Open access peer-reviewed chapter

# Nonstandard Transition GUE‐GOE for Random Matrices and Spectral Statistics of Graphene Nanoflakes

By Adam Rycerz

Submitted: December 7th 2015Reviewed: May 13th 2016Published: October 12th 2016

DOI: 10.5772/64240

Downloaded: 889

## Abstract

Spectral statistics of weakly disordered triangular graphene flakes with zigzag edges are revisited. Earlier, we have found numerically that such systems may show spectral fluctuations of Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE), signaling the time‐reversal symmetry (TRS) breaking at zero magnetic field, accompanied by approximate twofold valley degeneracy of each energy level. Atomic‐scale disorder induces the scattering of charge carriers between the valleys and restores the spectral fluctuations of Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE). A simplified description of such a nonstandard GUE‒GOE transition, employing the mixed ensemble of 4 × 4 real symmetric matrices was also proposed. Here, we complement our previous study by analyzing numerically the spectral fluctuations of large matrices belonging the same mixed ensemble. Resulting scaling laws relate the ensemble parameter to physical size and the number of atomic‐scale defects in graphene flake. A phase diagram, indicating the regions in which the signatures of GUE may by observable in the size‐doping parameter plane, is presented.

### Keywords

• graphene
• quantum chaos
• random matrix
• time-reversal symmetry
• gaussian ensemble

## 1. Introduction

The notion of emergent phenomena was coined out by Anderson in his milestone science paper of 1979 [1]. In brief, emergence occurs when a complex system shows qualitatively different properties then its building blocks. Numerous examples of emergent systems studied in contemporary condensed matter physics, including high‐temperature superconductors and heavy‐fermion compounds [2], are regarded as systems with spontaneous symmetry breaking [3]. A link between emergence and spontaneous symmetry breaking, however, does not seem to have a permanent character. In a wide class of electronic systems, such as semiconducting heterostructures containing a two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG), physical properties of itinerant electrons are substantially different than properties of free electrons (or electrons in atoms composing the system), and are also highly‐tunable upon variation of external electromagnetic fields [4]. To give some illustration of this tunability, we only mention that electrons in GaAs heterostructures can be usually described by a standard Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics with the effective mass meff=0.067me(where meis the free electron mass), whereas in extreme cases of quantum states formed in quantum Hall systems, effective quasiparticles may not even show the Fermi‒Dirac statistics [5, 6].

It is rather rarely noticed that graphene, a two‐dimensional form of carbon just one atom tick [7], also belongs to the second class of emergent systems (i.e., without an apparent spontaneous symmetry breaking) described briefly above. In a monolayer graphene, effective Hamiltonian for low‐energy excitations has a Dirac‒Weyl form, namely

eff=vF[p+eA(r,t)]σ+U(r,t),E1

where vF=106m/s is the energy‐independent Fermi velocity, σ=(σx,σy)with the Pauli matrices σxand σy, p=iħ(x,y)is the in‐plane momentum operator, the electron charge is e, and the external electromagnetic field is defined via scalar and vector potentials, U(r, t)and A(r, t), with the in‐plane position r=(x, y)and the time t.

Strictly speaking, effEq. (1) applies to quasiparticles near the Kvalley in the dispersion relation. To obtain the effective Hamiltonian for other valley (K') it is sufficient to substitute σyσy.

In other words, the system build of nonrelativistic elements (carbon atoms at normal conditions) turns out to host ultrarelativistic quasiparticles, providing a beautiful example of an emergent phenomenon, which binds together two rather distant areas of relativistic quantum mechanics and condensed matter physics [8]. This observation applies generically to bilayer or multilayer graphenes [9], as well as to HgTe/CdTe quantum wells [10], although microscopic models describing such other Dirac systemsare slightly different. It is also worth to mention so‐called artificial graphenes, in which waves (of different kinds) obey their effective Dirac equations [1113].

A peculiar nature of Dirac fermions in graphene originates from the chiral structure of the Hamiltonian eff, accompanied by the fact that coupling to the external electromagnetic field is described by additive terms, which are linear in both scalar and vector potentials. A remarkable consequence of these facts is the quantization of the visible light absorption [14], an unexpected macroscopic quantum effect recently found to have analogs in other Dirac systems [15, 16], and even in a familiar graphite [17]. Another intriguing effect of this kind appears for dc conductivity of ballistic graphene [18]. In the so‐called pseudodiffusive transport regime, the conductance of a rectangular sample (with the width Wand the length L) scales as G=σ0×W/Lfor WL, where σ0=(4/π)e2/his the universal quantum value of the conductivity [19, 20], whereas the shot‐noise power and all the other charge‐transfer characteristics are indistinguishable from those of a classical diffusive conductor regardless the sample shape [21]. At high magnetic fields, the pseudo diffusive charge transport is predicted theoretically to reappear for resonances with Landau levels in both monolayer [22] and bilayer graphene [23]. In the presence of disorder, a fundamental property of the Hamiltonian—the time reversal symmetry (TRS)—starts to play a decisive role. In particular, effective TRS in a single valley may be broken even in the absence of magnetic fields, leading to observable (and having the universal character) consequences for the conductance and spectral fluctuations [24, 25], as well as for the peculiar scaling behavior predicted for the conductivity [26, 27].

Although the interest in graphene and other Dirac systems primarily focus on their potential applications [28, 29], quite often linked to the nonstandard quantum description [8], we believe that the fundamental perspective sketched in the above also deserves some attention. In the remaining part of this article, we first overview basic experimental, theoretical and numerical findings concerning signatures of quantum chaos in graphene and its nanostructures (Section 2). Next, we present our new numerical results concerning the additive random matrix model originally proposed in Ref. [25] to describe a nonstandard GUE‒GOE transition, accompanied by lifting out the valley degeneracy (Section 3). The consequences of these findings for prospective experiments on graphene nanoflakes, together with the phase diagram depicting the relevant matrix ensembles in the system size‐doping plane, are described in Section 4. The concluding remarks are given in Section 5.

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## 2. Gauge fields, fluctuations and chaos in nanoscale graphene structures

Dirac fermions confined in graphene quantum dots [30] have provided yet another surprising situation, in which a piece of handbook knowledge needed a careful revision [31].

Quantum chaotic behavior appears generically for systems, whose classical dynamics are chaotic, and manifest itself via the fact that energy levels show statistical fluctuations following those of Gaussian ensembles of random matrices [32]. In particular, if such a system posses the time‐reversal symmetry (TRS), its spectral statistics follows the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE). A system with TRS and half‐integer spin has the symplectic symmetry and, in turn, shows spectral fluctuations of the Gaussian symplectic ensemble (GSE). If TRS is broken, as in the presence of nontrivial gauge fields, and the system has no other antiunitary symmetry [33], spectral statistics follow the Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE). For a particular case of massless spin‐1/2 particles, it was pointed out by Berry and Mondragon [34], that the confinement may break TRS in a persistent manner (i.e., even in the absence of gauge fields), leading to the spectral fluctuations of GUE.

When applying the above symmetry classification to graphene nanosystems [24, 25], one needs, however, to take into account that Dirac fermions in graphene appear in the two valleys, Kand K', coupled by TRS. (In particular, real magnetic field breaks TRS and has the same sign in the two valleys, whereas the strain‐induced gauge field preserves TRS and has opposite signs in the two valleys.) If the valley pseudospin is conserved, a special (symplectic) time‐reversal symmetry (STRS) becomes relevant, playing a role of an effective TRS in a single valley [24]. Both real magnetic and strain‐induced gauge fields may break STRS leading to the spectral fluctuations of GUE [35]. As demonstrated numerically in Ref. [25], such fluctuations also appear for particular closed nanosystems in graphene in the presence of random scalar potentials slowly varying on the scale of atomic separation. Such nanosystems include equilateral triangles with zigzag or Klein edges, i.e., with terminal atoms belonging to one sublattice. Generic graphene nanoflakes with irregular edges show spectral fluctuations of GOE [24], as strong intervalley scattering restores TRS in the absence of gauge fields (see Figure 1). In contrast, the boundary effects are suppressed in open graphene systems, for which signatures of the symplectic symmetry class were reported [36].

It is worth mention here, that triangular graphene flakes, similar to studied theoretically in Ref. [25], have been recently fabricated [37, 38]. However, due to the hybridization with metallic substrates, quantum‐dot energy levels in such systems are significantly broaden, making it rather difficult to determine the symmetry class via spectral statistics.

## 3. Transition GUE‒GOE for real symmetric matrices

### 3.1. Additive random‐matrix models: brief overview

Additive random‐matrix models are capable of reproducing the evolutions of spectral statistics in many cases when a complex system undergoes transition to quantum chaos or transition between symmetry classes [32, 39]. The discussion usually focus on the auxiliary random Hamiltonian of the form

H(λ)=H0+λV1+λ2,E2

where H0=(H0)and V=Vare members of different Gaussian ensembles,

To describe transition to quantum chaos rather then transition between symmetry classes in a chaotic system, one can choose H0to be a diagonal random matrix, elements of which follow a Gaussian distribution with zero mean and the variance (H0)ij2=δij.

and the parameter λ[0,].

For instance, if elements of H0are real numbers chosen to follow a Gaussian distribution with zero mean and the variance (H0)ij2=(1+δij)/N, where δijis the Kronecker delta and Nis the matrix size, while elements of Vare complex numbers in which real and imaginary parts are generated independently according to Gaussian distribution with zero mean and the variance (ReVij)2=(1+δij)/2N,(ImVij)2=(1δij)/2N(respectively), the Hamiltonian H(λ)(2) refers to transition GOE‒GUE. For N=2, statistical distribution of the spacing between energy levels S=|E1E2|can be found analytically [40], and reads

PGOEGUE(λ;S)=2+λ22Sc2(λ)exp [S2c2(λ)2]erf[Sc(λ)λ],E3

where erf(x)is the error function, i.e., erf(x)=(2/π)0xexp (t2)dt, and

c(λ)=π(2+λ2)4[12π(arctan (λ2)2λ2+λ2)].E4

The above follows from the normalization condition

S=0SPGOEGUE(λ;S)dS=1 for 0<λ<.E5

The limiting forms of the spacing distribution given by Eqs. (3) and (4) are

PGOEGUE(λ0;S)=π2Sexp (πS24)PGOE(S),E6
PGOEGUE(λ;S)=32π2S2exp (4S2π)PGUE(S),E7

coinciding with well‐known Wigner surmises for GOE and GUE, respectively [32]. For N1, it was also shown that actual spacing distributions obtained numerically can be approximated (with an astonishing accuracy) by PGOEGUE(λfit;S), where the empirical parameter λfitλN[39]. Similar scaling laws apply generically to all transitions between basic symmetry classes.

Relatively recently, spectra of models employing self‐dual random matrices have attracted some attention [41]. In such models, the matrix H0in Eq. (2) is equivalent (up to a unitary transformation) to the matrix having a block structure

H˜0=(C00CT),E8

where random matrix Cis an N×Nmember of one of Gaussian ensembles, CTdenotes the transposition of C. The matrix Vin Eq. (2) is a generic 2N×2Nmember of the other ensemble (hereinafter, we redefine the H(a)size as 2N). In turn, for λ=0, each eigenvalue is doubly degenerate. For λ0, we have the degeneracy splitting accompanied by transition between selected symmetry classes. Even in the simplest case of N=2, closed‐form analyticexpressions for level‐spacing distributions corresponding to arbitrary 0<λ<are missing. The approach presented in Ref. [41] employs the relevant expressions for joint probability densities for eigenvalues [42], allowing one to express level‐spacings distribution in terms of two‐dimensional integrals to be evaluated numerically.

In the remaining part of section, we focus on the transition between self‐dual GUE to GOE, show that the corresponding Hamiltonian H(λ), and can be represented as real‐symmetric random matrix, and present our empirical expressions approximating spacing distributions obtained numerically.

### 3.2. Self‐dual GUE to GOE via 4​×​4real‐symmetric matrices

We focus now on the situation, when the matrix Cin Eq. (8) is chosen to be an N×Nmember of GUE, whereas Vin Eq. (2) is a 2N×2Nmember of GOE.

For N=2, the matrix H˜0can be written as

H˜04×4=(ac+id00cidb0000acid00c+idb),E9

where aand bare real random numbers following Gaussian distribution with zero mean and the variance a2=b2=1/2, whereas cand dare real random numbers following Gaussian distribution with zero mean and the variance c2=d2=1/4. Exchanging the second row with the third row, as well as the second column with the third column, we find the matrix H˜04×4is equivalent, up to an orthogonal transformation, to

H˜04×4 O (a0c+id00a0cidcid0b00c+id0b).E10

The matrix on the right‐hand side of Eq. (10) is self‐dual, and can be further transformed as

U(a0c+id00a0cidcid0b00c+id0b)U=(a0cd0adccdb0dc0b),E11

where

U=12I2×2(11ii)=12(1100ii00001100ii).E12

Exchanging the second with the third row and column in the rightmost matrix in Eq. (11) we arrive to

H04×4=(ac0dcbd00dacd0cb)=(ABBA),E13

where the blocks Aand Bare real‐symmetric (AT=A) and skew‐symmetric (BT=B) random matrices.

Spectral statistics of the Hamiltonian H(λ)=(H04×4+λV4×4)/1+λ2, with V4×4being a 4×4GOE matrix, were thoroughly studied before [43]. Here, we revisit our findings, before discussing spectra of larger matrices in next subsection.

The nearest‐neighbor spacings distribution can be approximated by

P(α,κ;S)=αPGOE(αS)+β(α)PGOEGUE(κ;β(α)S)2,E14

with β(α)=α/(2α1), PGOE(S)given by Eq. (6), PGOEGUE(κ;S)given by Eq. (3), and the parameters αand κwhich can be approximated by empirical functions

αα¯4×4(λ)=1.118×[1+(0.60/λ)33]0.98,E15

and

κκ¯4×4(λ)=(1+λ21+(0.33)2)0.291.E16

Eqs. (15) and (16) represent simplified versions of the corresponding formulas given in Ref. [43]. A comparison with the numerical will be given later in this section.

### 3.3. Self‐dual GUE to GOE via 2N​×​2Nreal‐symmetric matrices

We consider now the case of large random matrices (N1). A generalization of the reasoning presented in previous subsection brought as to the unperturbed Hamiltonian H0with the block structure as given by the last equality in Eq. (13), but A=ATand B=BTare now N×Nrandom matrices. The elements of each block are independently generated according to a Gaussian distribution with zero mean and the variance Var(Aij)=(1+δij)/2Nand Var(Bij)=(1δij)/2N, respectively. In turn, H0can be unitary mapped onto the matrix H˜0given by Eq. (8) with Cbeing an N×Nmember of GUE. The additive random‐matrix model H(λ)is complemented with the perturbation Vbeing a 2N×2Nmember of GOE.

Ensembles of large pseudo‐random Hamiltonians H(λ)were generated and diagonalized numerically, to check whether the standard scaling law λfit(2N)1/2λ[44] applies to spacings distribution of such matrices. Our presentation is limited to the matrix sizes 2N=200, 400, and 1000; the statistical ensemble consists of the total amount of 106, 105, or 104matrices (respectively), same for each considered value of the parameter λ. To avoid the boundary effects, we limit our numerical study to about 30%of the energy levels such that |E|0.5. Selected examples are presented in Figure 2.

We find that nearest‐neighbor level spacings of large matrix H(λ)follow the empirical distribution having the general form as given by Eq. (14).

Pα¯,κ¯(λ˜,S)=P( α¯N1(λ˜),κ¯N1(λ˜);S),E17

with the empirical relations of Eqs. (15) and (16) [see blue solid lines in Figure 3] now replaced by

α¯N1(λ˜)=1.114×[1+(0.60/λ˜)33]0.98,E18

and

κ¯N1(λ˜)={[1+λ˜21+(0.27)2]0.291if λ˜<0.27,0if λ˜0.27.E19

The above formulae are marked in Figure 3 with red dashed lines. We also find that the scaling law λ˜=λfit(2N)1/2λ[with λbeing the original parameter of H(λ)] is satisfied for the matrices considered with a surprising accuracy (see Figure 4).

## 4. Consequences for graphene nanoflakes

### 4.1. Level‐spacing distributions revisited

In this section, the empirical distribution Pα¯,κ¯(λ,S)(17) with least‐square fitted λ=λfitis utilized to rationalize level‐spacing distributions for triangular graphene nanoflakes with zigzag edges.

At zero magnetic field, the tight‐binding Hamiltonian for weakly‐disordered graphene can be written as

TBA=ij[tij|ij|+h.c.]+ i[MV(ri)+Uimp(ri)]|ij|,E20

where tij=tif the orbitals |iand |jare nearest neighbors on the honeycomb lattice (with t=233ħvF/a3eV, and a=0.246nm being the lattice spacing), otherwise tij=0. (The symbol

denotes that each pair ijis counted only once.) The terms MV(ri)and Uimp(ri)represent the potentials abruptly and slowly varying on the scale of atomic separation (respectively). Here, we put MV(ri)=0.7tif riis the outermost atom position at zigzag edge, otherwise MV(ri)=0. The random contribution Uimp(ri)is generated in as follows: first, we randomly choose Nimplattice sites Rn(n=1,,Nimp) out of Ntot. Next, the amplitudes Un(δ,δ)are randomly generated. Finally, the potential is smoothed over a distance ξ=3aby convolution with a Gaussian, namely

Uimp(r)=n=1NimpUnexp (|rRn|22ξ2).E21

A model of substrate‐induced disorder, constituted by Eqs. (20) and (21), was widely used to reproduce numerically several transport properties of disordered graphene samples [4548]. Here, we revisit the spectra of closed graphene flakes considered in Ref. [25], within a simplified empirical model Pα¯,κ¯(λfit,S)(17), in order discuss the consequences for prospective experimental observation of the zero‐field time‐reversal symmetry breaking in such systems.

A compact measure of the disorder strength is given by the dimensionless correlator

K0=A(ħvF)21Ntot2i=1Ntotj=1NtotUimp(ri)Uimp(rj),E22

where the system area

, and the averaging takes place over possible realizations of the disorder in Eq. (21). For ξa, Eq. (22) leads to

K0=64π2327 NimpNtot(δt)2(ξa)4.E23

For ξ=3a, used for numerical demonstration in the remaining of this article, Eq. (23) still provides a good approximation of the actual value of K0and can be rewritten as

K0364.7×NimpNtot(δt)2.E24

The numerical results are presented in Figure 5, where we have fixed the remaining disorder parameters at δ/t=0.1and Nimp/Ntot=0.034leading to K0=0.125.

The disorder parameters are actually same as in Figures 8 and 9 of Ref. [25], where we have mistakenly omitted the factor πin the numerical evaluation of K0.

Level‐spacing distributions P(S)obtained numerically for triangular nanoflakes with zigzag edges [see left panels in Figure 5, black solid lines] are replotted with permission from Ref. [25], where we used approximately 1500energy levels with energies 0.1|E|/t0.5out of the total number of Ntot(Nvac)=32758Nvac(corresponding the flake area
, with Nvacbeing the number of vacancies, randomly distributed along the system boundary. Typically, best‐fitted parameters λ=λfitof the simplified distribution Pα¯,erlineκ(λ,S)(17) coincide with given in Ref. [25] up to a second decimal place. New values of λfitfor 1Nvac30and two flake sizes Ntot(0)=8278and Ntot(0)=32,758are displayed in the right panel of Figure 5. The dependence of λfiton Nvacand Ntotcan be rationalize within a power‐law

λfit0.103×(NvacNedge)0.34,E25

where the total number of terminal sites

Nedge=3Ntot+Nvac+33.E26

### 4.2. Phase diagram for triangular flakes with zigzag edges

Eq. (25) is now employed to estimate the maximal system size Ntot, and the maximal number of edge vacancies Nvac, for which signatures of TRS breaking still can be identified in the spectrum. This is possible as long as λfit<λ=0.27(see Eq. (19)), as for any λfitλwe have κ¯(λfit)=0and level‐spacing distribution simply evolves from that characterizing GOE matrix with approximate twofold degeneracy of each level toward GOE without such a degeneracy. For instance, we obtain

Ntot9500 for Nvac=1,E27
Ntot630 for Nvac=2,E28
Ntot130 for Nvac=3.E29

On the other hand, system size and the number of energy levels taken into account must be large enough to distinguish between spectral fluctuations of GUE and spectral fluctuations of other ensembles.

Density of states (per one direction of spin) for bulk graphene reads

ρbulk(E)=Aπ(ħvF)2|E|=Ntot3πt2|E|.E30

The number of energy levels Nlevin the interval (0,Emax)can be approximated by

Nlev0Emaxρbulk(E)dE0.0919×Ntot(Emaxt)2.E31

Physically, occupying Nlevelectronic levels above the Dirac point one produces the electric charge Q=2eNlev, resulting in a typical experimental limit of Emax=0.20.3eV for graphene nanostructures on SiO2‐based substrates [49].

Level‐spacing distributions P(S)are normalized such that

. In turn, the variance
raises as the lowest moment allowing one to distinguish between different distributions. In particular, we have

Var{S}GOE=4π10.273, Var{S}GUE=3π810.178,E32
and Var{S}λ0=3π411.356,E33

where Eq. (33) refers to the empirical distribution Pα¯,κ¯(λ,S)given by Eq. (17) with λ0. Similar calculation for arbitrary λis straightforward, but the resulting formula is too lengthy to be presented.

We use the property of m-th cumulant of the distribution P(S)=12[aP1(aS)+bP2(bS)], which is equal to SmP=1/2(a(m)Sm(P1)+b(m)Sm(P2)).. For P1=PGOEand P2=PGOEGUE, see Eqs. (6) and (3), necessary integrals for m=2, 3, 4can be calculated analytically.

When Var{S}is calculates for a large but finite collection of spacings Nspc=Nlev1, it becomes a random variable itself, with a variance which can be approximated by

Var{Var{S}}1Nlev(μ4σ2)=1Nlev(S44S3+8S2S224),E34

where μ4=(SS)4denotes the fourth central moment and we have used the normalization S=1. In turn, for spacings following the distribution Pα¯,κ¯(λ,S)(17) one can find they do not follow GOE if

Nlev[3(μ4σ2)λVar{S}λVar{S}GOE]2,E35

where the factor 3in the nominator corresponds to the 3σlevel of significance. Substituting Eq. (31) one can rewrite the above as

EmaxNtot  9.9t×(μ4σ2)λVar{S}λ0.273.E36

For λ0, we have μ4σ22116π22π42.671, leading to

Ntot  223×(tEmax)2forNvac=0.E37

Limiting values of Ntotand Emax, following from Eqs. (27), (36), and (37) are in depicted Figure 6, presenting the central results of this work. In the absence of edge vacancies (Nvac=0), the attainable Fermi energy Emax=0.25eV should make it possible to detect TRS breaking in nanoflakes containing Ntot3  104carbon atoms, corresponding to the physical diameter of

. For Nvac=1, the limit of Ntot9500(see Eq. (27)) implies Emax0.8eV is required, slightly exceeding current experimental limits for graphene nanostructures.

## 5. Concluding remarks

We have revisited level‐spacing statistics of triangular graphene nanoflakes with zigzag edges, subjected to weak substrate‐induced disorder. Our previous study of the system is complemented by comparing the spectral fluctuations with these of large random matrices belonging to a mixed ensemble interpolating between GUE with self‐dual symmetry and generic GOE. The results show that for a fixed value of maximal Fermi energy Emax(in typical experiment, the Fermi energy is tuned in the range Emax<E<Emaxby top gate electrode), the system size required to detect signatures of the time‐reversal symmetry breaking at zero magnetic field is bounded from the bottom by the condition for minimal number of quantum‐dot energy levels allowing one to distinguish between different classes of spectral fluctuations. A finite number of vacancies at the system boundary may lead to intervalley scattering restoring TRS, resulting in additional, upper limit for the system size.

In conclusion, we expect that triangular graphene flakes with perfectzigzag edges may show signatures of TRS breaking starting from physical sizes exceeding 15nm. For a finite number of atomic‐scale defects (starting from a single edge vacancy), one should search for signatures of the unitary symmetry class in artificial graphene‐like systems rather then in real graphene nanoflakes.

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## Acknowledgments

The author thanks to Huang Liang for the correspondence. The work was supported by the National Science Centre of Poland (NCN) via Grant no. 2014/14/E/ST3/00256. Computations were partly performed using the PL‐Grid infrastructure.

## Notes

• Strictly speaking, ℋeff Eq. (1) applies to quasiparticles near the K valley in the dispersion relation. To obtain the effective Hamiltonian for other valley (K') it is sufficient to substitute σy→−σy.
• To describe transition to quantum chaos rather then transition between symmetry classes in a chaotic system, one can choose H0 to be a diagonal random matrix, elements of which follow a Gaussian distribution with zero mean and the variance 〈(H0)ij2〉=δij.
• The disorder parameters are actually same as in Figures 8 and 9 of Ref. [25], where we have mistakenly omitted the factor π in the numerical evaluation of K0.
• We use the property of m-th cumulant of the distribution P(S)=12[aP1(aS)+bP2(bS)], which is equal to 〈Sm〉P=1/2(a(−m)〈Sm〉(P1)+b(−m)〈Sm〉(P2)).. For P1=PGOE and P2=PGOE−GUE, see Eqs. (6) and (3), necessary integrals for m=2, 3, 4 can be calculated analytically.

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Adam Rycerz (October 12th 2016). Nonstandard Transition GUE‐GOE for Random Matrices and Spectral Statistics of Graphene Nanoflakes, Recent Advances in Graphene Research, Pramoda Kumar Nayak, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/64240. Available from:

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