\r\n\t \r\n\tThe concepts of sets emerges naturally in the human mind, being an abstract concept created by our human reasoning. An example is the set of natural numbers, which can be seen as an immediate consequence of the notion of sets. \r\n\t \r\n\tHowever, when the human mind creates abstract concepts, such as numbers, which are often associated with concrete concepts; However, in some cases, it is impossible to count the number of elements of a set, even knowing that it has a finite amount of elements. The number of residences in the world or stars in the sky is a finite number, no matter how amazingly large. Thus, one of the fundamental questions of the sets theory arises that is "Does the order we use to count things not affect the result?". \r\n\t \r\n\tThere are many questionings of this kind that arise. Despite the protests of several lines of research, such as constructivists and intuitionists, the pillars of the theory of sets developed by Cantor, Zermelo, Frankel, and Von Neumann, served as the basis for the rationale of mathematics. The fundamental idea is to use sets to define all mathematical objects as sets. Everything is set! \r\n\t \r\n\tThis book aims to show new advances and representations in sets theory, asking questions still open and explaining complex axioms. Applications from sets theory to real-world representation problems can also be presented. Philosophical problems and new modeling can also be addressed.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73611199b1ada8e6e847165c1002dcbb",bookSignature:"Prof. Germano Lambert-Torres",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9328.jpg",keywords:"Algebra of classes, Family of Classes,Natural numbers, Equipotence of sets, Operations, Ordering, Theory of Ordinals and Cardinals, Normal form, Epsilon numbers, Independence results, Göedel Theorems, Fuzzy sets, Rough sets, Paraconsistent logic",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 18th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 10th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 9th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 28th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 26th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"112971",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",middleName:null,surname:"Lambert-Torres",slug:"germano-lambert-torres",fullName:"Germano Lambert-Torres",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/112971/images/system/112971.jpg",biography:"Germano Lambert-Torres is a Professor at the Instituto Gnarus. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada, in 1990. From 1983 to 2012, he was with the Electrical Engineering Department, Itajuba Federal University (UNIFEI), where he was also the Dean of the Research and Graduate Studies, from 2000 to 2004. Since 2010, he has been the Director of R&D, PS Solucoes, Itajuba. He also serves as a consultant for many utility companies in Brazil and South America, and has taught numerous IEEE tutorials in the USA, Europe, and Asia. He is the author/editor or coauthor of nine books, more than 30 book chapters, and 50 transactions articles on intelligent systems and nonclassical logic.",institutionString:"Gnarus Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"33305",title:"Elementary Molecular Mechanisms of the Spontaneous Point Mutations in DNA: A Novel Quantum-Chemical Insight into the Classical Understanding",doi:"10.5772/35743",slug:"elementary-molecular-mechanisms-of-the-spontaneous-point-mutations-in-dna-a-novel-quantum-chemical-i",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/33305.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33305",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33305",totalDownloads:2105,totalViews:171,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:25,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 14th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 15th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 21st 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/33305",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/33305",book:{slug:"quantum-chemistry-molecules-for-innovations"},signatures:"Ol'ha O. Brovarets‘, Iryna M. Kolomiets‘ and Dmytro M. Hovorun",authors:[{id:"105697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ol\\'Ha",middleName:"Oleksandrivna",surname:"Brovarets\\'",fullName:"Ol\\'Ha Brovarets\\'",slug:"ol'ha-brovarets'",email:"brovarets@list.ru",position:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"111879",title:"Dr.",name:"Iryna",middleName:null,surname:"Kolomiets",fullName:"Iryna Kolomiets",slug:"iryna-kolomiets",email:"i.m.kolomiets@imbg.org.ua",position:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"111880",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmyto",middleName:null,surname:"Hovorun",fullName:"Dmyto Hovorun",slug:"dmyto-hovorun",email:"hovorun@imbg.org.ua",position:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1598",title:"Quantum Chemistry",subtitle:"Molecules for Innovations",fullTitle:"Quantum Chemistry - Molecules for Innovations",slug:"quantum-chemistry-molecules-for-innovations",publishedDate:"March 21st 2012",bookSignature:"Tomofumi Tada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1598.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29886",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomofumi",middleName:null,surname:"Tada",slug:"tomofumi-tada",fullName:"Tomofumi Tada"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"33302",title:"Numerical Solution of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations in Quantum Chemistry by Spectral Method",slug:"numerical-solution-of-linear-ordinary-differential-equations-in-quantum-chemistry-by-spectral-method",totalDownloads:2775,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Masoud Saravi and Seyedeh-Razieh Mirrajei",authors:[{id:"101641",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",middleName:null,surname:"Saravi",fullName:"Masoud Saravi",slug:"masoud-saravi"},{id:"137928",title:"Mrs.",name:"Seyedehrazieh",middleName:null,surname:"Mirrajei",fullName:"Seyedehrazieh Mirrajei",slug:"seyedehrazieh-mirrajei"}]},{id:"33303",title:"Composite Method Employing Pseudopotential at CCSD(T) Level",slug:"composite-method-employing-pseudopotential-at-ccsd-t-level",totalDownloads:1599,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nelson Henrique Morgon",authors:[{id:"105086",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson",middleName:"Henrique",surname:"Morgon",fullName:"Nelson Morgon",slug:"nelson-morgon"}]},{id:"33304",title:"Quantum Chemical Calculations for some Isatin Thiosemicarbazones",slug:"quantum-chemical-calculations-for-some-isatin-thiosemicarbazones",totalDownloads:2350,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fatma Kandemirli, M. Iqbal Choudhary, Sadia Siddiq, Murat Saracoglu, Hakan Sayiner, Taner Arslan, Ayşe Erbay and Baybars Köksoy",authors:[{id:"104919",title:null,name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Kandemirli",fullName:"Fatma Kandemirli",slug:"fatma-kandemirli"},{id:"131784",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Saracoglu",fullName:"Murat Saracoglu",slug:"murat-saracoglu"}]},{id:"33305",title:"Elementary Molecular Mechanisms of the Spontaneous Point Mutations in DNA: A Novel Quantum-Chemical Insight into the Classical Understanding",slug:"elementary-molecular-mechanisms-of-the-spontaneous-point-mutations-in-dna-a-novel-quantum-chemical-i",totalDownloads:2105,totalCrossrefCites:15,signatures:"Ol'ha O. Brovarets‘, Iryna M. Kolomiets‘ and Dmytro M. Hovorun",authors:[{id:"105697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ol\\'Ha",middleName:"Oleksandrivna",surname:"Brovarets\\'",fullName:"Ol\\'Ha Brovarets\\'",slug:"ol'ha-brovarets'"},{id:"111879",title:"Dr.",name:"Iryna",middleName:null,surname:"Kolomiets",fullName:"Iryna Kolomiets",slug:"iryna-kolomiets"},{id:"111880",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmyto",middleName:null,surname:"Hovorun",fullName:"Dmyto Hovorun",slug:"dmyto-hovorun"}]},{id:"33306",title:"Quantum Chemistry and Chemometrics Applied to Conformational Analysis",slug:"quantum-chemistry-and-chemometrics-applied-to-conformational-analysis",totalDownloads:2792,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aline Thaís Bruni and Vitor Barbanti Pereira Leite",authors:[{id:"102533",title:"PhD.",name:"Aline",middleName:"Thais",surname:"Bruni",fullName:"Aline Bruni",slug:"aline-bruni"},{id:"111368",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitor Barbanti Pereira",middleName:null,surname:"Leite",fullName:"Vitor Barbanti Pereira Leite",slug:"vitor-barbanti-pereira-leite"}]},{id:"33307",title:"Quantum Transport and Quantum Information Processing in Single Molecular Junctions",slug:"quantum-transport-and-quantum-information-processing-in-single-molecular-junctions",totalDownloads:2127,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tomofumi Tada",authors:[{id:"29886",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomofumi",middleName:null,surname:"Tada",fullName:"Tomofumi Tada",slug:"tomofumi-tada"}]},{id:"33308",title:"Charge Carrier Mobility in Phthalocyanines: Experiment and Quantum Chemical Calculations",slug:"charge-carrier-mobility-in-phthalocyanines-experiment-and-quantum-chemical-calculations",totalDownloads:2579,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Irena Kratochvilova",authors:[{id:"104482",title:"Prof.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Kratochvílová",fullName:"Irena Kratochvílová",slug:"irena-kratochvilova"}]},{id:"33309",title:"Theoretical Study for High Energy Density Compounds from Cyclophosphazene",slug:"theoretical-study-for-high-energy-density-compounds-from-cyclophosphazene",totalDownloads:4351,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kun Wang, Jian-Guo Zhang, Hui-Hui Zheng, Hui-Sheng Huang and Tong-Lai Zhang",authors:[{id:"106956",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian-Guo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Jian-Guo Zhang",slug:"jian-guo-zhang"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6193",title:"Density Functional Calculations",subtitle:"Recent Progresses of Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"04bd3a4c7740eade2019d3e7741b8449",slug:"density-functional-calculations-recent-progresses-of-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Gang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6193.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180731",title:"Dr.",name:"Gang",surname:"Yang",slug:"gang-yang",fullName:"Gang Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"58999",title:"The DFT+U: Approaches, Accuracy, and Applications",slug:"the-dft-u-approaches-accuracy-and-applications",signatures:"Sarah A. Tolba, Kareem M. Gameel, Basant A. Ali, Hossam A.\nAlmossalami and Nageh K. Allam",authors:[{id:"175824",title:"Dr.",name:"Nageh",middleName:"K.",surname:"Allam",fullName:"Nageh Allam",slug:"nageh-allam"}]},{id:"57965",title:"Constricted Variational Density Functional Theory Approach to the Description of Excited States",slug:"constricted-variational-density-functional-theory-approach-to-the-description-of-excited-states",signatures:"Florian Senn, Issaka Seidu and Young Choon Park",authors:[{id:"208497",title:"Dr.",name:"Florian",middleName:null,surname:"Senn",fullName:"Florian Senn",slug:"florian-senn"},{id:"209259",title:"Dr.",name:"Issaka",middleName:null,surname:"Seidu",fullName:"Issaka Seidu",slug:"issaka-seidu"},{id:"209260",title:"Dr.",name:"Young Choon",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Young Choon Park",slug:"young-choon-park"}]},{id:"56712",title:"Assessment of the Validity of Some Minnesota Density Functionals for the Prediction of the Chemical Reactivity of the SYBR Green I and Ethidium Bromide Nucleic Acid Stains",slug:"assessment-of-the-validity-of-some-minnesota-density-functionals-for-the-prediction-of-the-chemical-",signatures:"Norma Flores-Holguín, Juan Frau and Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",authors:[{id:"32498",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik"},{id:"154505",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Holguín",fullName:"Norma Flores-Holguín",slug:"norma-flores-holguin"},{id:"214504",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Frau",fullName:"Juan Frau",slug:"juan-frau"}]},{id:"56989",title:"Spectroscopy, Substituent Effects, and Reaction Mechanisms",slug:"spectroscopy-substituent-effects-and-reaction-mechanisms",signatures:"Burkhard Kirste",authors:[{id:"207738",title:"Dr.",name:"Burkhard",middleName:null,surname:"Kirste",fullName:"Burkhard Kirste",slug:"burkhard-kirste"}]},{id:"57798",title:"Spectral Calculations with DFT",slug:"spectral-calculations-with-dft",signatures:"Ataf Ali Altaf, Samia Kausar and Amin Badshah",authors:[{id:"207725",title:"Dr.",name:"Ataf Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Altaf",fullName:"Ataf Ali Altaf",slug:"ataf-ali-altaf"},{id:"218332",title:"Prof.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Badshah",fullName:"Amin Badshah",slug:"amin-badshah"},{id:"218334",title:"Ms.",name:"Samia",middleName:null,surname:"Kausar",fullName:"Samia Kausar",slug:"samia-kausar"}]},{id:"57383",title:"DFT Calculations and Statistical Mechanics Applied to Isomerization of Pseudosaccharins",slug:"dft-calculations-and-statistical-mechanics-applied-to-isomerization-of-pseudosaccharins",signatures:"Zuriel Natanael Cisneros-García, David Alejandro Hernández-\nVelázquez, Francisco J. Tenorio and Jaime Gustavo Rodríguez-\nZavala",authors:[{id:"208273",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J",middleName:null,surname:"Tenorio",fullName:"Francisco J Tenorio",slug:"francisco-j-tenorio"},{id:"208306",title:"Dr.",name:"David Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Velázquez",fullName:"David Alejandro Hernández-Velázquez",slug:"david-alejandro-hernandez-velazquez"},{id:"208685",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Zavala",fullName:"Jaime Gustavo Rodriguez-Zavala",slug:"jaime-gustavo-rodriguez-zavala"},{id:"209201",title:"BSc.",name:"Zuriel Natanael",middleName:null,surname:"Cisneros-Garcia",fullName:"Zuriel Natanael Cisneros-Garcia",slug:"zuriel-natanael-cisneros-garcia"}]},{id:"58084",title:"Catalytic Activation of PVP-Stabilized Gold/Silver Cluster on p- Nitrophenol Reduction: A DFT",slug:"catalytic-activation-of-pvp-stabilized-gold-silver-cluster-on-p-nitrophenol-reduction-a-dft",signatures:"Madhulata Shukla and Indrajit Sinha",authors:[{id:"56688",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhulata",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Madhulata Shukla",slug:"madhulata-shukla"},{id:"213995",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrajit",middleName:null,surname:"Sinha",fullName:"Indrajit Sinha",slug:"indrajit-sinha"}]},{id:"60804",title:"Mechanistic Study on the Formation of Compounds from Thioureas",slug:"mechanistic-study-on-the-formation-of-compounds-from-thioureas",signatures:"Warjeet S. Laitonjam and Lokendrajit Nahakpam",authors:[{id:"34664",title:"Prof.",name:"Warjeet S.",middleName:null,surname:"Laitonjam",fullName:"Warjeet S. Laitonjam",slug:"warjeet-s.-laitonjam"},{id:"209556",title:"Dr.",name:"Lokendrajit",middleName:null,surname:"Nahakpam",fullName:"Lokendrajit Nahakpam",slug:"lokendrajit-nahakpam"}]},{id:"57272",title:"Carbon Nanotubes: Molecular and Electronic Properties of Regular and Defective Structures",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-molecular-and-electronic-properties-of-regular-and-defective-structures",signatures:"María Leonor Contreras Fuentes and Roberto Rozas Soto",authors:[{id:"26760",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Leonor",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",fullName:"M. Leonor Contreras",slug:"m.-leonor-contreras"},{id:"39813",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rozas",fullName:"Roberto Rozas",slug:"roberto-rozas"}]},{id:"58242",title:"Elastic Constants and Homogenized Moduli of Monoclinic Structures Based on Density Functional Theory",slug:"elastic-constants-and-homogenized-moduli-of-monoclinic-structures-based-on-density-functional-theory",signatures:"Jia Fu",authors:[{id:"214281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"Jia Fu",slug:"jia-fu"}]},{id:"59196",title:"Application of Density Functional Theory in Soil Science",slug:"application-of-density-functional-theory-in-soil-science",signatures:"Jiena Yun, Qian Wang, Chang Zhu and Gang Yang",authors:[{id:"180731",title:"Dr.",name:"Gang",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Gang Yang",slug:"gang-yang"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75513",title:"COVID-19 Pandemic and Initial Psychological Responses by Bangladeshi People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96624",slug:"covid-19-pandemic-and-initial-psychological-responses-by-bangladeshi-people",body:'
1. Introduction
Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapid, human to human transmittable respiratory disease which has widespread uniformity with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) as both belong to the Coronaviridae family, genus Betacoronavirus [1] believed to have originated and spread from a seafood market of Wuhan city of China [2]. The outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused unexplained first declared by the Health Commission of Hubei province on December 31, 2019. Thought COVID-19 is originated and spread from China, most of the European countries have been squandered significantly than any other countries of Asia as they exceedingly delayed in shutting down the travel facility [3]. As of October 13, 2020, globally confirmed cases of COVID-19 are 38,080,325 with 1,086,011 deaths [4]. Though the epidemic emerged in China, but the crisis went beyond the specific territory and touched almost every sector. World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [5]. After the warning of WHO and skyrocketed number of the cases instigated researchers around the world to discover lifesaving innovation to overthrow COVID-19 [6] and some 35 organizations are racing to succeed [7].
Though the healthcare infrastructure of Bangladesh is extremely poor as the legacy of national resource constraints, it confirmed the first case in significantly later on March 08, 2020 [8], where first confirmed death was recorded on March 18, 2020 [9]. From the second week of April, the number of confirmed cases is increasing. Local administrations have imposed lockdown in all 64 districts across the country. As of October 13, 2020, total confirmed cases are 379,738 and 5,555 people died [8].
Usually, emotional and behavioral responses and mental health issues remain almost untouched during such pandemic as world run after inventing medicine to cure the disease. This picture is also same in the current COVID-19 pandemic, as inadequate attempts have been taken to address mental health issues and emotional and behavioral responses. In the present study, we are trying to address the concern/worry about COVID-19 infection as an emotional response after COVID-19 positive cases confirmed in the country as “an affective and emotional response to threat” [10]. COVID-19 worry may arise from several factors such as unavailability of vaccine till to date, higher rate of infection globally, lack of sufficient knowledge, etc. Besides these situational factors, some demographic factors (i.e.- gender), social context factors (i.e. group norms or group concerns about the threat), and psychological factors (i.e.- personality traits) may also affect the worry. Women were more concerned about affecting by the SARS virus than men during the SARS epidemic [11]. Authors [10] also adapted a model where they found that personal conservation beliefs and normative concerns were significant predictors of the worry related to Swine Flu virus. Studies suggested that significant others’ concerns about threat are also important predictors of the worry related to that threat [12, 13]. Among personality traits, neuroticism has a strong association to depression, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, etc. [14]. It is the only predictor of psychopathology, while extraversion and agreeableness for positive mental health [15]. COVID-19 worry also leads to some immediate action in everyday life as coping strategy to reduce worry. During the swine flu outbreak, authors [16] have found that people having higher anxiety related to swine flu were carried more avoidance behavior than people having lower anxiety. Moreover, worry during flu outbreak also has association with concentrating on daily activities [10, 17].
Although it would be said that the COVID-19 worry is the main underlying reason of the immediate behavioral and psychological response, the predictors of the COVID-19 worry are unknown as it has a different pattern of affecting than earlier flu viruses. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to identify possible predictors (i.e. – demographic factors, normative concerns, neuroticism, etc.) of the COVID-19 worry and its consequences in immediate behaviors like buying preparatory materials (buying mask, hand sanitizer, disinfection chemicals, etc.), postponing travel plan, buying more daily commodities than usual, and difficulties in concentrating daily activities. In the present study, a hypothesized model (Figure 1) was formulated to assess the association among study variables.
Figure 1.
The structural model about the association among study variables.
2. Methods
2.1 Participants
In the present study, an online survey was conducted using the ‘Google Form’ from March 23, 2020 to March 27, 2020. An online link of the survey questionnaire was shared via Facebook and email. A total of 504 respondents completed online form. Among 504 participants, 284 (56.3%) were male and 220 (43.7%) were female and their age ranged from 18 to 60 years old. Among them, 69.4% were students, 24.4% were full time employee, 2.2% were self-employed and 4% were unemployed, and 77.2% had university or equivalent degree, 20.4% had completed Grade XII, and 2.2% had other educational qualifications.
2.2 Measures
The online survey questionnaire of the present study included the neuroticism subscale of the Big Five Personality Inventory-10 [18], Bangla version [19],two questions about normative concerns about COVID-19 infection, two questions about COVID-19 worry, four questions about initial behavior and psychological responses, and questions about demographic information. Questions about normative concerns, COVID-19 worry, and three out of four questions about initial behavior and psychological responses adapted from the study of Goodwin et al. [10].
The Big Five personality inventory-10 (BFPI) contains 10 items (two items for assessing each trait). This scale had acceptable test–retest reliability (.68–.83) and high correlations (.51–.70) with the NEO-PI-R [20]. Test – retest reliability of the neuroticism subscale in Bangla version also had good test–retest reliability (.714). This subscale had acceptable infit and outfit mean squares (.93–1.02) and non-DIF between male and female. In the present study, participants responded on a five-point Likert scale (from strongly disagree to strongly agree). These two items had significant inter-item correlation (r = .335, p < .001) in this study. Author [21] have suggested assessing inter-item correlation when there’re fewer than 10 items and inter-item correlation between .2 and .4 is sufficient.
To measure normative concerns, participants were asked - “How great a risk does your family (friends) think this COVID-19 pandemic is ...” on a five point scale (from very low to very high, including do not know). These items were significantly correlated (r = .371, p < .001). Regarding COVID-19 worry, participants were asked - “How concerned are you about yourself (your family members) being the victim of COVID-19 outbreak” on a four point scale (from not at all to very much) (r = .541, p < .001). For assessing outcome behavior and psychological responses following questions were asked – (i) Have you bought anything (i.e. Masks, Hand Sanitizers, Antiseptic, etc.) in preparation for COVID-19 pandemic? (Yes/No); (ii) Have you canceled or delayed your travel plans (Yes/No); (iii) Have you brought daily commodities more than usual? (Yes/No); and (iv) How difficult has it been for you to concentrate on your daily activities or job due to COVID-19 threat you feel? (a four-point scale, from not at all to very difficult).
2.3 Statistical analysis
In the present study, IBM SPSS version 26.0 and IBM AMOS version 24.0 were used to analyze the extracted data. Using SPSS, descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages), independent sample t-test, χ2 test were performed and path analysis was performed to assess the relationship among study variables using AMOS.
2.4 Ethics
The present study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards as the data were collected from human participants. This study was approved by the university ethics committee of the Northwest Normal University, China (IRB no.- 20200018). Participants were informed about the study purposes, its nature, and required time to complete, cost and benefits, and confidentiality of information at the beginning of the survey. After reading above information, they had to express their opinion to participate in the study by clicking either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.
3. Results
Table 1 shows that, 50.2% participants rated that their family members and 47.4% rated that their friends judge the risk of the COVID-19 infection to be ‘very high’. Regarding worry, 35.9% participants rated that they were ‘very much’ worried about themselves to be a victim of COVID-19 virus and 58.5% were ‘very much’ worried about their family members to be victims. Almost all participants (97.6%) bought or planned to buy preparatory materials (i.e. masks, hand sanitizers, soap, etc.). Among participants, 83.3% participants postponed their travel plans due to COVID-19 hit in the country and 39.5% participants brought necessary daily commodities more than usual. Twenty three percent participants rated that they felt very much difficulties to concentrate on their daily activities due to the COVID-19 worry. Tables 2 and 3 shows non-significant gender differences in normative concerns (t-value = −.427, p = .671, effect size = .039), worry (t-value = −1.799, p = .073, effect size = .16), purchasing preparatory materials (χ2 = 3.64, p = .056, effect size = .085), postponing travel (χ2 = 1.87, p = .172, effect size = .061), buying daily commodities more than usual (χ2 = 3.47, p = .067,, effect size = .083), and difficulties in concentration due to COVID-19 worry (t-value = 1.73, p = .085, effect size = .039).
Questions
Response category
f (%)
How great a risk does your family think this COVID-19 pandemic is..?
High
210 (41.7%)
Very high
253 (50.2%)
How great a risk do your friends think this COVID-19 pandemic is..?
High
222 (44.0%)
Very high
239 (47.4%)
How concerned are you about yourself being the victim of COVID-19 outbreak?
Concerned
220 (43.7%)
Very much concerned
181 (35.9%)
How concerned are you about your family members being the victim of COVID-19 outbreak?
Concerned
150 (29.8%)
Very much concerned
295 (58.5%)
Have you brought anything (i.e. Masks, Hand Sanitizers, Antiseptic, etc.) in preparation for COVID-19 pandemic?
No
12 (2.4%)
Yes
492 (97.6%)
Have you canceled or delayed your travel plans (Yes/No)
No
84 (16.7%)
Yes
420 (83.3%)
Have you brought daily commodities more than usual?
No
305 (60.5%)
Yes
199 (39.5%)
How difficult it has been for you to concentrate on your daily activities or job due to COVID-19 threat you feel?
Difficult
193 (38.3%)
Very much difficult
118 (23.4%)
Table 1.
Frequency and percentages of responses in questions regarding normative concerns, COVID-119 worry, and initial behavioral responses.
Variable
Groups
M
SD
t-value
Sig.
Cohen’s d
Normative concern
Male
6.70
1.27
−.427
.671
.039
Female
6.75
1.31
COVID-19 worry
Male
6.51
1.33
−1.78
.073
.16
Female
6.72
1.24
Concentration on daily activities
Male
2.85
.86
1.73
.085
.16
Female
2.71
.88
Table 2.
Gender differences in normative concern, COVID-19 worry, and concentration on daily activities (male = 284, female = 220).
Variable
Response categories
Gender
χ2
Sig.
Effect size
Male
Female
Purchasing preparatory materials
No
10 (3.5%)
2 (.9%)
3.64
.056
.085
Yes
274 (96.5%)
218 (99.1%)
Postpone travel plan
No
53 (18.7%)
31 (14.1%)
1.87
.172
.061
Yes
231 (81.3%)
189 (85.9%)
Purchasing daily commodities more than usual
No
182 (64.1%)
123 (55.9%)
3.47
.067
.083
Yes
102 (35.9%)
97 (44.1%)
Table 3.
Gender differences in purchasing preparatory materials, postpone travel plan, and purchasing daily commodities after confirming COVID-19 positive cases in Bangladesh.
Due to non-significant gender differences among study variables, gender was excluded from the path analysis model. Model fit statistics of the path analysis suggested that the hypothesized model had good fits (χ2 = 24.214, df = 7, χ2/df = 3.459, p = .001, GFI = .986, CFI = .972, TLI = .917, RMSEA = .070, LO 90 = .041 and HI 90 = .101, p close = .120, SRMR = .035). The results of the path analysis (Figure 2) showed that both normative concerns about the COVID-19 (β = .326, p < .001) and neuroticism (β = .341, p < .001) significant predictors of COVID-19 worry. Both normative concerns and neuroticism predicted 22% variance of COVID-19 worry. Normative concerns, neuroticism, and COVID-19 worry predicted 16% variance of the buying preparatory materials, 22% of travel plan, 26% of buying daily commodities more than usual, and 20% of concentration problem due to COVID-19 threat. Among variables, normative concerns (β = .107, p = .014) and COVID-19 worry (β = .362, p < .001) significant predictors of buying preparatory materials. Postponing travel plan significantly predicted by COVID-19 worry (β = .449, p < .001), buying daily commodities more than usual significantly predicted by neuroticism (β = .281, p < .001) and COVID-19 worry (β = .321, p < .001), and difficulties in concentration was significantly predicted by neuroticism (β = .126, p = .003) and COVID-19 worry (β = .358, p < .001).
Figure 2.
Path analysis of COVID-19 worry and its causes and consequence on initial responses.
4. Discussion
Despite of the modernization in all sectors, the outbreak of infectious diseases and subsequent epidemics are propagating all over the world as the humans are spreading significantly [22]. The human-to-human transmission feature and continuous mutation into a more deadly strain worsen the contagion [23] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, worry has touched almost all the people across the globe. In this study, we identified the some causes of the COVID-19 worry and immediate consequence after confirming first COVID-19 positive case in Bangladesh. Results showed that almost all participants’ family and friends perceive higher risk of COVID-19 infection. Almost all participants’ also highly worried about being COVID-19 victim. This study has collected research data from Bangladesh at the early stage of COVID-19 outbreak with very nominal confirmed cases and reported death, though by that time the world has already been grappled. People have already come to know the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, Italy, Spain, USA, etc. Moreover, a large of number of people has returned from COVID-19 affected countries and most of them did not follow authority’s instruction to maintain home-quarantine for 14 days. Therefore, higher concern regarding the COVID-19 threat is usual among people. This study suggested that close others concerns about a potential threat was the predictor of the personal worry of that threat. Author [10] have also have suggested a similar association between normative concerns about swine flu outbreak and personal worry about it. Besides, this study also suggested that people higher in neuroticism trait were more worried about COVID-19 threat. Usually, people with higher neurotic traits are characterized through having low self-esteem, irrational perfectionistic beliefs, and pessimistic attitude [24] and they are more sensitive to negative affect [25]. Although neuroticism is impossible to be a product of socialization without the control of hereditary predispositions, the national levels of neuroticism can be moderated, at least to some degree, by cultural factors. Certain empirical findings associated the levels of neuroticism with the religious values [26], geography [27] of a given society. Authors [28] have present very different correlations for neuroticism and cultural aspects. Cultural variations tend to have a certain neurological impact on neurotic conditions considering the differences in prevalence of depression, conversion response, anxiety, somatoform disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder among various societies [29]. As you will learn when you study social psychology, Asian cultures are more collectivist, and people in these cultures tend to be less extroverted. Authors [30] have reported, people in Central and South American cultures tend to score higher on openness to experience, whereas Europeans score higher on neuroticism, explains how Asian societies appear to be more collectivist and how individuals in these cultures tend to have lower extroversion. In European and Latin American cultures, tolerance to practice is greater, and neuroticism is greater. Significantly, neuroticism leads the poor stress management, perceive minor frustration as overwhelmed depression, and surprisingly interpreting an ordinary crisis as a great threat [31]. The quality of life of a neurotic individual is with elevated level of ill-will feeling, excessive worry and other occupational failure [32]. But the maladjustment often motivates the cognition; perform exceptionally well, especially when the situation requires caution, and discipline to act effectively to the anticipated threat [33]. These findings regarding the underlying causes of COVID-19 worry have a great practical implication for mental health practitioners and other concerned authorities for effective dealing with psychologically vulnerable persons due to COVID-19 worry. From personal observation of the authors, a large number of people are not concerned about the severity of COVID-19 pandemic due to lack of literacy, misleading information from some religious leaders and some YouTube channels and Facebook pages, groups. Government is facing difficulties to make conscious these people about the pandemic. Findings about the causes of COVID-19 worry would helpful to local administration and law enforcing agencies to analyze why these people are not concerned and what measure they can take. Study findings showed that higher personal and close others’ safety concern lead to purchase protective materials. People postponed travel plans and purchasing extra daily commodities than usual due to personal anxiety about the COVID-19 threat. People do not know how many days the pandemic will be in Bangladesh. As most of the factories are closed as part of the first line protective measure during an epidemic, people are uncertain about the supplies of the daily commodities. Such uncertainty about future food supplies might also be worked beside neuroticism and worry to purchase extra commodities. Neuroticism and COVID-19 worry also has significant association to problem in concentrating on daily activities. The unremitting threat of COVID-19 is interrupting the daily activities with psychological symptoms [34]. Authors [35] have found that highly worried about the likelihood of family members to be COVID-19 infected leads to higher stress. This epidemic induced stress predicts behavioral change in different negative forms, including attention deficit and concentration difficulty [36].
5. Limitations
The present study had several limitations. This survey was conducted using online tool ‘Google Form’ as it was impossible to conduct face-to-face interviews for data collection. So, people who read well and having internet access were participated in this study. A large portion of Bangladeshi people is out of Internet access. Besides, the majority of the respondents were graduate level students. Therefore, representativeness of the study sample was in questions. Data in this study were self-reported which might be subjected to social desirability bias as COVID-19 pandemic has got huge attention across the world. Often educated respondents prevailed with social-desirability bias, but we consider this study’s results explicit since the survey was conducted at the very outset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. It is apprehended that social desirability was not absolute at that time among Bangladeshi people; hence credibility of this study remains irrefutable.
6. Recommendations
As the present study suggested that, almost all respondents were worried about COVID-19 infection, it is urgent to assess the severity of psychological problems (anxiety, depression, stress etc.) and well-being of Bangladeshi people. It is important to reduce the amount of time spent on social media as it negatively affects user’s mental health with rapid spread of rumors and trigger negative emotions. To render mental health support during emergency situation, Bangladeshi government should prepare comprehensive guideline where telephone and web based counseling need to integrate instantaneously. Since majority of the infected are front-line warriors i.e. doctor, police, and administrators so government should employ intensive mental health service for them.
7. Conclusions
The outbreak of CIVID-19 has been increasing the psychological problems among the Bangladeshi people significantly ever since the initial stage. Our findings suggest that the emotional aspects, worry and normative concerns, are significantly predicting the behavioral responses. This emotional concern often widely depends on the neuroticism where excessive worry and other psychological problems predict the precautionary behavior with the purchase pattern. Our study recommends to cautious and reduced use of social media, rendering telephone based mental health services, appoint psychologists and psychiatrists for front-line warriors in the war against COVID-19, and preparing a guideline for offering mental health services.
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to Mr. Mohammad Mohibul Hasan, Technical Officer, Friendship (NGO), Ms. Syeda Jannatun Nayeem Siddiqua, Ex-student, Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Ms. Moslima Akter, Graduate student, Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Mr. Md. Zahid Ahamed Ratul, and Mr. Abdullah Mursalin Utshow for their cordial cooperation to conduct the online survey.
This study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interest
No potential competing interest was reported by the authors.
Acronyms and abbreviations
SARS-CoV
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
NEO-PI-R
NEO Personality Inventory-Revised
DIF
Differential item functioning
IBM SPSS
International Business Machines Corporation Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
IBM AMOS
International Business Machines Corporation Analysis of Moment Structures
GFI
The goodness of fit index
CFI
The comparative fit index
TLI
Tucker-Lewis index
RMSEA
the root mean square error of approximation
SRMR
Standardized Root Mean Square Residual
APA
American Psychological Association
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
\n',keywords:"Pandemic, COVID-19 worry, normative concerns, neuroticism, initial behaviors",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/75513.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/75513.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75513",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75513",totalDownloads:0,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,dateSubmitted:"February 2nd 2021",dateReviewed:"February 15th 2021",datePrePublished:"March 4th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"March 3rd 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The present study was aimed to investigate the causes of COVID-19 worry and its effect on initial behaviors that observed in early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh. In the online survey, participants’ were asked about normative concerns, COVID-19 worry, initial behaviors, and the neuroticism personality trait. Results of the study demonstrated that (i) higher normative concerns and neurotic trait were predictors of higher COVID-19 worry; and (ii) higher normative concerns and COVID-19 worry significant predictors of buying preparatory materials, higher worry for postponing travel plan, and higher worry and neuroticism for purchasing daily commodities more than usual and difficulties in concentration.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/75513",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/75513",signatures:"Oli Ahmed, Md Zahir Ahmed, Zhou Aibao, Sohan Mia and Md Arif Uddin Khan",book:{id:"10814",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Fabio Gabrielli and Dr. Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Participants",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Measures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Statistical analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Ethics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Limitations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"6. Recommendations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acronyms and abbreviations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, … Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223), 497-506. Doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5'},{id:"B2",body:'Xiang Y-T, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, & Ng CH. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(3), 228-229. Doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30046-8'},{id:"B3",body:'Penney J. Coronavirus Started in China, but Europe Became the Hub for Its Global Spread [Internet]. 2020. Available from https://theintercept.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-europe-travel/ [Accessed: 2020-10-27]'},{id:"B4",body:'Worldmeters. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic [Internet]. 2020. Available from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ [Accessed: 2020-10-18]'},{id:"B5",body:'WHO. WHO Director-General\'s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020 [Internet]. 2020. Available from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 [Accessed: 2020-10-25]'},{id:"B6",body:'Routley, N. Every Vaccine and Treatment in Development for COVID-19, So Far [Internet]. Available from https://www.visualcapitalist.com/every-vaccine-treatment-covid-19-so-far/ [Accessed: 2020-10- 21]'},{id:"B7",body:'Spinney L. When will a coronavirus vaccine be ready? [Internet]. Available from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready [Accessed: 2020-10- 25]'},{id:"B8",body:'IEDCR. Bangladesh Covid-19 Update [Internet]. Available from https://covid19bd.idare.io/ [Accessed: 2020-10-25]'},{id:"B9",body:'Khaliq R, & Sakib SMN. (2020, March 18). Bangladesh confirms first death from new coronavirus South Asian country reports 14 cases of deadly infection so far [Internet]. Available from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-confirms-first-death-from-new-coronavirus/1770315# [Accessed: 2020-10-22]'},{id:"B10",body:'Goodwin R, Gaines SO, Myers L, & Neto F. Initial Psychological Responses to Swine Flu. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2011;18(2), 88-92. Doi:10.1007/s12529-010-9083-z'},{id:"B11",body:'Lau JTF, Kim JH, Tsui HY, & Griffiths S. Anticipated and current preventive behaviors in response to an anticipated human-to-human H5N1 epidemic in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2007;7(18). Doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-18'},{id:"B12",body:'Leppin A, & Aro AR. Risk Perceptions Related to SARS and Avian Influenza: Theoretical Foundations of Current Empirical Research. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009;16(1), 7-29. Doi:10.1007/s12529-008-9002-8'},{id:"B13",body:'Pidgeon RE, Kasperson R., & Slovic P, editors. The social amplification of risk. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003.'},{id:"B14",body:'Khan AA, Jacobson KC, Gardner CO, Prescott CA, & Kendler KS. Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;186(03), 190-196. Doi:10.1192/bjp.186.3.190'},{id:"B15",body:'Lamers SMA, Westerhof GJ, Kovács V, & Bohlmeijer ET. Differential relationships in the association of the Big Five personality traits with positive mental health and psychopathology. Journal of Research in Personality.2012;46(5), 517-524. Doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.05.012'},{id:"B16",body:'Rubin GJ, Amlot R, Page L, & Wessely S. Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ. 2009;339, b2651. Doi:10.1136/bmj.b2651'},{id:"B17",body:'Sprang G. Post-Disaster Stress Following the Oklahoma City Bombing: An Examination of Three Community Groups. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1999;14(2), 169-183. Doi: 10.1177/088626099014002005'},{id:"B18",body:'Rammstedt B, & John OP. Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big-Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality.2007; 41(1), 203-212. Doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001'},{id:"B19",body:'Ahmed O, & Hossain MA. The translated Bangla version of the Big Five Inventory-10. Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh.'},{id:"B20",body:'Costa PT, & McCrae RR, editors. NEO-PI-R professional manual. 1st ed. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992.'},{id:"B21",body:'Pallant J, editor. SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. 1st ed. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill Education, 2016.'},{id:"B22",body:'LePan N. Visualizing the History of Pandemics [Internet]. 2020. Available from https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/ [Accessed: 2020-10-25]'},{id:"B23",body:'Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, & Napoli RD, editors. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2020.'},{id:"B24",body:'McCrae RR, & Costa PT, Jr. A five-factor theory of personality. John OP, Robins RW & Pervin LA, editors. Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 159-181). New York: The Guilford Press, 2008.'},{id:"B25",body:'Suls J, & Martin R.The Daily Life of the Garden-Variety Neurotic: Reactivity, Stressor Exposure, Mood Spillover, and Maladaptive Coping. Journal of Personality. 2005;73(6), 1485-1510. Doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00356.x'},{id:"B26",body:'Allik J & McCrae RR. Toward a geography of personality traits patterns of profiles across 36 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2004; 35(1), 13-28. Doi: 10.1177/0022022103260382'},{id:"B27",body:'Schmitt DP, Allik J, McCrae RR & Benet-Martínez V. The geographic distribution of Big Five personality traits patterns and profiles of human self-description across. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2007; 38(2), 173-212. Doi: 10.1177/0022022106297299'},{id:"B28",body:'Özkan T & Lajunen T. The role of personality, culture, and economy in unintentional fatalities: An aggregated level analysis. Personality and Individual Differences. 2007; 43(3), 519-530.Doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.020'},{id:"B29",body:'Chaturvedi SK.Neurosis across cultures. International Review of Psychiatry. 1993;5(2-3), 179-191. Doi: 10.3109/09540269309028309'},{id:"B30",body:'Benet-Martínez V, & Oishi S. Culture and personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin, editors, Handbook of personality: Theory and research. (p. 542-567). New York: The Guilford Press, 2008'},{id:"B31",body:'Widiger TA, & Oltmanns JR. Neuroticism is a fundamental domain of personality with enormous public health implications. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(2), 144-145. Doi:10.1002/wps.20411'},{id:"B32",body:'Ozer DJ, & Benet-Martínez V. Personality and the Prediction of Consequential Outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology. 2006;57(1), 401-421. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127'},{id:"B33",body:'Bendersky C, & Shah NP. The Downfall of Extraverts and Rise of Neurotics: The Dynamic Process of Status Allocation in Task Groups. Academy of Management Journal. 2013;56(2), 387-406. Doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0316'},{id:"B34",body:'APA. Finding local mental health resources during the COVID-19 crisis [Internet]. Available from https://www.apa.org/topics/covid-19/local-mental-health [Accessd: 2020-10-25]'},{id:"B35",body:'Wang C, Pan R, Wan X. Tan Y. Xu L, Ho CS, & Ho RC. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17, 1729. Doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729'},{id:"B36",body:'CDC. Stress and Coping [Internet]. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html [Accessed: 2020-10-22]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Oli Ahmed",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
Institute of Modern Languages, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Md Arif Uddin Khan",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Sociology, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10814",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Fabio Gabrielli and Dr. Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"198720",title:"Dr.",name:"Penchal Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"Matli",email:"penchal.matli@qu.edu.qa",fullName:"Penchal Reddy Matli",slug:"penchal-reddy-matli",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Development of Metal Matrix Composites Using Microwave Sintering Technique",slug:"development-of-metal-matrix-composites-using-microwave-sintering-technique",abstract:"In this book chapter, aluminum (Al)-based metal matrix composites (AMMCs) with various reinforcing ceramic particles, such as SiC, Si3N4, and Al2O3,\nwere produced by microwave sintering and subsequent hot extrusion processes. The role of various nano/micro-sized reinforcements in altering the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of the microwave-extruded composites was systematically studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that the main components were Al, SiC, Si3N4, and Al2O3 for the studied Al-SiC, Al-Si3N4,\nand Al-Al2O3 composites, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping confirm the homogeneous distribution of reinforcing particles in the Al matrix. Mechanistic studies revealed that the Al-Si3N4 metal matrix composite exhibited superior hardness, ultimate compression/tensile strength, and Young’s modulus, while having a lower coefficient of thermal expansion compared to other studied Al composites. Findings presented are expected to pave the way to design, develop, and synthesize other aluminum-based metal matrix composites for automotive and industrial applications.",signatures:"Penchal Reddy Matli, Rana Abdul Shakoor and Adel Mohamed\nAmer Mohamed",authors:[{id:"148964",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.A",surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"A.M.A Mohamed",slug:"a.m.a-mohamed",email:"adel.mohamed25@yahoo.com"},{id:"197398",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul",surname:"Shakoor",fullName:"Abdul Shakoor",slug:"abdul-shakoor",email:"shakoor@qu.edu.qa"},{id:"198720",title:"Dr.",name:"Penchal Reddy",surname:"Matli",fullName:"Penchal Reddy Matli",slug:"penchal-reddy-matli",email:"penchal.matli@qu.edu.qa"}],book:{title:"Sintering of Functional Materials",slug:"sintering-of-functional-materials",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"50775",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben Ayed",surname:"Foued",slug:"ben-ayed-foued",fullName:"Ben Ayed Foued",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148964",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.A",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"a.m.a-mohamed",fullName:"A.M.A Mohamed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148964/images/4390_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel Mohamed holds a Ph.D. degree in metallurgical engineering from Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Quebec, Canada, and MSc and BSc degrees in metallurgical engineering and materials from the Suez Canal University (SCU), Suez, Egypt. He has also completed postdoctoral studies at UQAC. He is working as Associate Professor at Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, SU, Egypt. He is also working as Research Professor at the University of North Texas (UNT), Texas, USA. His research focuses on the development of light metals for automotive applications and production of ceramic materials and nanotechnology of composite coatings for industrial applications. His accomplishments include around 70 publications in various international journals and conferences, and he has been Editor-in-Chief of a journal, Associate Editor of a journal, and a Reviewer for many international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"167617",title:"Prof.",name:"Raul",surname:"Valenzuela",slug:"raul-valenzuela",fullName:"Raul Valenzuela",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196694",title:"Dr.",name:"Sutharsini",surname:"Ubenthiran",slug:"sutharsini-ubenthiran",fullName:"Sutharsini Ubenthiran",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Jaffna",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sri Lanka"}}},{id:"197318",title:"Prof.",name:"Sukjoon",surname:"Hong",slug:"sukjoon-hong",fullName:"Sukjoon Hong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hanyang University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"197398",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul",surname:"Shakoor",slug:"abdul-shakoor",fullName:"Abdul Shakoor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Qatar University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"197621",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"ramesh-singh",fullName:"Ramesh Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"197622",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Murugathas",surname:"Thanihaichelvan",slug:"murugathas-thanihaichelvan",fullName:"Murugathas Thanihaichelvan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"197992",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Radomir",surname:"Sokolar",slug:"radomir-sokolar",fullName:"Radomir Sokolar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Palacký University, Olomouc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"198619",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayadi",surname:"Ibticem",slug:"ayadi-ibticem",fullName:"Ayadi Ibticem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"partnerships",title:"Partnerships",intro:"
IntechOpen has always supported new and evolving ideas in scholarly publishing. We understand the community we serve, but to provide an even better service for our IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we have partnered with leading companies and associations in the scientific field and beyond.
",metaTitle:"Partnerships",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/partnerships",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
ALPSP
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) is the largest association of scholarly and professional publishers in the world. Its mission is to connect, inform, develop and represent the international scholarly and professional publishing community. IntechOpen has been a member of ALPSP since 2016 and has consequently stayed informed about industry trends through connecting with peers and developing jointly.
\\n
\\n\\n
OASPA
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access (OA) publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. Its mission is carried out through exchange of information, the setting of standards, advancing models, advocacy, education, and the promotion of innovation.
\\n
\\n\\n
STM
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. As a member, IntechOpen has not only made a commitment to STM's Ethical Principles.
\\n
\\n\\n
COPE
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of misconduct in research and publication. IntechOpen has been a member of COPE since 2013 and adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines, ensuring that we maintain the highest ethical standards.
\\n
\\n\\n
Creative Commons
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. IntechOpen uses the CC BY 3.0 license for chapters, meaning Authors retain copyright and their work can be reused and adapted as long as the source is properly cited and Authors are acknowledged.
\\n
\\n\\n
Crossref
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
\\n
\\n\\n
Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
\\n
\\n\\n
CLOCKSS
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
\\n
\\n\\n
Counter
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
\\n
\\n\\n
DORA
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
\\n
\\n\\n
iThenticate
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection and prevention technology and is used worldwide by scholarly publishers and research institutions to ensure the originality of written work before publication. IntechOpen uses the iThenticate plagiarism software to ensure content originality and the research integrity of our published work.
\\n
\\n\\n
Enago
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
\\n
\\n\\n
SPi Global
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
SPi Global is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
\\n
\\n\\n
Amazon
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
\\n
\\n\\n
DHL
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) is the largest association of scholarly and professional publishers in the world. Its mission is to connect, inform, develop and represent the international scholarly and professional publishing community. IntechOpen has been a member of ALPSP since 2016 and has consequently stayed informed about industry trends through connecting with peers and developing jointly.
\n
\n\n
OASPA
\n\n
\n\t
The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access (OA) publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. Its mission is carried out through exchange of information, the setting of standards, advancing models, advocacy, education, and the promotion of innovation.
\n
\n\n
STM
\n\n
\n\t
The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. As a member, IntechOpen has not only made a commitment to STM's Ethical Principles.
\n
\n\n
COPE
\n\n
\n\t
The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of misconduct in research and publication. IntechOpen has been a member of COPE since 2013 and adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines, ensuring that we maintain the highest ethical standards.
\n
\n\n
Creative Commons
\n\n
\n\t
Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. IntechOpen uses the CC BY 3.0 license for chapters, meaning Authors retain copyright and their work can be reused and adapted as long as the source is properly cited and Authors are acknowledged.
\n
\n\n
Crossref
\n\n
\n\t
Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
\n
\n\n
Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
\n\n
\n\t
Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
\n
\n\n
CLOCKSS
\n\n
\n\t
CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
\n
\n\n
Counter
\n\n
\n\t
COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
\n
\n\n
DORA
\n\n
\n\t
DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
\n
\n\n
iThenticate
\n\n
\n\t
iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection and prevention technology and is used worldwide by scholarly publishers and research institutions to ensure the originality of written work before publication. IntechOpen uses the iThenticate plagiarism software to ensure content originality and the research integrity of our published work.
\n
\n\n
Enago
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
\n\t
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
\n
\n\n
SPi Global
\n\n
\n\t
SPi Global is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
\n
\n\n
Amazon
\n\n
\n\t
Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
\n
\n\n
DHL
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5775},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5238},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10409},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15805}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118373},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10656",title:"Intellectual Property",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Dr. Suriyaprakash TNK",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10658",title:"Multilingualism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6bf171e05831c00f8687891ab1b10b5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xiaoming Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10658.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189844",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoming",surname:"Jiang",slug:"xiaoming-jiang",fullName:"Xiaoming Jiang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10660",title:"Heritage - New Paradigm",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d0b747909f95bd54d009ed0838c38f84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176482",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Turcanu-Carutiu",slug:"daniela-turcanu-carutiu",fullName:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:3},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5240},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"135",title:"Environmental Studies",slug:"environmental-studies",parent:{title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:139,numberOfWosCitations:136,numberOfCrossrefCitations:81,numberOfDimensionsCitations:236,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-studies",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6706",title:"Environmental Risks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea444f5d9f74628b340b2d9514bca236",slug:"environmental-risks",bookSignature:"Florin-Constantin Mihai and Adrian Grozavu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175726",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin-Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",slug:"florin-constantin-mihai",fullName:"Florin-Constantin Mihai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5995",title:"Mediterranean Identities",subtitle:"Environment, Society, Culture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5254b511e85984b9457a09ddc2758a1c",slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",bookSignature:"Borna Fuerst-Bjelis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5995.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138475",title:"Prof.",name:"Borna",middleName:null,surname:"Fuerst-Bjeliš",slug:"borna-fuerst-bjelis",fullName:"Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1011",title:"International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aaa208c16030078cdca711a1867ca7ff",slug:"international-perspectives-on-global-environmental-change",bookSignature:"Stephen S. Young and Steven E. Silvern",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96190",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Young",slug:"stephen-young",fullName:"Stephen Young"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2110",title:"Relevant Perspectives in Global Environmental Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a531a19888ec539192408b7a229fdbf9",slug:"relevant-perspectives-in-global-environmental-change",bookSignature:"Julius Ibukun Agboola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2110.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107567",title:"Dr.",name:"Julius",middleName:"Ibukun",surname:"Agboola",slug:"julius-agboola",fullName:"Julius Agboola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"27194",doi:"10.5772/29375",title:"Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping in Environmental Decision Making and Management: A Methodological Primer and an Application",slug:"using-fuzzy-cognitive-mapping-in-environmental-decision-making-and-management-a-methodological-prime",totalDownloads:4219,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:65,book:{slug:"international-perspectives-on-global-environmental-change",title:"International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change",fullTitle:"International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change"},signatures:"Elpiniki Papageorgiou and Areti Kontogianni",authors:[{id:"6011",title:"Dr.",name:"Elpiniki",middleName:null,surname:"Papageorgiou",slug:"elpiniki-papageorgiou",fullName:"Elpiniki Papageorgiou"},{id:"71620",title:"Prof.",name:"Areti",middleName:"D.",surname:"Kontogianni",slug:"areti-kontogianni",fullName:"Areti Kontogianni"}]},{id:"27182",doi:"10.5772/26536",title:"Primary Succession in Glacier Forelands: How Small Animals Conquer New Land Around Melting Glaciers",slug:"primary-succession-in-glacier-forelands-how-small-animals-conquer-new-land-around-melting-glaciers",totalDownloads:4590,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"international-perspectives-on-global-environmental-change",title:"International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change",fullTitle:"International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change"},signatures:"Sigmund Hågvar",authors:[{id:"66992",title:"Prof.",name:"Sigmund",middleName:null,surname:"Hågvar",slug:"sigmund-hagvar",fullName:"Sigmund Hågvar"}]},{id:"27184",doi:"10.5772/26954",title:"Effect of Environmental Change on Secondary Metabolite Production in Lichen-Forming Fungi",slug:"effect-of-environmental-change-on-secondary-metabolite-production-in-lichen-forming-fungi",totalDownloads:6662,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"international-perspectives-on-global-environmental-change",title:"International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change",fullTitle:"International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change"},signatures:"Christopher Deduke, Brinda Timsina and Michele D. Piercey-Normore",authors:[{id:"68386",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Piercey-Normore",slug:"michele-piercey-normore",fullName:"Michele Piercey-Normore"},{id:"68390",title:"BSc.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Deduke",slug:"chris-deduke",fullName:"Chris Deduke"},{id:"102711",title:"Ms.",name:"Brinda",middleName:null,surname:"Timsina",slug:"brinda-timsina",fullName:"Brinda Timsina"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55867",title:"The Marine Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea in a Changing Climate: The Impact of Biological Invasions",slug:"the-marine-biodiversity-of-the-mediterranean-sea-in-a-changing-climate-the-impact-of-biological-inva",totalDownloads:1700,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Anna M. Mannino, Paolo Balistreri and Alan Deidun",authors:[{id:"202075",title:"Prof.",name:"Alan",middleName:null,surname:"Deidun",slug:"alan-deidun",fullName:"Alan Deidun"},{id:"203773",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mannino",slug:"anna-maria-mannino",fullName:"Anna Maria Mannino"},{id:"203777",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Balistreri",slug:"paolo-balistreri",fullName:"Paolo Balistreri"}]},{id:"55996",title:"The Fire in the Mediterranean Region: A Case Study of Forest Fires in Portugal",slug:"the-fire-in-the-mediterranean-region-a-case-study-of-forest-fires-in-portugal",totalDownloads:1510,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Adélia M.O. Sousa",authors:[{id:"187880",title:"Prof.",name:"Adélia",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",slug:"adelia-sousa",fullName:"Adélia Sousa"},{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}]},{id:"55745",title:"The Mediterranean: The Asian and African Roots of the Cradle of Civilization",slug:"the-mediterranean-the-asian-and-african-roots-of-the-cradle-of-civilization",totalDownloads:2133,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Helena Trindade Lopes and Isabel Almeida",authors:[{id:"202246",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Trindade Lopes",slug:"helena-trindade-lopes",fullName:"Helena Trindade Lopes"},{id:"203967",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"isabel-almeida",fullName:"Isabel Almeida"}]},{id:"27193",title:"Strengthening Regional Capacities for Providing Remote Sensing Decision Support in Drylands in the Context of Climate Variability and Change",slug:"strengthening-regional-capacities-for-providing-remote-sensing-decision-support-in-drylands-in-the-c",totalDownloads:2018,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"international-perspectives-on-global-environmental-change",title:"International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change",fullTitle:"International Perspectives on Global Environmental Change"},signatures:"Humberto A. Barbosa and T. V. Lakshmi Kumar",authors:[{id:"66233",title:"Prof.",name:"Humberto",middleName:"Alves",surname:"Barbosa",slug:"humberto-barbosa",fullName:"Humberto Barbosa"},{id:"75701",title:"Dr.",name:"T. V. Lakshmi",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"t.-v.-lakshmi-kumar",fullName:"T. V. Lakshmi Kumar"}]},{id:"61694",title:"Landslides Triggered by Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan",slug:"landslides-triggered-by-typhoon-morakot-in-taiwan",totalDownloads:584,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"environmental-risks",title:"Environmental Risks",fullTitle:"Environmental Risks"},signatures:"Ssu-Yao Yang, Chyan-Deng Jan and Ji-Shang Wang",authors:[{id:"234904",title:"Dr.",name:"Ssu-Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"ssu-yao-yang",fullName:"Ssu-Yao Yang"},{id:"235553",title:"Prof.",name:"Chyan-Deng",middleName:null,surname:"Jan",slug:"chyan-deng-jan",fullName:"Chyan-Deng Jan"},{id:"248208",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji-Shang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ji-shang-wang",fullName:"Ji-Shang Wang"}]},{id:"55484",title:"A Common Approach to Foster Prevention and Recovery of Forest Fires in Mediterranean Europe",slug:"a-common-approach-to-foster-prevention-and-recovery-of-forest-fires-in-mediterranean-europe",totalDownloads:1182,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Sandra Oliveira, Giovanni Laneve, Lorenzo Fusilli, Georgios\nEftychidis, Adélia Nunes, Luciano Lourenço and Ana Sebastián-\nLópez",authors:[{id:"152339",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Lourenço",slug:"luciano-lourenco",fullName:"Luciano Lourenço"},{id:"203745",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"sandra-oliveira",fullName:"Sandra Oliveira"},{id:"204131",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Laneve",slug:"giovanni-laneve",fullName:"Giovanni Laneve"},{id:"204132",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Fusilli",slug:"lorenzo-fusilli",fullName:"Lorenzo Fusilli"},{id:"204133",title:"Mr.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Eftychidis",slug:"georgios-eftychidis",fullName:"Georgios Eftychidis"},{id:"204135",title:"Prof.",name:"Adélia",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",slug:"adelia-nunes",fullName:"Adélia Nunes"},{id:"204136",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Sebastián-López",slug:"ana-sebastian-lopez",fullName:"Ana Sebastián-López"}]},{id:"57251",title:"Amphibians and Reptiles of the Mediterranean Basin",slug:"amphibians-and-reptiles-of-the-mediterranean-basin",totalDownloads:1306,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Kerim Çiçek and Oğzukan Cumhuriyet",authors:[{id:"202126",title:"Dr.",name:"Kerim",middleName:null,surname:"Çiçek",slug:"kerim-cicek",fullName:"Kerim Çiçek"},{id:"209030",title:"Mr.",name:"Oğuzkan",middleName:null,surname:"Cumhuriyet",slug:"oguzkan-cumhuriyet",fullName:"Oğuzkan Cumhuriyet"}]},{id:"55474",title:"Mediterranean Diet beyond the Mediterranean Basin: Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment",slug:"mediterranean-diet-beyond-the-mediterranean-basin-chronic-disease-prevention-and-treatment",totalDownloads:942,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Guadalupe Echeverría, Catalina Dussaillant, Emma McGee, Inés\nUrquiaga, Nicolás Velasco and Attilio Rigotti",authors:[{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti"},{id:"206454",title:"MSc.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Echeverría",slug:"guadalupe-echeverria",fullName:"Guadalupe Echeverría"},{id:"206455",title:"Dr.",name:"Catalina",middleName:null,surname:"Dussaillant",slug:"catalina-dussaillant",fullName:"Catalina Dussaillant"},{id:"206456",title:"BSc.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"McGee",slug:"emma-mcgee",fullName:"Emma McGee"},{id:"206457",title:"Dr.",name:"Inés",middleName:null,surname:"Urquiaga",slug:"ines-urquiaga",fullName:"Inés Urquiaga"},{id:"206458",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco",slug:"nicolas-velasco",fullName:"Nicolás Velasco"}]},{id:"55705",title:"Climate and Urban Morphology in the City of Barcelona: The Role of Vegetation",slug:"climate-and-urban-morphology-in-the-city-of-barcelona-the-role-of-vegetation",totalDownloads:915,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Gilkauris Rojas-Cortorreal, Francesc Navés Viñas, Julio Peña, Jaime\nRoset and Carlos López-Ordóñez",authors:[{id:"203823",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gilkauris",middleName:"María",surname:"Rojas",slug:"gilkauris-rojas",fullName:"Gilkauris Rojas"},{id:"203826",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesc",middleName:null,surname:"Navés Viñas",slug:"francesc-naves-vinas",fullName:"Francesc Navés Viñas"},{id:"203827",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Peña",slug:"julio-pena",fullName:"Julio Peña"},{id:"203828",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Roset Calzada",slug:"jaime-roset-calzada",fullName:"Jaime Roset Calzada"},{id:"203829",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Fernando",surname:"López Ordóñez",slug:"carlos-lopez-ordonez",fullName:"Carlos López Ordóñez"}]},{id:"55878",title:"How Landscapes Make Science: Italian National Narrative, The Great Mediterranean, and Giuseppe Sergi’s Biological Myth",slug:"how-landscapes-make-science-italian-national-narrative-the-great-mediterranean-and-giuseppe-sergi-s-",totalDownloads:655,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mediterranean-identities-environment-society-culture",title:"Mediterranean Identities",fullTitle:"Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture"},signatures:"Fedra A. Pizzato",authors:[{id:"203769",title:"Dr.",name:"Fedra Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Pizzato",slug:"fedra-alessandra-pizzato",fullName:"Fedra Alessandra Pizzato"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-studies",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/quantum-chemistry-molecules-for-innovations/elementary-molecular-mechanisms-of-the-spontaneous-point-mutations-in-dna-a-novel-quantum-chemical-i",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"quantum-chemistry-molecules-for-innovations",chapter:"elementary-molecular-mechanisms-of-the-spontaneous-point-mutations-in-dna-a-novel-quantum-chemical-i"},fullPath:"/books/quantum-chemistry-molecules-for-innovations/elementary-molecular-mechanisms-of-the-spontaneous-point-mutations-in-dna-a-novel-quantum-chemical-i",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()