\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1388",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Autoimmune Disorders - Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights",title:"Autoimmune Disorders",subtitle:"Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Autoimmune disorders are caused due to break down of the immune system, which consequently fails in its ability to differentiate "self" from "non-self" in the context of immunology. The diseases are intriguing, both clinically and immunologically, for their diversified clinical phenotypes and complex underlying immunological mechanisms. This book offers cutting-edge information on some of the specific autoimmune disease phenotypes, respective diagnostic and prognostic measures, classical and new therapeutic options currently available, pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms potentially involved, and beyond. In the form of Open Access, such information is made freely available to clinicians, basic scientists and many others who will be interested regarding current advances in the areas. Its potential readers will find many of the chapters containing in-depth analysis, interesting discussions and various thought-provoking novel ideas.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-653-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6563-7",doi:"10.5772/1851",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"autoimmune-disorders-current-concepts-and-advances-from-bedside-to-mechanistic-insights",numberOfPages:630,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"f3365e915e5d7c7299da6c076aa5cf24",bookSignature:"Fang-Ping Huang",publishedDate:"November 14th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1388.jpg",numberOfDownloads:92918,numberOfWosCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:56,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 2nd 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 30th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 6th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 6th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 5th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"42618",title:"Dr.",name:"Fang-Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"fang-ping-huang",fullName:"Fang-Ping Huang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42618/images/1665_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Huang received his initial medical education in China (Shantou, 1977-82). He was later awarded the Li Ka Shing Academic Foundation Scholarship to undertake postgraduate training in the UK (1987-90), and subsequently became engaged in active immunology research and teaching at the Universities of Glasgow (1990-7), Oxford (1997-2000) and Hong Kong (2000-7). He is currently a Senior Lecturer affiliated to the Imperial College London (since 2007). Immunology has been his major field of research, with a focus on immune regulation in autoimmune diseases. His current research focuses on the roles of dendritic cells (DC), regulatory T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells in systemic autoimmunity (lupus). Based on their findings, he and his research group members are trying to understand how the immune system is normally regulated, why dysregulation of which may cause diseases, and whether the so-called “self-reactivity” (autoimmunity) can be alternatively switched on, and then effectively redirected for cancer treatment (anti-tumour immunity).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Imperial College London",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1035",title:"Clinical Immunology",slug:"immunology-allergology-and-rheumatology-clinical-immunology"}],chapters:[{id:"20659",title:"Autoimmune Disorders Associated to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents",doi:"10.5772/20612",slug:"autoimmune-disorders-associated-to-type-1-diabetes-mellitus-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:5231,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Giuseppe d’Annunzio and Chiara Russo, Ramona Tallone and Renata Lorini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20659",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20659",authors:[{id:"39758",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"D'Annunzio",slug:"giuseppe-d'annunzio",fullName:"Giuseppe D'Annunzio"},{id:"52571",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",surname:"Russo",slug:"chiara-russo",fullName:"Chiara Russo"},{id:"52572",title:"Prof.",name:"Renata",surname:"Lorini",slug:"renata-lorini",fullName:"Renata Lorini"},{id:"53744",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramona",surname:"Tallone",slug:"ramona-tallone",fullName:"Ramona Tallone"}],corrections:null},{id:"20660",title:"Hashimoto's Thyroiditis in Children and Adolescents",doi:"10.5772/24755",slug:"hashimoto-s-thyroiditis-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:16086,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Erkan Sarı, Abdulbaki Karaoglu and Ediz Yeşilkaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20660",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20660",authors:[{id:"59265",title:"Dr.",name:"Ediz",surname:"Yesilkaya",slug:"ediz-yesilkaya",fullName:"Ediz Yesilkaya"},{id:"59267",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkan",surname:"Sari",slug:"erkan-sari",fullName:"Erkan Sari"},{id:"91048",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulbaki",surname:"Karaoglu",slug:"abdulbaki-karaoglu",fullName:"Abdulbaki Karaoglu"}],corrections:null},{id:"20661",title:"Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: Current Pathophysiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances",doi:"10.5772/20848",slug:"primary-sjo-gren-s-syndrome-current-pathophysiological-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-advances",totalDownloads:2371,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Christine Delporte, Jason Perret and Muhammad S. Soyfoo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20661",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20661",authors:[{id:"40743",title:"Prof.",name:"Christine",surname:"Delporte",slug:"christine-delporte",fullName:"Christine Delporte"},{id:"51555",title:"Prof.",name:"Jason",surname:"Perret",slug:"jason-perret",fullName:"Jason Perret"},{id:"51556",title:"Dr",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Soyfoo",slug:"muhammad-soyfoo",fullName:"Muhammad Soyfoo"}],corrections:null},{id:"20662",title:"Changing Spectrum of Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: New Face for an Old Disease",doi:"10.5772/23672",slug:"changing-spectrum-of-chronic-immune-thrombocytopenic-purpura-new-face-for-an-old-disease",totalDownloads:2057,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Indu Sabnani and Patricia Tsang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20662",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20662",authors:[{id:"53121",title:"Dr.",name:"Indu",surname:"Sabnani",slug:"indu-sabnani",fullName:"Indu Sabnani"},{id:"53153",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Tsang",slug:"patricia-tsang",fullName:"Patricia Tsang"}],corrections:null},{id:"23462",title:"Autoimmune-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome/Macrophage Activation Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/20126",slug:"autoimmune-associated-hemophagocytic-syndrome-macrophage-activation-syndrome",totalDownloads:8026,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Maciej Machaczka, Wojciech Sydor, Małgorzata Rucińska, Marta Szostek and Jacek Musiał",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23462",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23462",authors:[{id:"37510",title:"Dr.",name:"Maciej",surname:"Machaczka",slug:"maciej-machaczka",fullName:"Maciej Machaczka"},{id:"53497",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",surname:"Rucinska",slug:"malgorzata-rucinska",fullName:"Malgorzata Rucinska"},{id:"93873",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Sydor",slug:"wojciech-sydor",fullName:"Wojciech Sydor"},{id:"93874",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Szostek",slug:"marta-szostek",fullName:"Marta Szostek"},{id:"93875",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacek",surname:"Musial",slug:"jacek-musial",fullName:"Jacek Musial"}],corrections:null},{id:"20664",title:"Ocular Myasthenia Analysis of Diagnostic and Treatment Options",doi:"10.5772/20861",slug:"ocular-myasthenia-analysis-of-diagnostic-and-treatment-options",totalDownloads:3764,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Austin Hake and Henry J. Kaminski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20664",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20664",authors:[{id:"40795",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry",surname:"Kaminski",slug:"henry-kaminski",fullName:"Henry Kaminski"},{id:"136016",title:"Prof.",name:"Austin",surname:"Hake",slug:"austin-hake",fullName:"Austin Hake"}],corrections:null},{id:"20665",title:"Sweet Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/19479",slug:"sweet-syndrome",totalDownloads:2729,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Manuel Ginarte and Jaime Toribio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20665",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20665",authors:[{id:"35090",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Ginarte",slug:"manuel-ginarte",fullName:"Manuel Ginarte"},{id:"136018",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Toribio",slug:"jaime-toribio",fullName:"Jaime Toribio"}],corrections:null},{id:"20666",title:"Validation of Protein Biomarkers to Advance the Management of Autoimmune Disorders",doi:"10.5772/20908",slug:"validation-of-protein-biomarkers-to-advance-the-management-of-autoimmune-disorders",totalDownloads:1781,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"David S. Gibson, Sorcha Finnegan, Stephen Pennington, Ji Qiu, Joshua LaBaer, Madeleine E. Rooney and Mark W. Duncan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20666",authors:[{id:"40972",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Gibson",slug:"david-gibson",fullName:"David Gibson"},{id:"40988",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",surname:"Duncan",slug:"mark-duncan",fullName:"Mark Duncan"},{id:"89331",title:"Dr",name:"Sorcha",surname:"Finnegan",slug:"sorcha-finnegan",fullName:"Sorcha Finnegan"},{id:"89714",title:"Dr.",name:"Madeleine",surname:"Rooney",slug:"madeleine-rooney",fullName:"Madeleine Rooney"},{id:"89766",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Pennington",slug:"stephen-pennington",fullName:"Stephen Pennington"},{id:"89767",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji",surname:"Qiu",slug:"ji-qiu",fullName:"Ji Qiu"},{id:"90269",title:"Prof.",name:"Joshua",surname:"LaBaer",slug:"joshua-labaer",fullName:"Joshua LaBaer"}],corrections:null},{id:"20667",title:"Relevance of Autoantibodies for the Classification and Pathogenesis of Neurological Diseases",doi:"10.5772/20517",slug:"relevance-of-autoantibodies-for-the-classification-and-pathogenesis-of-neurological-diseases",totalDownloads:2764,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Simone Mader, Benjamin Obholzer and Markus Reindl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20667",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20667",authors:[{id:"39318",title:"Prof.",name:"Markus",surname:"Reindl",slug:"markus-reindl",fullName:"Markus Reindl"},{id:"39330",title:"Dr.",name:"Simone",surname:"Mader",slug:"simone-mader",fullName:"Simone Mader"},{id:"93770",title:"MSc.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Obholzer",slug:"benjamin-obholzer",fullName:"Benjamin Obholzer"}],corrections:null},{id:"20668",title:"Preclinical and Predictive Algorithms in Monitoring Patients with Autoimmune Diseases and Their Relatives-at-Risks",doi:"10.5772/22776",slug:"preclinical-and-predictive-algorithms-in-monitoring-patients-with-autoimmune-diseases-and-their-rela",totalDownloads:1730,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sergey Suchkov, Dmitry Kostyushev, Dmitry Gnatenko, Sevindzh Gadzhieva and Mikhail Paltsev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20668",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20668",authors:[{id:"40368",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Suchkov",slug:"sergey-suchkov",fullName:"Sergey Suchkov"},{id:"49152",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Kostyushev",slug:"dmitry-kostyushev",fullName:"Dmitry Kostyushev"},{id:"49153",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitrii",surname:"Gnatenko",slug:"dmitrii-gnatenko",fullName:"Dmitrii Gnatenko"},{id:"49154",title:"Dr.",name:"Sevindj",surname:"Gadjieva",slug:"sevindj-gadjieva",fullName:"Sevindj Gadjieva"},{id:"49155",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihail",surname:"Paltsev",slug:"mihail-paltsev",fullName:"Mihail Paltsev"}],corrections:null},{id:"20669",title:"Application of Novel Quantitative Proteomic Technologies to Identify New Serological Biomarkers in Autoimmune Diseases",doi:"10.5772/20726",slug:"application-of-novel-quantitative-proteomic-technologies-to-identify-new-serological-biomarkers-in-a",totalDownloads:1246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Soyoung Lee, Satoshi Serada, Minoru Fujimoto and Tetsuji Naka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20669",authors:[{id:"40263",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuji",surname:"Naka",slug:"tetsuji-naka",fullName:"Tetsuji Naka"},{id:"54042",title:"Prof.",name:"Satoshi",surname:"Serada",slug:"satoshi-serada",fullName:"Satoshi Serada"},{id:"54043",title:"Prof.",name:"Minoru",surname:"Fujimoto",slug:"minoru-fujimoto",fullName:"Minoru Fujimoto"},{id:"64673",title:"Dr.",name:"Soyoung",surname:"Lee",slug:"soyoung-lee",fullName:"Soyoung Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"20670",title:"Application of Monoclonal Antibody Therapies in Autoimmune Diseases",doi:"10.5772/23912",slug:"application-of-monoclonal-antibody-therapies-in-autoimmune-diseases",totalDownloads:4744,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Adrienn Angyal, Jozsef Prechl, Gyorgy Nagy and Gabriella Sarmay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20670",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20670",authors:[{id:"54397",title:"Dr",name:"Adrienn",surname:"Angyal",slug:"adrienn-angyal",fullName:"Adrienn Angyal"},{id:"54406",title:"Prof.",name:"Jozsef",surname:"Prechl",slug:"jozsef-prechl",fullName:"Jozsef Prechl"},{id:"54407",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriella",surname:"Sarmay",slug:"gabriella-sarmay",fullName:"Gabriella Sarmay"},{id:"145362",title:"Prof.",name:"György M.",surname:"Nagy",slug:"gyorgy-m.-nagy",fullName:"György M. Nagy"}],corrections:null},{id:"20671",title:"The Emerging Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatmentof Systemic Lupus Erythematosus",doi:"10.5772/19231",slug:"the-emerging-role-of-monoclonal-antibodies-in-the-treatmentof-systemic-lupus-erythematosus",totalDownloads:2210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ewa Robak and Tadeusz Robak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20671",authors:[{id:"34135",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadeusz",surname:"Robak",slug:"tadeusz-robak",fullName:"Tadeusz Robak"},{id:"34143",title:"Prof.",name:"Ewa",surname:"Robak",slug:"ewa-robak",fullName:"Ewa Robak"}],corrections:null},{id:"20672",title:"Treatment of Pediatric-Onset Lupus Nephritis: A New Option of Less Cytotoxic Immunosuppressive Therapy",doi:"10.5772/20134",slug:"treatment-of-pediatric-onset-lupus-nephritis-a-new-option-of-less-cytotoxic-immunosuppressive-therap",totalDownloads:1703,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hiroshi Tanaka and Tadaatsu Imaizumi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20672",authors:[{id:"37530",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Tanaka",slug:"hiroshi-tanaka",fullName:"Hiroshi Tanaka"},{id:"52589",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadaatsu",surname:"Imaizumi",slug:"tadaatsu-imaizumi",fullName:"Tadaatsu Imaizumi"}],corrections:null},{id:"20673",title:"Recent Advances in the Treatment of Neurological Autoimmune Disorders",doi:"10.5772/20681",slug:"recent-advances-in-the-treatment-of-neurological-autoimmune-disorders",totalDownloads:4880,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Jagat R. Kanwar, Bhasker Sriramoju and Rupinder K. Kanwar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20673",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20673",authors:[{id:"40068",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagat",surname:"Kanwar",slug:"jagat-kanwar",fullName:"Jagat Kanwar"},{id:"53589",title:"Dr.",name:"Rupinder",surname:"Kanwar",slug:"rupinder-kanwar",fullName:"Rupinder Kanwar"}],corrections:null},{id:"20674",title:"Synthetic Glucocorticoids Modulate Function of Neural Cells: Implications in Autoimmune Neurological Disorders",doi:"10.5772/19503",slug:"synthetic-glucocorticoids-modulate-function-of-neural-cells-implications-in-autoimmune-neurological-",totalDownloads:2154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Oscar Gonzalez-Perez, Norma A. Moy-Lopez and Jorge Guzman-Muniz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20674",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20674",authors:[{id:"35161",title:"Prof.",name:"Oscar",surname:"Gonzalez-Perez",slug:"oscar-gonzalez-perez",fullName:"Oscar Gonzalez-Perez"},{id:"94114",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma",surname:"Moy-Lopez",slug:"norma-moy-lopez",fullName:"Norma Moy-Lopez"},{id:"94115",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Guzman-Muniz",slug:"jorge-guzman-muniz",fullName:"Jorge Guzman-Muniz"}],corrections:null},{id:"20675",title:"Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Neurological Diseases: Established and Novel Clinical Applications",doi:"10.5772/23579",slug:"intravenous-immunoglobulins-in-neurological-diseases-established-and-novel-clinical-applications",totalDownloads:5792,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Konstantina G. Yiannopoulou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20675",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20675",authors:[{id:"52626",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantina",surname:"Yiannopoulou",slug:"konstantina-yiannopoulou",fullName:"Konstantina Yiannopoulou"}],corrections:null},{id:"20676",title:"Cellular Based Therapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis",doi:"10.5772/20342",slug:"cellular-based-therapies-for-the-treatment-of-multiple-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"James Crooks, Guang-Xian Zhang and Bruno Gran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20676",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20676",authors:[{id:"38513",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Xian",surname:"Zhang",slug:"guang-xian-zhang",fullName:"Guang-Xian Zhang"},{id:"38803",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Gran",slug:"bruno-gran",fullName:"Bruno Gran"},{id:"38804",title:"Mr.",name:"James",surname:"Crooks",slug:"james-crooks",fullName:"James Crooks"}],corrections:null},{id:"20677",title:"Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases in Children and Adults",doi:"10.5772/20471",slug:"haematopoietic-cell-transplantation-and-immunotherapy-for-autoimmune-diseases-in-children-and-adults",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Menachem Bitan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20677",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20677",authors:[{id:"39092",title:"Dr.",name:"Menachem",surname:"Bitan",slug:"menachem-bitan",fullName:"Menachem Bitan"}],corrections:null},{id:"20678",title:"Thionamides-Related Vasculitis in Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders: Review of Current Literature and Case Reports",doi:"10.5772/23831",slug:"thionamides-related-vasculitis-in-autoimmune-thyroid-disorders-review-of-current-literature-and-case",totalDownloads:2976,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Elisabetta L. Romeo, Giuseppina T. Russo, Annalisa Giandalia, Provvidenza Villari, Angela A. Mirto, Mariapaola Cucinotta, Giuseppa Perdichizzi and Domenico Cucinotta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20678",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20678",authors:[{id:"53938",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina T.",surname:"Russo",slug:"giuseppina-t.-russo",fullName:"Giuseppina T. Russo"},{id:"53940",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta L.",surname:"Romeo",slug:"elisabetta-l.-romeo",fullName:"Elisabetta L. Romeo"},{id:"53941",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",surname:"Giandalia",slug:"annalisa-giandalia",fullName:"Annalisa Giandalia"},{id:"95745",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariapaola",surname:"Cucinotta",slug:"mariapaola-cucinotta",fullName:"Mariapaola Cucinotta"},{id:"95746",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppa",surname:"Perdichizzi",slug:"giuseppa-perdichizzi",fullName:"Giuseppa Perdichizzi"},{id:"95749",title:"Prof.",name:"Domenico",surname:"Cucinotta",slug:"domenico-cucinotta",fullName:"Domenico Cucinotta"},{id:"115595",title:"Dr.",name:"Provvidenza",surname:"Villari",slug:"provvidenza-villari",fullName:"Provvidenza Villari"},{id:"115964",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela A.",surname:"Mirto",slug:"angela-a.-mirto",fullName:"Angela A. Mirto"}],corrections:null},{id:"22843",title:"The Ectopic Germinal Centre Response in Autoimmune Disease and Cancer",doi:"10.5772/37014",slug:"the-ectopic-germinal-centre-response-in-autoimmune-disease-and-cancer",totalDownloads:1744,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"David I. Stott and Donna McIntyre",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/22843",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/22843",authors:[{id:"110862",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Stott",slug:"david-stott",fullName:"David Stott"},{id:"136021",title:"Dr.",name:"Donna",surname:"McIntyre",slug:"donna-mcintyre",fullName:"Donna McIntyre"}],corrections:null},{id:"20680",title:"Myasthenia Gravis: New Insights into the Effect of MuSK Antibodies and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors",doi:"10.5772/20425",slug:"myasthenia-gravis-new-insights-into-the-effect-of-musk-antibodies-and-acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor",totalDownloads:3489,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Anna Rostedt Punga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20680",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20680",authors:[{id:"38872",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Punga",slug:"anna-punga",fullName:"Anna Punga"}],corrections:null},{id:"20681",title:"Vasoactive Neuropeptides in Autoimmune Diseases",doi:"10.5772/20940",slug:"vasoactive-neuropeptides-in-autoimmune-diseases",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ekua W. Brenu, Lotti Tajouri, Donald R. Staines and Sonya M. Marshall-Gradisnik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20681",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20681",authors:[{id:"41142",title:"Ms",name:"Ekua",surname:"Brenu",slug:"ekua-brenu",fullName:"Ekua Brenu"},{id:"53185",title:"Prof.",name:"Lotti",surname:"Tajouri",slug:"lotti-tajouri",fullName:"Lotti Tajouri"},{id:"53186",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonya",surname:"Marshall-Gradisnik",slug:"sonya-marshall-gradisnik",fullName:"Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik"},{id:"53187",title:"Prof.",name:"Don",surname:"Staines",slug:"don-staines",fullName:"Don Staines"}],corrections:null},{id:"20682",title:"Antibody-Proteases in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Demyelination and Monitoring Patients with Multiple Sclerosis",doi:"10.5772/22779",slug:"antibody-proteases-in-the-pathogenesis-of-autoimmune-demyelination-and-monitoring-patients-with-mult",totalDownloads:1568,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Dmitry Kostyushev, Dmitry Gnatenko, Mikhail Paltsev, Aleksandr Gabibov and Sergey Suchkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20682",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20682",authors:[{id:"40368",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Suchkov",slug:"sergey-suchkov",fullName:"Sergey Suchkov"},{id:"49152",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Kostyushev",slug:"dmitry-kostyushev",fullName:"Dmitry Kostyushev"},{id:"49166",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabibov",surname:"Aleksandr",slug:"gabibov-aleksandr",fullName:"Gabibov Aleksandr"},{id:"107360",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitrii",surname:"Gnatenko",slug:"dmitrii-gnatenko",fullName:"Dmitrii Gnatenko"},{id:"107467",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Paltsev",slug:"mikhail-paltsev",fullName:"Mikhail Paltsev"}],corrections:null},{id:"20683",title:"Role of Fatty Acids in the Resolution of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases",doi:"10.5772/19491",slug:"role-of-fatty-acids-in-the-resolution-of-autoimmune-and-inflammatory-diseases",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Elena Puertollano, María A. Puertollano, Gerardo Álvarez de Cienfuegos and Manuel A. de Pablo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20683",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20683",authors:[{id:"35125",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel Antonio",surname:"de Pablo",slug:"manuel-antonio-de-pablo",fullName:"Manuel Antonio de Pablo"},{id:"45341",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Angeles",surname:"Puertollano",slug:"m.-angeles-puertollano",fullName:"M. Angeles Puertollano"},{id:"45342",title:"Dr",name:"Elena",surname:"Puertollano",slug:"elena-puertollano",fullName:"Elena Puertollano"},{id:"45343",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",surname:"Alvarez de Cienfuegos",slug:"gerardo-alvarez-de-cienfuegos",fullName:"Gerardo Alvarez de Cienfuegos"}],corrections:null},{id:"20684",title:"Autoimmune Disorder and Autism",doi:"10.5772/23020",slug:"autoimmune-disorder-and-autism",totalDownloads:1848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Xiaohong Li and Hua Zou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20684",authors:[{id:"50228",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohong",surname:"Li",slug:"xiaohong-li",fullName:"Xiaohong Li"},{id:"50235",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua",surname:"Zou",slug:"hua-zou",fullName:"Hua Zou"}],corrections:null},{id:"20685",title:"Chronobiology of and Chronotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/21980",slug:"chronobiology-of-and-chronotherapy-for-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hideto To",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20685",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20685",authors:[{id:"45740",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideto",surname:"To",slug:"hideto-to",fullName:"Hideto To"}],corrections:null},{id:"20686",title:"Four Aspects of Autoimmunity and How to Regain Tolerance to Self From an Autoimmune Disease Utilizing the Modified Vaccination Technique",doi:"10.5772/20668",slug:"four-aspects-of-autoimmunity-and-how-to-regain-tolerance-to-self-from-an-autoimmune-disease-utilizin",totalDownloads:1038,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Arpad Z. Barabas, Chad D. Cole, Arpad D. Barabas, Rene Lafreniere and Donald M. Weir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20686",authors:[{id:"40002",title:"Dr.",name:"Arpad Z.",surname:"Barabas",slug:"arpad-z.-barabas",fullName:"Arpad Z. Barabas"},{id:"137145",title:"Dr.",name:"Chad",surname:"Cole",slug:"chad-cole",fullName:"Chad Cole"}],corrections:null},{id:"20687",title:"Parasitic Helminths as Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Autoimmune Disorders",doi:"10.5772/21640",slug:"parasitic-helminths-as-potential-therapeutic-agents-against-autoimmune-disorders",totalDownloads:2267,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Yoshio Osada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20687",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20687",authors:[{id:"44076",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshio",surname:"Osada",slug:"yoshio-osada",fullName:"Yoshio Osada"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"280",title:"Autoimmune Disorders",subtitle:"Pathogenetic Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5ae50e26b5c67edf047a493a6e6ca8b",slug:"autoimmune-disorders-pathogenetic-aspects",bookSignature:"Clio P. Mavragani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34069",title:"Dr.",name:"Clio",surname:"Mavragani",slug:"clio-mavragani",fullName:"Clio Mavragani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"934",title:"Allergic Diseases",subtitle:"Highlights in the Clinic, Mechanisms and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d8961a0f59ba85124b525aee52a4d8c",slug:"allergic-diseases-highlights-in-the-clinic-mechanisms-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Celso Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/934.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66336",title:"Prof.",name:"Celso",surname:"Pereira",slug:"celso-pereira",fullName:"Celso Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"289",title:"Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies",subtitle:"Recent Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d04c5122d4a234487213d0a4a7c71dc",slug:"idiopathic-inflammatory-myopathies-recent-developments",bookSignature:"Jan Tore Gran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42398",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan Tore",surname:"Gran",slug:"jan-tore-gran",fullName:"Jan Tore Gran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5872",title:"Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3033eede333da3fe931089b0791c52bd",slug:"nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs",bookSignature:"Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191580",title:null,name:"Ali Gamal",surname:"Al-kaf",slug:"ali-gamal-al-kaf",fullName:"Ali Gamal Al-kaf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"935",title:"Allergic Rhinitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b36b60b8fd7eb4f03e84cf2858f9d815",slug:"allergic-rhinitis",bookSignature:"Marek L. Kowalski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/935.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65697",title:"Prof.",name:"Marek",surname:"Kowalski",slug:"marek-kowalski",fullName:"Marek Kowalski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4560",title:"Autoimmunity",subtitle:"Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Therapy of Specific Autoimmune Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"62b5afa6cfe8199e138ff358be8c1f95",slug:"autoimmunity-pathogenesis-clinical-aspects-and-therapy-of-specific-autoimmune-diseases",bookSignature:"Katerina Chatzidionysiou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138809",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",surname:"Chatzidionysiou",slug:"katerina-chatzidionysiou",fullName:"Katerina Chatzidionysiou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5126",title:"Asthma",subtitle:"From Childhood Asthma to ACOS Phenotypes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d82464286fca6ba14557df5f8f319357",slug:"asthma-from-childhood-asthma-to-acos-phenotypes",bookSignature:"Celso Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5126.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66336",title:"Prof.",name:"Celso",surname:"Pereira",slug:"celso-pereira",fullName:"Celso Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5776",title:"Allergen",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20e406e7a94419ea2beba834a8030a79",slug:"allergen",bookSignature:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"817",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:"An Update on the Aberrant Immune System and Clinical Features",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1077998fa6371b0e04f66f47896620f",slug:"systemic-sclerosis-an-update-on-the-aberrant-immune-system-and-clinical-features",bookSignature:"Timothy Radstake",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/817.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66983",title:"Dr.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Radstake",slug:"timothy-radstake",fullName:"Timothy Radstake"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"550",title:"Antiphospholipid Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d16961f4a6068e4985c72e0fc0b0063",slug:"antiphospholipid-syndrome",bookSignature:"Alena Bulikova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80873",title:"Dr.",name:"Alena",surname:"Bulikova",slug:"alena-bulikova",fullName:"Alena Bulikova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"68579",slug:"corrigendum-to-industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",title:"Corrigendum to: Industrial Heat Exchanger: Operation and Maintenance to Minimize Fouling and Corrosion",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68579.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68579",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68579",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68579",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68579",chapter:{id:"52929",slug:"industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",signatures:"Teng Kah Hou, Salim Newaz Kazi, Abu Bakar Mahat, Chew Bee Teng,\nAhmed Al-Shamma’a and Andy Shaw",dateSubmitted:"March 23rd 2016",dateReviewed:"October 10th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 26th 2017",book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",fullName:"Salim Newaz Kazi",slug:"salim-newaz-kazi",email:"salimnewaz@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"187135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kah Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Teng",fullName:"Kah Hou Teng",slug:"kah-hou-teng",email:"alex_teng1989@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194347",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu Bakar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahat",fullName:"Abu Bakar Mahat",slug:"abu-bakar-mahat",email:"ir_abakar@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194348",title:"Dr.",name:"Bee Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",fullName:"Bee Teng Chew",slug:"bee-teng-chew",email:"chewbeeteng@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shamma'A",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Shamma'A",slug:"ahmed-al-shamma'a",email:"A.Al-Shamma'a@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194350",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Andy Shaw",slug:"andy-shaw",email:"A.Shaw@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"52929",slug:"industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",signatures:"Teng Kah Hou, Salim Newaz Kazi, Abu Bakar Mahat, Chew Bee Teng,\nAhmed Al-Shamma’a and Andy Shaw",dateSubmitted:"March 23rd 2016",dateReviewed:"October 10th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 26th 2017",book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",fullName:"Salim Newaz Kazi",slug:"salim-newaz-kazi",email:"salimnewaz@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"187135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kah Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Teng",fullName:"Kah Hou Teng",slug:"kah-hou-teng",email:"alex_teng1989@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194347",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu Bakar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahat",fullName:"Abu Bakar Mahat",slug:"abu-bakar-mahat",email:"ir_abakar@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194348",title:"Dr.",name:"Bee Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",fullName:"Bee Teng Chew",slug:"bee-teng-chew",email:"chewbeeteng@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shamma'A",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Shamma'A",slug:"ahmed-al-shamma'a",email:"A.Al-Shamma'a@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194350",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Andy Shaw",slug:"andy-shaw",email:"A.Shaw@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10848",leadTitle:null,title:"Tribology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"316ca42e0526e3c775e16b929cc702f9",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 16th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 14th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 4th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Shamrao",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-shamrao-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Shamrao Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10049",title:"Advanced Functional Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58745a56d54c143e4de8433f3d6eb62e",slug:"advanced-functional-materials",bookSignature:"Nevin Tasaltin, Paul Sunday Nnamchi and Safaa Saud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10049.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94825",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nevin",surname:"Tasaltin",slug:"nevin-tasaltin",fullName:"Nevin Tasaltin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7666",title:"Synthesis Methods and Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd26687924373b72a27a0f69e7849486",slug:"synthesis-methods-and-crystallization",bookSignature:"Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8812",title:"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86c427901f631db034a54b22dd765d6a",slug:"contemporary-topics-about-phosphorus-in-biology-and-materials",bookSignature:"David G. Churchill, Maja Dutour Sikirić, Božana Čolović and Helga Füredi Milhofer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8812.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219335",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Churchill",slug:"david-churchill",fullName:"David Churchill"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7960",title:"Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc49969c3a4e2fc8f65d4722cc4d95a5",slug:"assorted-dimensional-reconfigurable-materials",bookSignature:"Rajendra Sukhjadeorao Dongre and Dilip Rankrishna Peshwe",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7676",title:"Zeolites",subtitle:"New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc664fa55f94b38c13af542041fc3cc",slug:"zeolites-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Karmen Margeta and Anamarija Farkaš",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"216140",title:"Dr.",name:"Karmen",surname:"Margeta",slug:"karmen-margeta",fullName:"Karmen Margeta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9321",title:"Advances in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5b349cbde0b129c20f31dc02b94d33b",slug:"advances-in-microporous-and-mesoporous-materials",bookSignature:"Rafael Huirache Acuña",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9321.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181660",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Huirache Acuña",slug:"rafael-huirache-acuna",fullName:"Rafael Huirache Acuña"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"22559",title:"Flexible Photovoltaic Textiles for Smart Applications",doi:"10.5772/19950",slug:"flexible-photovoltaic-textiles-for-smart-applications",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/22559.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/22559",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/22559",totalDownloads:6859,totalViews:342,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 5th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 14th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 2nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/22559",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/22559",book:{slug:"solar-cells-new-aspects-and-solutions"},signatures:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",authors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",email:"mukesh70ster@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1290",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"New Aspects and Solutions",fullTitle:"Solar Cells - New Aspects and Solutions",slug:"solar-cells-new-aspects-and-solutions",publishedDate:"November 2nd 2011",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"22557",title:"Effects of Optical Interference and Annealing on the Performance of Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells",slug:"effects-of-optical-interference-and-annealing-on-the-performance-of-polymer-fullerene-bulk-heterojun",totalDownloads:2476,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Chunfu Zhang, Hailong You, Yue Hao, Zhenhua Lin and Chunxiang Zhu",authors:[{id:"25754",title:"Prof.",name:"Yue",middleName:null,surname:"Hao",fullName:"Yue Hao",slug:"yue-hao"},{id:"46204",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunfu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Chunfu Zhang",slug:"chunfu-zhang"},{id:"53943",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailong",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Hailong You",slug:"hailong-you"},{id:"53944",title:"Ms.",name:"Zhenhua",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Zhenhua Lin",slug:"zhenhua-lin"},{id:"53945",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunxiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Chunxiang Zhu",slug:"chunxiang-zhu"}]},{id:"22558",title:"A New Guide to Thermally Optimized Doped Oxides Monolayer Spray-Grown Solar Cells: The Amlouk-Boubaker Optothermal Expansivity ψAB",slug:"a-new-guide-to-thermally-optimized-doped-oxides-monolayer-spray-grown-solar-cells-the-amlouk-boubake",totalDownloads:1812,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"M. Benhaliliba, C.E. Benouis, K. Boubaker, M. Amlouk and A. Amlouk",authors:[{id:"41574",title:"Dr.",name:"Karem",middleName:null,surname:"Boubakker",fullName:"Karem Boubakker",slug:"karem-boubakker"},{id:"89621",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostefa",middleName:null,surname:"Benhaliliba",fullName:"Mostefa Benhaliliba",slug:"mostefa-benhaliliba"},{id:"89622",title:"Dr.",name:"C.E.",middleName:null,surname:"Benouis",fullName:"C.E. Benouis",slug:"c.e.-benouis"}]},{id:"22559",title:"Flexible Photovoltaic Textiles for Smart Applications",slug:"flexible-photovoltaic-textiles-for-smart-applications",totalDownloads:6859,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",authors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh"}]},{id:"22560",title:"Dilute Nitride GaAsN and InGaAsN Layers Grown by Low-Temperature Liquid-Phase Epitaxy",slug:"dilute-nitride-gaasn-and-ingaasn-layers-grown-by-low-temperature-liquid-phase-epitaxy",totalDownloads:2865,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Malina Milanova and Petko Vitanov",authors:[{id:"31215",title:"Dr.",name:"Malina",middleName:null,surname:"Milanova",fullName:"Malina Milanova",slug:"malina-milanova"},{id:"44888",title:"Dr.",name:"Petko",middleName:null,surname:"Vitanov",fullName:"Petko Vitanov",slug:"petko-vitanov"}]},{id:"22561",title:"Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells: State of the Art, Challenges and Perspectives",slug:"organic-inorganic-hybrid-solar-cells-state-of-the-art-challenges-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:7724,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Yunfei Zhou, Michael Eck and Michael Krüger",authors:[{id:"36004",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Krueger",fullName:"Michael Krueger",slug:"michael-krueger"},{id:"51257",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunfei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Yunfei Zhou",slug:"yunfei-zhou"},{id:"51258",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Eck",fullName:"Michael Eck",slug:"michael-eck"}]},{id:"22562",title:"Relation Between Nanomorphology and Performance of Polymer-Based Solar Cells",slug:"relation-between-nanomorphology-and-performance-of-polymer-based-solar-cells",totalDownloads:2914,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Almantas Pivrikas",authors:[{id:"41490",title:"Dr.",name:"Almantas",middleName:null,surname:"Pivrikas",fullName:"Almantas Pivrikas",slug:"almantas-pivrikas"}]},{id:"22563",title:"One-Step Physical Synthesis of Composite Thin Film",slug:"one-step-physical-synthesis-of-composite-thin-film",totalDownloads:2242,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Seishi Abe",authors:[{id:"43735",title:"Dr.",name:"Seishi",middleName:null,surname:"Abe",fullName:"Seishi Abe",slug:"seishi-abe"}]},{id:"23401",title:"Cuprous Oxide as an Active Material for Solar Cells",slug:"cuprous-oxide-as-an-active-material-for-solar-cells",totalDownloads:13949,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sanja Bugarinović, Mirjana Rajčić-Vujasinović, Zoran Stević and Vesna Grekulović",authors:[{id:"42648",title:"BSc.",name:"Sanja",middleName:null,surname:"Bugarinovic",fullName:"Sanja Bugarinovic",slug:"sanja-bugarinovic"},{id:"54011",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirjana",middleName:null,surname:"Rajčić-Vujasinović",fullName:"Mirjana Rajčić-Vujasinović",slug:"mirjana-rajcic-vujasinovic"},{id:"54012",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic"},{id:"54013",title:"MSc.",name:"Vesna",middleName:null,surname:"Grekulović",fullName:"Vesna Grekulović",slug:"vesna-grekulovic"}]},{id:"22564",title:"Bioelectrochemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide with Electric Energy Generated by Solar Cell",slug:"bioelectrochemical-fixation-of-carbon-dioxide-with-electric-energy-generated-by-solar-cell",totalDownloads:2742,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Doo Hyun Park, Bo Young Jeon and Il Lae Jung",authors:[{id:"35414",title:"Prof.",name:"Park",middleName:null,surname:"Doo Hyun",fullName:"Park Doo Hyun",slug:"park-doo-hyun"},{id:"48210",title:"MSc.",name:"Bo Young",middleName:null,surname:"Jeon",fullName:"Bo Young Jeon",slug:"bo-young-jeon"},{id:"48211",title:"Prof.",name:"Il Lae",middleName:null,surname:"Jung",fullName:"Il Lae Jung",slug:"il-lae-jung"}]},{id:"22565",title:"Semiconductor Superlattice-Based Intermediate-Band Solar Cells",slug:"semiconductor-superlattice-based-intermediate-band-solar-cells",totalDownloads:2313,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michal Mruczkiewicz, Jarosław W. Kłos and Maciej Krawczyk",authors:[{id:"42831",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Klos",fullName:"Jaroslaw Klos",slug:"jaroslaw-klos"},{id:"53897",title:"MSc",name:"Michał",middleName:null,surname:"Mruczkiewicz",fullName:"Michał Mruczkiewicz",slug:"michal-mruczkiewicz"},{id:"53898",title:"Dr.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Krawczyk",fullName:"Maciej Krawczyk",slug:"maciej-krawczyk"}]},{id:"22566",title:"Solar to Chemical Conversion Using Metal Nanoparticle Modified Low-Cost Silicon Photoelectrode",slug:"solar-to-chemical-conversion-using-metal-nanoparticle-modified-low-cost-silicon-photoelectrode",totalDownloads:2341,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shinji Yae",authors:[{id:"55015",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Yae",fullName:"Shinji Yae",slug:"shinji-yae"}]},{id:"22567",title:"Progress in Organic Photovoltaic Fibers Research",slug:"progress-in-organic-photovoltaic-fibers-research",totalDownloads:5581,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Ayse Bedeloglu",authors:[{id:"41437",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayse",middleName:null,surname:"(Celik) Bedeloglu",fullName:"Ayse (Celik) Bedeloglu",slug:"ayse-(celik)-bedeloglu"}]},{id:"22568",title:"Ultrafast Electron and Hole Dynamics in CdSe Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"ultrafast-electron-and-hole-dynamics-in-cdse-quantum-dot-sensitized-solar-cells",totalDownloads:3649,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Qing Shen and Taro Toyoda",authors:[{id:"37865",title:"Prof.",name:"Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Qing Shen",slug:"qing-shen"},{id:"41585",title:"Dr.",name:"Taro",middleName:null,surname:"Toyoda",fullName:"Taro Toyoda",slug:"taro-toyoda"}]},{id:"22569",title:"Transparent Conducting Polymer/Nitride Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells",slug:"transparent-conducting-polymer-nitride-semiconductor-heterojunction-solar-cells",totalDownloads:3176,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nobuyuki Matsuki, Yoshitaka Nakano, Yoshihiro Irokawa, Mickael Lozac’h and Masatomo Sumiya",authors:[{id:"41270",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuki",fullName:"Nobuyuki Matsuki",slug:"nobuyuki-matsuki"},{id:"52835",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshitaka",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",fullName:"Yoshitaka Nakano",slug:"yoshitaka-nakano"},{id:"52836",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Irokawa",fullName:"Yoshihiro Irokawa",slug:"yoshihiro-irokawa"},{id:"52837",title:"Mr.",name:"Mickael",middleName:null,surname:"Lozac'H",fullName:"Mickael Lozac'H",slug:"mickael-lozac'h"},{id:"52838",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatomo",middleName:null,surname:"Sumiya",fullName:"Masatomo Sumiya",slug:"masatomo-sumiya"}]},{id:"22570",title:"High Efficiency Solar Cells via Tuned Superlattice Structures: Beyond 42.2%",slug:"high-efficiency-solar-cells-via-tuned-superlattice-structures-beyond-42-2-",totalDownloads:2704,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"AC Varonides",authors:[{id:"52279",title:"Prof.",name:"Argyrios",middleName:"C",surname:"Varonides",fullName:"Argyrios Varonides",slug:"argyrios-varonides"}]},{id:"22571",title:"AlSb Compound Semiconductor as Absorber Layer in Thin Film Solar Cells",slug:"alsb-compound-semiconductor-as-absorber-layer-in-thin-film-solar-cells",totalDownloads:3453,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rabin Dhakal, Yung Huh, David Galipeau and Xingzhong Yan",authors:[{id:"42857",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Xingzhong Yan",slug:"xingzhong-yan"},{id:"55288",title:"Mr.",name:"Rabin",middleName:null,surname:"Dhakal",fullName:"Rabin Dhakal",slug:"rabin-dhakal"},{id:"55289",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Galipeau",fullName:"David Galipeau",slug:"david-galipeau"},{id:"55292",title:"Dr.",name:"Yung",middleName:null,surname:"Huh",fullName:"Yung Huh",slug:"yung-huh"}]},{id:"22572",title:"Photons as Working Body of Solar Engines",slug:"photons-as-working-body-of-solar-engines",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"V.I. Laptev and H. Khlyap",authors:[{id:"40433",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktor",middleName:null,surname:"Laptev",fullName:"Viktor Laptev",slug:"viktor-laptev"},{id:"47878",title:"Dr.",name:"Halyna",middleName:null,surname:"Khlyap",fullName:"Halyna Khlyap",slug:"halyna-khlyap"}]},{id:"22573",title:"Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Silicon",slug:"hybrid-solar-cells-based-on-silicon",totalDownloads:2926,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hossein Movla, Foozieh Sohrabi, Arash Nikniazi, Mohammad Soltanpour and Khadije Khalili",authors:[{id:"35018",title:"Mr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Movla",fullName:"Hossein Movla",slug:"hossein-movla"},{id:"52330",title:"Ms.",name:"Foozieh",middleName:null,surname:"Sohrabi",fullName:"Foozieh Sohrabi",slug:"foozieh-sohrabi"},{id:"52331",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Arash",middleName:null,surname:"Nikniazi",fullName:"Arash Nikniazi",slug:"arash-nikniazi"},{id:"59600",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Khadije",middleName:null,surname:"Khalili",fullName:"Khadije Khalili",slug:"khadije-khalili"}]},{id:"22574",title:"Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on Poly(p-Phenylene-Vinylene) Derivatives",slug:"organic-bulk-heterojunction-solar-cells-based-on-poly-p-phenylene-vinylene-derivatives",totalDownloads:3047,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cigdem Yumusak and Daniel A. M. Egbe",authors:[{id:"47184",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel Ayuk Mbi",middleName:null,surname:"Egbe",fullName:"Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe",slug:"daniel-ayuk-mbi-egbe"},{id:"55635",title:"Dr.",name:"Cigdem",middleName:null,surname:"Yumusak",fullName:"Cigdem Yumusak",slug:"cigdem-yumusak"},{id:"55636",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar N.",middleName:null,surname:"Sariciftci",fullName:"Serdar N. Sariciftci",slug:"serdar-n.-sariciftci"}]},{id:"22575",title:"Towards High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells: Polymers and Devices Development",slug:"towards-high-efficiency-organic-solar-cells-polymers-and-devices-development",totalDownloads:3360,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Enwei Zhu, Linyi Bian, Jiefeng Hai, Weihua Tang and Fujun Zhang",authors:[{id:"41726",title:"Prof.",name:"Weihua",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Weihua Tang",slug:"weihua-tang"},{id:"89702",title:"Dr.",name:"Enwei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Enwei Zhu",slug:"enwei-zhu"},{id:"89704",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiefeng",middleName:null,surname:"Hai",fullName:"Jiefeng Hai",slug:"jiefeng-hai"},{id:"89706",title:"Mr.",name:"Linyi",middleName:null,surname:"Bian",fullName:"Linyi Bian",slug:"linyi-bian"}]},{id:"22576",title:"Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells",slug:"conjugated-polymers-for-organic-solar-cells",totalDownloads:7382,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Qun Ye and Chunyan Chi",authors:[{id:"51375",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunyan",middleName:null,surname:"Chi",fullName:"Chunyan Chi",slug:"chunyan-chi"},{id:"55445",title:"Mr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Ye",fullName:"Qun Ye",slug:"qun-ye"}]},{id:"22577",title:"Optical Absorption and Photocurrent Spectra of CdSe Quantum Dots Adsorbed on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Electrode Together with Photovoltaic Properties",slug:"optical-absorption-and-photocurrent-spectra-of-cdse-quantum-dots-adsorbed-on-nanocrystalline-tio2-el",totalDownloads:3069,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Taro Toyoda and Qing Shen",authors:[{id:"37865",title:"Prof.",name:"Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Qing Shen",slug:"qing-shen"},{id:"41585",title:"Dr.",name:"Taro",middleName:null,surname:"Toyoda",fullName:"Taro Toyoda",slug:"taro-toyoda"}]},{id:"22578",title:"Investigation of Lattice Defects in GaAsN Grown by Chemical Beam Epitaxy Using Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy",slug:"investigation-of-lattice-defects-in-gaasn-grown-by-chemical-beam-epitaxy-using-deep-level-transient-",totalDownloads:1644,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Boussairi Bouzazi, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Nobuaki Kijima, Yoshio Ohshita and Masafumi Yamaguchi",authors:[{id:"37961",title:"Dr.",name:"Boussairi",middleName:null,surname:"Bouzazi",fullName:"Boussairi Bouzazi",slug:"boussairi-bouzazi"},{id:"137933",title:"Prof.",name:"Hidetoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Hidetoshi Suzuki",slug:"hidetoshi-suzuki"},{id:"137934",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kijima",fullName:"Nobuaki Kijima",slug:"nobuaki-kijima"},{id:"137935",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshio",middleName:null,surname:"Ohshita",fullName:"Yoshio Ohshita",slug:"yoshio-ohshita"},{id:"137936",title:"Dr.",name:"Masafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamaguchi",fullName:"Masafumi Yamaguchi",slug:"masafumi-yamaguchi"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1288",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"Dye-Sensitized Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05a255471069664ecf5fbf8778b92076",slug:"solar-cells-dye-sensitized-devices",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23326",title:"Chasing High Efficiency DSSC by Nano-Structural Surface Engineering at Low Processing Temperature for Titanium Dioxide Electrodes",slug:"chasing-high-efficiency-dssc-by-nano-structural-surface-engineering-at-low-processing-temperature-fo",signatures:"Ying-Hung Chen, Chen-Hon Chen, Shu-Yuan Wu, Chiung-Hsun Chen, Ming-Yi Hsu, Keh-Chang Chen and Ju-Liang He",authors:[{id:"43410",title:"Ms.",name:"Ying-Hung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Ying-Hung Chen",slug:"ying-hung-chen"},{id:"52946",title:"Prof.",name:"Ju-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Ju-Liang He",slug:"ju-liang-he"},{id:"52953",title:"Prof.",name:"Keh-Chang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Keh-Chang Chen",slug:"keh-chang-chen"},{id:"52954",title:"Ms",name:"Shu-Yuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Shu-Yuan Wu",slug:"shu-yuan-wu"},{id:"52955",title:"Mr",name:"Chen-Hon",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chen-Hon Chen",slug:"chen-hon-chen"},{id:"52956",title:"Mr",name:"Chiung-Hsun",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chiung-Hsun Chen",slug:"chiung-hsun-chen"},{id:"52957",title:"Mr",name:"Ming-Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",fullName:"Ming-Yi Hsu",slug:"ming-yi-hsu"}]},{id:"23327",title:"Investigation of Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Ruthenium-Complex Dyes, Metal-Free Dyes, Metal-Complex Porphyrin Dyes and Natural Dyes",slug:"investigation-of-dyes-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells-ruthenium-complex-dyes-metal-free-dyes-metal-co",signatures:"Seigo Ito",authors:[{id:"36934",title:"Dr.",name:"Seigo",middleName:null,surname:"Ito",fullName:"Seigo Ito",slug:"seigo-ito"}]},{id:"23328",title:"Comparative Study of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Based on ZnO and TiO2 Nanostructures",slug:"comparative-study-of-dye-sensitized-solar-cell-based-on-zno-and-tio2-nanostructures",signatures:"Y. Chergui, N. Nehaoua and D. E. Mekki",authors:[{id:"43147",title:"Dr.",name:"Yahia",middleName:null,surname:"Chergui",fullName:"Yahia Chergui",slug:"yahia-chergui"},{id:"137790",title:"Prof.",name:"N",middleName:null,surname:"Nehaoua",fullName:"N Nehaoua",slug:"n-nehaoua"},{id:"137791",title:"Dr.",name:"Djamel Eddine",middleName:null,surname:"Mekki",fullName:"Djamel Eddine Mekki",slug:"djamel-eddine-mekki"}]},{id:"23329",title:"The Application of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"the-application-of-inorganic-nanomaterials-in-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",signatures:"Zhigang Chen, Qiwei Tian, Minghua Tang and Junqing Hu",authors:[{id:"51367",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhigang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Zhigang Chen",slug:"zhigang-chen"},{id:"55461",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",fullName:"Qiwei Tian",slug:"qiwei-tian"},{id:"55462",title:"Prof.",name:"Junqing",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Junqing Hu",slug:"junqing-hu"},{id:"102794",title:"Dr.",name:"Minghua",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Minghua Tang",slug:"minghua-tang"}]},{id:"23330",title:"Fabrication, Doping and Characterization of Polyaniline and Metal Oxides: Dye Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"fabrication-doping-and-characterization-of-polyaniline-and-metal-oxides-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",signatures:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar, Young Soon Kim and Hyung-Shik Shin",authors:[{id:"36666",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyung-Shik",middleName:null,surname:"Shin",fullName:"Hyung-Shik Shin",slug:"hyung-shik-shin"},{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen"}]},{id:"23331",title:"Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Principles and New Design",slug:"dye-sensitized-solar-cells-principles-and-new-design",signatures:"Yang Jiao, Fan Zhang and Sheng Meng",authors:[{id:"42934",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",fullName:"Sheng Meng",slug:"sheng-meng"},{id:"53017",title:"BSc",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Jiao",fullName:"Yang Jiao",slug:"yang-jiao"},{id:"53638",title:"BSc",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Fan Zhang",slug:"fan-zhang"}]},{id:"23332",title:"Physical and Optical Properties of Microscale Meshes of Ti3O5 Nano- and Microfibers Prepared via Annealing of C-Doped TiO2 Thin Films Aiming at Solar Cell and Photocatalysis Applications",slug:"physical-and-optical-properties-of-microscale-meshes-of-ti3o5-nano-and-microfibers-prepared-via-anne",signatures:"N. Stem, E. F. Chinaglia and S. G. dos Santos Filho",authors:[{id:"47926",title:"Prof.",name:"Nair",middleName:null,surname:"Stem",fullName:"Nair Stem",slug:"nair-stem"},{id:"57901",title:"Prof.",name:"Eliane F.",middleName:null,surname:"Chinaglia",fullName:"Eliane F. Chinaglia",slug:"eliane-f.-chinaglia"},{id:"57902",title:"Prof.",name:"Sebastiăo G.",middleName:null,surname:"Dos Santos Filho",fullName:"Sebastiăo G. Dos Santos Filho",slug:"sebastiao-g.-dos-santos-filho"}]},{id:"23333",title:"Dye Sensitized Solar Cells - Working Principles, Challenges and Opportunities",slug:"dye-sensitized-solar-cells-working-principles-challenges-and-opportunities",signatures:"Khalil Ebrahim Jasim",authors:[{id:"36065",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalil",middleName:"Ebrahim",surname:"Jasim",fullName:"Khalil Jasim",slug:"khalil-jasim"}]},{id:"23334",title:"Shape Control of Highly Crystallized Titania Nanorods for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Formation Mechanism",slug:"shape-control-of-highly-crystallized-titania-nanorods-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells-based-on-format",signatures:"Motonari Adachi, Katsuya Yoshida, Takehiro Kurata, Jun Adachi, Katsumi Tsuchiya, Yasushige Mori and Fumio Uchida",authors:[{id:"42313",title:"Prof.",name:"Motonari",middleName:null,surname:"Adachi",fullName:"Motonari Adachi",slug:"motonari-adachi"},{id:"90832",title:"Prof.",name:"Katsumi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuchiya",fullName:"Katsumi Tsuchiya",slug:"katsumi-tsuchiya"},{id:"102221",title:"MSc.",name:"Fumio",middleName:null,surname:"Uchida",fullName:"Fumio Uchida",slug:"fumio-uchida"},{id:"102222",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Adachi",fullName:"Jun Adachi",slug:"jun-adachi"},{id:"139276",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Katsuya Yoshida",slug:"katsuya-yoshida"},{id:"139277",title:"Prof.",name:"Takehiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kurata",fullName:"Takehiro Kurata",slug:"takehiro-kurata"},{id:"139278",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushige",middleName:null,surname:"Mori",fullName:"Yasushige Mori",slug:"yasushige-mori"}]},{id:"23335",title:"Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Polymer Electrolytes",slug:"dye-sensitized-solar-cells-based-on-polymer-electrolytes",signatures:"Mi-Ra Kim, Sung-Hae Park, Ji-Un Kim and Jin-Kook Lee",authors:[{id:"46908",title:"Prof.",name:"Jin-Kook",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jin-Kook Lee",slug:"jin-kook-lee"},{id:"53695",title:"Dr.",name:"Mi-Ra",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Mi-Ra Kim",slug:"mi-ra-kim"}]},{id:"23336",title:"Development of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell for High Conversion Efficiency",slug:"development-of-dye-sensitized-solar-cell-for-high-conversion-efficiency",signatures:"Yongwoo Kim and Deugwoo Lee",authors:[{id:"35413",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong Woo",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Yong Woo Kim",slug:"yong-woo-kim"},{id:"47175",title:"Prof.",name:"Deug Woo",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Deug Woo Lee",slug:"deug-woo-lee"}]},{id:"23337",title:"Effective Methods for the High Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on the Metal Substrates",slug:"effective-methods-for-the-high-efficiency-dye-sensitized-solar-cells-based-on-the-metal-substrates",signatures:"Ho-Gyeong Yun, Byeong-Soo Bae, Yongseok Jun and Man Gu Kang",authors:[{id:"35511",title:"Dr.",name:"Man Gu",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Man Gu Kang",slug:"man-gu-kang"},{id:"40092",title:"Dr.",name:"Ho-Gyeong",middleName:null,surname:"Yun",fullName:"Ho-Gyeong Yun",slug:"ho-gyeong-yun"},{id:"54674",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongseok",middleName:null,surname:"Jun",fullName:"Yongseok Jun",slug:"yongseok-jun"},{id:"58084",title:"Prof.",name:"Byeong-Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Bae",fullName:"Byeong-Soo Bae",slug:"byeong-soo-bae"}]},{id:"23338",title:"Dye Solar Cells: Basic and Photon Management Strategies",slug:"dye-solar-cells-basic-and-photon-management-strategies",signatures:"Lorenzo Dominici, Daniele Colonna, Daniele D’Ercole, Girolamo Mincuzzi, Riccardo Riccitelli, Francesco Michelotti, Thomas M. Brown, Andrea Reale and Aldo Di Carlo",authors:[{id:"44418",title:"Prof.",name:"Aldo",middleName:null,surname:"Di Carlo",fullName:"Aldo Di Carlo",slug:"aldo-di-carlo"},{id:"46457",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Colonna",fullName:"Daniele Colonna",slug:"daniele-colonna"},{id:"46817",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Dominici",fullName:"Lorenzo Dominici",slug:"lorenzo-dominici"},{id:"54289",title:"BSc.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"D'Ercole",fullName:"Daniele D'Ercole",slug:"daniele-d'ercole"},{id:"54290",title:"Dr.",name:"Girolamo",middleName:null,surname:"Mincuzzi",fullName:"Girolamo Mincuzzi",slug:"girolamo-mincuzzi"},{id:"54914",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas M.",middleName:null,surname:"Brown",fullName:"Thomas M. Brown",slug:"thomas-m.-brown"},{id:"54915",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Reale",fullName:"Andrea Reale",slug:"andrea-reale"},{id:"54916",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Michelotti",fullName:"Francesco Michelotti",slug:"francesco-michelotti"},{id:"55027",title:"Dr.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Riccitelli",fullName:"Riccardo Riccitelli",slug:"riccardo-riccitelli"}]},{id:"23339",title:"Ordered Semiconductor Photoanode Films for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Zinc Oxide-Titanium Oxide Hybrid Nanostructures",slug:"ordered-semiconductor-photoanode-films-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells-based-on-zinc-oxide-titanium-o",signatures:"Xiang-Dong Gao, Cai-Lu Wang, Xiao-Yan Gan and Xiao-Min Li",authors:[{id:"35389",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiang-Dong",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Xiang-Dong Gao",slug:"xiang-dong-gao"},{id:"52056",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaomin",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xiaomin Li",slug:"xiaomin-li"},{id:"52057",title:"Ms",name:"Cailu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Cailu Wang",slug:"cailu-wang"}]},{id:"23340",title:"Photo-Induced Electron Transfer from Dye or Quantum Dot to TiO2 Nanoparticles at Single Molecule Level",slug:"photo-induced-electron-transfer-from-dye-or-quantum-dot-to-tio2-nanoparticles-at-single-molecule-lev",signatures:"King-Chuen Lin and Chun-Li Chang",authors:[{id:"57006",title:"Dr.",name:"King-Chuen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"King-Chuen Lin",slug:"king-chuen-lin"},{id:"101862",title:"Mr.",name:"Chun-Li",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Chun-Li Chang",slug:"chun-li-chang"}]},{id:"23341",title:"Porphyrin Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"porphyrin-based-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",signatures:"Matthew J. Griffith and Attila J. Mozer",authors:[{id:"54613",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:"James",surname:"Griffith",fullName:"Matthew Griffith",slug:"matthew-griffith"},{id:"54616",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Mozer",fullName:"Attila Mozer",slug:"attila-mozer"}]},{id:"23342",title:"The Chemistry and Physics of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"the-chemistry-and-physics-of-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",signatures:"William A. Vallejo L., Cesar A. Quiñones S. and Johann A. Hernandez S.",authors:[{id:"39724",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Vallejo",fullName:"William Vallejo",slug:"william-vallejo"},{id:"53328",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Quiñones",fullName:"Cesar Quiñones",slug:"cesar-quinones"},{id:"53329",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",middleName:"Alexander",surname:"Hernandez",fullName:"Johan Hernandez",slug:"johan-hernandez"}]},{id:"23343",title:"Preparation of Hollow Titanium Dioxide Shell Thin Films from Aqueous Solution of Ti-Lactate Complex for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"preparation-of-hollow-titanium-dioxide-shell-thin-films-from-aqueous-solution-of-ti-lactate-complex-",signatures:"Masaya Chigane, Mitsuru Watanabe and Tsutomu Shinagawa",authors:[{id:"44974",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaya",middleName:null,surname:"Chigane",fullName:"Masaya Chigane",slug:"masaya-chigane"},{id:"52996",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",fullName:"Mitsuru Watanabe",slug:"mitsuru-watanabe"},{id:"52997",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsutomu",middleName:null,surname:"Shinagawa",fullName:"Tsutomu Shinagawa",slug:"tsutomu-shinagawa"}]},{id:"23344",title:"Fabrication of ZnO Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"fabrication-of-zno-based-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",signatures:"A.P. Uthirakumar",authors:[{id:"35035",title:"Prof.",name:"Periyayya",middleName:null,surname:"Uthirakumar",fullName:"Periyayya Uthirakumar",slug:"periyayya-uthirakumar"}]},{id:"23345",title:"Carbon Nanostructures as Low Cost Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"carbon-nanostructures-as-low-cost-counter-electrode-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",signatures:"Qiquan Qiao",authors:[{id:"38772",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiquan",middleName:null,surname:"Qiao",fullName:"Qiquan Qiao",slug:"qiquan-qiao"}]},{id:"23346",title:"Dye Sensitized Solar Cells as an Alternative Approach to the Conventional Photovoltaic Technology Based on Silicon - Recent Developments in the Field and Large Scale Applications",slug:"dye-sensitized-solar-cells-as-an-alternative-approach-to-the-conventional-photovoltaic-technology-ba",signatures:"Elias Stathatos",authors:[{id:"52979",title:"Prof.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Stathatos",fullName:"Elias Stathatos",slug:"elias-stathatos"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73550",title:"Interlinking of River: Issues and Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93594",slug:"interlinking-of-river-issues-and-challenges",body:'
The rainfall occurrence in India is mainly due to orographic effect, coupled with tropical depressions originating in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. It accounts for about 85% of the total rainfall in the country. The uncertainty in rainfall occurrence is a serious problem for the country marked by extended dry spells and fluctuations in seasonal and annual rainfall pattern. Most parts of the country are facing deficit rainfall trend and are subjected to large variations resulting in frequent droughts and floods conditions. Floods cause immense hardship to the population and enormous loss to the country. In the summer seasons as the rivers dry up and the ground water level goes down, the water availability for agricultural, industrial and drinking purposes becomes critical. While, some parts of the country do not have enough water even for raising a single crop due to regional rainfall alteration, on the other hand, surplus rainfall occurs in some parts of the country causing floods or waterlogged situation.
Irrigation has been the prime factor for increasing the food grain production in India from a mere 50 million tons in 1950s to more than 291 million tons in 2019–2020. In 1950–1951, the canal irrigated area was 8.3 million hectares while in 2013–2014 at 17 million hectares. Despite that, the relative importance of canals has fallen from 40% in 1951 to 26% in 2010–2011. On the other hand, in 1950–1951, the well and tube well accounted for 29% of gross irrigated area and they share 64% of the gross irrigated area in 2012–2013. Irrigated area has increased from 22 million hectares to 66 million hectares in the year 2012–2013 [1]. The population of India, which is around 1.2 billion at present, is expected to increase to 1.5 to 1.8 billion in the year 2050 and that would require about 450 million tons of food grains. The irrigation potential has to be increased to 160 million hectares for all crops for meeting food requirements by 2050. Through conventional sources, the maximum irrigation potential that could be created is about 140 million hectares. Other strategies shall have to be evolved for attaining a potential of 160 million hectares.
The Brahmaputra and Ganga rivers are the main Indian rivers in which almost 60 per cent of the Indian river drain. They also cause recurring floods and hence damages. Flood damages, which were Rs. 520 million in 1953, have gone up to Rs. 957.36 billion in 2018 mostly affecting the States of Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal along with loss of lives. In other side large areas in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu face recurring droughts with approximately 85% areas of these states falls under drought prone.
One of the most effective means to enlarge the irrigation potential of river command areas is the Inter Basin Water Transfer (IBWT). It refers to the water transfer from water surplus rivers to the water deficit rivers or regions. Brahmaputra and Ganga rivers particularly their northern tributaries, Godavari, Mahanadi and West Flowing rivers originating from the Western Ghats of India are found to be surplus in surface water resources. If storage reservoirs can be built on these rivers and connected to other parts of the country, regional water imbalances could be reduced and many benefits by way of additional irrigation potential created, industrial and domestic water supply, hydropower generation, waterways facilities, etc. would be ensured.
The initial plan to interlink India’s rivers came in 1858 from a British irrigation engineer, Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton, but the idea of interlinking Indian rivers was revived a few decades ago independently by M. Visveswarayya, K. L. Rao and D. J. Dastur. In 2002, the Supreme Court of India ordered the Indian Government to complete river interlinking project within the next 12–15 years. In response to this order, the Government of India appointed a Task Force and scientists, engineers, ecologists, biologists and policy makers started to deliberate over the technical, economic and eco-friendly feasibility of this gigantic project [2].
Since 2015, Indian Government has implemented river interlinking projects in several segments such as the Godavari-Krishna river interlining in Andhra Pradesh and the Ken-Betwa rivers interlink in Madhya Pradesh. These projects are built with aims that it will enhance annual per capita water availability for increasing population of the country. The Godavari-Krishna rivers interlinking projects also envisions an area more than twice the size of Andhra Pradesh receiving extra water for irrigation and to even out the unwarranted swings between droughts and floods. Yet even as the project moves forward there is a large possibility that it could dislocate nearly 1.5 million countries population due to the flooding of 27.66 lakh hectares of land [3].
Transferring surplus water available in some regions to water deficit areas have been made suggested through formation of a National Water Grid from time to time. The two such proposals which attracted considerable attention put forth in the 1970s were:
In 1972, Dr. K.L. Rao presents a 2640 km long Ganga—Cauvery river interlinking project. Its major component includes a large scale pumping of water over a head of 550 m. The power requirement for water lifting from the head was estimated to be 5000–7000 MW, used for irrigating an additional culturable area of 4 million hectares. This project had not any flood control benefits. It had estimated that the overall cost of the project was about Rs. 12,500 crores.
In 1977, Capt. Dastur presented a proposal for construction of two canals in Himalayan regions of India. The first proposed canal was 4200 km long Himalayan Canal run along the foothills of the Himalayas from the Ravi river to the Brahmaputra river near Chittagong. The second proposed canal is 9300 km long Garland Canal covering the Central Deccan and Southern Plateau region of the country. Both of the canals integrated with numerous lakes/reservoirs and interconnected with water pipelines at two points such as Delhi and Patna. The total estimated cost of the projects was Rs. 24,095 crores.
Many large scale water transfer projects have been planned and few of them implemented and constructed as a landmark for the overall development of the water scarce regions. A few successfully implemented projects are briefly explained here.
Periyar river project
The project was started in 1895 with the aim to provide irrigation facility to water deficit Vaigai river basin. This river project is one of the most outstanding endeavors of the nineteenth century in trans-basin diversion. The project envisages the transfer of water from Periyar river basin to Vaigai river basin. A masonry gravity dam at Periyar river has been constructed across a gorge on west flowing. Its height is about 47.28 m. A 1740 m long tunnel across the mountain with a discharge capacity of 40.75 cumecs has been driven to supply the water to Vaigai river basin. Initially, it provided irrigation to 57,923 ha culturable land, which has been extended to 81,069 ha. There is also a hydropower station of 140 MW capacities.
Parambikulam Aliyar river project
It is an interstate multipurpose project completed in late 1960s and functioning based on an agreement between the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Nine dams and two weirs had been constructed and their reservoirs interlinked by tunnels. The project envisages transfer of water from Chelakudi basin to Bharatapuzha and Cauvery basins. This project transfer water from the basins of three west flowing rivers originating from the western ghats of India along the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border such as Bharathapuzha Chalakkudipuzha Periyar river. These rivers are mainly dependent on the southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon rainfall. The water released to the east is mainly used for irrigation purpose. The water is being delivered to drought prone areas in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu and the Chittur area of Kerala states. The gross command area for irrigation is about 1,62,000 ha. There are four hydropower stations with an overall capacity of 185 MW.
Kurnool Cudappah Canal project
A private company started this scheme in 1863. The project envisages transfer of water from Krishna basin to Pennar basin.
It takes off from right flank of Anicut constructed across Tungabhadra River near Sunkesula Village in Kurnool District. The total length of canal is 306 km i.e. from Sunkesula Anicut up to 235 km in Kurnool district and the remaining length of 71 km in Cuddapah district. The canal has total storage capacity of 84.9 cumecs which extends from Krishna to Pennar basin and irrigates area of about 52,746 ha.
Telugu Ganga river Project
This project has been implemented primarily to meet the pressing need of water supply to Chennai metropolitan area as well as to irrigate 5.75 lakh acres in drought prone areas of Rayalaseema and uplands of Nellore District in Andhra Pradesh. It brings Krishna water from Srisailam reservoir through an open canal, first to Somasila reservoir in Pennar valley. The scheme consists of 408 km long canal from Srisailam Reservoir to Andhra Pradesh. From Somasila, water is capture to Kandaleru through a 45 km long canal and then to Poondi reservoir in Tamil Nadu through another 200 km long constructed canal. By mutual agreement, 12 TMC of water is to be delivered to Tamil Nadu at the border from Krishna basin. This greatly augments the water supply to Chennai city. The canal also irrigates 2.33 lakh hectares in Andhra Pradesh.
Ravi-Beas-Sutlej-Indira Gandhi Nahar Project
This project presents an excellent example of the way the big inter basin water transfers initiatives added all round socio-economic improvement with typical enhancement inside the ecological and environmental factors of the vicinity. As per the Indus Water Treaty (1960) water of three eastern rivers viz. Beas, Sutlej and Ravi have been issued to India. As the land to be benefited from this interlinking river project in India, lies mainly to the east and south of these rivers basins, the rivers needed to be interlinked and the water transfer to canal systems for serving large tracts in India. Bhakra garage is the principal water garage on Sutlej river while Pong garage is the principal water garage on Beas river. Bhakra basin system provides irrigation to about 26.3 lakh hectares of new culturable area except stabilization of present irrigation facility to 9 lakh hectares. The gross hydropower generation capacity of Bhakra Nangal Project is 1379 MW. A Pondoh diversion dam is situated 140 km upstream of Pong reservoir on Beas which transfer water from Beas to Bhakra reservoir and generates hydropower of 165 MW. The Beas-Sutlej link is 37.25 km long of which 25.45 km is in tunnel through difficult hard rock formations. The overall discharge potential of the tunnel is 254.70 cumecs. Ranjit Sagar dam is also constructed at Ravi river that gives additional water to Beas and additionally generate a big block of hydropower.
Many large-scale water transfer schemes have been planned and implemented in other countries also.
South-north water transfer project, China
An ambitious plan to link Yangtze river basin in the south with the yellow river basin in the north, construction of the South-north water transfer project (SNWTP) began on 2002. Two third of the country’s water is in the south, while half its people and nearly 65% of its agricultural land are in north. The project is set to cost nearly $80 billion and has necessitated the relocation of 330,000 people. He will transfer 45 billion cubic meter (BCM) of water through 3000 km long tunnels and canals.
Tagus-Segura transfer project, Spain
This project was completed in 1978 that connects four river basins Tagus, Jucar, Segura and Guadiana, to irrigate 1.7 lakh hectares and provide water to 76 municipalities in south eastern Spain. The project has resulted in reduced in flows in Tagus.
Lesotho highlands water projects, South Africa
This project was started in 1950 and completed in 1986 by South Africa and its neighbor Lesotho, the project involves transferring water from the upper reaches of the Orange river in Lesotho to the Vaal river in south Africa, and also generate hydel power. This project transferred 750 million cubic meter water (MCM) annually.
California’s State Water Project, United States
The 1st phase of the project was completed in the year 1973. The California State Water Project is a water storage and delivery system of reservoirs, aqueducts, power plants and pumping plants. The major purpose of the project was water supply. It diverts 4 km3 of water from excess watered northern California to the drier central and southern parts. The conveyance system consists of 715 km long aqueduct, a complex system of lined and unlined canals, siphons, tunnels and pumping stations, etc. The water also irrigates about 750,000 acres of farmland, mainly in the San Joaquin Valley.
Similarly, importantly major under construction and existing inter basin water diverted in Canada include Kemano, Churchill Diversion, Well and Canal, Bay d’ Espoir, James Bay, Churchill Falls, etc. Proposed river inter basin transfers in Canada include Long Lake, Ogoki (for transfer within Canada) and North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWAPA), Canadian Water, Grand Canal Concept, Central North American Water Project (CNAWP), Magnum Plan, Smith Plan etc. for transfer from Canada to USA.
Inter Basin Water Transfers is necessarily required to overcome the water scarcity situations in the regions/basins. These are needed to enhance water utility and reduce water wastage of water surplus areas in the following manner:
Large variation in rainfall and available water resources in space and time
Diversion of water from water surplus basins to water deficit basins/regions
Use of the surplus water which is otherwise flowing into the sea unutilized
To mitigate likely adverse impact of climate change, short term and long term
National water policy (NWP) considered water as economic goods for promoting its conservation and efficient use. NWP was formulated to govern the planning and development of water resources and their optimum utilization. The NWP was adopted in September, 1987. It was reviewed and updated in 2002 and later in 2012.It stated that Inter basin water transfers are not only for increasing production but also for meeting basic requirement of human need and achieving equity and social justice [4]. Inter-basin transfers of water should be considered after evaluating the environmental, economic and social impacts of such transfers.
In case of water disputes, Article 262 of the constitution of India provides “Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-State river or river valley.”
According to the National Water Policy (NWP), water is a prime natural resource for human’s beings as well as animals and, for this reason, a valuable countrywide asset. These days, it is difficult to explore freshwater due to boom in population, agricultural and industrial sectors, and contamination of water assets. By 2020, the world human population is expected to reach up to 7.9 billion and the world may face to great severity for freshwater. The India’s annually receives about 4000 km3 of water from precipitation, but due to exclusive rainfall patterns and their mismanagement, leads to wastage of water. By the way of considering this interlinking of Indian rivers, a highly formidable and big project is planned, that is under debate.
In 1990, the Government of India appointed a high level Commission to have a look at the approach of water resource development in India, together with the possibility of interlinking rivers. The concept of canals linking is to divert surplus waters from some identified rivers basins to the water deficit river basins and regions [5].
In 2015, the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to draw up and put in force a program to interlink principal rivers of India. Subsequently, the Prime Minister of India announced its decision to work on the court directive and appointed a task force to ensure the implementation of the project by the same year [6].
The appeal of interlinking rivers is primarily based on the expertise that a huge quantity of water of the country rivers flows into the ocean and that if only this is prevented, and water transferred from water surplus rivers to water deficit rivers, there may be good enough supply of water for anyone throughout the country. At another level, the project is seen as promoting national integration and a fair & equitable sharing of the country’s water wealth. Whether or not the linking of rivers will promote integration or generate greater disputes is a moot question. The expert belief that the river interlinking is essential to make sure adequate and safe water delivery to all people and anywhere. Domestic water use currently accounts for about 5% of the total water use extracted through wells, tube-wells, tanks and canals.
The requirements of water in different sectors growing rapidly but will still are relatively small compared to those of other uses. To meet the requirement under limited conditions, river interlinking is the only solution for this problem. Even if interlinking were justified for other reasons, it will be difficult to reach water to the entire livelihood without huge investments in a centralized water distribution network. Through approaches of decentralized local rainwater harvesting, by renovating and improving traditional water storage structure can meet the essential demands of water for domestic requirement more effectively and at a low input cost.
By far, agriculture is the largest water user and more than 85% of water from wells, tube-wells, tanks and canals are used for irrigation purposes. The water demand is increasing and will continue to be, by far, the biggest claimant on available water supplies. There is much scope for enhancing the water use efficiency of irrigation systems by reducing wastage of water such as runoff, seepage, evaporation, interflow and so on, and through efficient on-farm water management practices.
The water demand for irrigation arises when rainfall is not sufficient to meet the water demand for raising crops and obtaining optimum crop yields. The annual rainfall is sufficient to meet the water requirements in the kharif in the country. Irrigation is required essentially to tide over insufficient soil moisture during dry spells within the season. In the states Haryana, parts of Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu agricultural acreage which required irrigation during the kharif. Practically in the whole country, especially the northwest, irrigation is essential between the month of November and June. So far, these water imbalances have been met by water capturing technologies such as constructing water harvesting structures to store excess rainy water during monsoon for use in the dry season and by exploring groundwater. Some areas, such as Tamil Nadu, have exhausted the water potential for harnessing the surface flows. In several other part of the country, the possibilities for constructing water storage structure are limited. In these areas groundwater resources are already overexploiting to meet the water demands of different sector, so under these conditions the scope for exploring water is limited. In many areas, the problem is to check expansion and contain the rate of exploitation of surface and sub-surface water resources. Considering this river interlinking is seen as a way out to solve the problem of water deficit of the country.
An examination of the river interlinking raises numerous questions: (1) it is primarily based at the presumption that there are large surplus flows in some basins and that the physical transfer is possible in terms of physical engineering, and can be performed economically without growing any adverse environmental, social and economic impact.
It is the fact that the most of the difficulty arises practically in all Indian rivers during the southwest monsoon. About 90% of south Indian rivers flow takes place in the month of May to November. Being perennial Indo-Gangetic and Brahmaputra river basins, the percentage of the total flow occurring during months between May and November may be somewhat smaller but not all that much smaller flow rate. More than 80% of the yearly flow in the Kosi river occurs in the month between May and November and almost three-fourth in the month between June and October.
The prevalence of monsoon refers to the season when aggregate rainfall is sufficient for plant growth. In some parts of India, such as Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat and the Deccan, even the kharif rain is far too low and variable for productive agriculture. In some others parts, excessive water could assist transfer to more productive cropping patterns. Those deficit regions are far from those taken into consideration surplus water are required to transfer over very water harsh terrain.
The commission report highlighted that which rivers and at which locations water surpluses could be transfer and to which rivers, and at what factors in these rivers the transfer water could be taken. There may be no records at the large quantity of water to be transferred via different canals link, the location and extent of the region to be strengthen on the receiving side and the water distribution system via which water is to be allocated in the region.
An ambitious project on interlinking of river got new impetus during the year 1999–2004. It focuses mainly on rivers linking of sub-basins within a larger basin or nearby basins instead of going on for distant inter-basin river linkages.
Government of India considered those rivers basin for interlinking which are adjacent to each other, keeping in the mind its feasibility and utility to larger beneficiaries/stakeholders. It has done the interlinking of rivers in a manner that it simultaneously looks after irrigation and drinking water needs of human beings and ecological concerns.
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Sri Lanka and the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) have designed a 3 year project on “Strategic Analysis of India’s River Linking Project” to qualitatively improve the troubles and route of the prevailing NRLP debate [7].
Criticizing the interlinking of rivers (ILR) mission of the Government of India, a leading geologist and environmental expert warned the move ought to disrupt rainfall pattern which could be a major problem in respect of climate change. The formidable ILR initiative which received a boost via the Prime Minister of India has 30 river linking initiatives under its ambit and consists of each peninsular and Himalayan Rivers.
V. Rajamani (Emeritus Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi) reported that there is a major disruption of ecosystem. In respect of climate change there is a possibility of change in rainfall pattern. The marine ecosystem will be disturbed and the physical process for the rainfall will be affected. You could no longer dependent upon the monsoon. Under changing rainfall pattern, it is not possible to meet water requirement of the ecosystem. So, there is need to link water bodies of those areas with water surplus areas to enhance the water flow to meet the water necessities.
There is not enough water to interlink rivers across India: IIT study.
A study of Indian Institutes of Technology, Mumbai and Indian Institutes of Technology, Chennai reported that rainfall of the country has decreased over the years 1901–2004, reducing water storage even in the river basins that have surplus water. It also reported that a significant fall in rainfall (i.e., more than 10% in each basin) in the major water surplus river basins of the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Mahi, the Brahmani, the Meghna and the many small rivers in the Western Ghats, and east flowing river basins of the country. Only the Brahmaputra river basin showed that there is no deficit in rainfall [8]. Rivers linking project will have an ecological effect while building a network of dams, reservoirs and canals. It should be reanalyzed and reevaluated through considering changes in climatic patterns of the river basins. In such manner a decrease in surplus river basin contradicts the conventional perception that climate change phenomenon resulting wet areas to turn out to be wetter and dry areas to turn out to be drier over Indian conditions.
In 1982, National Water Development Agency (NWDA) was set up as an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Irrigation with the aim to carry out detailed studies, surveys and investigations of the water balance and feasibility studies of the river interlinking projects.
In 2002, the President of India point out the river linking project in the course of a speech. He proposed that it as a solution to India’s water problem after which an application requesting an order from the Supreme Court of India on river linking matter was submitted. Finally, in 2002 the Government of India declared a substantial plan for an IBWT program involving 30 links of different river basins of peninsular and the Himalayan parts of India [9].
The interlinking of river (ILR) was introduced in 1982; it was actively taken up during Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s tenure as Prime Minister during 1999–2004. The ILR project has two components the peninsular and the Himalayan. Both the components together have 30 river-linking projects.
The peninsular part of the India covers the rivers in southern India envisaged developing a “Southern Water Grid” with 16 important river linkages in different states. This part included diversion of the excess waters of Godavari and Mahanadi to the Krishna, Cauvery, Pennar and Vaigai rivers. The inter basin water transfer network in peninsular part of the India is shown in Figure 1.
Inter Basin water transfer network in peninsular India.
The peninsular part of the India has 16 major canals and 4 sub-components: (1) Network of Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Cauvery-Vaigai rivers; (2) Network of west flowing rivers lies between south of Tapi and north of Bombay; (3) Network of Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal and Ken-Betwa rivers and (4) diverting the flow in some of the west flowing rivers to the eastern side of the country. As per NRLP the enroute irrigation under the peninsular part of the country is expected to irrigate substantial areas. The amount of water diverted in the peninsular part may be 141 km3. The area to be irrigated is situated in arid and semi-arid western and peninsular part of India. The overall project cost includes three components in the peninsular part of the India may be Rs.1,06,000 crore and the hydroelectric power component may be Rs. 2,69,000 crore. The gross hydroelectric power generated may be 4 to 34 GW [10]. The Himalayan part of the India was conceived for building storage reservoirs on the Ganga and the Brahmaputra and their main tributaries both in India and Nepal in order to conserve water during the monsoon season for irrigation and hydro-power generation, besides checking floods. The Himalayan part of the India is comprised of 14 inter basin water transfer network including Brahmaputra-Ganga, Kosi-Mech, Kosi-Ghagra, Gandak-Ganga, Ghagra-Yamuna, Sarda-Yamuna, Ganga-Damodar-Subernarekha, Subernarekha-Mahanadi and Farakka-Sunderbans. The Inter basin water transfer network in Himalayan part of the India is shown in Figure 2.
Inter Basin water transfer network in Himalayan India.
The Himalayan part of the India has 16 important river networks, has two sub-components: (1) Transfer of Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers surplus waters to the Mahanadi Basin and from Mahanadi to Godavari, Godavari to Krishna, Krishna to Pennar and Pennar to the Cauvery river basins. (2) Transfer of water from the Eastern Ganga tributaries to the western sects of the Ganga and the Sabarmati river basins. Altogether, those river water transfers network will mitigate the floods issues within the eastern sects of the Ganga Basin and gives irrigation water delivery to the western sects of the Ganga. The Himalayan sects needed large number of dams in Bhutan and Nepal to capture and divert flood waters from the tributaries of the Brahmaputra and Ganga rivers, and also within India to divert the surplus waters of the Godavari and Mahanadi rivers. The amount of water diverted in the Himalayan part may be 33 km3. The overall project cost of the Himalayan part is to be Rs.1,85,000 crore. The gross hydroelectric power generated may be 30 GW [11].
There are many river linking projects are successfully completed or operated by the Govt. of India is explained below:
It is also called Indira Sagar project. It is a multipurpose project built on Godavari river in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It has assessed culturable command area (CCA) of 2.91 lakh hectares and hydropower generation capacity of 960 Mega Watt (MW). It additionally has a carrying capacity of drinking water supply of 23.44 thousand Million Cubic Feet (TMC) to Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant. Its’ inter-basin annual water carrying capacity is 80 TMC to Krishna river basin [12].
The main aim of Ken-Betwa link Project provides 6.35 lakh ha irrigation and 49 MCM drinking water supply in the drought prone and backward Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
It will transfer surplus water of Ken basin to water deficit Betwa basin besides power generation of 78 MW.
Estimated Cost Rs. 17,700 Crores
77 m high, 2031 m long Daudhan Dam on Ken river in Chhatarpur district of M.P 221 km long link canal.
The project envisages to provide 579 MCM of water of Damanganga basin for domestic and industrial water supply to Mumbai city
Project benefits
Domestic and industrial water supply to Mumbai city—579 MCM
Hydropower—5 MCM
Total estimated cost—Rs. 2746.61 crore
Benefit cost ratio—1.95
The main aim of this project is to provide irrigation for 2.30 lakh hectares by transferring 1330 MCM of water from Par, Auranga, Ambika and Purna rivers to water short north Gujarat Kutch region besides enroute irrigation and hydropower generation 21 MW.
Project benefits
Annual irrigation—2.3 lakh ha
Hydropower—21 MW
Total cost estimated—Rs. 9279 crore
Benefit cost ratio—1.95
NWDA reported that Godavari and Mahanadi river basins are water surplus basins. The joint surpluses water of these basins after accounting in basin uses in closing stage of improvement can be transferred to fulfill the water requirement of water deficit basins in South upto river Gundar via Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Pennar-Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar river linkages. According to the Government of Odisha surveys, the proposed dam turned into having submergence of 59,400 ha.
Government of Odisha has proposed a dam at Barmul 14 km upstream of Manibhadra village on Mahanadi river. The Barmul dam with full reservoir level (FRL) of 80 m, height of 25 m can have a total storage capacity of 1216 MCM and water diversion of 9182 MCM. Out of which, 4046 MCM water can be diverted to Godavari river.
Projected Benefits
Annual irrigation—5.03 lakh ha.
Drinking water supply—125 MCM
Hydro power generation—240 MW
Manas-Sankosh-Teesta-Ganga (MSTG) link is proposed under the Himalayan Component of national Perspective Plan (NPP). MSTG link canal envisages diversion of the surplus waters of Manas and Sankosh rivers to Ganga at Farakka and further transfer to water shortage areas of Krishna, Pennar and Cauvery basins and providing irrigation facilities to the enroute canal command areas.
The main aim of this project is to provide irrigation benefits to the water scarce Mahananda basin command in the districts of Araria, Kishanganj, Purnea and Katihar during kharif season depending upon the pondage available in Hanuman Nagar barrage.
Projected Benefits
Annual irrigation: 2.15 lakh ha
Benefit cost ratio—3.66
The main purpose of this project is to diversion of flood water from river Burhi Gandak to river Baya/Ganga for flood moderation. Irrigation to the tune of 1.26 lakh ha during kharif season in Samastipur, Begusarai and Khagaria districts.
Projected Benefits
Annual irrigation—1.25 lakh ha
Total estimated cost—4214 crore
Benefit cost ratio—1.54
The interlinking of rivers project is a major challenge and an opportunity to deal with the water related problems springing up drought, floods, climate change and so on. The long term strategy to water deficit problem lies in making the interlinking of rivers challenges by building a network of dams, reservoir, barrage, hydropower structures and canals throughout the geographical regions of the country. However, Interlinking of rivers is definitely a good solution for the shortage of water, but interlinking has to take place after a reconnaissance survey and detailed study so that does not cause any trouble to the environment or aquatic life.
License
\n\nBook Chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen maintains a very flexible Copyright Policy that ensures that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher. Therefore, Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
\n\n',metaTitle:"Open Access Statement",metaDescription:"Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0)",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-statement/",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Formats
\\n\\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCosts
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\\n\\n\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Formats
\n\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\n\n\n\nCosts
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\n\n\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5763},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10365},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15784}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118187},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"5"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8950",title:"Birds - Challenges and Opportunities for Business, Conservation and Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"404a05af45e47e43871f4a0b1bedc6fd",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Heimo Juhani Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8950.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9662",title:"Vegetation Index and Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0abf2a59ee63fc1ba4fb64d77c9b1be7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Eusebio Cano Carmona, Dr. Ricardo Quinto Canas, Dr. Ana Cano Ortiz and Dr. Carmelo Maria Musarella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10737",title:"Equus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"258ffafc92a7c9550bb85f004d7402e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Adriana Pires Neves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188768",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Pires Neves",slug:"adriana-pires-neves",fullName:"Adriana Pires Neves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10738",title:"Molluscs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a42a81ed3f9e3dda6d0daaf69c26117e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10738.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10748",title:"Fishery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ecde44e36545a02e9bed47333869ca6f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10748.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10749",title:"Legumes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49d3123cde96adbe706adadebebc5ebb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10749.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10750",title:"Solanum tuberosum - a Promising Crop for Starvation Problem",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"516eb729eadf0d1a9d1d2e6bf31e8e9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mustafa Yildiz and Dr. Yasin Ozgen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10750.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10751",title:"Bovine Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e3eb325f9fce20e6cefbce1c26d647a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10751.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10768",title:"Bryology and Lichenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2188e0dffab6ad8d6c0f3afce29ccce0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10768.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10770",title:"The Genus Aspergillus - Pathogenicity, Mycotoxin Production and Industrial Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3c738f90b4a382d3a3a6f9326ec390a9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh and Dr. Mahendra Rai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10770.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"48251",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehdi",surname:"Razzaghi-Abyaneh",slug:"mehdi-razzaghi-abyaneh",fullName:"Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:20},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5221},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"309",title:"Hydroculture",slug:"hydroculture",parent:{title:"Agronomy",slug:"agronomy"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:18,numberOfWosCitations:70,numberOfCrossrefCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitations:97,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"hydroculture",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1781",title:"Hydroponics",subtitle:"A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"071c412cbb627ba8c3a470c78f0ec085",slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",bookSignature:"Toshiki Asao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1781.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106510",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiki",middleName:null,surname:"Asao",slug:"toshiki-asao",fullName:"Toshiki Asao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"33765",doi:"10.5772/37578",title:"Nutrient Solutions for Hydroponic Systems",slug:"nutrient-solutions-for-hydroponic-systems",totalDownloads:70955,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:39,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Libia I. Trejo-Téllez and Fernando C. Gómez-Merino",authors:[{id:"113365",title:"Dr.",name:"Libia I.",middleName:null,surname:"Trejo-Téllez",slug:"libia-i.-trejo-tellez",fullName:"Libia I. Trejo-Téllez"},{id:"113414",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando C.",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Merino",slug:"fernando-c.-gomez-merino",fullName:"Fernando C. Gómez-Merino"}]},{id:"33767",doi:"10.5772/35206",title:"The Use of Hydroponics in Abiotic Stress Tolerance Research",slug:"the-use-of-hydroponics-in-abiotic-stress-tolerance-research",totalDownloads:7646,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:30,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Yuri Shavrukov, Yusuf Genc and Julie Hayes",authors:[{id:"103450",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Shavrukov",slug:"yuri-shavrukov",fullName:"Yuri Shavrukov"},{id:"118001",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",middleName:null,surname:"Hayes",slug:"julie-hayes",fullName:"Julie Hayes"}]},{id:"33770",doi:"10.5772/36612",title:"The Role of Hydroponics Technique as a Standard Methodology in Various Aspects of Plant Biology Researches",slug:"the-role-of-hydroponics-technique-as-standard-methodology-in-various-aspects-of-plant-biology-resear",totalDownloads:7845,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Masoud Torabi, Aliakbar Mokhtarzadeh and Mehrdad Mahlooji",authors:[{id:"109050",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",middleName:null,surname:"Torabi",slug:"masoud-torabi",fullName:"Masoud Torabi"},{id:"123116",title:"MSc.",name:"Mehrdad",middleName:null,surname:"Mahlooji",slug:"mehrdad-mahlooji",fullName:"Mehrdad Mahlooji"},{id:"135909",title:"MSc.",name:"Aliakbar",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhtarzadeh",slug:"aliakbar-mokhtarzadeh",fullName:"Aliakbar Mokhtarzadeh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"33765",title:"Nutrient Solutions for Hydroponic Systems",slug:"nutrient-solutions-for-hydroponic-systems",totalDownloads:70952,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:39,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Libia I. Trejo-Téllez and Fernando C. Gómez-Merino",authors:[{id:"113365",title:"Dr.",name:"Libia I.",middleName:null,surname:"Trejo-Téllez",slug:"libia-i.-trejo-tellez",fullName:"Libia I. Trejo-Téllez"},{id:"113414",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando C.",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Merino",slug:"fernando-c.-gomez-merino",fullName:"Fernando C. Gómez-Merino"}]},{id:"33772",title:"Understanding Root Uptake of Nutrients, Toxic and Polluting Elements in Hydroponic Culture",slug:"understanding-root-uptake-of-nutrients-toxic-and-polluting-elements-in-hydroponic",totalDownloads:7690,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"J-T. Cornelis, N. Kruyts, J.E. Dufey, B. Delvaux and S. Opfergelt",authors:[{id:"117526",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Cornelis",slug:"jean-thomas-cornelis",fullName:"Jean-Thomas Cornelis"}]},{id:"33774",title:"Hydroponic Cactus Pear Production, Productivity and Quality of Nopalito and Fodder",slug:"hydroponic-cactus-pear-production-productivity-and-quality-of-nopalito-and-fodder",totalDownloads:3665,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Hugo Magdaleno Ramírez-Tobías, Cristian López-Palacios, Juan Rogelio Aguirre-Rivera and Juan Antonio Reyes-Agüero",authors:[{id:"113702",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes-Agüero",slug:"juan-antonio-reyes-aguero",fullName:"Juan Antonio Reyes-Agüero"}]},{id:"33768",title:"Autotoxicity in Vegetables and Ornamentals and Its Control",slug:"autotoxicity-in-vegetables-and-ornamentals-and-its-control",totalDownloads:3655,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Toshiki Asao and Md. Asaduzzaman",authors:[{id:"106510",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiki",middleName:null,surname:"Asao",slug:"toshiki-asao",fullName:"Toshiki Asao"}]},{id:"33771",title:"The Use of Hydroponic Growth Systems to Study the Root and Shoot Ionome of Arabidopsis thaliana",slug:"the-use-of-hydroponic-growth-systems-to-study-the-root-and-shoot-ionome-of-arabidopsis-thaliana",totalDownloads:2424,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Irina Berezin, Meirav Elazar, Rachel Gaash, Meital Avramov-Mor and Orit Shaul",authors:[{id:"108814",title:"Dr.",name:"Orit",middleName:null,surname:"Shaul",slug:"orit-shaul",fullName:"Orit Shaul"}]},{id:"33775",title:"Hydroponic Production of Fruit Tree Seedlings in Brazil",slug:"production-of-fruit-seedlings-in-hydroponics",totalDownloads:8140,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Ricardo Monteiro Corrêa, Sheila Isabel do Carmo Pinto, Érika Soares Reis and Vanessa Andalo Mendes de Carvalho",authors:[{id:"118220",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:"Monteiro",surname:"Correa",slug:"ricardo-correa",fullName:"Ricardo Correa"},{id:"129639",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheila",middleName:null,surname:"Isabel Do Carmo Pinto",slug:"sheila-isabel-do-carmo-pinto",fullName:"Sheila Isabel Do Carmo Pinto"},{id:"129645",title:"Prof.",name:"Érika",middleName:null,surname:"Soares Reis",slug:"erika-soares-reis",fullName:"Érika Soares Reis"}]},{id:"33766",title:"Parameters Necessary for In Vitro Hydroponic Pea Plantlet Flowering and Fruiting",slug:"parameters-necessary-for-in-vitro-hydroponic-pea-plantlet-flowering-and-fruiting",totalDownloads:2565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Brent Tisserat",authors:[{id:"103211",title:"Dr.",name:"Brent",middleName:null,surname:"Tisserat",slug:"brent-tisserat",fullName:"Brent Tisserat"}]},{id:"33773",title:"Hydroponics and Environmental Clean-Up",slug:"hydroponics-and-environmental-clean-up",totalDownloads:3670,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Ulrico J. López-Chuken",authors:[{id:"107578",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulrico J.",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Chuken",slug:"ulrico-j.-lopez-chuken",fullName:"Ulrico J. Lopez-Chuken"}]},{id:"33769",title:"Plant Hydroponic Cultivation: A Support for Biology Research in the Field of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions",slug:"plant-hydroponic-cultivation-a-support-for-biological-researches-in-plant-microbe-environment-intera",totalDownloads:6634,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Haythem Mhadhbi",authors:[{id:"107759",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mhadhbi",fullName:"Mhadhbi"}]},{id:"33767",title:"The Use of Hydroponics in Abiotic Stress Tolerance Research",slug:"the-use-of-hydroponics-in-abiotic-stress-tolerance-research",totalDownloads:7645,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:30,book:{slug:"hydroponics-a-standard-methodology-for-plant-biological-researches",title:"Hydroponics",fullTitle:"Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches"},signatures:"Yuri Shavrukov, Yusuf Genc and Julie Hayes",authors:[{id:"103450",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Shavrukov",slug:"yuri-shavrukov",fullName:"Yuri Shavrukov"},{id:"118001",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",middleName:null,surname:"Hayes",slug:"julie-hayes",fullName:"Julie Hayes"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"hydroculture",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/solar-cells-new-aspects-and-solutions/flexible-photovoltaic-textiles-for-smart-applications",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"solar-cells-new-aspects-and-solutions",chapter:"flexible-photovoltaic-textiles-for-smart-applications"},fullPath:"/books/solar-cells-new-aspects-and-solutions/flexible-photovoltaic-textiles-for-smart-applications",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()