\r\n\tcapable of communicating with each other. Security cameras, sensors, vehicles, buildings, \r\n\tand software are examples of things that can exchange data among each other. Home \r\n\tautomation or smart home is building automation for all devices and appliances inside the \r\n\thome for providing more independence, Comfort & luxury, and secure life for all home \r\n\tresidences, especially for elderly and disabled people. A home automation system will control \r\n\tall devices and appliances of a home utilizing the internet or IoT paradigm. A home \r\n\tautomation system typically connects several controlled devices to a central hub or \r\n\t"gateway". The user interface, for controlling the system, uses either wall-mounted terminals, \r\n\ttablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a Web interface, that may also be \r\n\taccessible off-site through the Internet. This book intends to provide the reader with a \r\n\tcomprehensive overview of innovative ideas for indoor/outdoor home automotive \r\n\tapplications. Energy Savings, Security, Water and waste management control, flooding \r\n\tcontrol, and Health Monitoring are examples of such applications. Additionally, a well \r\n\tdesigned infrastructure, either software or hardware, for connecting home devices, using the \r\n\tIoT paradigm, will be explored.
",isbn:"978-1-78984-096-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-095-7",doi:null,price:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55ad7d0965cba5aebe448cb43766c45e",bookSignature:"Dr. Yasser Ismail",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7602.jpg",keywords:"Home security, Face recognition, Smart devices, Voice-activation control, Energy savings, Smart light control system, Flooding sensors, Alarm system, Waste control, Water control, Remote health monitoring, IoT",numberOfDownloads:5,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 3rd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 2nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 20th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 21st 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"255636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasser",middleName:null,surname:"Ismail",slug:"yasser-ismail",fullName:"Yasser Ismail",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255636/images/system/255636.png",biography:"Dr. Yasser Ismail received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer\nEngineering from University of Louisiana at Lafayette - USA in 2007 and 2010. Dr. Ismail is currently working as an assistant professor in the Electrical Engineering Department, Southern University and A&M College - Baton Rouge - Louisiana - USA. His area of expertise is Digital Video Processing Algorithms/Architectures levels, Internet of Things (IoT), VLSI and FPGA Design (Low-Power and High Speed Performance Embedded Systems), automotive transportation, Robotics, RFID, and Wireless and Digital Communication Systems. He severed in the technical committees of IEEE ISCAS 2007, IEEE ICECS 2013, MobiApps 2016, and IEEE MWSCAS 2018 conferences. Dr. Ismail served as a PI and Co-PI for several funded grants from NSF and other international fund agencies.",institutionString:"Southern University and A&M College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:[{id:"65738",title:"Privacy of IoT-Enabled Smart Home Systems",slug:"privacy-of-iot-enabled-smart-home-systems",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7311",title:"Electronic Versions of Traditional Media",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0f53a437e7aec5f7bd473de60f46e6e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7311.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7376",title:"Quantum Cryptography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2573ae2df9a0043aa7faca1ce4ed3fb7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Oleg Morozov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7376.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"69648",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Morozov",slug:"oleg-morozov",fullName:"Oleg Morozov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7492",title:"Finite Element Method",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"547d37b1fc786c7aa0cdf478c9c7730b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Seifedine Kadry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7492.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"27144",title:"Dr.",name:"Seifedine",surname:"Kadry",slug:"seifedine-kadry",fullName:"Seifedine Kadry"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Constantin Volosencu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7664",title:"Open Source Programming for Data Science and Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6934476897c6a728296ecd1ec1e69a61",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Keshav Sud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7664.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"202929",title:"Dr.",name:"Keshav",surname:"Sud",slug:"keshav-sud",fullName:"Keshav Sud"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8136",title:"Big Data Analytics in Biomedical Research and Health Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"090aeb64be548be90f0158068cfcb2e4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8136.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8192",title:"Advanced Communication Systems With Practical Circuits",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"15c37e3a694cd999943da8a0cff918ec",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rajendra S. Gad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8192.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"273434",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Gad",slug:"rajendra-gad",fullName:"Rajendra Gad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8200",title:"Petri-Nets",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81aa264b12e7ca3fd6d8b920c9d8c0d9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8232",title:"Embedded Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8096291a7b8403c0428335d19a5abc2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Jalil Boudjadar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8232.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"231193",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Jalil",surname:"Boudjadar",slug:"jalil-boudjadar",fullName:"Jalil Boudjadar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8433",title:"Interactive Multimedia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10c60ae8cc995d9c76b2fba8dedc51e6",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"26791",title:"Optical Vortices in a Fiber: Mode Division Multiplexing and Multimode Self-Imaging",doi:"10.5772/28067",slug:"optical-vortices-in-a-fiber-mode-division-multiplexing-and-multimode-self-reproducing",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/26791.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26791",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26791",totalDownloads:3325,totalViews:95,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 24th 2011",dateReviewed:"August 19th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 25th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/26791",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/26791",book:{slug:"recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research"},signatures:"S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy and V.A. Soifer",authors:[{id:"72613",title:"Prof.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Khonina",fullName:"Svetlana Khonina",slug:"svetlana-khonina",email:"khonina@smr.ru",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2018",title:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research",slug:"recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research",publishedDate:"January 25th 2012",bookSignature:"Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2018.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",middleName:null,surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"26777",title:"Multimode Nonlinear Fibre Optics: Theory and Applications",slug:"multimode-nonlinear-fibre-optics-theory-and-applications",totalDownloads:3917,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Peter Horak and Francesco Poletti",authors:[{id:"70363",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Horak",fullName:"Peter Horak",slug:"peter-horak"},{id:"70366",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Poletti",fullName:"Francesco Poletti",slug:"francesco-poletti"}]},{id:"26778",title:"Spontaneous Nonlinear Scattering Processes in Silica Optical Fibers",slug:"spontaneous-nonlinear-scattering-processes-in-silica-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:3387,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Edouard Brainis",authors:[{id:"71139",title:"Dr.",name:"Edouard",middleName:null,surname:"Brainis",fullName:"Edouard Brainis",slug:"edouard-brainis"}]},{id:"26779",title:"Optical Solitons in a Nonlinear Fiber Medium with Higher-Order Effects",slug:"optical-solitons-in-a-nonlinear-fiber-medium-with-higher-order-effects",totalDownloads:1508,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Deng-Shan Wang",authors:[{id:"69588",title:"Dr.",name:"Deng-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Deng-Shan Wang",slug:"deng-shan-wang"}]},{id:"26780",title:"Progress in Continuous-Wave Supercontinuum Generation",slug:"continuous-wave-supercontinuum-generation",totalDownloads:2082,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arnaud Mussot and Alexandre Kudlinski",authors:[{id:"66272",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Mussot",fullName:"Arnaud Mussot",slug:"arnaud-mussot"},{id:"66310",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Kudlinski",fullName:"Alexandre Kudlinski",slug:"alexandre-kudlinski"}]},{id:"26781",title:"Slow Light in Optical Fibers",slug:"slow-light-in-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:2472,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shanglin Hou and Wei Qiu",authors:[{id:"71140",title:"Prof.",name:"Shanglin",middleName:null,surname:"Hou",fullName:"Shanglin Hou",slug:"shanglin-hou"}]},{id:"26782",title:"Polarization Losses in Optical Fibers",slug:"polarization-losses-in-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:1993,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hassan Abid Yasser",authors:[{id:"68107",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"Abid",surname:"Yasser",fullName:"Hassan Yasser",slug:"hassan-yasser"}]},{id:"26783",title:"Optical Fiber Birefringence Effects – Sources, Utilization and Methods of Suppression",slug:"optical-fiber-birefringence-effects-sources-utilization-and-methods-of-suppression",totalDownloads:7564,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Petr Drexler and Pavel Fiala",authors:[{id:"37776",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Fiala",fullName:"Pavel Fiala",slug:"pavel-fiala"},{id:"40880",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Drexler",fullName:"Petr Drexler",slug:"petr-drexler"}]},{id:"26784",title:"Spun Fibres for Compensation of PMD: Theory and Characterization",slug:"spun-fibers-for-compensation-of-pmd-theory-and-characterization",totalDownloads:1964,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lynda Cherbi and Abderrahmane Bellil",authors:[{id:"70549",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynda",middleName:null,surname:"Cherbi",fullName:"Lynda Cherbi",slug:"lynda-cherbi"}]},{id:"26785",title:"Photonic Crystal Fibers with Optimized Dispersion for Telecommunication Systems",slug:"photonic-crystal-fibers-with-optimized-dispersion-for-telecommunication-systems",totalDownloads:2773,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Michal Lucki",authors:[{id:"75937",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Lucki",fullName:"Michal Lucki",slug:"michal-lucki"}]},{id:"26786",title:"Photonics Crystal Fiber Loop Mirrors and Their Applications'",slug:"photonics-crystal-fiber-loop-mirrors-and-applications",totalDownloads:2114,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chun-Liu Zhao, Xinyong Dong, H. Y. Fu and H. Y. Tam",authors:[{id:"71398",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinyong",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Xinyong Dong",slug:"xinyong-dong"},{id:"77056",title:"Prof.",name:"Hwa-Yaw",middleName:null,surname:"Tam",fullName:"Hwa-Yaw Tam",slug:"hwa-yaw-tam"},{id:"77098",title:"Prof.",name:"Chun-Liu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Chun-Liu Zhao",slug:"chun-liu-zhao"},{id:"77099",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"Hong Yan Fu",slug:"hong-yan-fu"}]},{id:"26787",title:"Photonic Crystal Fiber for Medical Applications",slug:"photonic-crystal-fiber-for-medical-applications-",totalDownloads:2238,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Feroza Begum and Yoshinori Namihira",authors:[{id:"71339",title:"Dr.",name:"Feroza",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Feroza Begum",slug:"feroza-begum"},{id:"71342",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshinori",middleName:null,surname:"Namihira",fullName:"Yoshinori Namihira",slug:"yoshinori-namihira"}]},{id:"26788",title:"Optic Fiber on the Basis of Photonic Crystal",slug:"optic-fiber-on-the-basis-of-photonic-crystal",totalDownloads:1404,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yurij V. Sorokin",authors:[{id:"69871",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:"Vladimirivich",surname:"Sorokin",fullName:"Yuri Sorokin",slug:"yuri-sorokin"}]},{id:"26789",title:"Microstructured Fibre Taper with Constant Outer Diameter",slug:"microstructured-fibre-taper-with-constant-outer-diameter",totalDownloads:2018,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ming-Leung Vincent Tse, D. Chen, C. Lu, P. K. A. Wai and H. Y. Tam",authors:[{id:"77056",title:"Prof.",name:"Hwa-Yaw",middleName:null,surname:"Tam",fullName:"Hwa-Yaw Tam",slug:"hwa-yaw-tam"},{id:"68614",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming-Leung",middleName:"Vincent",surname:"Tse",fullName:"Ming-Leung Tse",slug:"ming-leung-tse"},{id:"93104",title:"Dr.",name:"Daru",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Daru Chen",slug:"daru-chen"},{id:"120169",title:"Prof.",name:"Chao",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Chao Lu",slug:"chao-lu"},{id:"120170",title:"Prof.",name:"Ping-Kong",middleName:null,surname:"Wai",fullName:"Ping-Kong Wai",slug:"ping-kong-wai"}]},{id:"26790",title:"Long Period Gratings in New Generation Optical Fibers",slug:"long-period-gratings-in-new-generation-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:3329,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Agostino Iadicicco, Domenico Paladino, Pierluigi Pilla, Stefania Campopiano, Antonello Cutolo and Andrea Cusano",authors:[{id:"72033",title:"Prof.",name:"Agostino",middleName:null,surname:"Iadicicco",fullName:"Agostino Iadicicco",slug:"agostino-iadicicco"},{id:"76611",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Campopiano",fullName:"Stefania Campopiano",slug:"stefania-campopiano"},{id:"76615",title:"Dr.",name:"Domenico",middleName:null,surname:"Paladino",fullName:"Domenico Paladino",slug:"domenico-paladino"},{id:"76616",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Cusano",fullName:"Andrea Cusano",slug:"andrea-cusano"},{id:"121777",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Cutolo",fullName:"Antonello Cutolo",slug:"antonello-cutolo"},{id:"122268",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierluigi",middleName:null,surname:"Pilla",fullName:"Pierluigi Pilla",slug:"pierluigi-pilla"}]},{id:"26791",title:"Optical Vortices in a Fiber: Mode Division Multiplexing and Multimode Self-Imaging",slug:"optical-vortices-in-a-fiber-mode-division-multiplexing-and-multimode-self-reproducing",totalDownloads:3325,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy and V.A. Soifer",authors:[{id:"72613",title:"Prof.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Khonina",fullName:"Svetlana Khonina",slug:"svetlana-khonina"}]},{id:"26792",title:"Use and Limitations of Single- and Multi-Mode Optical Fibers for Exoplanet Detection",slug:"use-and-limitations-of-single-and-multi-mode-fibers-for-exoplanet-detection",totalDownloads:1767,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Julien F.P. Spronck, Debra A. Fischer and Zachary A. Kaplan",authors:[{id:"74710",title:"Dr.",name:"Julien",middleName:null,surname:"Spronck",fullName:"Julien Spronck",slug:"julien-spronck"},{id:"120247",title:"Prof.",name:"Debra",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",fullName:"Debra Fischer",slug:"debra-fischer"},{id:"120248",title:"Mr.",name:"Zachary",middleName:null,surname:"Kaplan",fullName:"Zachary Kaplan",slug:"zachary-kaplan"}]},{id:"26793",title:"Time and Frequency Transfer in Optical Fibers",slug:"time-and-frequency-transfer-in-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:2380,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Per Olof Hedekvist and Sven-Christian Ebenhag",authors:[{id:"69758",title:"Dr.",name:"Per Olof",middleName:null,surname:"Hedekvist",fullName:"Per Olof Hedekvist",slug:"per-olof-hedekvist"},{id:"77460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sven-Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Ebenhag",fullName:"Sven-Christian Ebenhag",slug:"sven-christian-ebenhag"}]},{id:"26794",title:"Applications of the Planar Fiber Optic Chip",slug:"applications-of-the-planar-fiber-optic-chip-",totalDownloads:2497,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Brooke M. Beam, Jennifer L. Burnett, Nathan A. Webster and Sergio B. Mendes",authors:[{id:"67102",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"B",surname:"Mendes",fullName:"Sergio Mendes",slug:"sergio-mendes"},{id:"77487",title:"Dr.",name:"Brooke",middleName:null,surname:"Beam",fullName:"Brooke Beam",slug:"brooke-beam"},{id:"77489",title:"Ms.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"Burnett",fullName:"Jennifer Burnett",slug:"jennifer-burnett"},{id:"77491",title:"Mr.",name:"Nathan",middleName:null,surname:"Webster",fullName:"Nathan Webster",slug:"nathan-webster"}]},{id:"26795",title:"Optical Fibers in Phase Space: A Theoretical Framework",slug:"optical-fibers-in-phase-space",totalDownloads:1876,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ana Leonor Rivera",authors:[{id:"68438",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Leonor",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera",fullName:"Ana Leonor Rivera",slug:"ana-leonor-rivera"}]},{id:"26796",title:"Effects of Radiation on Optical Fibers",slug:"effects-of-radiation-on-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:4692,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Fuhua Liu, Yuying An, Ping Wang, Bibo Shao and Shaowu Chen",authors:[{id:"75090",title:"Prof.",name:"Fuhua",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Fuhua Liu",slug:"fuhua-liu"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2019",title:"Selected Topics on Optical Fiber Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"673335af161795cf490bbb2abc822f0e",slug:"selected-topics-on-optical-fiber-technology",bookSignature:"Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2019.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28574",title:"Rare-Earth Doped Optical Fibers",slug:"rare-earth-doped-optical-fibers",signatures:"Efraín Mejía-Beltrán",authors:[{id:"68890",title:"Dr.",name:"Efraín",middleName:null,surname:"Mejía Beltrán",fullName:"Efraín Mejía Beltrán",slug:"efrain-mejia-beltran"}]},{id:"28575",title:"Fabrication of Large Core Yb2O3 Doped Phase Separated Yttria-Alumino Silicate Nano-Particles Based Optical Fiber for Use as Fiber Laser",slug:"fabrication-of-large-core-yb2o3-doped-phase-separated-yttria-alumino-silicate-nano-particles-based-o",signatures:"M. C. Paul, A. V. Kir’yanov, S. Bysakh, S. Das, M. Pal, S. K. Bhadra, M. S. Yoo, A. J. Boyland and J. K. Sahu",authors:[{id:"66454",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukul",middleName:"Chandra",surname:"Paul",fullName:"Mukul Paul",slug:"mukul-paul"},{id:"66458",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"V",surname:"Kir’yanov",fullName:"Alexander Kir’yanov",slug:"alexander-kir'yanov"},{id:"66459",title:"Mr.",name:"Shyamal",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Shyamal Das",slug:"shyamal-das"},{id:"66460",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmay",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",fullName:"Mrinmay Pal",slug:"mrinmay-pal"},{id:"66461",title:"Dr.",name:"Shyamal",middleName:null,surname:"Bhadra",fullName:"Shyamal Bhadra",slug:"shyamal-bhadra"},{id:"70381",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"John",surname:"Boyland",fullName:"Alexander Boyland",slug:"alexander-boyland"},{id:"101337",title:"Dr.",name:"Seongwoo",middleName:null,surname:"Yoo",fullName:"Seongwoo Yoo",slug:"seongwoo-yoo"},{id:"101345",title:"Dr.",name:"Jayanta",middleName:null,surname:"Sahu",fullName:"Jayanta Sahu",slug:"jayanta-sahu"},{id:"120193",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandip",middleName:null,surname:"Bysakh",fullName:"Sandip Bysakh",slug:"sandip-bysakh"}]},{id:"28576",title:"An Improved Method of Fabricating Rare Earth Doped Optical Fiber",slug:"an-improved-method-of-fabricating-rare-earth-doped-optical-fiber",signatures:"Ranjan Sen and Anirban Dhar",authors:[{id:"75170",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",fullName:"Ranjan Sen",slug:"ranjan-sen"}]},{id:"28577",title:"Tailoring of the Local Environment of Active Ions in Rare-Earth- and Transition-Metal-Doped Optical Fibres, and Potential Applications",slug:"tailoring-of-the-luminescent-ions-local-environment-in-optical-fibers-and-applications",signatures:"Bernard Dussardier, Wilfried Blanc and Pavel Peterka",authors:[{id:"80958",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Dussardier",fullName:"Bernard Dussardier",slug:"bernard-dussardier"},{id:"81036",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfried",middleName:null,surname:"Blanc",fullName:"Wilfried Blanc",slug:"wilfried-blanc"},{id:"83263",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Peterka",fullName:"Pavel Peterka",slug:"pavel-peterka"}]},{id:"28578",title:"Tunable Rare-Earth Doped Fiber Laser",slug:"tunable-rare-earth-doped-fiber-lasers-",signatures:"Arturo A. Castillo-Guzman and Romeo Selvas-Aguilar",authors:[{id:"79632",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Castillo-Guzman",fullName:"Arturo Castillo-Guzman",slug:"arturo-castillo-guzman"},{id:"127697",title:"Dr.",name:"Romeo",middleName:null,surname:"Selvas-Aguilar",fullName:"Romeo Selvas-Aguilar",slug:"romeo-selvas-aguilar"}]},{id:"28579",title:"Design of High Performance and Low-Cost Single Longitudinal Mode Laser Module for DWDM Application",slug:"design-of-high-performance-and-low-cost-single-longitudinal-mode-laser-module-for-dwdm-application",signatures:"Huei-Min Yang",authors:[{id:"66250",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Huei-Min Yang",slug:"huei-min-yang"}]},{id:"28580",title:"Generation of Few Cycle Femtosecond Pulses via Supercontinuum in a Gas-Filled Hollow-Core Fiber",slug:"generation-of-few-cycle-femtosecond-pulses-via-supercontinuum-in-a-gas-filled-hollow-core-fiber",signatures:"Walid Tawfik Mohamed, Jungkwuen An and Dong Eon Kim",authors:[{id:"29738",title:"Prof.",name:"Dong Eon",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Dong Eon Kim",slug:"dong-eon-kim"},{id:"75932",title:"Prof.",name:"Walid",middleName:null,surname:"Tawfik Mohamed",fullName:"Walid Tawfik Mohamed",slug:"walid-tawfik-mohamed"},{id:"82288",title:"Mr.",name:"Jungkwuen",middleName:null,surname:"An",fullName:"Jungkwuen An",slug:"jungkwuen-an"}]},{id:"28581",title:"Evanescent-Wave Pumped and Gain Coupled Whispering-Gallery-Mode Fibre Laser",slug:"evanescent-wave-pumped-and-gain-coupled-whispering-gallery-mode-fibre-laser",signatures:"Xiao-Yun Pu, Yuan-Xian Zhang and Li Feng",authors:[{id:"68599",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiao-Yun",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",fullName:"Xiao-Yun Pu",slug:"xiao-yun-pu"}]},{id:"28582",title:"Optical Fiber Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Skin Moisture Measurement",slug:"optical-fiber-near-infrared-spectroscopy-for-skin-moisture-measurement",signatures:"Ahmad Fairuz Omar and Mohd Zubir MatJafri",authors:[{id:"11195",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Zubir",middleName:null,surname:"Mat Jafri",fullName:"Mohd Zubir Mat Jafri",slug:"mohd-zubir-mat-jafri"},{id:"66545",title:"Dr.",name:"A. F.",middleName:null,surname:"Omar",fullName:"A. F. Omar",slug:"a.-f.-omar"}]},{id:"28583",title:"Live Cells as Optical Fibers in the Vertebrate Retina",slug:"live-cells-as-optical-fibers-in-the-vertebrate-retina-",signatures:"Andreas Reichenbach, Kristian Franze, Silke Agte, Stephan Junek, Antje Wurm, Jens Grosche, Alexej Savvinov, Jochen Guck and Serguei N. Skatchkov",authors:[{id:"68369",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Reichenbach",fullName:"Reichenbach",slug:"reichenbach"}]},{id:"28584",title:"New Window on Optical Brain Imaging; Medical Development, Simulations and Applications",slug:"new-window-on-optical-brain-imaging-medical-development-simulations-and-applications",signatures:"Chemseddine Mansouri and Nasser H. Kashou",authors:[{id:"77988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"H",surname:"Kashou",fullName:"Nasser Kashou",slug:"nasser-kashou"},{id:"83317",title:"Dr.",name:"Chemseddine",middleName:null,surname:"Mansouri",fullName:"Chemseddine Mansouri",slug:"chemseddine-mansouri"}]},{id:"28585",title:"Novel Conductive and Transparent Optical Fiber Probe for Multifunctional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy",slug:"multifunctional-fiber-",signatures:"Guo Xinli and Fujita Daisuki",authors:[{id:"68602",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinli",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Xinli Guo",slug:"xinli-guo"}]},{id:"28586",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers to Spectroscopy: Detection of High Explosives and Other Threat Chemicals",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-to-spectroscopy",signatures:"Natalie Gaensbauer, Madeline Wrable-Rose, Gabriel Nieves-Colón, Migdalia Hidalgo-Santiago, Michael Ramírez, William Ortiz, Leonardo C. Pacheco-Londoño and Samuel P. Hernandez-Rivera",authors:[{id:"23018",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel P.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Rivera",fullName:"Samuel P. Hernandez-Rivera",slug:"samuel-p.-hernandez-rivera"},{id:"77313",title:"Ms.",name:"Natalie",middleName:null,surname:"Gaensbauer",fullName:"Natalie Gaensbauer",slug:"natalie-gaensbauer"},{id:"77315",title:"Mr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Rivera",fullName:"William Ortiz-Rivera",slug:"william-ortiz-rivera"},{id:"77317",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo C.",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco-Londoño",fullName:"Leonardo C. Pacheco-Londoño",slug:"leonardo-c.-pacheco-londono"},{id:"77318",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael L.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Cedeno",fullName:"Michael L. Ramirez-Cedeno",slug:"michael-l.-ramirez-cedeno"}]},{id:"28587",title:"Phase-Shifting Point Diffraction Interferometer Having Two Point Light Sources of Single-Mode Optical Fibers",slug:"phase-shifting-point-diffraction-interferometer-having-two-point-light-sources-of-single-mode-optica",signatures:"Oshikane Yasushi, Nakano Motohiro and Inoue Haruyuki",authors:[{id:"68603",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Oshikane",fullName:"Yasushi Oshikane",slug:"yasushi-oshikane"},{id:"80121",title:"Prof.",name:"Motohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",fullName:"Motohiro Nakano",slug:"motohiro-nakano"},{id:"80122",title:"Prof.",name:"Haruyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Haruyuki Inoue",slug:"haruyuki-inoue"}]},{id:"28588",title:"“Crystalline” Plastic Optical Fiber with Excellent Heat-Resistant Property",slug:"-crystalline-plastic-optical-fiber-with-excellent-heat-resistant-property-",signatures:"Atsuhiro Fujimori",authors:[{id:"68378",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fujimori",fullName:"Atsuhiro Fujimori",slug:"atsuhiro-fujimori"}]},{id:"28589",title:"Design and Characterization of Single-Mode Microstructured Fibers with Improved Bend Performance",slug:"design-and-characterization-of-single-mode-microstructured-fibers-with-improved-bend-performance",signatures:"Vladimir Demidov, Konstantin Dukel’skii and Victor Shevandin",authors:[{id:"70285",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Shevandin",fullName:"Victor Shevandin",slug:"victor-shevandin"},{id:"120140",title:"Mr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Demidov",fullName:"Vladimir Demidov",slug:"vladimir-demidov"},{id:"120141",title:"Mr.",name:"Konstantin",middleName:null,surname:"Dukel'Skii",fullName:"Konstantin Dukel'Skii",slug:"konstantin-dukel'skii"}]},{id:"28590",title:"Fabrication and Applications of Microfiber",slug:"fabrication-and-applications-of-microfiber",signatures:"K. S. Lim, S. W. Harun, H. Arof and H. Ahmad",authors:[{id:"14201",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulaiman Wadi",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",fullName:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun",slug:"sulaiman-wadi-harun"}]},{id:"28591",title:"Influence of Current Pulse Shape on Directly Modulated Systems using Positive and Negative Dispersion Fibers",slug:"influence-of-current-pulse-shape-on-directly-modulated-systems-using-positive-and-negative-dispersio",signatures:"Paloma R. Horche and Carmina del Río Campos",authors:[{id:"44022",title:"Dr.",name:"Paloma",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Horche",fullName:"Paloma Rodríguez Horche",slug:"paloma-rodriguez-horche"},{id:"98353",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmina",middleName:null,surname:"Del Rio Campos",fullName:"Carmina Del Rio Campos",slug:"carmina-del-rio-campos"}]},{id:"28592",title:"Mechanical Properties of Optical Fibers",slug:"mechanical-properties-of-optical-fibers",signatures:"Paulo Antunes, Fátima Domingues, Marco Granada and Paulo André",authors:[{id:"49291",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"André",fullName:"Paulo André",slug:"paulo-andre"},{id:"52661",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Fátima",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Maria Domingues",slug:"maria-domingues"},{id:"72988",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Fernando Da Costa",surname:"Antunes",fullName:"Paulo Antunes",slug:"paulo-antunes"},{id:"72989",title:"BSc.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Granada",fullName:"Marco Granada",slug:"marco-granada"}]},{id:"28593",title:"Fiber Fuse Propagation Behavior",slug:"fiber-fuse-propagation-behavior",signatures:"Shin-ichi Todoroki",authors:[{id:"66429",title:"Dr.",name:"Shin-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Todoroki",fullName:"Shin-Ichi Todoroki",slug:"shin-ichi-todoroki"}]},{id:"28594",title:"Radiation Induced by Charged Particles in Optical Fibers",slug:"radiation-induced-by-charged-particles-in-optical-fibres",signatures:"Xavier Artru and Cédric Ray",authors:[{id:"76878",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Artru",fullName:"Xavier Artru",slug:"xavier-artru"},{id:"77456",title:"Prof.",name:"Cédric",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",fullName:"Cédric Ray",slug:"cedric-ray"}]},{id:"28595",title:"Non Linear Optic in Fiber Bragg Grating",slug:"non-linear-optic-in-fiber-bragg-grating",signatures:"Toto Saktioto and Jalil Ali",authors:[{id:"103613",title:"Dr.",name:"Toto",middleName:null,surname:"Saktioto",fullName:"Toto Saktioto",slug:"toto-saktioto"}]},{id:"28596",title:"Optical Fibers and Optical Fiber Sensors Used in Radiation Monitoring",slug:"optical-fibers-and-optical-fiber-sensors-used-in-radiation-monitoring",signatures:"Dan Sporea, Adelina Sporea, Sinead O’Keeffe, Denis McCarthy and Elfed Lewis",authors:[{id:"5392",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:null,surname:"Sporea",fullName:"Dan Sporea",slug:"dan-sporea"},{id:"85843",title:"Dr.",name:"Adelina",middleName:null,surname:"Sporea",fullName:"Adelina Sporea",slug:"adelina-sporea"},{id:"85844",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinéad",middleName:null,surname:"O'Keeffe",fullName:"Sinéad O'Keeffe",slug:"sinead-o'keeffe"},{id:"85845",title:"BSc.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"McCarthy",fullName:"Denis McCarthy",slug:"denis-mccarthy"},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis"}]},{id:"28597",title:'Nanoparticles On A String – Fiber Probes as "Invisible" Positioners for Nanostructures',slug:"nanoparticles-on-a-string-fiber-probes-as-invisible-positioners-for-nanostructures",signatures:"Phillip Olk",authors:[{id:"73889",title:"Dr.",name:"Phillip",middleName:null,surname:"Olk",fullName:"Phillip Olk",slug:"phillip-olk"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"63420",title:"Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels: An Interdisciplinary Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80536",slug:"stimuli-responsive-hydrogels-an-interdisciplinary-overview",body:'
1. Introduction
Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric networks of hydrophilic polymers, and the network structure of hydrogel formed by natural or synthetic polymers is capable of holding a large amount of water in it [1, 2]. Hydrogels show the ability to swell and hold a significant fraction of water within its structures without being dissolved in it [3]. The amount of water in the hydrogel, typically in the swollen state depends on the nature of polymer and also on the polymeric network structure [4]. The hydrophilic functional groups attached to the polymeric backbone of hydrogels impart ability to hold water in its structure, and dissolution in water is resisted because of cross-linking polymeric network structures [5]. Physical hydrogels are “ionotropic” reversible hydrogels showing disintegration by changes in the external environmental conditions such as ionic strength, pH, and temperature [6]. Physical hydrogels are formed by the interaction between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes or oppositely charged multivalent ion/surfactant and polyelectrolyte [7]. Chemical hydrogels are formed from covalently cross-linked polymeric network having permanent junctions [8]. Hydrogels are capable of swelling and shrinking reversibly in response to changes in the external environment [9]. Homo-polymeric hydrogels are made of only polymer, whereas copolymeric or multi-polymeric hydrogels are made of two or more polymers [1]. Hydrogels can be modified in terms of chemical structure, composition, biological functions, biodegradability, and various physicochemical properties such as mechanical and rheological, spectral, and pH stability, and release and loading properties for drugs can be managed to optimize the performances of the hydrogels in multiple dimensions especially for biomedical applications [4, 10, 11]. Hydrogels find a wide range of pharmaceutical and biomedical applications due to their resemblance with the physical properties of living tissues such as high water content, compactness, and low interfacial tension with aqueous media [12, 13, 14]. The compactness of hydrogels in aqueous media is maintained by physical cross-linking (e.g., entanglements, crystallites) and chemical cross-linking [15]. Hydrogels are found in the form of matrix, film, microsphere, and nanoparticles depending on the processing parameters of hydrogels [16, 17]. Nowadays, hydrogels are being practically applied for drug delivery, tissue engineering, self-healing process of the body and also as biosensors and hemostasis bandages [18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Hydrogels are being used for developing drug delivery systems as they are possessing good transport properties for drugs and capable of protecting drugs from the external environment, and modifications on the gel structures can be easily introduced according to the route of administration [2].
During the last few decades, a significant amount of research has been performed to develop hydrogels with stimuli-responsive properties where external triggers like temperature, pH, light, magnetic and electrical fields, shear forces, and chemicals cause some changes in the properties of the hydrogel materials such as swelling, porosity, physical structure, and modulus [23, 24, 25]. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are capable of showing switchable sol-gel transition upon application of external triggers. The external stimuli including temperature, light, magnetic and electrical fields, and ultrasonic wave are considered physical triggers, while pH, redox reactions are considered chemical triggers [26]. This stimuli-responsive behavior of hydrogels has opened immense possibilities of extremely diversified applications in biomedical areas especially for drug delivery applications [27, 28, 29, 30]. Thermoresposive hydrogels show changes in mechanical and drug release properties with the change in the temperature of the external environment [31, 32]. The schematic representation of formation of drug-loaded thermoresponsive hydrogel as drug delivery system has been given in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The schematic representation of thermoresponsive hydrogel formation loaded with drug using temperature as a stimulus.
Thermoresponsive hydrogels are formed above a low critical solution temperature (LCST) where the polymer solutions undergo phase separation to form hydrogels [28, 33]. At temperature below LCST, all the components in the system are completely miscible in all proportions [34]. Polymers with upper critical solution temperature (UCST) get soluble upon heating [35]. The thermoresponsive hydrogels are found to have various hydrophobic groups, and LCST/UCST can be modified by changing the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of the polymers [36, 37]. Thermoresponsive hydrogels are of great interest in the area of biomedical applications especially for drug delivery applications as many hydrogels show gel formation at universally accepted physiological temperature of 37°C, and also, several easy modifications are available to control gel formation at physiological temperature [23, 25, 38, 39, 40]. In situ forming hydrogels find biomedical applications as it can provide suitable ways for simple, “custom-made diagnostics” [13]. pH-responsive hydrogels show swelling/shrinking behavior in response to change in the environmental pH [41, 42], and this class of stimuli-responsive hydrogels is of particular interest for biomedical applications as substantial pH changes are found in various organs or locations in the body required for normal body function such as the gastrointestinal tract [43], blood vessels, intracellular vesicles [44], and female genital tract [45]. pH changes within the body also occur due to abnormal body functions or in the diseased state including tumor environment [46] and inflammation [47]. The pH-responsive hydrogel systems have been widely used for developing a wide variety of drug delivery systems [41, 48, 49, 50].
Thermoresponsive hydrogels are made from a wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers, and some thermoresponsive hydrogels forming polymers find a lot of interests as these hydrogels have excellent biomedical applications especially for developing drug delivery systems used in cancer therapy, transdermal drug therapy, and oral drug delivery [25, 35, 51, 52]. The thermoresponsive polymers widely used in developing drug delivery systems are poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm); pluronics® or poloxamers mainly pluronic F127 (PF127), polyoxazoline, and poly(organophosphazenes); and some natural polymers having thermoresponsive properties are gelatin/collagen, cellulose, chitosan, xyloglucan, starch, xanthan gum, carrageenans, hyaluronic acid, dextran, poly(γ-glutamate), and elastin and elastin like polypeptide/oligopeptide [53, 54, 55]. The most commonly used polymers to develop pH-responsive behavior in hydrogels include either acidic groups (carboxylic) or basic groups (amino), and the monomers used in pH-responsive polymers are acrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylic acid, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol [46, 56]. All pH-responsive polymers contain pendant acidic or basic groups that either accept or donate protons in response to pH change in the external environment [57, 58]. The pendant ionizable groups of anionic hydrogel networks become ionized in solutions at a pH greater than their acid dissociation constant (pKa), and cationic hydrogel networks swell at pH lower than their pKa values as their pendant groups get ionized in that pH. The swelling and shrinking behavior of pH-responsive hydrogels depending on the charge of pH-responsive polymer is schematically presented in Figure 2. Natural polymers including chitosan, gelatin, alginate, and albumin can also show pH-responsive behavior [41, 59, 60]. pH-responsive hydrogels made from synthetic and natural polymers are widely used in drug delivery applications [23].
Figure 2.
The schematic representation of swelling/shrinking of pH-responsive hydrogels.
Stimuli-responsive polymers are used as surface modifying systems of textile fabrics to enrich them with advanced functionalities and environmental responsiveness [61]. Thermoresponsive/pH-responsive or any other stimuli-responsive hydrogel present on textile fabric is capable of responding to changes in environmental conditions and giving comfort by actively balancing body temperature and moisture [53]. Stimuli-responsive (thermoresponsive) hydrogels are used as drug delivery systems for the controlled release of drugs from functionalized textiles applied for skin care [53, 61]. Thereby, drug delivery systems from hydrogels of stimuli-responsive polymers are being developed for textile-based transdermal therapy [61]. The functionalized textiles with stimuli-responsive hydrogels also include esthetic appeal, soft display, wound monitoring, smart wetting properties, and protection against extreme variations in environmental conditions [61].
2. Drug delivery and textile applications of thermoresponsive polymers
A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers and their derivatives are capable of exhibiting thermoresponsive gelation, and during the last two decades, many drug delivery systems for cancer therapy, tissue regeneration, transdermal drug therapy, and oral drug delivery are developed using thermoresponsive polymers [25, 62]. Thermoresponsive hydrogel-based drug delivery systems have been increasingly gaining attention as thermoresponsive hydrogels can effectively encapsulate drugs and release them in a sustained manner [63]. Also, various methods and easy modifications on both natural and synthetic thermosensitive polymers can be introduced to tailor thermosensitive hydrogel properties in order to achieve the desired drug release profile [64, 65, 66]. Several chemical modifications are applied on thermoresponsive polymers to improve stability and drug release properties of the hydrogels [36, 38].
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) and its copolymers can form thermoresponsive hydrogels which are widely used for developing drug delivery systems with excellent applicabilities and functionalities [67, 68, 69, 70, 71]. pNIPAAm shows LCST (32°C) near body temperature in pure water and becomes hydrophobic at the LCST [72, 73]. pNIPAAm was copolymerized with acrylamide [74] and N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) methacrylamide [75] to work more effectively at body temperature as thermoresponsive hydrogel-based drug delivery systems. The hydrogel made of pNIPAAm and methyl cellulose combined thermoresponsive properties of both materials and LCST of the compound varied with the proportion of constituents forming hydrogel [16]. Also, methyl cellulose addition to pNIPAAm enhanced the mechanical strength of the hydrogel [16]. The thermoresponsive hydrogel system made of pNIPAAm and butyl methacrylate (BuMA) showed a sustained zero-order drug release and showed gelling near body temperature [76]. The thermoresponsive hydrogel made of copolymers of NIPAAm and propylacrylic acid (PAA) by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method showed tunable properties in a variety of molecular switching and drug delivery applications [77]. This copolymer of NIPAAm and propylacrylic acid (PAA) also showed pH-responsive behavior which is relevant for drug delivery applications [77]. The nanoparticle hydrogel system made of pNIPAAm and a photo cross-linker, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) showed thermoresponsive hydrogel forming property and was capable of showing in situ photopolymerization to localize at a specific location in the body [78]. The thermoresponsive hydrogel made from copolymer of alginate and pNIPAAm was used as a drug delivery system for anticancer drug doxorubicin [79]. The hydrogel formed from alginate and pNIPAAm showed gel formation at body temperature of 37°C [79]. Thermoresponsive hydrogels made pNIPAAm and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) were used as ocular drug delivery systems to deliver some bioactive proteins and immunoglobulin G (IgG) [80]. In spite of various drug delivery applications of pNIPAAm-based thermoresponsive hydrogels, there is a doubt on biodegradability of this polymer as it is very relevant to successful and safe drug delivery applications. Nowadays, a wide number of researches are being performed to develop biodegradable copolymers of pNIPAAm. The most promising polymers for biodegradability enhancement of pNIPAAm hydrogels are reported to be poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and/or poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) [81]. Moreover, the biocompatibility of pNIPAAm-based thermoresponsive hydrogels is mostly achieved by copolymerizing with PEG and/or PCL [81]. A dual-responsive spiropyran-NIPAAm hydrogel (light and temperature) formed by a facile and versatile surface-initiated controlled polymerization method (SI-ARGET-ATRP) showed capability of dimensional changes on cotton fabric upon irradiation with visible light or a temperature stimulus [82]. pNIPAAm-based thermoresponsive hydrogels were applied to develop smart functionalized textiles [61]. The dual-responsive nano-hydrogel made of pNIPAAm and chitosan was applied on cotton fabric as a surface modifying system using 4-butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) as an environmental friendly cross-linking agent [83]. The use of nano-hydrogel on cotton fabric enhanced its water retention capacity [83]. Thermoresponsive hydrogel made of pNIPAAm and polyurethane hydrogel via chitosan modification exhibited antibacterial function against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on nonwoven fabric [84]. pNIPAAm-based thermoresponsive hydrogel applied on fabrics can exhibit reversible swelling/shrinkage and modify water absorption/retention capacity [61].
Another important thermoresponsive polymer pluronic F127 (PF127) is capable of forming hydrogel near body temperature, and PF127 is a triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) [25, 85]. In order to enhance applicability and functionality of PF127-based drug delivery systems, various chemical modifications were done on PF127 [86, 87, 88]. The thermoresponsive hydrogel made from PF127 and glycol chitosan was used as drug delivery system for doxorubicin and partially for superoxide dismutase (SOD) [89]. Thermoresponsive hydrogel made from PF127 and hyaluronic acid was used as drug delivery system for human growth hormone [90]. The conjugate was made by photopolymerization, and it formed hydrogel near body temperature [90]. The thermoresponsive hydrogel made from PF127, polyurethane, and Erythrosin B was used as drug carriers and fluorescence imaging probes in biomedical applications as well [91]. The hydrogel also showed pH responsiveness [91]. The thermoresponsive hydrogel microspheres from PF-127 and chitosan cross-linked with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker were applied for delivery of anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil [92]. Thermoresponsive hydrogels made from PF127-based were used for textile-based transdermal drug delivery [53, 93]. Chinese herbal medicine-loaded PF127-based thermoresponsive hydrogels were applied for textile-based transdermal therapy [94, 95]. The drug-loaded hydrogels developed by a “cold method” were capable of moisturizing the skin and protecting it against the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis [94, 95]. Thermoresponsive hydrogel system from PF127 and alginate was applied for transdermal delivery of selegiline and the thermoresponsive hydrogel synthesized either by physical mixing of components or chemical grafting showed sustained and controlled release of selegiline [96].
Thermoresponsive hydrogels based on poly(ethylene oxide)-based diblock/triblock copolymers were successfully applied as drug delivery systems [36]. Thermoresponsive hydrogels made of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) [PEO-PCL] diblock copolymers [97] and poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene oxide) [PEO-PCL-PEO] triblock copolymers [98] were used as drug delivery systems. Thermoresponsive hydrogel from [PEO-PCL-PEO] triblock copolymers were coated on nonwoven textile fabric to develop functionalized textile fabric with moisture management property [99]. The hydrogel showed thermoresponsive property with LCST (34°C) close to body temperature and also exhibited controlled and sustained release of drug [99].
Some natural polymers capable of forming thermoresponsive hydrogels and drug delivery systems formed from biopolymer-based thermoresponsive hydrogels find excellent clinical applications [25]. Methylcellulose, water-soluble cellulose derivative, is capable of forming thermoresponsive hydrogels and forms thermoreversible hydrogel in the temperatures range of 60–80°C [25]. The gelation of methylcellulose involves hydrophobic association of polymer molecules and then their phase separation to form gel [100]. Water-soluble methylcellulose was developed by substituting hydroxyl groups on cellulose with more hydrophobic methyl units, and solubility of methylcellulose in water was affected by the degree of substitution [100]. The copolymer of methylcellulose and pNIPAAm combined the thermogelling properties of both materials, and mechanical strength of the hydrogel was enhanced after combining methylcellulose with NIPAAM [101]. The micelle-based thermoreversible gel system from methylcellulose and PF127 exhibited sustained delivery of docetaxel for more than 30 days which resulted in enhanced anticancer effect of docetaxel compared to the free drug [102]. Thermoresponsive hydrogel made of carboxymethyl cellulose and gelatin-loaded with lidocaine was applied for transdermal drug therapy [103]. Thermoresponsive hydrogel system made of PF127 and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium was used as textile-based transdermal drug delivery system with the Chinese herbal medicine (cortex moutan) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) [94, 95]. This drug delivery system provided both moisture and drug to the skin protecting pathogenesis of AD [94, 95].
Chitosan produced by the deacetylation of chitin is used to form thermoresponsive hydrogels for biological applications [25]. The commercial source of chitin is the exoskeleton of shrimp, lobster, and insects, and chitin is converted to more biologically active chitosan using alkali treatment. As chitosan lacks intrinsic thermosensitive properties, thus, other thermosensitive materials need to be introduced into chitosan to make it work as thermoresponsive hydrogels [53]. Chitosan-pluronic (CP) thermoresponsive hydrogel was formed by grafting pluronic onto chitosan using carbodiimide chemistry, and the hydrogel was designed as an injectable cell delivery system for cartilage regeneration [104]. The thermoresponsive hydrogel system using chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and NIPAAm was used as drug delivery system for the analgesic drug nalbuphine, and it showed better controlled release of the drug in vitro than that of hydrogel made of only pNIPAAm hydrogels [105]. Carboxymethyl chitosan-modified pluronic thermoresponsive hydrogel was used for localized delivery of paclitaxel (PTX) [106]. The mechanical strength of the thermoresponsive hydrogel was increased after cross-linking carboxymethyl chitosan with glutaraldehyde, and also the drug delivery system showed sustained drug delivery at the tumor sites [106]. The thermoresponsive hydrogels were made from pNIPAAm and chitosan by interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) technology using a redox initiator system made of potassium peroxydisulfate and sodium hydrogen sulfite [107]. The hydrogel system was applied on cotton fabric using glutaraldehyde as cross-linker to enhance the thermoresponsive behavior and antibacterial activity of cotton fabric [107].
Dextran is a complex-branched glucan made of glucose monomers and synthesized from sucrose by bacterial fermentation using lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Streptococcus mutans. Thermoresponsive hydrogel system from poly(ε-lysine)-grafted dextran and α-cyclodextrins showed also pH-responsive character and could be used as drug delivery system [108]. The block polymers consisting of dextran, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, oligolactate, and NIPAAm were capable of forming thermoresponsive and completely biodegradable hydrogels which showed LCST near body temperature (around 32°C) and exhibited controlled release of incorporated albumin at environmental temperatures [109]. The multifunctional and biodegradable thermoresponsive hydrogels made from NIPAAm, dextran, and poly(L-lactic acid) were used as drug delivery systems, and it showed gelation (LCST) around 32°C [110].
Xyloglucan, a major component of higher plant cell wall is commercially obtained from tamarind seed (Tamarindus indica) and made of a β-1,4 linked D-glucan backbone where α-D xylopyranose residues are partially substituted on O-6 position of glucopyranosyl residues. The thermoresponsive behavior of xyloglucan arises after elimination of 35% of its galactose residues, and thermoresponsive hydrogels of xyloglucans have been studied for drug delivery applications [25]. Xyloglucan (3%wt.) in aqueous media after gelation showed three-dimensional macroporous interconnected network with an elastic modulus which was significantly higher than other natural or synthetic hydrogels [111]. β-galactosidase-treated xyloglucan after being partially degraded (45% of galactose residues removed) formed thermoresponsive hydrogel at 27°C to work as drug delivery system for nasal drugs [111]. Xyloglucan-based thermoresponsive hydrogel was developed for delivery of lidocaine HCl in the treatment of periodontosis, and this in situ hydrogel-loaded with analgesic drug offered an alternative to painful injection therapy of anesthesia during dental surgery [112].
The chemical nature and biomedical applications of thermoresponsive hydrogels are briefly summarized in Table 1.
Chemical constituents of thermoresponsive hydrogel
Biomedical application of thermoresponsive hydrogel
The chemical nature and biomedical applications of thermoresponsive hydrogels.
3. Drug delivery and textile applications of pH-responsive polymers
Anionic hydrogel network formed by polyacrylic acid (PAA) was applied as pH-responsive hydrogel system as it swelled/dissolved at high pH of the upper small intestine of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but resisted any swelling or remained collapsed while in the acidic pH of the stomach, and thereby, as a drug delivery system, it protected loaded drug from any harsh acidic environment in the stomach [43, 113]. PAA-based pH-responsive biodegradable hydrogels were developed from four types of pH-sensitive PAA derivatives and a biodegradable poly(l-glutamic acid) cross-linker and applied as drug delivery systems for oral delivery of insulin [114]. The wound healing monitoring textiles were developed from pH-responsive hydrogel of polyvinyl acetate cross-linked PAA, and the swelling of the pH-responsive hydrogel resulted in a refractive index change of the hydrogel providing information on the stage of wound healing process [115].
Albumin is a natural protein harvested directly from the human blood plasma, and hydrogels developed from serum albumin are widely applied for drug delivery applications [26]. Albumin formed pH-responsive anionic hydrogel network which swelled in basic pH medium, and pH responsiveness of albumin was developed through reductive reaction followed by oxidative refolding [116]. Furthermore, the albumin hydrogel also showed redox responsiveness. An increase in albumin concentration in the hydrogel enhanced its mechanical and structural stability and improved biodegradability and biocompatibility [116]. The use of the hydrogel as drug delivery system for tetracycline showed its usefulness in drug delivery applications [116]. pH-responsive hydrogel based on bovine serum albumin (BSA) derivative was applied for oral drug delivery, and free radical polymerization technique was applied to develop methacrylate derivatized BSA [117]. Medical textiles for wound healing included coating of BSA hydrogels on textile materials [118].
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a highly water-soluble nonionic polymer and widely used in drug delivery applications because of its biocompatibility and low toxicity. The pH-responsive hydrogel made of PEG derivative and α,β-polyaspartylhydrazide loaded with doxorubicin was applied for cancer therapy [46]. It remained as free-flowing fluid before injection but spontaneously changed into a semisolid hydrogel just after injecting into the body [46]. The prepared hydrogel was biocompatible and biodegradable and utilized as a pH-responsive vector for drug delivery [46]. pH-responsive hydrogels made of poly(itaconic acid) with PEG were applied as drug delivery system for oral drug delivery and the hydrogels were prepared by UV-initiated free radical polymerization using tetraethylene glycol as the cross-linking agent and Irgacure 2959 as the initiator [119]. Medical textiles developed from coating pH-responsive hydrogel made of PEG and chitosan on cotton membrane were applied for wound dressing [120].
pH-responsive cationic hydrogels using polymers like poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) show swelling in low pH due to the protonation of their tertiary amine groups [121]. Because of pH responsiveness and ability to bind with anionic hydrogels, cationic hydrogels find a wide variety of biomedical application especially for drug delivery [122, 123]. pH-responsive hydrogel-based drug delivery system from poly(vinyl alcohol) and PDMAEMA showed promising drug delivery application, and the molecular weight of PDMAEMA was reported to have significant effect on the structure, swelling ratio, and drug release behaviors of the hydrogels at different pH conditions [124]. A pH-responsive nano-hydrogel was synthesized by copolymerization of PDEAEMA with hetero-bifunctional PEG bearing a 4-vinylbenzyl group at one end and a carboxylic acid group at the other end, and nano-hydrogel was found suitable for endosomal release of anticancer drug doxorubicin [125]. The doxorubicin-loaded nano-hydrogel showed much higher drug in pH 5.3 than that in pH 7.4 [125]. Medical textiles were developed by grafting PDMAEMA onto the cotton surface for low-adherent wound dressing [126].
Chitosan is an excellent example of pH-responsive natural polymer having antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability and a wide range of good biological activities [53]. The pH-responsive behavior of chitosan comes from its primary amine groups which can be protonated/deprotonated depending on pH of the external environment (solutions) [127]. Chitosan forms cationic hydrogel network in water which swells in acidic pH and remains collapsed in basic pH, and thereby, the pH-responsive behavior of chitosan-based hydrogels can be controlled for targeted gastrointestinal delivery of a variety of drugs [23]. pH-responsive hydrogel formed from chitosan and poly(ethylene oxide) was used for oral delivery of antibiotics metronidazole and amoxicillin [128]. The hydrogel network swelled more in simulated gastric fluid than simulated intestinal fluid, and also, the drugs were release more from the hydrogel in gastric pH condition than intestinal pH condition [128]. Physically cross-linked pH-responsive hydrogel with enhanced mechanical strength was developed from chitosan, acrylic acid, (2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate via in situ free radical polymerization for controlled drug delivery of bovine serum albumin, and 5-fluorouracil in cancer therapy [129]. The potential drug carrier from pH-responsive hydrogel of carboxymethyl chitosan and PEG was developed using photo-induced synthesis, and the release of 5-fluorouracil from the hydrogel was investigated [130]. Smart textile fabrics and medical textiles were developed by integrating pH-responsive chitosan hydrogels onto fabrics [131, 132, 133].
The chemical nature and biomedical applications of pH-responsive hydrogels are briefly summarized in Table 2.
The chemical nature and biomedical applications of pH-responsive hydrogels.
4. Drug delivery and textile applications of dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogels
The hydrogel system combined both pH-responsive polymer and thermoresponsive polymer-enhanced efficiency of stimuli-responsive hydrogels for drug delivery applications [134]. The swelling behavior of dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogel has been schematically represented in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
The schematic representation of swelling/shrinking of dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogels.
Natural polymer like chitosan was used as pH-responsive polymer to combine with thermoresponsive synthetic polymer pNIPAAm in order to create dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogel-based drug delivery systems [135, 136, 137]. Dual-responsive hydrogels based on glycidyl methacrylated chitosan and pNIPAAm via photopolymerization were used as drug delivery systems for acid orange 8 (AO8) and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), and the hydrogels showed response to both temperature and pH as external stimuli [135]. Chitosan and pNIPAAm formed dual (pH/temperature)-responsive hydrogel network with semi-interpenetrating polymeric network via radical-induced polymerization of NIPAAm in the presence of chitosan using tetraethyleneglycoldiacrylate as a cross-linker, and this dual-responsive hydrogel was used as drug delivery system for pilocarpine hydrochloride [136]. Dual-responsive hydrogels based on pH-responsive chitosan and temperature responsive pNIPAAm were applied on textile fabrics (cotton fabrics) to modify their surface properties, and these functionalized textiles showed advanced functionalities and environmental responsiveness [83, 138, 139]. Surface modification of cotton fabric with pH and temperature dual-responsive hydrogels of chitosan and pNIPAAm improved air and moisture management activities of functionalized textiles [83].
Dual-responsive hydrogels made of pNIPAAm as thermoresponsive polymer and PAA as pH-responsive polymer found drug delivery applications [77, 140]. The hydrogel system made from copolymer of NIPAAm and itaconic acid [NIPAAm-co-itaconic acid] showed dual responsiveness to external stimuli temperature and pH and was proposed as effective drug delivery system [141]. Dual hydrogel system made of pNIPAAm and PDMAEMA by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, and click chemistry showed dual responsiveness for temperature and pH, and this dual-responsive hydrogel was used as drug delivery system for ceftriaxone sodium [142, 143]. Dual-responsive biodegradable hydrogel made from thermoresponsive copolymer p(NIPAAm-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and pH-responsive poly(L-glutamic acid) was applied as drug delivery system for hydrophilic drugs [144]. Dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogel system was developed using thermoresponsive polymer pNIPAAm and cellulose nanofibril isolated by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation and applied as carrier for drug [145]. Dual-responsive (pH and temperate) hydrogels made from synthetic polymers pNIPAAm and vinyl-capped polyurethane were graft copolymerized onto nonwoven cellulose/PET fabric by ammonium persulfate initiation to modify surface properties of textile material [146]. Dual-responsive hydrogels made of pNIPAAm and polyurethane were grafted onto nonwoven fabric for modifying surface property of textile materials [147].
Chitosan-coated alginate hydrogel beads with pNIPAAm showed pH and temperature dual responsiveness and were applied as drug delivery system with improved encapsulation efficiency and sustained drug release property [148]. The hydrogel consisting of sugarcane bagasse cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and pNIPAAm was applied as a dual-responsive (pH and temperature) drug carrier for BSA, and the drug carrier system showed sustained release of drug [149]. Cellulose-based dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogel was prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose in an aqueous medium using citric acid (CA) as a cross-linking agent and applied on knitted cotton fabric to modify its surface properties [150]. Chitosan with other biopolymers including β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), arabic gum, guar gum, and pullulan formed four different types of dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogels using glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilan as a cross-linker, and depending on the nature of biopolymers used in hydrogels, the texture of the hydrogels varied [151]. All the varieties of hydrogels were applied on textile fabrics to modify surface properties like antibacterial, water uptake, and moisture retention, and the hydrogels imparted hydrophobicity to the cotton fabric [151].
The chemical nature and biomedical applications of dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogels are briefly summarized in Table 3.
Chemical constituents of dual-responsive hydrogel
Biomedical application of dual-responsive hydrogel
The chemical nature and biomedical applications of dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogels.
5. Conclusions
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels from a wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers provide a significant contribution in biomedical area especially for drug delivery applications. Over the last 10 years, the potential applications of stimuli-responsive hydrogels in textiles are rapidly advancing. Functionalized textiles integrated with stimuli-responsive hydrogels show improved moisture/temperature management, esthetic appeal, soft display, and enhanced protection against extreme environmental conditions. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels used in textiles are mainly thermoresponsive, pH-responsive, and furthermore dual-responsive (temperature and pH) in nature, and specific drug-loaded stimuli-responsive hydrogels are being applied for textile-based transdermal therapy. The polymers used in thermoresponsive hydrogels vary from synthetic polymers to nature polymers, and often, composites are developed for better functionalities. pH-responsive hydrogels include natural to synthetic polymers, and depending on the charge of polymers, the charge of pH-responsive hydrogel varies. For site-specific delivery of drug by pH-responsive hydrogels, the charge of hydrogels plays a significant role. Dual-responsive hydrogel includes both thermoresponsive polymer and pH-responsive polymer to show response to external pH and temperature changes. With the rapid development of dual responsive (pH/temperature) hydrogels, and their applications in textiles as drug delivery systems will develop smart textiles in near future with more functionalities.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the block grant of the Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (ref: 1-ZVLM).
\n',keywords:"stimuli-responsive, hydrogel, thermoresponsive, pH-responsive, dual-responsive, textile, drug delivery, transdermal therapy",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/63420.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/63420.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63420",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63420",totalDownloads:75,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 27th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Stimuli-responsive hydrogels formed by various natural and synthetic polymers are capable of showing distinctive changes in their properties with external stimuli like temperature, pH, light, ionic changes, and redox potential. Some hydrogels are developed to exhibit dual responsiveness with external stimuli such as pH and temperature. The stimuli-responsive hydrogels find a wide variety of biomedical applications including drug delivery, gene delivery, and tissue regeneration. The advanced functionalities can be imparted to textile materials by integrating stimuli-responsive hydrogels into them and stimuli-responsive hydrogels including thermoresponsive, pH-responsive, and dual-responsive improve moisture and water retention property, environmental responsiveness, esthetic appeal, display, and comfort of textiles. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels loaded with various kinds of drugs are applied for textile-based transdermal therapy as these hydrogels as drug carriers show controlled and sustained drug release. In this chapter, drug delivery and textile applications of thermoresponsive, pH-responsive, and dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogels are discussed and analyzed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/63420",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/63420",signatures:"Sudipta Chatterjee and Patrick Chi-leung Hui",book:{id:"8353",title:"Hydrogels",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Hydrogels",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Lacramioara Popa, Dr. Mihaela Violeta Ghica and Prof. Cristina Dinu-Pirvu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8353.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"228211",title:"Prof.",name:"Lacramioara",middleName:null,surname:"Popa",slug:"lacramioara-popa",fullName:"Lacramioara Popa"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Drug delivery and textile applications of thermoresponsive polymers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Drug delivery and textile applications of pH-responsive polymers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Drug delivery and textile applications of dual-responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogels",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Ahmed EM. Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. Journal of Advanced Research. 2015;6:105-121'},{id:"B2",body:'Hoffman AS. Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2002;43:3-12'},{id:"B3",body:'Wichterle O, Lím D. Hydrophilic gels for biological use. Nature. 1960;185:117-118'},{id:"B4",body:'Kashyap N, Kumar N, Kumar M. Hydrogels for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 2005;22:107-149'},{id:"B5",body:'Dragan ES. Design and applications of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels. A review. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2014;243:572-590'},{id:"B6",body:'Tsitsilianis C. Responsive reversible hydrogels from associative “smart” macromolecules. Soft Matter. 2010;6:2372-2388'},{id:"B7",body:'Akhtar MF, Hanif M, Ranjha NM. Methods of synthesis of hydrogels … A review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2016;24:554-559'},{id:"B8",body:'Ferreira NN, Ferreira LMB, Cardoso VMO, Boni FI, Souza ALR, Gremião MPD. Recent advances in smart hydrogels for biomedical applications: From self-assembly to functional approaches. European Polymer Journal. 2018;99:117-133'},{id:"B9",body:'Zhao W, Jin X, Cong Y, Liu Y, Fu J. Degradable natural polymer hydrogels for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 2013;88:327-339'},{id:"B10",body:'Sharpe LA, Daily AM, Horava SD, Peppas NA. Therapeutic applications of hydrogels in oral drug delivery. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2014;11:901-915'},{id:"B11",body:'Peppas NA, Bures P, Leobandung W, Ichikawa H. Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2000;50:27-46'},{id:"B12",body:'Lee SC, Kwon IK, Park K. Hydrogels for delivery of bioactive agents: A historical perspective. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2013;65:17-20'},{id:"B13",body:'Tomme SRV, Storm G, Hennink WE. In situ gelling hydrogels for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2008;355:1-18'},{id:"B14",body:'Caló E, Khutoryanskiy VV. Biomedical applications of hydrogels: A review of patents and commercial products. European Polymer Journal. 2015;65:252-267'},{id:"B15",body:'Peppas NA, Wood KM, Blanchette JO. Hydrogels for oral delivery of therapeutic proteins. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2004;4:1-7'},{id:"B16",body:'Peppas NA. Physiologically responsive gels. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers. 1991;6:241-246'},{id:"B17",body:'Chai Q, Jiao Y, Yu X. Hydrogels for biomedical applications: Their characteristics and the mechanisms behind them. Gels. 2017;3:6'},{id:"B18",body:'Mastropietro DJ, Omidian H, Park K. Drug delivery applications for superporous hydrogels. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2012;9:71-89'},{id:"B19",body:'Hoare TR, Kohane DS. Hydrogels in drug delivery: Progress and challenges. Polymer. 2008;49:1993-2007'},{id:"B20",body:'El-Sherbiny IM, Yacoub MH. Hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering: Progress and challenges. Global Cardiology Science and Practice. 2013;2013:316-342'},{id:"B21",body:'Lee KY, Mooney DJ. Hydrogels for tissue engineering. Chemical Reviews. 2001;101:1869-1880'},{id:"B22",body:'Hamidi M, Azadi A, Rafiei P. Hydrogel nanoparticles in drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2009;60:1638-1649'},{id:"B23",body:'Koetting MC, Peters JT, Steichen SD, Peppas NA. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels: Theory, modern advances, and applications. Materials Science and Engineering R. 2015;93:1-49'},{id:"B24",body:'Buwalda SJ, Boere KWM, Dijkstra PJ, Feijen J, Vermonden T, Hennink WE. Hydrogels in a historical perspective: From simple networks to smart materials. Journal of Controlled Release. 2014;190:254-273'},{id:"B25",body:'Klouda L, Mikos AG. Thermoresponsive hydrogels in biomedical applications—A review. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2008;68:34-45'},{id:"B26",body:'Sood N, Bhardwaj A, Mehta S, Mehta A. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Drug Delivery. 2016;23:748-770'},{id:"B27",body:'Hoffman AS. Stimuli-responsive polymers: Biomedical applications and challenges for clinical translation. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2013;65:10-16'},{id:"B28",body:'Jeong B, Kim SW, Bae YH. Thermosensitive sol-gel reversible hydrogels. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2002;54:37-51'},{id:"B29",body:'Bromberg LE, Ron ES. Temperature-responsive gels and thermogelling polymer matrices for protein and peptide delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 1998;31:197-221'},{id:"B30",body:'Zha L, Banik B, Alexis F. Stimulus responsive nanogels for drug delivery. Soft Matter. 2011;7:5908-5916'},{id:"B31",body:'Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM, Dave AM, Kumbar SG, Rudzinski WE. Stimulus-responsive “smart” hydrogels as novel drug delivery systems. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2002;28:957-974'},{id:"B32",body:'Hirotsu S. Coexistence of phases and the nature of first-order transition in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gels. Advances in Polymer Science. 1993;110:1-26'},{id:"B33",body:'Akash MSH, Rehman K, Sun H, Chen S. Assessment of release kinetics, stability and polymer interaction of poloxamer 407-based thermosensitive gel of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2014;19:278-284'},{id:"B34",body:'Nazar H, Fatouros DG, Merwe SM, et al. Thermosensitive hydrogels for nasal drug delivery: The formulation and characterisation of systems based on N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2011;77:225-232'},{id:"B35",body:'Vihola H, Laukkanen A, Tenhu H, Hirvonen J. Drug release characteristics of physically cross-linked thermosensitive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) hydrogel particles. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2008;97:4783-4793'},{id:"B36",body:'Gong C, Qi T, Wei X, Qu Y, Wu Q, Luo F, et al. Thermosensitive polymeric hydrogels as drug delivery systems. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2013;20:79-94'},{id:"B37",body:'Schild HG. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): Experiment, theory and application. Progress in Polymer Science. 1992;17:163-249'},{id:"B38",body:'Ruel-Gariépy E, Leroux J. In situ-forming hydrogels—Review of temperature-sensitive systems. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2004;58:409-426'},{id:"B39",body:'Purushotham S, Ramanujan RV. Thermoresponsive magnetic composite nanomaterials for multimodal cancer therapy. Acta Biomaterialia. 2010;6:502-510'},{id:"B40",body:'Katono H, Maruyama A, Sanui K, Ogata N, Okano T, Sakurai Y. Thermo-responsive swelling and drug release switching of interpenetrating polymer networks composed of poly(acrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate) and poly (acrylic acid). Journal of Controlled Release. 1991;16:215-227'},{id:"B41",body:'Gupta P, Vermani K, Garg S. Hydrogels: From controlled release to pH-responsive drug delivery. Drug Discovery Today. 2002;7:569-579'},{id:"B42",body:'Traitel T, Kost J. pH-responsive hydrogels: Swelling model. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2004;553:29-43'},{id:"B43",body:'Fallingborg J. Intraluminal pH of the human gastrointestinal tract. Danish Medical Bulletin. 1999;46:183-196'},{id:"B44",body:'Vaupel P, Kallinowski F, Okunieff P. Blood flow, oxygen and nutrient supply, and metabolic microenvironment of human tumors: A review. Cancer Research. 1989;49:6449-6465'},{id:"B45",body:'Deshpande AA, Rhodes CT, Danish M. Intravaginal drug delivery. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1992;18:1225-1279'},{id:"B46",body:'Li L, Gu J, Zhang J, Xie Z, Lu Y, Shen L, et al. Injectable and biodegradable pH-responsive hydrogels for localized and sustained treatment of human Fibrosarcoma. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2015;7:8033-8040'},{id:"B47",body:'Ninan N, Forget A, Shastri VP, Voelcker NH, Blencowe A. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory pH-responsive tannic acid-carboxylated agarose composite hydrogels for wound healing. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2016;8:28511-28521'},{id:"B48",body:'Xu L, Qiu L, Sheng Y, Sun Y, Deng L, Li X, et al. Biodegradable pH-responsive hydrogels for controlled dual-drug release. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2018;6:510-517'},{id:"B49",body:'Bilia A, Carelli V, Gd C, Nannipieri E. In vitro evaluation of a pH-sensitive hydrogel for control of GI drug delivery from silicone-based matrices. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1996;130:83-92'},{id:"B50",body:'Hibbins AR, Kumar P, Choonara YE, Kondiah PPD, Marimuthu T, Toit LCD, et al. Design of a versatile pH-responsive hydrogel for potential oral delivery of gastric-sensitive bioactives. Polymer. 2017;9:474'},{id:"B51",body:'Lee JW, Hua F, Lee DS. Thermoreversible gelation of biodegradable poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly (ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymers in aqueous solutions. Journal of Controlled Release. 2001;73:315-327'},{id:"B52",body:'Bajpai AK, Shukla SK, Bhanu S, Kankane S. Responsive polymers in controlled drug delivery. Progress in Polymer Science. 2008;33:1088-1118'},{id:"B53",body:'Chatterjee S, Hui PC-L, Kan C-W. Thermoresponsive hydrogels and their biomedical applications: Special insight into their applications in textile based transdermal therapy. Polymer. 2018;10:480'},{id:"B54",body:'Overstreet DJ, McLemore RY, Doan BD, Farag A, Vernon BL. Temperature-responsive graft copolymer hydrogels for controlled swelling and drug delivery. Soft Matter. 2013;11:294-304'},{id:"B55",body:'Liu B, Hu J. The application of temperature-sensitive hydrogels to textiles: A review of Chinese and Japanese investigations. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 2005;13:45-49'},{id:"B56",body:'Yoshida T, Lai TC, Kwon GS, Sako K. pH- and ion-sensitive polymers for drug delivery. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2013;10:1497-1513'},{id:"B57",body:'Ghandehari H, Kopecková P, Kopecek J. In vitro degradation of pH-sensitive hydrogels containing aromatic azo bonds. Biomaterials. 1997;18:861-872'},{id:"B58",body:'Almeida H, Amaral MH, Lobao P. Temperature and pH stimuli-responsive polymers and their applications in controlled and self-regulated drug delivery. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2012;2:1-10'},{id:"B59",body:'Park H-Y, Song I-H, Kim J-H, Kim W-S. Preparation of thermally denatured albumin gel and its pH-sensitive swelling. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1998;175:231-236'},{id:"B60",body:'Chan AW, Neufeld RJ. Modeling the controllable pH-responsive swelling and pore size of networked alginate based biomaterials. Biomaterials. 2009;30:6119-6129'},{id:"B61",body:'Hu J, Meng H, Li G, Ibekwe S. A review of stimuli-responsive polymers for smart textile applications. Smart Materials and Structures. 2012;21:053001'},{id:"B62",body:'Li Z, Guan J. Thermosensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2011;8:991-1007'},{id:"B63",body:'Taylor MJ, Tomlins P, Sahota TS. Thermosensitive gels. Gels. 2017;3:4'},{id:"B64",body:'Gandhi A, Paul A, Sen SO, Sen KK. Studies on thermoresponsive polymers: Phase behaviour, drug delivery and biomedical applications. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;10:99-107'},{id:"B65",body:'Hatefi A, Amsden B. Biodegradable injectable in situ forming drug delivery systems. Journal of Controlled Release. 2002;80:9-28'},{id:"B66",body:'Bermudez JM, Quinteros D, Grau R, Allemandi D, Palma S. Recent advances in thermosensitive hydrogels as drug delivery systems: A review. Drug Delivery Letters. 2011;1:135-149'},{id:"B67",body:'Gulyuz U, Okay O. Self-healing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels. European Polymer Journal. 2015;72:12-22'},{id:"B68",body:'Coughlan DC, Corrigan OI. Drug-polymer interactions and their effect on thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) drug delivery systems. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2006;313:163-174'},{id:"B69",body:'Moghadam S, Larson RG. Assessing the efficacy of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for drug delivery applications using molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2017;14:478-491'},{id:"B70",body:'Fu G, Soboyejo WO. Investigation of swellable poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) based hydrogels for drug delivery. Materials Science and Engineering C. 2011;31:1084-1090'},{id:"B71",body:'Pei Y, Chen J, Yang L, Shi L, Tao Q, Hui B, et al. The effect of pH on the LCST of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid). Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 2004;15:585-594'},{id:"B72",body:'Doorty KB, Golubeva TA, Gorelov AV, Rochev YA, Allen LT, Dawson KA, et al. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) co-polymer films as potential vehicles for delivery of an antimitotic agent to vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovascular Pathology. 2003;12:105-110'},{id:"B73",body:'Zhang X-Z, Yang Y-Y, Chung T-S, Ma K-X. Preparation and characterization of fast response macroporous poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels. Langmuir. 2001;17:6094-6099'},{id:"B74",body:'Fundueanu G, Constantin M, Ascenzi P. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-coacrylamide) cross-linked thermoresponsive microspheres obtained from preformed polymers: Influence of the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs on their release profiles. Acta Biomaterialia. 2009;5:363-373'},{id:"B75",body:'Wang B, Xu XD, Wang ZC, Cheng SX, Zhang XZ, Zhuo RX. Synthesis and properties of pH and temperature sensitive P(NIPAAm-co-DMAEMA) hydrogels. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2008;64:34-41'},{id:"B76",body:'Okuyama Y, Yoshida R, Sakai K, Okano T, Sakurai Y. Swelling controlled zero-order and sigmoidal drug release from thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate) hydrogel. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 1993;4:545-556'},{id:"B77",body:'Yin X, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-propylacrylic acid) copolymers that respond sharply to temperature and pH. Biomacromolecules. 2006;7:1381-1385'},{id:"B78",body:'Ramanan RM, Chellamuthu P, Tang L, Nguyen KT. Development of a temperature-sensitive composite hydrogel for drug delivery applications. Biotechnology Progress. 2006;22:118-125'},{id:"B79",body:'Liu M, Song X, Wen Y, Zhu JL, Li J. Injectable thermoresponsive hydrogel formed by alginate-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) that releases doxorubicin-encapsulated micelles as a smart drug delivery system. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2017;9:35673-35682'},{id:"B80",body:'Derwent JJK, Mieler WF. Thermoresponsive hydrogels as a new ocular drug delivery platform to the posterior segment of the eye. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 2008;106:206-214'},{id:"B81",body:'Lanzalaco S, Armelin E. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and copolymers: A review on recent progresses in biomedical applications. Gels. 2017;3:36'},{id:"B82",body:'Schiphorst JT, Broek MVD, Koning TD, Murphy JN, Schenning APHJ, Esteves ACC. Dual light and temperature responsive cotton fabric functionalized with a surface-grafted spiropyran-NIPAAm-hydrogel. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2016;4:8676-8681'},{id:"B83",body:'Bashari A, Hemmatinejad N, Pourjavadi A. Surface modification of cotton fabric with dual-responsive PNIPAAm/chitosan nano hydrogel. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 2013;24:797-806'},{id:"B84",body:'Liu B, Hu J, Meng Q. Nonwoven supported temperature-sensitive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)/polyurethane copolymer hydrogel with antibacterial activity. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 2009;89:1-8'},{id:"B85",body:'Gilbert JC, Hadgraft J, Bye A, Brookes LG. Drug release from Pluronic F-127 gels. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1986;32:223-228'},{id:"B86",body:'Chen Y-Y, Wu H-C, Sun J-S, Dong G-C, Wang T-W. Injectable and thermoresponsive self-assembled nanocomposite hydrogel for long-term anticancer drug delivery. Langmuir. 2013;29:3721-3729'},{id:"B87",body:'Yang Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Lu W, Zhang Q. A novel mixed micelle gel with thermo-sensitive property for the local delivery of docetaxel. Journal of Controlled Release. 2009;135:175-182'},{id:"B88",body:'Yap LS, Yang MC. Evaluation of hydrogel composing of Pluronic F127 and carboxymethyl hexanoyl chitosan as injectable scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2016;146:204-211'},{id:"B89",body:'Liu Z, Yao P. Versatile injectable supramolecular hydrogels containing drug loaded micelles for delivery of various drugs. Polymer Chemistry. 2014;5:1072-1081'},{id:"B90",body:'Kim MR, Park TG. Temperature-responsive and degradable hyaluronic acid/pluronic composite hydrogels for controlled release of human growth hormone. Journal of Controlled Release. 2002;80:69-77'},{id:"B91",body:'Ye W, Zhu L, Xia S, Zhang X. Dual pH-/temperature-responsive and fluorescent hydrogel for controlled drug delivery. Journal of Polymer Engineering. 2018;38:371-379'},{id:"B92",body:'Rokhade AP, Shelke NB, Patil SA, Aminabhavi TM. Novel hydrogel microspheres of chitosan and pluronic F-127 for controlled release of 5-fluorouracil. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2007;24:274-288'},{id:"B93",body:'Wang W, Hui PCL, Kan CW. Functionalized textile based therapy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Coatings. 2017;7:82'},{id:"B94",body:'Wang W, Wat E, Hui PCL, Chan B, Ng FSF, Kan C-W, et al. Dual-functional transdermal drug delivery system with controllable drug loading based on thermosensitive poloxamer hydrogel for atopic dermatitis treatment. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:24112'},{id:"B95",body:'Wang W, Hui PCL, Wat E, Chan B, Ng FSF, Kan C-W, et al. Enhanced transdermal permeability via constructing the porous structure of poloxamer-based hydrogel. Polymer. 2016;8:406'},{id:"B96",body:'Chen CC, Fang CL, Al-Suwayeh SA, Leu YL, Fang JY. Transdermal delivery of selegiline from alginate-pluronic composite thermogels. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2011;415:119-128'},{id:"B97",body:'Ahmed F, Discher DE. Self-porating polymersomes of PEG–PLA and PEG–PCL: Hydrolysis-triggered controlled release vesicles. Journal of Controlled Release. 2004;96:37-53'},{id:"B98",body:'Cho HK, Lone S, Kim DD, Choi JH, Choi SW, Cho JH, et al. Synthesis and characterization of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled PEO-PCL-PEO triblock copolymers for topical delivery. Polymer. 2009;50:2357-2364'},{id:"B99",body:'Wang X, Hu H, Yang Z, He L, Kong Y, Fei B, et al. Smart hydrogel-functionalized textile system with moisture management property for skin application. Smart Materials and Structures. 2014;23:125027'},{id:"B100",body:'Takahashi M, Shimazaki M, Yamamoto J. Thermoreversible gelation and phase separation in aqueous methyl cellulose solutions. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 2001;39:91-100'},{id:"B101",body:'Liu W, Zhang B, Lu WW, Li X, Zhu D, Yao KD, et al. A rapid temperature-responsive sol-gel reversible poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-g-methylcellulose copolymer hydrogel. Biomaterials. 2004;25:3005-3012'},{id:"B102",body:'Kim JK, Won YW, Lim KS, Kim YH. Low-molecular-weight methylcellulose-based thermo-reversible gel/pluronic micelle combination system for local and sustained docetaxel delivery. Pharmaceutical Research. 2012;2:525-534'},{id:"B103",body:'Nayak A, Babla H, Han T, Das DB. Lidocaine carboxymethylcellulose with gelatine co-polymer hydrogel delivery by combined microneedle and ultrasound. Drug Delivery. 2016;23:668-679'},{id:"B104",body:'Park KM, Lee SY, Joung YK, Na JS, Lee MC, Park KD. Thermosensitive chitosan-pluronic hydrogel as an injectable cell delivery carrier for cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomaterialia. 2009;5:1956-1965'},{id:"B105",body:'Fang JY, Chen JP, Leu YL, Hu JW. Temperature-sensitive hydrogels composed of chitosan and hyaluronic acid as injectable carriers for drug delivery. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2008;68:626-636'},{id:"B106",body:'Ju C, Sun J, Zi P, Zhang C. Thermosensitive micelles-hydrogel hybrid system based on poloxamer 407 for localized delivery of paclitaxel. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;102:2707-2717'},{id:"B107",body:'Wang B, Wu X, Li J, Hao X, Lin J, Cheng D, et al. Thermosensitive behavior and antibacterial activity of cotton fabric modified with a chitosan-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel. Polymer. 2016;8:110'},{id:"B108",body:'Choi HS, Yamamoto K, Ooya T, Yui N. Synthesis of poly(ɛ-lysine)-grafted dextrans and their pH- and thermosensitive hydrogelation with cyclodextrins. Chemphyschem. 2005;6:1081-1086'},{id:"B109",body:'Huang X, Lowe TL. Biodegradable thermoresponsive hydrogels for aqueous encapsulation and controlled release of hydrophilic model drugs. Biomacromolecules. 2005;6:2131-2139'},{id:"B110",body:'Huang X, Nayak BR, Lowe TL. Synthesis and characterization of novel thermoresponsive-co-biodegradable hydrogels composed of N-isopropylacrylamide, poly(L-lactic acid), and dextran. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 2004;42:5054-5066'},{id:"B111",body:'Mahajan HS, Tyagi V, Lohiya G, Nerkar P. Thermally reversible xyloglucan gels as vehicles for nasal drug delivery. Drug Delivery. 2012;19:270-276'},{id:"B112",body:'Pandit AP, Pol VV, Kulkarni VS. Xyloglucan based in situ gel of lidocaine HCl for the treatment of periodontosis. Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2016;2016:3054321'},{id:"B113",body:'Swift T, Swanson L, Geoghegan M, Rimmer S. The pH-responsive behaviour of poly(acrylic acid) in aqueous solution is dependent on molar mass. Soft Matter. 2016;12:2542-2549'},{id:"B114",body:'Gao X, He C Xiao C, Zhuang X, Chen X. Biodegradable pH-responsive polyacrylic acid derivative hydrogels with tunable swelling behavior for oral delivery of insulin. Polymer. 2013;54:1786-1793'},{id:"B115",body:'Pasche S, Angeloni S, Ischer R, Liley M, Luprano J, Voirin G. Wearable biosensors for monitoring wound healing. Advances in Science and Technology. 2008;57:80-87'},{id:"B116",body:'Raja STK, Thiruselvi T, Mandal AB, Gnanamani A. pH and redox sensitive albumin hydrogel: A self-derived biomaterial. Scientific Reports. 2015;5:15977'},{id:"B117",body:'Iemma F, Spizzirri UG, Puoci F, Muzzalupo R, Trombino S, Cassano R, et al. pH-sensitive hydrogels based on bovine serum albumin for oral drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2006;312:151-157'},{id:"B118",body:'Pinho E, Soares G. Functionalization of cotton cellulose for improved wound healing. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2018;6:1887-1898'},{id:"B119",body:'Betancourt T, Pardo J, Soo K, Peppas NA. Characterization of pH-responsive hydrogels of poly(itaconic acid-g-ethylene glycol) prepared by UV-initiated free radical polymerization as biomaterials for oral delivery of bioactive agents. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 2010;93:175-188'},{id:"B120",body:'Gupta B, Arora A, Saxena S, Alam MS. Preparation of chitosan-polyethylene glycol coated cotton membranes for wound dressings: Preparation and characterization. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 2009;20:58-65'},{id:"B121",body:'Deen GR, Loh XJ. Stimuli-responsive cationic hydrogels in drug delivery applications. Gels. 2018;4:13'},{id:"B122",body:'Lim YB, Kim SM, Lee Y, Lee WK, Yang TG, Lee MJ, et al. Cationic hyperbranched poly(amino ester): A novel class of DNA condensing molecule with cationic surface, biodegradable three-dimensional structure, and tertiary amine group in the interior. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2001;123:2460-2461'},{id:"B123",body:'Fleige E, Quadir MA, Haag R. Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanocarriers for the controlled transport of active compounds: Concepts and applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2012;64:866-884'},{id:"B124",body:'Wu W, Liu J, Cao S, Tan H, Li J, Xu F, et al. Drug release behaviors of a pH sensitive semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and star poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2011;416:104-109'},{id:"B125",body:'Oishi M, Hayashi H, Iijima M, Nagasaki Y. Endosomal release and intracellular delivery of anticancer drugs using pH-sensitive PEGylated nanogels. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2007;17:3720-3725'},{id:"B126",body:'Ou K, Wu X, Wang B, Meng C, Dong X, He J. Controlled in situ graft polymerization of DMAEMA onto cotton surface via SI-ARGET ATRP for low-adherent wound dressings. Cellulose. 2017;24:5211-5224'},{id:"B127",body:'Mao J, Kondu S, Ji HF, McShane MJ. Study of the near-neutral pH-sensitivity of chitosan/gelatin hydrogels by turbidimetry and microcantilever deflection. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2006;95:333-341'},{id:"B128",body:'Patel VR, Amiji MM. Preparation and characterization of freeze-dried chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogels for site-specific antibiotic delivery in the stomach. Pharmaceutical Research. 1996;13:588-593'},{id:"B129",body:'Che YJ, Li D, Liu Y, Ma Q, Tan Y, Yue Q, et al. Physically cross-linked pH-responsive chitosan-based hydrogels with enhanced mechanical performance for controlled drug delivery. RSC Advances. 2016;6:106035-106045'},{id:"B130",body:'El-Sherbiny IM, Smyth HDC. Poly(ethylene glycol)-carboxymethyl chitosan-based pH-responsive hydrogels: Photo-induced synthesis, characterization, swelling, and in vitro evaluation as potential drug carriers. Carbohydrate Research. 2010;345:2004-2012'},{id:"B131",body:'Jocić D. The perspective of stimuli-responsive surface modifying systems in developing functionalized textile. In: Kadoglu H, Kumbasar EPA, Celik P, Afrikan CO, Cay A, Damci G, editors. Proceedings of the 9th AUTEX Conference. Izmir, Turkey: Ege University; 2009. pp. 474-479. ISBN: 978-975-483-787-2'},{id:"B132",body:'Jocić D, Tourrette A, Lavrič PK. Biopolymer-based stimuli-responsive polymeric systems for functional finishing of textiles. In: Elnashar M, editor. Biopolymers. Europe: InTech; 2010. pp. 37-60. ISBN: 978-953-307-109-1'},{id:"B133",body:'Kamoun EA, Kenawy E-RS, Chen X. A review on polymeric hydrogel membranes for wound dressing applications: PVA-based hydrogel dressings. Journal of Advanced Research. 2017;8:217-233'},{id:"B134",body:'Mano JF. Stimuli-responsive polymeric systems for biomedical applications. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2008;10:515-527'},{id:"B135",body:'Han J, Wang K, Yang D, Nie J. Photopolymerization of methacrylated chitosan/PNIPAAm hybrid dual-sensitive hydrogels as carrier for drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2009;44:229-235'},{id:"B136",body:'Verestiuc L, Ivanov C, Barbu E, Tsibouklis J. Dual-stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/chitosan semi-interpenetrating networks. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2004;269:185-194'},{id:"B137",body:'Prabaharan M, Mano JF. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on polysaccharides incorporated with thermo-responsive polymers as novel biomaterials. Macromolecular Bioscience. 2006;6:991-1008'},{id:"B138",body:'Tourrette A, Geyter ND, Jocic D, Morent R, Warmoeskerken MMCG, Leys C. Incorporation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/chitosan microgel onto plasma functionalized cotton fibre surface. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2009;352:126-135'},{id:"B139",body:'Jocic D, Tourrette A, Glampedaki P, Warmoeskerken MMCG. Application of temperature and pH responsive microhydrogels for functional finishing of cotton fabric. Materials Technology Advanced Performance Materials. 2009;24:14-23'},{id:"B140",body:'Yu R, Zheng S. Poly(acrylic acid)-grafted poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) networks: Preparation, characterization and hydrogel behavior. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 2011;22:2305-2324'},{id:"B141",body:'Ling Y, Lu M. Thermo and pH dual responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-itaconic acid) hydrogels prepared in aqueous NaCl solutions and their characterization. Journal of Polymer Research. 2009;16:29-37'},{id:"B142",body:'Pan T-T, He W-D, Li L-Y, Jiang W-X, He C, Tao J. Dual thermo- and pH-sensitive network-grafted hydrogels formed by macrocrosslinker as drug delivery system. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 2011;49:2155-2164'},{id:"B143",body:'Chen S-Q, Li J-M, Pan T-T, Li P-Y, He W-D. Comb-type grafted hydrogels of PNIPAM and PDMAEMA with reversed network-graft architectures from controlled radical polymerizations. Polymer. 2016;8:38'},{id:"B144",body:'Zhao C, Zhuang X, He P, Xiao C, He C, Sun J, et al. Synthesis of biodegradable thermo- and pH-responsive hydrogels for controlled drug release. Polymer. 2009;50:4308-4316'},{id:"B145",body:'Masruchin N, Park B-D, Causin V. Dual-responsive composite hydrogels based on TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for model drug release. Cellulose. 2018;25:485-502'},{id:"B146",body:'Hu J-L, Liu B-H, Liu W-G. Temperature/pH dual sensitive N-isopropylacrylamide/polyurethane copolymer hydrogel-grafted fabrics. Textile Research Journal. 2006;76:853-860'},{id:"B147",body:'Liu B, Liu W, Hu J. Temperature/pH responsive composite nonwoven fabrics grafted with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/polyurethane hydrogel. In: Technical Textiles from Fiber to Composites. The Fiber Society 2005 Spring Conference, St. Gallen, Switzerland. 2005. www.thefibersociety.org'},{id:"B148",body:'Shi J, Alves NM, Mano JF. Chitosan coated alginate beads containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for dual-stimuli-responsive drug release. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 2008;84B:595-603'},{id:"B149",body:'Pan Y, Wang J, Cai P, Xiao H. Dual-responsive IPN hydrogel based on sugarcane bagasse cellulose as drug carrier. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2018;118:132-140'},{id:"B150",body:'Gorgieva S, Kokol V. Synthesis and application of new temperature-responsive hydrogels based on carboxymethyl and hydroxyethyl cellulose derivatives for the functional finishing of cotton knitwear. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2011;85:664-673'},{id:"B151",body:'Mohamed AL. Silan/biopolymer microgels for functionalization of cotton fabric: Dual responsive pH and temperature and antibacterial properties. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2017;7:77-88'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Sudipta Chatterjee",address:null,affiliation:'
Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8353",title:"Hydrogels",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Hydrogels",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Lacramioara Popa, Dr. Mihaela Violeta Ghica and Prof. Cristina Dinu-Pirvu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8353.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"228211",title:"Prof.",name:"Lacramioara",middleName:null,surname:"Popa",slug:"lacramioara-popa",fullName:"Lacramioara Popa"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"65486",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",middleName:"Scott",surname:"Sacerdote",email:"Alan.Sacerdote@woodhullhc.nychhc.org",fullName:"Alan Sacerdote",slug:"alan-sacerdote",position:"Chief of Endocrinology",biography:"Born March 11, 1948. Married February 7, 1971 to Nancy Sacerdote nee Greenbaum. Children Derek Sacerdote born November 21, 1974, Allison Sacerdote born December 4, 1978. Alan and Nancy live with their cat Elizabeth Victoria in Brooklyn, New York and New Hope, Pennsylvania",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/65486/images/515_n.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Woodhull Medical & Mental Health Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Management Approaches to Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in Adolescents and Adults; Latest Therapeutic Developments",slug:"management-approaches-to-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-in-adolescents-and-adults-latest-therapeutic",abstract:null,signatures:"Gül Bahtiyar and Alan Sacerdote",authors:[{id:"65486",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",surname:"Sacerdote",fullName:"Alan Sacerdote",slug:"alan-sacerdote",email:"Alan.Sacerdote@woodhullhc.nychhc.org"},{id:"69298",title:"Dr.",name:"Gul",surname:"Bahtiyar",fullName:"Gul Bahtiyar",slug:"gul-bahtiyar",email:"Gul.Bahtiyar@woodhullhc.nychhc.org"}],book:{title:"Amenorrhea",slug:"amenorrhea",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"66043",title:"PhD.",name:"Martine",surname:"Berliere",slug:"martine-berliere",fullName:"Martine Berliere",position:"head of the breast clinic",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Catholic university of Louvain",institutionURL:"http://www.ucl.ac.be/",country:{name:"Belgium"}}},{id:"67768",title:"Dr.",name:"Ursula",surname:"Zollner",slug:"ursula-zollner",fullName:"Ursula Zollner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"73383",title:"Prof.",name:"Galant",surname:"Christine",slug:"galant-christine",fullName:"Galant Christine",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"73413",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalenc",surname:"Florence",slug:"dalenc-florence",fullName:"Dalenc Florence",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"73414",title:"Dr",name:"Francois",surname:"Duhoux",slug:"francois-duhoux",fullName:"Francois Duhoux",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"73416",title:"Prof.",name:"Baurain",surname:"Jean-Francois",slug:"baurain-jean-francois",fullName:"Baurain Jean-Francois",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"73420",title:"Dr.",name:"Leconte",surname:"Isabelle",slug:"leconte-isabelle",fullName:"Leconte Isabelle",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"73422",title:"Dr.",name:"Fellah",surname:"Latifa",slug:"fellah-latifa",fullName:"Fellah Latifa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"73423",title:"Dr.",name:"Piette",surname:"Philippe",slug:"piette-philippe",fullName:"Piette Philippe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"73424",title:"Prof.",name:"Machiels",surname:"Jean-Pascal",slug:"machiels-jean-pascal",fullName:"Machiels Jean-Pascal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"contact-us",title:"Contact us",intro:"
We are excited to collaborate with individuals and organizations interested in new discoveries
*INTECHOPEN LIMITED is a privately owned company registered in England and Wales, No. 11086078 Registered Office: The Shard, 25th floor, 32 London Bridge Street, London, SE19SG United Kingdom
*INTECHOPEN LIMITED is a privately owned company registered in England and Wales, No. 11086078 Registered Office: The Shard, 25th floor, 32 London Bridge Street, London, SE19SG United Kingdom
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"6916",title:"Fabry Disease - Overview and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b10f37a93e56d6b0bd21e113c2748d32",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6916.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",surname:"Nunes",slug:"ane-nunes",fullName:"Ane Nunes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7003",title:"Herbs and Spices - Health Benefits",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6f7ef877075c3ce0d014a200ffb38fcb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7003.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7058",title:"Pulmonary Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5475e23e172ea6b07344dee708c755ac",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Theodoros Aslanidis and Dr. Evangelos V",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7058.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7061",title:"Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"71d38173067c610b03c51dec97dd031d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7061.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7081",title:"Surgical Treatment of Benign Neoplasms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f42fe8f15121c4097dfa8d179cce0a97",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Selim Sozen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7081.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",surname:"Sozen",slug:"selim-sozen",fullName:"Selim Sozen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7092",title:"Menopausal Hormone Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9a994bb38d6ba5f015a9a7d3db41b635",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7092.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Management of Bacterial Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99c408d20813ec62ec65467c3597d63f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alfonso J. . Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7127",title:"Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cdd6b5d1c49fb07491f282d244b28309",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Erdal Gunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7127.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"217379",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Erdal",surname:"Gunes",slug:"ali-erdal-gunes",fullName:"Ali Erdal Gunes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7134",title:"Management of Syphilis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fff77c1e77772f2f9affe655a80cdf52",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7134.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7136",title:"Sickle Cell Anaemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e79ebfd49858d774a86c3ea377e35683",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7136.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7151",title:"Calcification of Soft Tissues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fdb586132b6fa0a9e7b97e318e46bb62",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7151.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:31},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:90},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:99},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:284},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6856",title:"Gold Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23e172496e46e18712a901308d074cfb",slug:"gold-nanoparticles-reaching-new-heights",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman and Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6856.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:"Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2175",title:"Risk Management",subtitle:"Current Issues and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6406ba890ef4569efd8298e1121685d",slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Nerija Banaitiene",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2175.jpg",editors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1667",title:"A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7be827d70aa0311258d658f729670887",slug:"a-bird-s-eye-view-of-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Carlos C. Perez-Marin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1667.jpg",editors:[{id:"25632",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos C.",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Marin",slug:"carlos-c.-perez-marin",fullName:"Carlos C. Perez-Marin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1808},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6856",title:"Gold Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23e172496e46e18712a901308d074cfb",slug:"gold-nanoparticles-reaching-new-heights",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman and Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6856.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:"Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7694",title:"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f955d03d619f68fec7b6f3518e792e6f",slug:"simulation-modelling-practice-and-theory",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh and Asim Abdel El Sheikh Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7695",title:"Green Energy Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca498ae0f824bac0c43f5cfb011d8e9c",slug:"green-energy-advances",bookSignature:"Diana Enescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7695.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Enescu",slug:"diana-enescu",fullName:"Diana Enescu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7199",title:"Charged Particles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c456f670b68b3512e9e9866f9837fd98",slug:"charged-particles",bookSignature:"Malek Maaza and Mahmoud Izerrouken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7199.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192286",title:"Prof.",name:"Malek",middleName:null,surname:"Maaza",slug:"malek-maaza",fullName:"Malek Maaza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7465",title:"Trends in Geomatics",subtitle:"An Earth Science Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a32ff40d6c47e2b545b92d5075508c9c",slug:"trends-in-geomatics-an-earth-science-perspective",bookSignature:"Rifaat Abdalla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222877",title:"Dr.",name:"Rifaat",middleName:null,surname:"Abdalla",slug:"rifaat-abdalla",fullName:"Rifaat Abdalla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6710",title:"Update on Multiple Myeloma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"229a96a2de131b3ac67f9f41b91de8f8",slug:"update-on-multiple-myeloma",bookSignature:"Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-ahmed-al-anazi",fullName:"Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7225",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a845c7ddd9193f56a6bc91bc22bc503d",slug:"dam-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7225.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7486",title:"Advanced Sorption Process Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc77a8d4e58d7c7eb4d2137adb0f0f34",slug:"advanced-sorption-process-applications",bookSignature:"Serpil Edebali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223744",title:"Dr.",name:"Serpil",middleName:null,surname:"Edebali",slug:"serpil-edebali",fullName:"Serpil Edebali"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6722",title:"Acoustic Emission Technology for High Power Microwave Radar Tubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef80c9b4123e022ea69a4bf777088522",slug:"acoustic-emission-technology-for-high-power-microwave-radar-tubes",bookSignature:"Narayan R. Joshi, Ayax D. Ramirez, Stephen D. Russell and David W. Brock",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6722.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"95431",title:"Dr.",name:"Narayan",middleName:"R.",surname:"Joshi",slug:"narayan-joshi",fullName:"Narayan Joshi"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"7237",title:"Energy-Efficient Approaches in Industrial Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7b403a3af7828987f078b91334839bb",slug:"energy-efficient-approaches-in-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Murat Eyvaz, Abdülkerim Gok and Ebubekir Yüksel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7237.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6991",title:"Neurons",subtitle:"Dendrites and Axons",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"696489f55e1077935f47087fa3829b5f",slug:"neurons-dendrites-and-axons",bookSignature:"Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda Abreu and María Elena Hernández Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6991.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72314",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo Emiliano",middleName:null,surname:"Aranda Abreu",slug:"gonzalo-emiliano-aranda-abreu",fullName:"Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda Abreu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1300",title:"Robot Manipulator",slug:"robot-manipulator",parent:{title:"Robot Control",slug:"robot-control"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"robot-manipulator",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3625",title:"Contemporary Robotics",subtitle:"Challenges and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",bookSignature:"A D Rodić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120794",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:null,surname:"Rodic",slug:"aleksandar-rodic",fullName:"Aleksandar Rodic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"8875",doi:"10.5772/7796",title:"Modeling and Assessing of Omni-Directional Robots with Three and Four Wheels",slug:"modeling-and-assessing-of-omni-directional-robots-with-three-and-four-wheels",totalDownloads:4746,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Helder P. Oliveira, Armando J. Sousa, A. Paulo Moreira and Paulo J. Costa",authors:null},{id:"8871",doi:"10.5772/7801",title:"Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) of a Mobile Robot Based on Fusion of Odometry and Visual Data Using Extended Kalman Filter",slug:"simultaneous-localization-and-mapping-slam-of-a-mobile-robot-based-on-fusion-of-odometry-and-visual-",totalDownloads:1987,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Andre M. Santana and Adelardo A. D. Medeiros",authors:null},{id:"8865",doi:"10.5772/7805",title:"Robotic Grasping of Unknown Objects",slug:"robotic-grasping-of-unknown-objects",totalDownloads:1732,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Mario Richtsfeld and Markus Vincze",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"8875",title:"Modeling and Assessing of Omni-Directional Robots with Three and Four Wheels",slug:"modeling-and-assessing-of-omni-directional-robots-with-three-and-four-wheels",totalDownloads:4746,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Helder P. Oliveira, Armando J. Sousa, A. Paulo Moreira and Paulo J. Costa",authors:null},{id:"8881",title:"Biomimetic Approach to Design and Control Mechatronics Structure Using Smart Materials",slug:"biomimetic-approach-to-design-and-control-mechatronics-structure-using-smart-materials",totalDownloads:1962,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Nicu George Bizdoaca , Daniela Tarnita, Anca Petrisor, Ilie Diaconu, Dan Tarnita and Elvira Bizdoaca",authors:null},{id:"8879",title:"Dynamic-Based Simulation for Humanoid Robot Walking Using Walking Support System",slug:"dynamic-based-simulation-for-humanoid-robot-walking-using-walking-support-system",totalDownloads:1825,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Aiman Musa M. Omer, Hun-ok Lim and Atsuo Takanishi",authors:null},{id:"8865",title:"Robotic Grasping of Unknown Objects",slug:"robotic-grasping-of-unknown-objects",totalDownloads:1732,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Mario Richtsfeld and Markus Vincze",authors:null},{id:"8871",title:"Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) of a Mobile Robot Based on Fusion of Odometry and Visual Data Using Extended Kalman Filter",slug:"simultaneous-localization-and-mapping-slam-of-a-mobile-robot-based-on-fusion-of-odometry-and-visual-",totalDownloads:1987,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Andre M. Santana and Adelardo A. D. Medeiros",authors:null},{id:"8874",title:"Control of Fuel Cell Systems in Mobile Applications",slug:"control-of-fuel-cell-systems-in-mobile-applications",totalDownloads:1651,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Jiri Koziorek, Bohumil Horak and Miroslav Kopriva",authors:null},{id:"8864",title:"Automatic Trajectory Generation Using Redundancy Resolution Scheme Based on Virtual Mechanism",slug:"automatic-trajectory-generation-using-redundancy-resolution-scheme-based-on-virtual-mechanism",totalDownloads:2017,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Bojan Nemec and Leon Zlajpah",authors:null},{id:"8878",title:"Adaptive Bio-Inspired Control of Humanoid Robots From Human Locomotion to an Artificial Biped Gait of High Performances",slug:"adaptive-bio-inspired-control-of-humanoid-robots-from-human-locomotion-to-an-artificial-biped-gait-o",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Aleksandar Rodic, Khalid Addi and Georges Dalleau",authors:null},{id:"8867",title:"Computed-Torque-Plus-Compensation-Plus-Chattering Controller of Robot Manipulators",slug:"computed-torque-plus-compensation-plus-chattering-controller-of-robot-manipulators",totalDownloads:1567,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Leonardo Acho, Yolanda Vidal and Francesc Pozo",authors:null},{id:"8868",title:"Geometric and Threshold Calibration Aspects of a Multiple Line-Scan Vision System for Planar Objects Inspection",slug:"geometric-and-threshold-calibration-aspects-of-a-multiple-line-scan-vision-system-for-planar-objects",totalDownloads:1715,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Andrei Hossu and Daniela Hossu",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"robot-manipulator",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},privacyPolicy:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},humansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research/optical-vortices-in-a-fiber-mode-division-multiplexing-and-multimode-self-reproducing",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research",chapter:"optical-vortices-in-a-fiber-mode-division-multiplexing-and-multimode-self-reproducing"},fullPath:"/books/recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research/optical-vortices-in-a-fiber-mode-division-multiplexing-and-multimode-self-reproducing",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()