Comparison of frequencies of C-C SWCNT with MD simulation for the first vibration mode.
Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the vibration analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). This analysis is based on the Donnell thin shell theory. The wave propagation approach in standard eigenvalue form has been employed in order to derive the characteristic frequency equation describing the natural frequencies of vibration in SWCNTs. The axial modal dependence is measured by the complex exponential functions implicating the axial modal numbers. Vibration frequency spectra are gained and evaluated for physical parameter like length-to-diameter ratios. The dimensionless frequency is also investigated in armchair and zigzag SWCNTs with in-plane rigidity and mass density per unit lateral area for armchair and zigzag SWCNTs. These frequencies of the SWCNTs are computed with the aid of the computer software MATLAB. These results are compared with those obtained using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the results are somewhat in agreement.
Keywords
- vibration analysis
- wave propagation approach
- Donnell thin shell theory
- single-walled carbon nanotube
1. Introduction
Iijima [1] discovered the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991 and the uses of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been originate in various areas such as electronics, optical, medicine, charge detectors, sensors, field emission devices, aerospace, defense, construction and even fashion. To study their remarkable properties, a bulk of research work was performed for their high springiness and characteristic ratio [2], a very effective Young modulus and tensile potency [3], well-bonding strength and superconductivity between carbon atoms [4]. Study of free vibrations of these tube have has been examined with regard to their properties and material behavior. For their useful applications, it needs more explorations to examine vibration characteristics of SWCNTs.
Poncharal et al. [5] and Treacy et al. [6] conducted the experiments, the resonance frequency of multi-walled carbon nanotubes for clamped-free excited by electrical loads or thermal were detected in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Thermal vibrations of SWCNTs have been performed for natural frequencies by Molecular dynamics (MD) to predict the Young’s modulus by Zhao et al. [7].
The behaviors and material properties of CNTs using either or continuum mechanics modeling or atomistic modeling have been conducted in Wang et al. [8]. For the analysis of CNTs, when compared to continuum mechanics modeling, atomistic modeling is an easy approach and relatively inexpensive. Consequently, the development of continuum mechanics model has attracted much attention of researchers; especially after Yakobson et al. [9] showed that the results obtained using continuum mechanics modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are in good agreement.
A comprehensive molecular dynamics (MD) study for the contraction and thermal expansion behaviors on different mode of vibration analysis carried by Cao et al. [10]. The fundamental frequency for deformed clamped-clamped shift of SWCNTs under torsion, bending and axial loadings investigated by them. Lordi and Yao [11] performed molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to determine the Young’s modulus and thermal vibration frequencies of SWCNTs using the universal force field with various clamped-free conditions based on the Euler beam theory. Carbon nanotubes model of chiral SWCNTs for analyzing their resonant frequency are developed by Hsu et al. [12] and these tubes were observed under a thermal vibration. The model used for implicating the shear deformation and rotatory inertia was Timoshenko beam model. Chawis et al. [13] and Bocko et al. [14] used nonlocal theory of elasticity for the vibration analysis of SWCNTs. An analysis of vibration characteristics of SWCNTs was examined by Yang et al. [15] and initiated this analysis is based on Timoshenko beam model for nonlocal theory. A number of end conditions have interpreted by Azrar et al. [16, 17] for the vibrations of these tubes. Recently, vibration behaviors of SWCNTs have been investigated by some researchers [18, 19, 20].
To examine the feasibility of SWCNTs as a nano-resonator, the molecular structural mechanics method was employed by Li and Chou [21] .The predicted fundamental frequencies were perceptive to dimensions such as diameter, length along with boundary conditions clamped-free or clamped SWNTs, but the frequencies are correlatively imperceptive to chirality of the tubes. The vibration and buckling aspects of carbon nanotubes using nonlocal Donnell shell theory was examined by Ansari et al. [22, 23].
Vibration analysis of SWCNTs is examined by using the present approach with clamped-clamped and clamped-free vibration. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have three distinctive structures as: (i). armchair (ii). zigzag (iii) chiral. These structures have different properties but their vibrational behavior is less clear according to the regarding situation. Vibration analysis of armchair and zigzag type of carbon nanotubes is executed for following boundary conditions: clamped-clamped (C-C), and clamped-free (C-F). Variations of dimensionless frequencies are attained for length-to-diameter ratio.
Here an analytical investigation of single-walled carbon nanotubes is conducted for extracting their vibration characteristics. The study of free vibration of SWCNTs is done based on cylindrical shell model. This analysis based on the Donnell thin shell theory. These shell dynamics equations are solved by wave propagation approach. The Donnell shell theory based on WPA is, therefore, another choice of powerful research technique of CNTs whose results are applicable in the limit of acceptable statistical errors than the earlier used BM and other approaches [3, 4, 5, 6, 22, 23]. The shell frequency equation is formulated in the eigenvalue form. To provide the complete characteristic of vibrational behavior of SWCNTs by using wave propagation approach is studied in the present chapter. Results are obtained for various material parameters. The dimensionless frequency is also investigated in armchair and zigzag SWCNTs with in-plane rigidity. Now the gape is that there is no research to find directly the dimensionless frequencies of SWCNTs based on cylindrical shell model by using wave propagation approach. However, to the best of authors’ knowledge, to find the frequency of SWCNTs, there is no research works on the vibration analyses of zigzag, armchair SWCNTs based on cylindrical shell using wave propagation approach. These frequencies of the SWCNTs are computed with the aid of the computer software MATLAB and these results are compared against MD simulation results in order to assess the accuracy and validity of the cylindrical shell model for predicting the vibration frequencies of SWCNTs.
2. Theoretical formation
2.1. Cylindrical shell model for the vibration of SWCNT
Carbon nanotubes have two kinds, which are single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Actually multi-walled carbon nanotubes are singled walled carbon nanotubes that are coaxially interposed with different radii. When a graphene sheet rolled up into one time, then it becomes a SWCNTs to produce a hollow cylinder but with end caps. A schema of graphene sheet and single-walled carbon nanotube are shown in Figure 1.
Armchair and zigzag nanotubes are made when chiral angle is equal to 0 and 30 respectively and both are the limiting cases with (m, m) and (m, 0). The structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes is similar to the circular cylinders with regard to geometrical shapes as shown in Figure 2. So, the motion equations for cylindrical shells are utilized for studying the free vibrations of SWCNTs. According to the Donnell thin shell theory (He et al. [24]), the governing equation of motion for free vibration of a CNTs is used. Where
It is assumed that for the representation of the modal deformation displacement functions in the axial, circumferential and radial directions are
where
2.2. Applications of the wave propagation approach
An efficient and a simple technique which corporate as wave propagation approach is employed for the solution of CNT problem in the form of differential equation. Before this, present method has been successively used for the study of shell vibrations [25, 26, 27]. The axial coordinate and time variable are denoted by
where
After putting Eqs. (4)–(6), into Eqs. (1)–(3), the above equations is transmuted in matrix representation after the arrangement of terms, and to designate the vibration frequency equation for SWCNTs, an eigenvalue problem is formed:
The form of non-zero solution of
3. Result and discussion
The vibration frequency spectra for SWCNTs are evaluated by Eq. (3) based on Donnell thin cylindrical shell theory. Variations of the frequencies are obtained with regard to the material properties and tube thickness. Keeping in view of this aspect, the natural frequencies of the longitudinal clamped-free vibration of SWCNTs with a length 6.92 nm are first determined by the MD simulation. The
L/d | Frequencies (THz) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Present | MD | Percentage error | |
6.67 | 0.67832 | 0.64697 | 4.85 |
8.47 | 0.44146 | 0.43335 | 1.87 |
10.26 | 0.30922 | 0.30518 | 1.32 |
13.89 | 0.17360 | 0.18311 | −5.19 |
L/d | Frequencies (THz) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Present | MD | Percentage error | |
4.67 | 0.17074 | 0.23193 | −26.38 |
6.47 | 0.09048 | 0.12872 | −29.70 |
7.55 | 0.06678 | 0.1000 | −31.61 |
8.28 | 0.05566 | 0.07935 | −29.85 |
10.07 | 0.03777 | 0.05493 | −31.23 |
It can be observed that the results which are obtained from present model, the values are nearer to the molecular dynamics results when the length-to-diameter ratio is greater than 10.26. From Table 1, one can notice that the average percentage error between MD results is approximately 3.6%. This fact shows that the results obtained by present method and earlier MD simulation model are in good agreement.
3.1. Vibration of clamped-clamped and clamped-free SWCNTs
In the application of micro-oscillators and micro or nano-strain sensors, the carbon nanotube sensor is generally clamped with both ends [30]. The clamped-clamped and clamped-free single-walled carbon nanotubes have been performed by atomistic simulations [20, 21, 31]. In this section, the distinctive first and third mode frequencies for the set of clamped-clamped single-walled carbon nanotubes is given by present models for their vibration frequencies and compared with molecular dynamic simulations and Timoshenko beam model with thicknesses
The first and third mode natural frequencies accessed by present model and compared with MD simulations are depicted graphically in Figure 3 respectively. It can be observed from Tables 1 and 2 that the length-to-diameter ratio of the set of C-C SWCNTs is somewhat dissimilar from that of C-F SWCNTs. For the prediction of mechanical characters [7, 19, 20, 21] from atomistic studies and the experimental studies [5, 6, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38] are often used for the clamped-free carbon nanotubes. The frequencies for the first and third modes obtained from present model which is compared with molecular dynamic simulation and Timoshenko beam model are shown in Figure 3. It can be readily seen that higher frequencies are produced by higher modes and when length-to-diameter ratio rises at each mode then frequency falls down smoothly as shown in Figure 3. The relationship between the length-to-diameter ratios and natural frequencies is inversely proportional indicates that the vibrations are very sensitive due to long tube and since the SWCNTs are of almost the same diameter. The results for SWCNTs given by MD are little bit higher than the frequencies investigated by the present model. In MD simulation, the frequencies of length-to-radius ratio are 8.28 is 0.0793 and at 20.89 is 0.0138. But in the present model, the frequencies at 8.28 are 0.05566 and at 20.89 is 0.00883, when compared to the MD results.
3.2. Vibration of SWCNTs with dimensionless frequency
Furthermore, the parametric study for the vibrational behavior of SWCNTs with dimensionless is carried out and presented in Figure 4. Alibeigloo et al. [39, 40] and Soldatos et al. [41] used the dimensionless frequency for multi-walled carbon nanotubes and for thin cylindrical shell with respect to length-to-radius ratio respectively. This frequency is associated with frequency
Figure 4 shows an armchair and zigzag CNT, vary the length-to-diameter ratio from 8.3 to 20.9 will change the dimensionless frequency from 0.0385 to 0.0063 THz in case of clamped-clamped boundary condition. Likewise, in clamped-free condition it changes from 1.2827 to 0.5094 THz in armchair case. It may be seen from the above Figure 4 that the resulting value of dimensionless frequency decreases with the increase in length-to-diameter ratio. Now in zigzag CNT, changing the length-to-diameter ratio from 4.86 to 35.53, the dimensionless frequency changes from 0.0303 to 0.0049 THz in case of clamped-clamped boundary condition. Likewise, in clamped-free condition it varies from 1.16605 to 0.4609 THz.
3.3. Vibration of SWCNTs with in-plane rigidity
For the results generated so far, the nanotube in-plane rigidity has been taken to be
Previous study reveals that the bending rigidity of SWCNTs should be considered as an independent material parameter not linked to the representative thickness by the classic bending rigidity formula, i.e.,
3.4. Vibration with mass density per unit lateral area
Figure 6 is presented to investigate the influence of the mass density per unit lateral area variation on the dimensionless frequency of a (12, 12) armchair and (14, 0) zigzag SWCNT with boundary conditions: clamped-clamped and clamped-free. These figures shows that for all the selected boundary conditions, the frequency calculated via shell model are sensitive to the nanotube mass density and also the larger the mass density per unit lateral area
4. Conclusions
The vibration behavior of CF and CC SWCNTs are extensively investigated by present model compared with MD simulation. With properly chosen parameters, the present models can reproduce satisfactory frequencies that are in reasonable agreement with those results obtained by MD simulations and Timoshenko beam model. The effects of the length-to-diameter ratio for armchair and zigzag CNTs with in-plane rigidity, mass density per unit lateral area on the dimensionless frequencies are also examined with present models. It is found that the frequencies decreases smoothly when length-to-diameter ratio would increases and higher mode of vibration occurred when the frequencies are higher. For a clamped-free SWCNT, their exist an inverse proportionality which is observed between the resulting frequency and length-to-diameter ratio. For clamped-clamped SWCNTs, the results took a similar trend but in this case frequency values are much higher. The results are obtained numerically for different boundary conditions and plotted in graphical forms. In the field of CNTs vibrations, wave propagation approach presents a good application. A better cylindrical shell model is needed to furnish more accurate prediction of the vibration frequencies of SWCNTs, such as the nonlocal shell theory that incorporates the effect of small length scale effect.
Appendix 1
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