biosynthesis-and-application-of-silver-and-gold-nanoparticles",signatures:"Zygmunt Sadowski",authors:[null]},{id:"9733",title:"On-Paper Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications",slug:"on-paper-synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-for-antibacterial-applications",signatures:"Hirotaka Koga and Takuya Kitaoka",authors:[null]},{id:"9727",title:"The Silver Nanoparticle (Nano-Ag): a New Model for Antifungal Agents",slug:"the-silver-nanoparticle-nano-ag-a-new-model-for-antifungal-agents",signatures:"Juneyoung Lee, Keuk-Jun Kim, Woo Sang Sung, Jong Guk Kim and Dong Gun Lee",authors:[null]},{id:"9728",title:"Silver Nanoparticles Interactions with the Immune System: Implications for Health and Disease",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-interactions-with-the-immune-system-implications-for-health-and-disease",signatures:"Rebecca Klippstein, Rafael Fernandez-Montesinos, Paula M. Castillo, Ana P. Zaderenko and David Pozo",authors:[null]},{id:"9726",title:"Potential Use of Silver Nanoparticles as an Additive in Animal Feeding",slug:"potential-use-of-silver-nanoparticles-as-an-additive-in-animal-feeding",signatures:"Manuel Fondevila",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2165",title:"Nanocrystals",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bfa205b3db30a560eabb2d46136b8ee0",slug:"nanocrystals-synthesis-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudheer Neralla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2165.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128532",title:null,name:"Sudheer",surname:"Neralla",slug:"sudheer-neralla",fullName:"Sudheer Neralla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5182",title:"Lab-on-a-Chip Fabrication and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4c8e226ea2612f5ecceb7e6311581d4",slug:"lab-on-a-chip-fabrication-and-application",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen Zlatev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5182.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10575",title:"Magnetic Skyrmions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d93d7485e8a6a30d9e069aed78fdb355",slug:"magnetic-skyrmions",bookSignature:"Dipti Ranjan Sahu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10575.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251855",title:"Prof.",name:"Dipti Ranjan",surname:"Sahu",slug:"dipti-ranjan-sahu",fullName:"Dipti Ranjan Sahu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7612",title:"Electrospinning and Electrospraying",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e9708250507395a4bea2c17d012982",slug:"electrospinning-and-electrospraying-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10644",title:"Recent Developments in Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy for Materials Characterization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30a4c22b98d8dd2b18e5c33dade4b94b",slug:"recent-developments-in-atomic-force-microscopy-and-raman-spectroscopy-for-materials-characterization",bookSignature:"Chandra Shakher Pathak and Samir Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"318029",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra Shakher",surname:"Pathak",slug:"chandra-shakher-pathak",fullName:"Chandra Shakher Pathak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75146",title:"Valorization of Natural Antioxidants for Nutritional and Health Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96111",slug:"valorization-of-natural-antioxidants-for-nutritional-and-health-applications",body:'
Nowadays, the awareness for the need to have a healthier lifestyle results in a higher consumption of natural organic food products and nutritionally rich antioxidants rather than synthetic and processed foods. In the past decade, an increased interest in the exploitation of natural ingredients to be used in the food and food products was observed. Researchers from all over the world are focusing on alternative sources of healthy nutrients promoting a safer and convenient diet. There is not clear evidence that synthetic antioxidants have toxic effects, although, consumer’s interest is moving towards the natural products. Moreover, synthetic antioxidants and preservatives in food may lead to lipid peroxidation and deterioration of food flavor and quality [1]. Therefore, organic and sustainable processes, the identification of new phytochemicals with attractive biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, among others, are a hot topic among food researchers as well as for food industry aiming to develop new functional and therapeutic products.
Natural antioxidants are mainly derived from food, plants and other living organisms, such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, cereals, mushrooms, macro and micro-algae, spices and traditional medicinal herbs [2]. It is known that exogenous antioxidants have a strong potential to inhibit oxidative stress, preventing the lipid peroxidation process, and restore the cellular homeostasis [3]. Indeed, most of the antioxidant products shown to act as potential therapeutic agents. The consumption of antioxidants is highly important not only in prevention but also as an adjunct in the treatment of various human pathologies associated with oxidative stress, such as diabetes, aging, neurological, cardiovascular, and cancer [4]. In this sense, beneficial health effects of antioxidants are directly linked to regular daily intake and bioavailability.
The issues created by the increase of the human population, together with a reduction in renewable resources, is reflected in the increase of the global demand for reuse of industrial biowastes, as well as increasing the use of underexploited resources. The growing demand for new or alternative bioactive molecules obtained by green and sustainable processes, and decreasing the quantity of biowastes are premises for the development of conscious approaches for the valorization of phytochemicals from natural sources [5, 6]. Additionally, the development and optimization of efficient and intensified process for the recovery and isolation of high value phytochemicals are important.
The current chapter is focused on appreciation of different green extraction strategies related to the recovery of high value bioactive compounds from natural sources, their potential antioxidant activity, and possible nutritional and health applications.
The recovery of antioxidant biomolecules or extracts is an important step to enable the reuse of natural resources for subsequent application in pharmaceutical, cosmetic products, food enrichment and preservatives, supplements and nutraceuticals.
Usually, bioactive phytochemicals are obtained using solid–liquid extraction, the unit operation, and depends on several factors, including the applied extraction technique, the parameters associated with the technique (such as temperature, time, pH and the extraction solvent), and the raw materials composition [7]. Extraction process is composed by 4 essential steps: (1) raw material pre-treatment (drying, grinding,
The extraction process, when it is not optimized, is often time and energy consuming, induces the use of huge amount of water or petroleum-based solvents (harmful for environment and consumers) and generates large quantity of waste [9]. Moreover, the resulting extract may not be safe for the consumers, as it may contain residual solvents, contaminants from raw material, or denatured compounds due to extreme extraction conditions [5]. In this sense, the extraction processes intensification/optimization is necessary. The goal of an intensified process is to obtain greater extraction efficiency, high-quality and safe extracts while reducing extraction time, energy consumption, number of unit operations, amount of water and organic solvents in the process, environmental impact, economic costs and quantity of waste generated [8].
In the last decades, the growing interest in the global ecological footprint reduction, bioeconomy control and consumer safety, has propel the implementation of innovative and clean alternatives in the food, chemical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, following the principles of green chemistry and green engineering [10, 11].
Among the various extraction factors, solvents play an important role in extraction efficiency. The reduction of hazardous solvents is also considered one of the priorities of international policies [12]. A suitable solvent is able to obtain safe and high-quality ingredients and to preserve the biological effects of the extracted compounds. Furthermore, it should be recyclable and reusable, preventing negative environmental effects.
Numerous solvents have been used for the extraction of antioxidants from foods, marine sources, medicinal plants and agroindustrial wastes [6]. The selection of solvents must be based on the chemical nature and polarity of the compounds to be extracted, since solvents with different polarities are necessary for the isolation of compounds with different chemical structure [5]. For example, most of the phenolics, flavanoids and anthocyanins are hydrosoluble antioxidants. The polar and medium polar solvents, such as water, ethanol, methanol, propanol, acetone and their aqueous mixtures, are widely used for their extraction [13, 14, 15]. Carotenoids are lipid-soluble antioxidants, and common organic solvents, such as the mixtures of hexane with acetone, ethanol, methanol, or mixtures of ethyl acetate with acetone, ethanol, methanol, have been used for extraction [16, 17, 18].
A number of new alternatives to conventional techniques (Soxhlet, heat reflux, infusion, distillation,
Extraction technology | Concept | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) | Microwaves are electromagnetic fields in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. The solvent penetrates into the solid matrix by diffusion leading to cell disruption and releasing the compounds of interest from a matrix to a solvent. | Lower time of extraction; low solvent volume; effective, uniform and selective heating. | High extraction pressure might modify the chemical structures of the compounds; low penetration of radiation in bulk products; equipment more expensive. | [5, 19] |
Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) | Ultrasound is a sound wave of 20 kHz to 100 MHz. This process produces a phenomenon called cavitation, which means that the production, growth, and collapse of the bubbles to form pores that facilitate the cell wall disruption and increased the release of intracellular compounds into the extraction medium. | Fast; low solvent usage; lower extraction temperatures; preserving heat-sensitive compounds; eco-friendly and cheap process. | Energy intensive; dificult to scale up. | [20, 21] |
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) | This technology is based on the use of liquid solvents at temperature and pressure values above the atmospheric boiling point and below the critical point values, decreasing the viscosity of the solvent, promoting accelerated dissolution kinetics, and increasing the solutes’ solubility. The process disrupts the matrix, which increases the mass transfer of the analyte from the solvent sample | Rapid extraction; reduced organic solvent consumption. | Requires sophisticated instrumentation; possible degradation of thermolabile compounds. | [22, 23] |
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) | Supercritical extraction is characterized by changes in temperature and pressure which transform the gas in supercritical fluid. | Fast; selective extraction; no residual solvents. | High cost; energy intensive; low polarity; type of co-solvent affects the efficiency of the extraction of antioxidant compounds. | [23, 24] |
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) | This technology applys very high pressures (100–1000 MPa) at 0 °C to less than 100 °C for a short period of time. Improves mass transfer rates and increases the secondary metabolite diffusion according to phase transitions. | Time efficient, requires less solvent, convenient, eco-friendly, safe and energy efficient; does not generate waste; pure and microbiologically safe products; absence of heating, avoiding compound denaturation and ensuring the extraction of thermo-sensitive components. | Variable efficiency; high processing costs. | [25, 26, 27, 28] |
Enzyme assisted extraction (EAE) | The matrix and enzyme solution are loaded into an extraction vessel and placed in a thermostated water bath at the certain temperature and time. | Moderate extraction conditions; eco-friendly; selectivity due to the specificity of enzymes. | Expensive cost of enzymes; activity of enzymes varying with the environmental factors; filtration and cleanup step required; time consuming. | [3, 7, 23] |
Pulsed electric field (PEF) | The material is placed between two electrodes. The pulse amplitude varies from 100–300 V/cm to 20–80 kV/cm. The treatment is conducted at room temperature or slightly higher. The principle of PEF extraction is to induce the electroporation of the cell membrane, thereby increasing the extraction yield. | Improves extraction and diffusion; cell permeability; minimize loss of heat sensitive molecules; selectivity of extracted compounds. | High control of parameters associated with the process (energy input, strength, pulses, temperature, and raw material properties, | [5, 9, 29, 30] |
High voltage electrical discharges (HVED) | It is an effective method to damage the cell structure and the extraction of valuable cellular compounds. The first step is the formation and propagation of a coil of a needle electrode and the formation of gaseous cavities. The second stage occurs when the streamer reaches the electrode plate (phase decomposition). | Efficiency of cell destruction; low solvent consumption; low operating temperature and temperature rise. | Free radicals production, which can react with antioxidant compounds, thus decreasing their bioactivy; lower selectivy; scale-up difficulties. | [19, 22, 31] |
Ohmic heating (OH) | Non-pulsed electrotechnology centered on the conversion of electric energy into thermal energy based in the Joule effect (heat is generated inside a conductive matrix). The voltage applied in the OH process normally varies between 400 and 4000 V (electric field from 0.001 to 1 kV/cm). | Fast and homogeneous heating; reduction of energy consumption and times; low water and organic solvents use; low waste generation; selectivity of extracted compounds; improves extraction and diffusion by cell permeability. | High control of parameters associated with the process (similar to PEF and HVED). | [9, 32, 33] |
Geen technologies for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from natural sources.
In the following sections some examples of natural matrices used as sources of antioxidant compounds using clean and innovative processes will be reported.
Fruits and vegetables are highly recommended dietary contents, widely known for their health-promoting effects and nutritious values. They got an essential place as conventional foods in the history because of their high amount of minerals, specifically electrolytes; vitamins, mainly vitamins C and E. Several studies are also demonstrating their high phytochemical contents eith antioxidant properties. Antioxidants obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are mostly of terpenes, polyphenols, phytosterols, peptides, vitamins and minerals (Figure 1) [34, 35]. Antioxidant minerals, such as iron, zinc, selenium, copper, and manganese, act as cofactor of many antioxidant enzymes, absence of which may certainly disturb the activity of their enzymatic scavenging activity [2].
Classification of natural antioxidants.
It has been argued that agri-food residues generated by the use of plants and their derivatives might have a negative impact on the environment when they are discarded. In developed countries, 42% of food waste is produced by households, while 39% losses occur in the food manufacturing industry, 14% in food service sector and remaining 5% in retail and distribution [36]. Waste from parts of plants such as peel, leaves, stem, seed, and roots generated from agriculture, to industrial manufacturing and processing [2]. They constitute a low-cost source of antioxidant molecules, which exhibit other biological activities, like antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antimicrobial [13, 37, 38].
Marine biodiversity is another underexploited source of natural products. Marine resources are gaining the attention of industries such as foods, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics because they have several interesting antioxidant molecules and other attractive biotechnological compounds (
Algae are considered the richest source of active compounds with antioxidant activity (and other biological activities). They can be used as nutraceuticals, food additives and cosmetics. Algae are composed by a complex group of photosynthetic organisms with simple reproductive organs, which can be multicellular, known as macroalgae or seaweeds, and unicellular named as microalgae [40]. Algae produce various secondary metabolites with many antioxidant activities such as pigments (phycobiliproteins, chlorophylls and carotenoids), polyphenols (bromophenols, flavonoids, phlorotannins and phenolic acids), vitamins (β-carotene and other carotenoids), a complex of B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7 and B12), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) [40, 41]. Sulfated polysaccharides are nonanimal compounds reported to have antioxidant activities, which can be obtained from marine algae and other marine organisms from the phaeophyta group [42]. These compounds may be used as hydrocolloids and as nutraceuticals in the food industry.
Iodine (an important mineral from seaweeds), is a key element for hormones related with the thyroid, helping in the metabolism regulation [43].
Marine sponges (family Aplysinellidae) are recognized as producers of bromotyrosine derivatives, displaying a myriad of biological and pharmacological potentialities [39]. Many biological compounds previously isolated from some other marine organisms such as fish, crustaceans, and their by-products present bioactive potential.
For the past few decades, researchers and industry have been focusing their work on the use of by-products or biowastes to obtain products with high added value, using innovative and environmentally friendly processes. These products can be used as (bio)functional additives, or as a therapeutic alternative in the prevention or treatment of cardiometabolic, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases [40, 42, 44, 45].
Table 2 shows some examples of bioactive molecules from natural sources (plants and their by-products and algae), as well as the type of technologies and solvents used in the extraction process.
Sources | Compounds | Technologies (Solvents) | Bioactivities | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Passion fruit peel | Carotenoids Pectin | MAE,UAE (water, 0live oil sun flower oil) | Antioxidant Antimicrobial Anticancer | [46, 47] |
Vine pruning | Polyphenols | OH, MAE, (water, ethanol) | Antioxidant Anticancer | [48, 49] |
Grape skins | Anthocyanins Polyphenols | OH, MAE, UAE, EAE, PLE (water, eutectic solvents) | Antioxidant | [50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55] |
Colored potato | Anthocyanins | OH (water) | Antioxidant Antimicrobial Anticancer Neuroprotective | [15] |
Pine bark | Polyphenols | OH, MAE, UAE, SFE (CO2, water, ethanol) | Antioxidant Anticancer Antimicrobial Antihyperglycemic | [13, 56, 57, 58] |
Pine nuts | Polyphenols | PLE, UAE, MAE (water) | Antioxidant | [59] |
Soy beans | Proteins Isoflavones | EAE, UAE, PLE (eutectic solvents, ionic liquid, water, methanol) | Antioxidant Cardioprotective Anticancer | [60, 61, 62, 63] |
Mentha | Polyphenols Essential oil | UAE, SFE, MAE, OH (water, ethanol, methanol) | Antioxidant | [64, 65, 66] |
Tomato by-products | Polyphenols Pectin Fatty acids Carotenoids | MAE, HHP, UAE, PEF, SFE, EAE (hexane, methanol, acetone, ethyl lactate) | Antioxidant Cardioprotective Antihypertensive Antidiabetic Anticancer | [67, 68, 69, 70, 71] |
Apple peels | Pectin Polyphenols | UAE, SFE (water) | Antioxidant | [72, 73] |
Apple seeds | Essential oils polyphenols | PFE, UAE, SFE (CO2, water) | Antioxidant | [74, 75, 76] |
Brewer’s spent grains | Polyphenols, proteins | PEF, UAE, SFE (water, ethanol) | Antioxidant | [77, 78, 79] |
Orange peel | Pectin Polyphenols | PEF, MAE (citric acid) | Antioxidant | [37, 80] |
Moringa leaves | Polyphenols Vitamin C | PLE (water) | Antioxidant | [81] |
Rapeseed oil Guava oil, | Phytosterols, Polyphenols Tocopherols | SFE (CO2, Euctetic solvents) | Anticholesterolemic Antioxidant | [82, 83] |
Roselle seeds Black sesame seeds | Phytosterols | SFE (CO2, ethanol) | Anticholesterolemic Antioxidant | [84, 85] |
Polyphenols Carotenoids Phycobiliproteins | OH; MAE; PEF; UAS; EAE (water, ethanol) | Antioxidant Antimicrobial Anticancer Anti-inflammatory | [86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95] | |
Carotenoids Lipids | OH; UAE (ethanol) | Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | [96, 97] | |
Carotenoids Polyphenols | PEF; SFE (CO2, Water, water: ethanol) | Antioxidant Antimicrobial Anticancer Anti-inflammatory | [98, 99, 100, 101] | |
Carotenoids Chlorophylls Polyphenols Proteins Lipids | UAE; PEF; PLE (water, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide) | Antioxidant UV-protective Anti-inflammatory Anticancer | [102, 103, 104] | |
Proteins Pigments Lipids Carotenoids Chlorophylls Polyphenols | HVED; HHP; PLE, MAE (water, ethanol, chloroform: methanol) | Antioxidant | [17, 105] | |
Carotenoids | PLE (ethanol) | Antioxidant | [106] | |
Sulfated polysaccharides | Maceration by liquid nitrogen (sodium acetate buffer) | Antioxidant | [42] | |
Fatty acids Polyphenols | PLE (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and ethanol:water) | Antioxidant Anti-atherogenic | [107] | |
Polyphenols | MAE (70% methanol) | Antioxidant Anti-hyperglycemic | [108] | |
Polyphenols | PLE (water, ethanol/water, and methanol/water) | Antioxidant Antiproliferative | [40, 109] | |
Proteins Peptides | EAE (water) | Antioxidant Cardioprotective Anti-inflammatory Anti-diabetic | [110, 111] | |
Phycobiliproteins | UAE (phosphate buffer) | Antioxidant Anticancer Anti-inflammatory | [112, 113] |
Green processes for antioxidants recovery from some plants, algae and by-products.
MAE, Microwave assisted extraction; UAE, Ultrasound assisted extraction; PLE, Pressurized liquid extraction; SFE, Supercritical fluid extraction; HHP, High hydrostatic pressure; EAE, Enzyme assisted extraction; PEF, Pulsed electric field; HVED, High voltage electrical discharges; OH, Ohmic heating.
Currently, phytochemicals are being used in several commercial applications, like nutraceuticals, food supplements, cosmetic products, food coloring agents, among others. As an example
Multiple cosmetics companies use algae extracts and compounds in their formulations, as an active agent, or a moisturizer, excipient, gelling, thickening, dyes, pigments, preservatives, additives, aroma or fragrance agents. For example,
β-Carotene was the first high-value product commercially produced from a microalga
Antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), are considered to be, the first line defense in the cells against reactive species like superoxide radical (·O2). SOD, CAT and GPx are indispensable in the antioxidant defense of the body [118]. SOD is an endogenous enzyme and the most powerful antioxidant in the cell. As a metalloenzyme SOD requires a metal cofactor for its activity (iron,zinc or copper). It catalyzes the conversion of two molecules of ·O2 to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The level of superoxide dismutase decrease with the age. Moreover, the SOD deficiency was connected to a number of pathologies in both animals and humans. The daily intake of SOD supplement protect the immune system and slow down aging process. CAT is highly efficient antioxidant enzyme, located primarily in the peroxisomes but absent in mitochondria of mammalian cells. It catalyzes the reduction of H2O2 to water and molecular oxygen, completing the process initiated by SOD. In the mammalian mitochondria cells, where the catalase is absent, the breakdown of the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is carried out by another enzyme the GPx. GPx is an intracellular enzyme, and its activity depends on the micronutrient cofactor selenium [118]. Cabbage, brussels sprouts, and broccoli are natural sources of these enzymes [118].
The protein role in the antioxidant defense system is a result of their direct action as precursors of intracellular formation of glutathione [119]. The antioxidant potential of fruit and vegetable juices and grain products is comparable to the antioxidant potential of milk [119]. Plant proteins are considered the new source of antioxidant peptides [120]. Soy milk is soybean-derived product rich in bioactive peptides and isoflavones. It is one of the most popular milk-substitutes for individuals with lactose-intolerance [121]. Other known plant protein drinks substitutes of caw milk are rice milk and almond milk.
Bioactive peptides are present in many fermented and functional foods. The bioactive peptides usually have between 2 and 20 amino acids residues and exercise their activities only after being released from the main protein. Bioactive peptides can display different activities, e.g. antihypertensive, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial, depending on the sequence and amino acid composition [122]. Agroindustrial by-products and wastes are being used as a source of bioactive peptides. Tomato seeds, containing 28% of protein, were subjected to fermentation to obtain different size of peptides [122]. Many times in fruit processing the main generated waste is the fruit stone. The alternatives for reutilization of these type of waste are few (as fertilizers or fuels). The cherry fruit stone contain high values of protein (up to 39%), and is considered a cheap source for production of bioactive peptides [123]. The obtained peptide fractions had high antioxidant or antihypertensive activities [123]. Phycobiliproteins are water soluble protein found in Rhodophyta (red algae), Cyanobacteria (
Other wastes like, peel, leaves, stem, seeds and roots are generated during harvesting, post-harvesting or processing of plants. These wastes are low-cost source of antioxidant molecules like terpenes, polyphenols, phytosterols and peptides that can exhibit different biological activities including antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antihypertensive, anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial [126].
Terpenes also known as terpenoids or isoprenoids are antioxidant molecules formed by the condensation of two subunits of isoprene (C5H8). Moreover, the terpenes are classified on the basis of the number of isoprene units (Figure 1). Terpenes are the main constituents of essential oils (up to 90%) and are very diverse in structure and compounds. Carotenoids are a class of natural lipid-soluble pigments that are responsible for the red, yellow, and orange colors found in various plants and microorganisms. Carotenoids are tetraterpenes (C-40) classified in two groups xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) and carotenes (α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene). Carotenoids are beneficial for humans and animals demonstrating antioxidant, antidibetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities [33, 127, 128, 129].
Polyphenol compounds are secondary metabolites produced in plants as a response to different stress conditions. Nowadays more than 8,000 polyphenols are known and more than a half correspond to the group of flavonoids. The main structure of the phenols is the benzene ring with different OH radicals. According to their chemical structure phenolic compounds can be divided in two major groups flavonoid and non-flavonoid. The non-flavonoid group includes the phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids), stilbenes and lignans. The anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones and tannins are flavonoids [5].
Flavonoid consumption is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer. Rich sources of polyphenol compounds in nature are fruits and vegetables, cereals, chocolate, olive oils and beverages such as tea and wine (Table 2). Polyphenols are known for their strong antioxidant properties [5]. The strength of their antioxidant activity depends on their interaction with other molecules. For example the absorption of polyphenols in human body is enchased when there is no sugar molecules attached with them. This means that tea polyphenol have higher absorption than fruit polyphenols because of the high sugar content. Normally from the total consumed amount of polyphenol only 15% -20% are absorbed in the human blood [2]. Moreover, studies demonstrated that the addition of milk to tea, a habit common in the United Kingdom, reduces the absorption of flavonols and diminish their antioxidant effect [130].
Vitamins obtained from fruit and vegetables also act as antioxidants. Examples are vitamin C and vitamin E. Vitamin C, that is ascorbic acid is powerful antioxidant found in citrus fruits and vegetables such as oranges, lemons, as well as tomatoes. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin found naturally in lipid-rich fruits and vegetables, such as olives, sun flower, and nuts [2].
Phytosterols are natural bioactive compounds belonging to the group of triterpens. Humans must obtain phytosterols from plant-derived foods, such as nuts, seeds, cereals and legumes, vegetable oils, soybean oil, and sunflower oil (examples in Table 2) [126]. The most important and abundant phytosterols are β-sitosterol (carbon structure C-29), campesterol (C-28), and stigmasterol (C-29) [126, 131]. Phytosterols have chemical structures and functions similar to cholesterol, but differ from it by an extra methyl or ethyl group at C-24 or a double bond at the C-22 position [132]. Because of the similarity in the structure, phytosterols can reduce cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and thus decreasing blood cholesterol levels. Additional known bioactivities of the phytosterols are anticholesterolemic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory [131, 133].
Oxidation is a natural phenomenon of human cells. Several important biological processes need reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen [134, 135]. Without them, protein phosphorylation, activation of transcriptional factors, apoptosis or cell differentiation would not occur. The problem lays on the formation/degradation imbalance of ROS and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [134, 135]. The cell has intrinsic mechanisms to protect itself from excess of ROS/RNS, but only to an extent. If the threshold levels are overcome, cellular structures can be damaged like protein [134, 135, 136], lipids [134, 135, 137], polysaccharides [134, 135, 138] and nucleic acids [134, 135, 139]. Several cell mechanisms of defense against oxidative stress have been described in the literature [140, 141]. These mechanisms can be divided into enzymatic and non-enzymatic. SOD, CAT, GPx, Thioredoxin (TRX), Peroxiredoxin (PRX), Glutathione transferase (GST) are endogenous enzymatic mechanisms, while All trans retinol 2 (Vitamin A), Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) are non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidant mechanism [141]. SOD catalyzes de dismutation of the superoxide anion free radical into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide [141, 142] (Eqs. (1) and (2)). As described by Younus [142] this reaction is accompanied by an alternate oxidation–reduction of the metal ions present in the active site of SOD.
CAT can use iron or even manganese as a cofactor for its enzymatic reactions that will lead to the degradation or reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water molecules and oxygen. This enzyme competes the detoxification process that SOD initiated (Eqs. (3)-(5))[118, 143, 144].
GTPx encompasses two independent reactions, the first one is the reduction of the enzyme by a hydroperoxide (Eq. (6)) followed by the oxidation to GSH [145].
Trx system is composed by Trx and thioredoxin reductase and NADPH. It is described that Trx uses cysteines at position 32 and 35 for the enzymatic reaction. In the first reaction (Adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + thioredoxin disulphide = 5′-adenylyl+thioredoxin) [141, 146] the N-terminal cysteine of Trx acts on the disulphide bond of the substrate protein, leading to the formation a mixed disulphide bond between Trx and the substrate protein. Following the reaction to the C-terminal cysteine of Trx on the intermediate intermolecular disulphide bond, which will form in a disulphide bond in the oxidized Trx and the breakdown of the disulphide bond in the reduce substrate (Adenosine 3′,5′-bisphosphate + sulfite + thioredoxin disulphide = 3′-phosphoadenylyl sulphate+thioredoxin) [141, 146]. PRX are antioxidant enzyme with the ability to reduce hydroperoxides, organic hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite using Trx as electrons donor (Eq. 8) [141, 147].
The presence of ROS initiates an autocatalytic chain lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated acids, which leads to the formation of toxic electrophilic species and free radicals. This reaction may lead to the increase of 4-Hydroxynonenal (4HNE). GST catalyze conjugation of lipid aldehydes like 4HNE, with GSH are the major defense against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity (Eq. (9)) [141, 148].
It is not clear if oxidative stress is the onset of degenerative diseases [149], but it is well known that it plays a significant role in their progression, like in the case of Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia [150]. Oxidative stress is also involved in other diseases like cancer [151, 152], cardiovascular diseases [153], metabolic disorders [154], and even on aging [149, 155]. Therefore, it is necessary to lower the ROS/RNS concentration inside the cell to minimize the effect. Antioxidants can act by different chemical mechanism: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET) and the ability to chelate transition metals.
Most of the commercially available anti-inflammatory and antioxidant medication present side effects [156], therefore the interest in natural antioxidants has grown considerably for the past years, being the phytochemicals a group of interest.
The characterization of molecules with antioxidant potential is complex, due to the inherent complexity of the oxidative reactions that occurs in cells [156]. There are several methods to determine the antioxidant potential of a particular substrate. Table 3 describes some of the chemical
Method | Description | Determination | References |
---|---|---|---|
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) | DPPH is a stable free radical that in contact with a substrate that can donate a hydrogen bond forms a non-radical molecule Diphenylpicrylhhydrazine. Scavenging activity mechanism. | Colorimetric | [1] |
2,2`-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) | In the presence of antioxidant ABTS.+ is reduce to ABTS resulting in a decrease in color. Scavenging activity mechanism. | Colorimetric | [157, 158] |
O2−· scavenging activity | This assay is optimized for enzymatic antioxidants and relies on the competition kinetics of O2−· reduction of cytochrome C (probe) and O2−· scavenger (sample). Not suitable for non-enzymatic antioxidants. Scavenging activity mechanism. | Fluorescence | [1] |
H2O2 scavenging activity | A common assay that claims to measure H2O2 scavenging capacity of dietary antioxidants uses horseradish peroxidase to oxidize scopoletin to a nonfluorescent product. In the presence of antioxidants the oxidation is inhibited. Scavenging activity mechanism. | Fluorescence | [1] |
Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) | It is based on the ability of antioxidants to reduce ferric iron. The molecule 2,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,4-triaza-2-azoniacyclopenta-1,4-diene chloride (TPTZ) is reduce to the ferrous form at a low pH. This reduction will result in a color change. Reducing power mechanism. | Colorimetric | [158, 159] |
Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) | bis(neocuproine)copper(II) chloride (Cu(II)-Nc) chromogenic oxidizing agent can react with a polyphenol. The reactive Ar-OH from the polyphenol are oxidized to quinones and Cu (II)-Nc reduced to a highly colored Cu (I)-Nc chelate. | Colorimetric | [158, 160] |
Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) | Assay is based on the oxidation of a fluorescent probe by peroxyl radicals by way of a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process. Peroxyl radicals are produced by a free radical initiator, which quenches the fluorescent probe over time. Antioxidants present in the assay work to block the peroxyl radical oxidation of the fluorescent probe until the antioxidant activity in the sample is depleted. The remaining peroxyl radicals destroy the fluorescence of the fluorescent probe. | Fluorescence | [161, 162] |
Total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) | It is based on the measurement of the fluorescence decay of R-phytocoerythrin during an oxidation reaction. Antioxidant activity mechanism. | Chemiluminescence quenching | [163, 164] |
Thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) | Lipid peroxidation inhibition. | Colorimetric Fluorescence | [1] |
In vitro assays to evaluate natural substrates antioxidant potential.
The chemical characterization of phytochemicals in terms of their antioxidant capacity is only the first step. It is necessary to perform a second screening using
Several studies have been made regarding the antioxidative properties of phytochemicals, as an example Ferreira-Santos
The third step is to evaluate these molecules
In the literature there are extensive studies regarding phytochemicals impact human health, particularly on the prevention of cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative and cancer diseases.
Cardiovascular diseases are associated with a multiple risk factors like hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, poor diet, stress and physical inactivity. Usually, vegetables like spinach, citrus fruits, soybean oil, sprouts, peppers, cereals, spices, whole grain, honey, walnuts and black tea can significantly increase the hepatic antioxidant enzymes reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Some specific fruits, vegetables or legumes can prevent cardiovascular disease induced by oxidative stress, due to presence of unique dietary antioxidant components [34].
Already in 1999, a study comprising approximately 100 000 patients in the US evaluated over a period of 7 years the outcome of flavonoid intake. The results demonstrated that flavonoid consumption was associated with lower risk of death with cardiovascular disease [172]. Patel
Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure leading to cardiac and vascular problems. A study performed in hypertensive rats demonstrated that the intake of
Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose and insufficiency in production and action of insulin is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. Phytochemicals with antioxidant activity like cinnamic acids, coumarins, diterpenes, flavonoids, lignans, prophenylphenols, monoterpenes, tannins, triterpenes,
Similarly to cardiovascular diseases, the number of reports regarding the benefices of phytochemicals and cancer prevention and treatment are immense. Briefly, it has been reported that curcumin, a polyphenol compound that has anticancer properties, acting on cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, oncogene expression and metastasis [177]. The intake of green tea seem to help in the treatment of patients with low grade B-cell tumors [178, 179]. Another phytochemical that demonstrated positive results is
Neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating diseases associated to oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. Several studies have been performed to validate the benefices of phytochemicals on the several neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and multiple sclerosis. Flavonoids have a specific role in central nervous system maintaining homeostasis by effecting as antianxiety, anticonvulsant, by modulating neuronal oxidative metabolism, and neurotransmitters [183]. Epigallocatechin-3-galate, a polyphenol present in the tea leaves seems to delay neurons degeneration [184]. A commercial drug which has in its composition Epigallocatechin-3-galate demonstrated to reduce amyloid plaques on an Alzheimer disease model [185, 186]. Another study demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-galate and tea prevented the loss of cells in substantia nigra in a Parkinson Disease model [187]. In a neuronal cell culture model SH-SY5Y cells, the presence of epigallocatechin-3-galate has a protective effect [187].
In vitro studies for Parkinson’s, quercetin markedly reduced the apoptosis of pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells and hippocampal neurons. It showed increased cell viability and inhibited ROS and MDA production in H2O2-induced toxicity in PC-12 cells [183].
Once again curcumin demonstrates to have a positive effect in Alzheimer’s disease, as it can bind to amyloid plaques by inhibiting NF-κβ [188]. A different study demonstrated that ethanolic turmeric extract (
Yang
As an example of a carotenoid action, astaxanthin has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Wu and coworkers [191] suggested that astaxanthin could alleviate brain aging, which may be due to attenuating oxidative stress, ameliorating hippocampus damage and increasing brain derived neurotrophic factor levels, preventing age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
The use of green methodologies and extraction process optimization to obtain highly value molecules with antioxidant properties, like terpenes, polyphenolic, phytosterols, and bioactive peptides, has increased for the past years. The reduction of the environmental footprint and the ability to obtain safe products with high industrial interest is fundamental for the future.
Upon extraction and purification of the added value compounds it is possible to determine their antioxidant potential by several chemical and biological processes.
Plants, algae and by-products or waste products of the food industry are an invaluable source of active molecules with antioxidant properties. It is of upmost interest the discovery/development of new therapeutical molecules for the application in several diseases. Computer-aided drug screening techniques, animal models and clinical trials should be taken into account to further develop this field of research.
There are several natural bioactive compounds already used for the treatment of different diseases (in combination with the conventional drugs), demonstrating good results.
Overall, natural antioxidant obtained from plants and marine resources have high nutritional potential and reveal a fundamental role in promoting human health, as an alternative to synthetic products.
This chapter was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. The chapter was also supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (MSCA-RISE; FODIAC; 778388). Pedro Santos is supported by a doctoral advanced training fellowship (call NORTE-69-2015-2015), funded under the scope of Norte2020 (NORTE-08-5369-FSE-000036).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Content alerts
",metaTitle:"Content alerts",metaDescription:"Content alerts",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/content-alerts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content alerts
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content alerts
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13404},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11681},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4213},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22421},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2020},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33697}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135705},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"14"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11467",title:"Bismuth-Based Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"951c872d9d90e13cfe7d97c0af91845e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. William Wilson Anku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11467.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11758",title:"Glass-Ceramics - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e03ff7760e0aaea457f259ab63153846",slug:null,bookSignature:" Uday M. Basheer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11758.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182041",title:null,name:"Uday",surname:"Basheer",slug:"uday-basheer",fullName:"Uday Basheer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11761",title:"New Advances in Powder Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd8063ae11e4fdd8626f5a095012c628",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shashanka Rajendrachari and Dr. Baris Avar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11761.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"246025",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashanka",surname:"Rajendrachari",slug:"shashanka-rajendrachari",fullName:"Shashanka Rajendrachari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11764",title:"Electrodeposition - Modern Methods and Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dd7b08197c3dcfef54b5e636795a67f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Keith J. Stine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11764.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192643",title:"Prof.",name:"Keith J.",surname:"Stine",slug:"keith-j.-stine",fullName:"Keith J. Stine"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11765",title:"Pyrometallurgy - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0ed96047d5aadd003e16ab2884bb2f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Swamini Chopra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11765.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"325912",title:"Dr.",name:"Swamini",surname:"Chopra",slug:"swamini-chopra",fullName:"Swamini Chopra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11766",title:"Cast Iron - Production, Properties, Characterization, and Casting Defects Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"821766a37d38da743321864be6b2334a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Thoguluva Raghavan Vijayaram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11766.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"139338",title:"Prof.",name:"Thoguluva",surname:"Vijayaram",slug:"thoguluva-vijayaram",fullName:"Thoguluva Vijayaram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11768",title:"Superplastic Materials - Fundamentals and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"16f7495ac63d4d02d103acc8485d9e4e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jibran Khaliq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11768.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"458264",title:"Dr.",name:"Jibran",surname:"Khaliq",slug:"jibran-khaliq",fullName:"Jibran Khaliq"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11817",title:"Next Generation Fiber-Reinforced Composites - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bdff63f3c5e98fc95d76217516cb1420",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Longbiao Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11817.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302409",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11819",title:"Adhesives - Science, Technology, Recent Advances, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c58b7d4c17e2a202af1dc4b906b7becb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. António Bastos Pereira and Dr. Alexandre Luiz Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11819.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11826",title:"Trends in the Development of Flame Retardants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a26eddafa7c826ce88dec81b1088f533",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fahmina Zafar, Prof. Nahid Nishat and Dr. Anujit Ghosal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11826.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11829",title:"Advanced Rheology and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"095d5991269fb83f32687922efdc9fa9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11829.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:22},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4802},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e39a567d9b6d2a45d0a1d927362c9005",slug:"model-based-control-engineering-recent-design-and-implementations-for-varied-applications",bookSignature:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid and Ahmad `Athif Mohd Faudzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"268173",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar Zakir Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",slug:"umar-zakir-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11308",title:"Selected Topics on Infant Feeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213c3e403327a2919eca1dc5e82a0ec3",slug:"selected-topics-on-infant-feeding",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini and Haider Hadi AL-Musawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"928cebbdce21d9b3f081267b24f12dfb",slug:"geochemistry-and-mineral-resources",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1375",title:"Fabric Engineering",slug:"fabric-engineering",parent:{id:"296",title:"Textile Engineering",slug:"textile-engineering"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:106,numberOfWosCitations:629,numberOfCrossrefCitations:253,numberOfDimensionsCitations:694,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1375",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"757cc326df7bcca72c8c850d9f4f71d1",slug:"engineered-fabrics",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2201",title:"Woven Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ddd72a2f1d7d44072bbedcf459e4e940",slug:"woven-fabrics",bookSignature:"Han-Yong Jeon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114618",title:"Prof.",name:"Han-Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Jeon",slug:"han-yong-jeon",fullName:"Han-Yong Jeon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"276",title:"Textile Dyeing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8f404dbb188c5b04e3f1f3a72ba0c11",slug:"textile-dyeing",bookSignature:"Peter J. Hauser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32094",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hauser",slug:"peter-hauser",fullName:"Peter Hauser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1351",title:"Natural Dyes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d629f6f80b8b30b6e437ee998c78bf5",slug:"natural-dyes",bookSignature:"E. Perrin Akçakoca Kumbasar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1351.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10485",title:"Dr.",name:"Emriye",middleName:"Perrin",surname:"Akcakoca Kumbasar",slug:"emriye-akcakoca-kumbasar",fullName:"Emriye Akcakoca Kumbasar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"153",title:"Advances in Modern Woven Fabrics Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08f1023c560c716d157efb931e957f52",slug:"advances-in-modern-woven-fabrics-technology",bookSignature:"Savvas Vassiliadis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/153.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11871",title:"Dr.",name:"Savvas G.",middleName:null,surname:"Vassiliadis",slug:"savvas-g.-vassiliadis",fullName:"Savvas G. Vassiliadis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3682",title:"Woven Fabric Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"woven-fabric-engineering",bookSignature:"Polona Dobnik Dubrovski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10107",title:"Dr.",name:"Polona Dobnik",middleName:null,surname:"Dubrovski",slug:"polona-dobnik-dubrovski",fullName:"Polona Dobnik Dubrovski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"23051",doi:"10.5772/21341",title:"Dyeing of Textiles with Natural Dyes",slug:"dyeing-of-textiles-with-natural-dyes",totalDownloads:48165,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:null,book:{id:"1351",slug:"natural-dyes",title:"Natural Dyes",fullTitle:"Natural Dyes"},signatures:"Ashis Kumar Samanta and Adwaita Konar",authors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"},{id:"50085",title:"Mr.",name:"Adwaita",middleName:null,surname:"Konar",slug:"adwaita-konar",fullName:"Adwaita Konar"}]},{id:"12253",doi:"10.5772/10465",title:"Composites Based on Natural Fibre Fabrics",slug:"composites-based-on-natural-fibre-fabrics",totalDownloads:27519,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:80,abstract:null,book:{id:"3682",slug:"woven-fabric-engineering",title:"Woven Fabric Engineering",fullTitle:"Woven Fabric Engineering"},signatures:"Gianluca Cicala, Giuseppe Cristaldi, Giuseppe Recca and Alberta Latteri",authors:null},{id:"25015",doi:"10.5772/18706",title:"Surface and Bulk Modification of Synthetic Textiles to Improve Dyeability",slug:"surface-and-bulk-modification-of-synthetic-textiles-to-improve-dyeability",totalDownloads:6740,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"276",slug:"textile-dyeing",title:"Textile Dyeing",fullTitle:"Textile Dyeing"},signatures:"Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti, Julie Willoughby and Pramod Agrawal",authors:[{id:"32307",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazeyar",middleName:null,surname:"Parvinzadeh Gashti",slug:"mazeyar-parvinzadeh-gashti",fullName:"Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti"}]},{id:"36909",doi:"10.5772/38412",title:"Microbial Degradation of Woven Fabrics and Protection Against Biodegradation",slug:"microbial-degradation-of-the-woven-fabrics-and-protection-against-biodegradation",totalDownloads:6589,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"2201",slug:"woven-fabrics",title:"Woven Fabrics",fullTitle:"Woven Fabrics"},signatures:"Beata Gutarowska and Andrzej Michalski",authors:[{id:"117133",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Michalski",slug:"andrzej-michalski",fullName:"Andrzej Michalski"},{id:"119013",title:"Dr.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Gutarowska",slug:"beata-gutarowska",fullName:"Beata Gutarowska"}]},{id:"25012",doi:"10.5772/20458",title:"Dyeing with Disperse Dyes",slug:"dyeing-with-disperse-dyes",totalDownloads:40851,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"276",slug:"textile-dyeing",title:"Textile Dyeing",fullTitle:"Textile Dyeing"},signatures:"Joonseok Koh",authors:[{id:"39042",title:"Prof.",name:"Joonseok",middleName:null,surname:"Koh",slug:"joonseok-koh",fullName:"Joonseok Koh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"23051",title:"Dyeing of Textiles with Natural Dyes",slug:"dyeing-of-textiles-with-natural-dyes",totalDownloads:48178,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:null,book:{id:"1351",slug:"natural-dyes",title:"Natural Dyes",fullTitle:"Natural Dyes"},signatures:"Ashis Kumar Samanta and Adwaita Konar",authors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"},{id:"50085",title:"Mr.",name:"Adwaita",middleName:null,surname:"Konar",slug:"adwaita-konar",fullName:"Adwaita Konar"}]},{id:"65122",title:"Polymeric Synthetic Fabrics to Improve Stability of Ground Structure in Civil Engineering Circumstance",slug:"polymeric-synthetic-fabrics-to-improve-stability-of-ground-structure-in-civil-engineering-circumstan",totalDownloads:1390,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Polymeric synthetic fabrics are continuous sheets of woven, nonwoven, knitted, or stitch-bonded fibers and yarns. The sheets are flexible and permeable and generally have the appearance of a fabric. Among polymeric synthetic fabrics, geosynthetics including geotextiles have special functions of separation, filtration, drainage, reinforcement, and erosion control in civil engineering applications. Also, geosynthetics such as geotextiles and geogrids are used in asphalt pavement reinforcement. An important function of these geotextiles is as cushion layers to prevent puncture of geomembranes (by reducing point contact stresses) from stones in the adjacent soil, waste, or drainage aggregate. Geotextiles, however, are made from a combination of two or more polymeric synthetic fabrics. In this chapter, geotextiles as polymeric synthetic fabrics are introduced not only for improvement but also maintaining stability of ground structure in civil engineering circumstance with their related technologies.",book:{id:"7242",slug:"engineered-fabrics",title:"Engineered Fabrics",fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics"},signatures:"Han-Yong Jeon",authors:[{id:"114618",title:"Prof.",name:"Han-Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Jeon",slug:"han-yong-jeon",fullName:"Han-Yong Jeon"}]},{id:"23049",title:"Eco-Friendly Pretreatment of Cellulosic Fabrics with Chitosan and Its Influence on Dyeing Efficiency",slug:"eco-friendly-pretreatment-of-cellulosic-fabrics-with-chitosan-and-its-influence-on-dyeing-efficiency",totalDownloads:6488,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1351",slug:"natural-dyes",title:"Natural Dyes",fullTitle:"Natural Dyes"},signatures:"Mohamed Abd el-moneim Ramadan, Samar Samy, Marwa abdulhady and Ali Ali Hebeish",authors:[{id:"37404",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"El-Moneim",surname:"Ramadan",slug:"mohamed-ramadan",fullName:"Mohamed Ramadan"}]},{id:"23052",title:"Natural Dye from Eucalyptus Leaves and Application for Wool Fabric Dyeing by Using Padding Techniques",slug:"natural-dye-from-eucalyptus-leaves-and-application-for-wool-fabric-dyeing-by-using-padding-technique",totalDownloads:8611,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"1351",slug:"natural-dyes",title:"Natural Dyes",fullTitle:"Natural Dyes"},signatures:"Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit, Jiří Kryštůfek, Jakub Wiener and Jarmila Studničkova",authors:[{id:"40315",title:"Dr.",name:"Rattanaphol",middleName:null,surname:"Mongkholrattanasit",slug:"rattanaphol-mongkholrattanasit",fullName:"Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit"},{id:"87912",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiří",middleName:null,surname:"Kryštůfek",slug:"jiri-krystufek",fullName:"Jiří Kryštůfek"},{id:"87913",title:"Prof.",name:"Jakub",middleName:null,surname:"Wiener",slug:"jakub-wiener",fullName:"Jakub Wiener"},{id:"87915",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarmila",middleName:null,surname:"Studničková",slug:"jarmila-studnickova",fullName:"Jarmila Studničková"}]},{id:"25012",title:"Dyeing with Disperse Dyes",slug:"dyeing-with-disperse-dyes",totalDownloads:40851,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"276",slug:"textile-dyeing",title:"Textile Dyeing",fullTitle:"Textile Dyeing"},signatures:"Joonseok Koh",authors:[{id:"39042",title:"Prof.",name:"Joonseok",middleName:null,surname:"Koh",slug:"joonseok-koh",fullName:"Joonseok Koh"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1375",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:22,paginationItems:[{id:"83129",title:"Airborne Transmission and Control of Influenza and Other Respiratory Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106446",signatures:"Jacob Bueno de Mesquita",slug:"airborne-transmission-and-control-of-influenza-and-other-respiratory-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83000",title:"Purine and Pyrimidine Pathways as Antimalarial Targets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106468",signatures:"Yacoba V.T. Minnow and Vern L. Schramm",slug:"purine-and-pyrimidine-pathways-as-antimalarial-targets",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:21,paginationItems:[{id:"83000",title:"Purine and Pyrimidine Pathways as Antimalarial Targets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106468",signatures:"Yacoba V.T. Minnow and Vern L. Schramm",slug:"purine-and-pyrimidine-pathways-as-antimalarial-targets",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Pollution",value:38,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81226",title:"Computational Methods for the Study of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103178",signatures:"Naomi van Wijk and Michal Linial",slug:"computational-methods-for-the-study-of-peroxisomes-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101585",signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79828",title:"Cellular Senescence in Bone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101803",signatures:"Danielle Wang and Haitao Wang",slug:"cellular-senescence-in-bone",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79668",title:"Identification of RNA Species That Bind to the hnRNP A1 in Normal and Senescent Human Fibroblasts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101525",signatures:"Heriberto Moran, Shanaz A. Ghandhi, Naoko Shimada and Karen Hubbard",slug:"identification-of-rna-species-that-bind-to-the-hnrnp-a1-in-normal-and-senescent-human-fibroblasts",totalDownloads:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79295",title:"Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Cutaneous Cellular Senescence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101152",signatures:"Tapash Jay Sarkar, Maiko Hermsmeier, Jessica L. Ross and G. Scott Herron",slug:"genetic-and-epigenetic-influences-on-cutaneous-cellular-senescence",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",scope:"