The maximum track length, range, the saturation time and bulk etch rate with different energy of alpha particle in CR39 detector.
\\n\\n
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1387",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Reverse Engineering - Recent Advances and Applications",title:"Reverse Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Reverse engineering encompasses a wide spectrum of activities aimed at extracting information on the function, structure, and behavior of man-made or natural artifacts. Increases in data sources, processing power, and improved data mining and processing algorithms have opened new fields of application for reverse engineering. In this book, we present twelve applications of reverse engineering in the software engineering, shape engineering, and medical and life sciences application domains. The book can serve as a guideline to practitioners in the above fields to the state-of-the-art in reverse engineering techniques, tools, and use-cases, as well as an overview of open challenges for reverse engineering researchers.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0158-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5602-4",doi:"10.5772/1850",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",numberOfPages:294,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"5f87643af49fef069017d4c31295ee52",bookSignature:"Alexandru C. Telea",publishedDate:"March 7th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1387.jpg",numberOfDownloads:32814,numberOfWosCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:55,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 4th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 6th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 6th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 5th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"108150",title:"Dr.",name:"A.C.",middleName:null,surname:"Telea",slug:"a.c.-telea",fullName:"A.C. Telea",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/108150/images/3534_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. dr. Alexandru C. Telea has obtained his PhD in 2000 in software architectures for data visualization from the Eindhoven University, the Netherlands. Until 2007, he worked as assistant professor in data and information visualization at the same university. Since 2007, he is professor of visualization and computer graphics at the Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Institute Johann Bernoulli, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is the author of 150 papers in international journals, conferences, and books. His main research interests are software reverse engineering, software and information visualization, and multiscale 3D shape processing, with a strong focus on applications in the IT and data analysis industries. He is a member of the ACM.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Eindhoven University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"591",title:"Reverse Engineering",slug:"reverse-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"30510",title:"Software Reverse Engineering in the Domain of Complex Embedded Systems",doi:"10.5772/33586",slug:"software-reverse-engineering-in-the-domain-of-complex-embedded-systems",totalDownloads:2541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Holger M. Kienle, Johan Kraft and Hausi A. 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\r\n\tChemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a coating process that uses thermally induced chemical reactions at the surface of a heated substrate, with reagents supplied in gaseous form. CVD technology has recently grown at a rapid rate, and the number and scope of its applications and their impact on the market have increased considerably. Among several challenges associated with the CVD technique, the main challenge is a limited mechanistic understanding of the CVD growth process, which makes the predictions of desirable growth conditions difficult. Numerous important aspects of the process include nucleation, the nature of reaction intermediates, and the role of long-range transport that is still under exploration. The second challenge arises from the convoluted relationship between the system-specific process variables that can be conveniently controlled and the intrinsic thermodynamic and kinetic properties that ultimately govern crystal growth. There are a number of process parameters that need to be tuned to adjust the growth environment, including the heating zone temperature, vapor pressure, the number of precursors, and the distances between the substrate and the sources.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book is an update with a considerably expanded and revised scope.
\r\n\t
We live in a world that inhibits many life forms including microorganisms. Bacteria, an important member of these microorganisms, sometimes become a very tough enemy of the human being with the stimulation of the conditions and environment. Bacterial infections that are sourced from pathogenic bacteria are one of the leading causes of the human death worldwide. For instance, lower respiratory infections killed 3 million people globally in 2016 [1].
Among the most pathogenic bacteria for human, genera of
Staphylococci and Streptococci are together responsible of the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases such as wound infections, mastitis, toxic shock syndrome, scarlet fever, cystic fibrosis, nosocomial and community-acquired infections, periodontitis, and indwelling device-associated infections [3, 4].
As a major human pathogenic bacterium,
SC is the cause of acute bacterial endocarditis. It binds to the blood prothrombin, and this complex induces the number and the colonization of bacteria via transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin [5]. Protein A is the vehicle of
SEs belong to a huge family of staphylococcal and streptococcal exotoxins and are shown to be the main cause of toxic shock syndrome. These superantigens show their pathogenicity via binding to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that are located on the surface of the antigen-presenting cells and causing a toxic shock with stimulation of high numbers of T cells [7].
Additionally, leukotoxins of
Although they are the hosts of the mucosal surfaces of human, streptococci are associated with many infectious diseases like tonsillitis, endocarditis, pharyngitis, meningitis, and glomerulonephritis [9]. Group A streptococcus (GAS) which is known as the main cause of necrotizing fasciitis produce streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Spes). Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is associated with various Spe proteins, including SpeA, SpeS and SpeG, streptococcal superantigen A (SSA), and streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z (SMEZ) and SMEZ2. As mentioned before, these superantigens induce T cells to proliferate massively and cause abnormal production of cytokines [10].
Hemolysin from
Bacterial biofilm is the optimum environment for bacteria to survive. More than a nutrient poll, biofilm provides protection for its residents against harsh conditions, antibiotics, and other antimicrobial chemical agents. From the vision of indwelling device-associated infections and nosocomial and community-acquired infections,
However, the biofilm can be structured without the adhesive effect of PIA. PIA-independent biofilms may be formed by different surface proteins such as biofilm-associated protein (Bap) and accumulation-associated proteins (Aap) of
Antibiotic resistance becomes a worldwide serious health threat due to the inappropriate prescribing, overuse, and the extensive agricultural use of antibiotics [15].
The genetic elements of
Another example of plasmid-originated antibiotic resistance can be observed for tetracycline in
The occurrence of
Enterococci are the members of the microflora of the intestinal system. But they are also opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens. Especially, they are accused of sepsis, endocarditis, and urinary tract infections in immunosuppressed patients [21].
These pathogens demonstrate a different feature compared to other Gram-positive cocci: adaptation to different antimicrobials such as vancomycin quickly and exhibition of multidrug resistance [21].
Vancomycin is a member of glycopeptide antibiotics. It targets the precursors of peptidoglycan, while this system is crucial for the enterococcal cell wall biosynthesis. By binding to these precursors and preventing the transglycosylation and transpeptidation, vancomycin prevents the building and growing of bacterial cell wall [22]. But enterococci overcome this destructive problem with different
There are multiple sources that cause natural radiation. These sources are limited to three main types: cosmic radiation, internal or ground radiation.
\nThe Earth is constantly bombarded by cosmic rays that affect all living things. The charged particles in the radiation interact with the Earth’s magnetic field and result in an overflow of radiation from beta and gamma, the intensity of which and the value of the radiation dose differ according to the different nature of the place and the effect of the magnetic field in it [1].
\nGround or internal radiation is present in everything that surrounds us, such as water, air and vegetation. Different levels of radioactive material from uranium, its daughters, thorium and its daughters, have been found in various places on Earth. The radiation levels vary depending on where they are measured and depend on the amount of uranium and thorium atoms present in the soil. Exposure to radiation occurs by inhaling radon gas, one of the sons of uranium and thorium, or ingesting radioactive atoms in food and water, where there are proportions of them that vary according to the location. Sites with high levels of radiation have higher dose levels [2]. High doses cause lung cancer and pose a major threat to human health [3]. Therefore it is important to measure the ground radiation from uranium and uranium decay, such as thorium, radium, and radon.
\nThe process of unstable (or radioactive) atoms becomes stable by emitting radiation. This event over time is called radioactive decay.
\nAlpha decay results in the loss of two protons and two neutrons from the nucleus.
\nX is parent atom and Y is daughter atom, and \n
Alpha particles are often observed to be produced on their own energy, meaning that the parent nucleus is converted to the basic state of the daughter’s nucleus by emitting a particle with energy that corresponds to the value of the entire
Alpha particle transitions in the decay of 228Th. Source: Das and Ferbel.
A gamma ray \n
When a nucleus disintegrates by emitting an α-particle or a β-particle, the daughter nucleus may be left in an excited state, if the excited nucleus does not break apart or emit another particle, it can de-excite to the ground state by emitting a high energy photon or gamma (\n
Gamma ray emitting from transitions in the decay of 12B.
The Solid State Nuclear Track Detector SSNTDs is a polymer used for detecting energetic charged particles such as protons and alpha–particles. SSNTDs an insulating solid naturally and manmade occurring and there are many types of this detector such as: inorganic crystals, glasses and plastics.
\nThe CR-39 Solid State Nuclear Track Detector is known to be widely used for radon gas measurement. CR39 is sensitive also to detect proton and neutron dosimeter and cosmic ray investigations. The ability of CR-39 to record the location of a radiation source, even at extremely low concentrations is exploited in autoradiography studies with alpha particles, and for detection of alpha emitters. The interaction of the energetic particles with the polymer results in the formation of latent tracks. These latent tracks can be made by chemical etching of the polymer.
\nCR-39 sheets is cut into small detectors of area 1.2 cm × 1.5 cm each. The exposure time for sample is 30 days (to reach secular equilibrium) for 222Rn determination see Figure 3.
\nThe chamber used to measure the radon and alpha in soil.
After exposure the CR-39 detectors were etched in 6.25 normal NaOH at 70°C for 6 h. The different parameter of track such as the track density ρ, track diameter D and track length
The reading under the microscope.
To measure the Track Profile Technique (TPT) of alpha particle as Figure 5 you must irradiate the sides (the edges) of the detector by 241Am source of alpha particle with energy of five under normal incidence.
\nThe track profile of deferent energy of alpha particle at deferent bulk etch rate.
The method involves a direct measurement of the track lengths in both phases of evolution; the acute-conical and the over etched phases. Accordingly, the maximum value of the track length (
where
Track profile was obtained as mentioned before and the range of certain particle track energy in the detector was measured using the relation
\nwhere
\nTable 1 show that the
Energy | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
---|---|---|---|
\n | \n20.02 | \n17.60 | \n12.32 | \n
\n | \n34.20 | \n29.40 | \n19.80 | \n
\n | \n33.88 | \n29.89 | \n19.88 | \n
\n | \n11.00 | \n9.75 | \n6.00 | \n
\n | \n1.28 | \n1.21 | \n1.25 | \n
Average | \n1.25 ± 0.04 μm h−1\n | \n
The maximum track length, range, the saturation time and bulk etch rate with different energy of alpha particle in CR39 detector.
The equilibrium concentration of radon
where
The surface exhalation rate (Bq m−1 · h−1) of the sample for the release of radon can be calculated by the formula exhalation rate [5, 7].
\nWhere
The mass exhalation rate (Bq kg−1 · h−1) in the samples is calculated using the following formula [4, 5, 8]:
\nWhere
The annual effective dose
where,
Thermal neutron activation analysis is used as the primary method for determining the element in any sample. This analysis is carried out inside the reactor with a flow of 3.31 × 1012 n cm−2 or more. Long-lived radio nuclides are determined using activation with thermal neutrons. First, the samples are filled in aluminum cups. With a 2-hour irradiation time, then re-encapsulate after irradiation and then measured after 4 days of cooling and a second time after 20 days of cooling, using a high-purity Germanium Mono-Germanium Spectrometer (HPGe) ray with a precision of 2.5 kV for the 60Co 1332.5 keV line, efficiently It is about 40% relative to the 3 × 3 “NaI reagent of the same line. Then gamma spectra are analyzed and then the concentrations of different detected elements are estimated [10].
\nThis method give the different element in air or in soil for example in Jazan region we can measure the different heavy element in air by using this technique.
\nThe Figures 6–9 are summarized the concentrations of heavy elements in Airport and Cady mall in PM10 and TSP samples which collected from Jazan city. Figures 6 and 7 were shown that the concentrations of heavy elements in Airport and Cady mall in PM10. The elements in TSP sample show in Figures 8 and 9.
\nPM10—Airport zone: concentrations of heavy elements.
PM10—Cady mall zone: concentrations of heavy elements.
TSP—Mountain neighborhood zone: concentrations of heavy elements.
TSP—an industrial zone: concentrations of heavy elements.
By adopting the level of concentration of elements in the atmosphere as the ranking standard, barium, calcium, iron and zinc elements were found to be the most dominant elements in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. It was observed that the concentration depends on the study areas, as the industrial regions had the highest concentration of barium, iron, and zinc, whereas the market areas had the lowest concentration, especially barium and calcium. Barium concluded that the main source of barium traces is car paints. It was also found that the concentration of zinc traces in the airport area and in the industrial zone samples. The main sources of zinc impacts in Jizan are tire wear, brake wear and exhaust emissions. Therefore, we can ensure that zinc emissions are due to industrial processes, especially those related with tire wear and wear. Tires and brake pads are made of vulcanized rubber in the presence of a stimulant. The vulcanization tonic currently used in industry is zinc oxide, which explains the source of zinc in tires and brake pads.
\nThe lowest concentrated elements were bromine and chromium in the Jizan region. The effects of bromine can be attributed to vehicle emissions. The contribution of cars to bromine emissions cannot be more than 5%. Chromium TSP concentration was also found from the Jazan mountainous district. Concentration may be harmful based on the findings of the Environmental Protection Agency [11], that continuous inhalation of about 0.8 ng m−3 of chromium increases the risk of cancer by 1.0 × 10−6%.
\nBasically, earth elements include Ce, Eu and La, while trace elements include Sc, Th, Hf, Sb and Co. The maximum concentration of Sc and Co was noted in the Mountain neighborhood samples, while Th and Sb concentrations were found to be highest in the Airport zone. The maximum concentration of Hf was noted in the industrial zone samples, while the highest concentration of La, Ce and Eu was noted in mountain neighborhood samples.
\nThese concentrations differ from site to site according to the geography of the place and the data provided indicate that the concentration of iron, calcium, chromium and zinc in Jazan is relatively less than in other regions. The Table 2 shows these differences.
\nLocal | \nConcentration (ng m−3) | \nReferences | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | \nFe | \nZn | \nCr | \nCo | \n||
Jazan city | \n26058.8–66998.4 | \n7003.8–27798.7 | \n12955.1–41069.7 | \n61.14–91.9 | \n6.9–12.1 | \nPresent work | \n
North Egypt | \nNd | \n1430–22,230 | \n50–146,930 | \n10–500 | \n1–20 | \nEL-Araby et al. [10] | \n
Upper-Egypt | \n42713.43−80447.75 | \n2022.23−21,420 | \n12327.1−25628.3 | \n59.9–101.55 | \n7.3–12.24 | \nMonged [12] | \n
Santa Cruz, Brazil | \n11–2.5 × 105\n | \n77.4–2.9 × 105\n | \n0.0–1.5 × 104\n | \n0.0–8678 | \n0.8–1.6 | \nQuiterioa et al. [13] | \n
La Plata, Argentina | \nNd | \n747–5967 | \n20–1049 | \n3.5–12 | \nNd | \nBilos et al. [14] | \n
Birmingham, UK | \n171–245 | \n245–348 | \n64–641 | \n7.1–18 | \nNd | \nHarrinson et al. [15] | \n
East St. Louis, USA | \n1918 | \n666 | \n231 | \n5.7 | \nNd | \nSweet et al. [16] | \n
USA and European Cities | \nNd | \n3710 | \n<103\n | \n10–30 | \nNd | \nLantzy and Mackenzie [17] | \n
Comparison of the concentration ranges of some elements in Jazan (present work) and other places in the world.
To reduce the gamma ray background the hyper pure germanium detector is inserted inside a lead shield, through a hole in the bottom. The lead shield is internally lined with cadmium and copper layers. A layer of Cd (
High purity germanium detector.
To reduce the noise from the thermal radiation in the crystal, the HPGe detector is cooled with liquid nitrogen (77°K, −194°C) during its use. This reduces the leakage current generated by mobile carriers at room temperature and prevents voltage break down through the crystal. The HPGe Gamma-ray spectrometer consists of a detector, a pulse processing electronic unit, and an output device such as a counter, multi-channel analyzer (MCA). A diagram of a basic radiation detection system is Figure 11.
\nBlock diagram of gamma ray spectrometer.
The coarse and fine gain controls of the spectroscopy amplifier, it’s differentiating and integrating time constants and all other controls were adjusted to obtain the best energy resolution and good linearity of the spectrometer over a wide range the input voltages. After selecting the optimum set up, the resolving power (resolution) of the spectrometer was found to be 1.92 KeV for 1332 KeV gamma ray line of the 60Co.
\nThe gamma ray spectrometer system was calibrated by applying different standard gamma emitters’ sources. These include 137Cs (661.66 keV), 60Co (1173.23, 1332.5 keV), 40K (1460.8 keV) and 226Ra which is most favorable for calibration, since its spectrum covers a wide energy range from 0.186 to 2.45 MeV.
\nTo measure gamma ray in any sample must folded and placed container for 1 month to allow radioactive equilibrium to be reached (secular equilibrium) This step ensured that radon gas and its daughters remain in the sample.
\nThe gamma ray spectra of sample accumulate for at least 24 hours, and then analyze to detect the gamma ray energies due to uranium, thorium and their daughters, and due to potassium, and then the counting rate for each gamma transition was determined.
\nThe radioactive decay series of 238U and 232Th are complex and produces alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Figures 12 and 13 show the important isotopes in the decay series, indicates whether the primary decay mode is via alpha or beta emission, and gives the half-life.
\nThe Uranium-238 decay chain.
The Thorium-232 decay chain.
This chapter presented the methods of decay for alpha, beta, and gamma, as well as showed the best methods for measuring both alpha and gamma, which are available and simple, as they are characterized by accuracy and high sensitivity, so it can be relied upon to determine the concentration of radioactive materials and doses that determine the places of pollution. These methods contribute to preserving the environment, by identifying the places of pollution, whether by radiation or by heavy materials. Measuring heavy materials is an important technology in determining the whereabouts of uranium and its daughter. This technology also contributes to reducing environmental pollution by harmful heavy materials.
\nThe result show that the best method to determination of bulk etch rate
This chapter has successfully evaluated the concentration of heavy metals in the atmosphere of the Mountain Neighborhood, Airport, Cady Mall and Industrial zones and established a number of conclusions. For instance, it was found that all the sampled specimens were enriched with both zinc and calcium. However, barium was only found in the Airport, Mountain Neighborhood and Industrial zones. Ultimately, a number of conclusions based on the findings have been outlined below.
The analysis of the samples enabled the author to arrive at the conclusion that maximum concentration of PM10 and TSP aerosols in Jazan city occurs during March.
When literature values for the concentration of heavy metals were compared with other areas, it was concluded that Jazan city had relatively lower concentration with respect to North Egypt and Santa Cruz industrial district. The results also revealed that the difference in heavy metal concentrations was much pronounced when non-polluted zones were compared with polluted zones.
It was concluded that Jazan city PM10 and TSP aerosols are mainly rich in calcium, barium, zinc, and iron; all of which are as a result of anthropogenic activities.
The concentration of zinc and Barium was found to be highest in the airport area, while iron and calcium were found to be highly concentrated in Cady Mall and the Mountain neighborhood respectively.
Having covered the concentration of heavy metals in the atmosphere of four locations in Jazan city, and the dangers associated with high concentration of such metals ascertained, a number of recommendations were made as follows.
\nIt is recommended that green belts be designed around different cities in order to reduce the level of concentration of aerosols in the atmosphere. In addition, environmental regulations should be put forward and their effectiveness be ensured through strict monitoring of air pollution levels. The use of transport and construction machinery that increase emission of aerosols should be minimized whenever possible. Finally the author suggests that a thorough evaluation should be carried out before any industrial project is implemented in order to ascertain its level of pollution as well as its compatibility within the framework of sustainable environment.
\nThis is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
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\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
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\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. 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After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). 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