\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8122",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases",title:"Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases is about a group of diseases that can infect humans and animals, and that are transmitted by vectors. These diseases are called vector-borne zoonotic diseases. This book is meant to be used by veterinarians, medical doctors, entomologists, and other experts, as well as students, animal owners, nature lovers, etc. The book has several sections: "Introduction," "Vectors", "Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens," and "Vector Control." Each of the sections concerns one stage of a vector-borne disease. Each group of authors has dedicated their work to one of the topics with key roles on pathogens or vectors that are of great public health interest in their country or region. In this book, the authors have tried to show which vectors and diseases are the most interesting, having in mind that their spreading represents a danger to health. With this book, we hope to broaden readers\' knowledge by sharing experiences with vector-borne diseases,with the aim to upgrade the knowledge of general public health from a One Health perspective.',isbn:"978-1-78985-294-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-293-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-045-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77985",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"vectors-and-vector-borne-zoonotic-diseases",numberOfPages:132,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"5a088c3ab82e499c8d5d2f8ceec6a601",bookSignature:"Sara Savić",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8122.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4691,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 25th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 16th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 15th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 3rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 2nd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",biography:"Sara Savić, Ph.D., DVM, is a researcher, working in a diagnostic laboratory within the Scientific Veterinary Institute 'Novi Sad” from Novi Sad, Serbia.\r\n Her main work is based on the diagnostic procedures for zoonotic diseases and vector-borne zoonoses. Dr. Savić has completed her Ph.D. degree on Diagnostics of Lyme disease in dogs and ticks, after which her interests and career went toward One Health issues. \r\nThe significance of multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary, and interdisciplinary work has become most interesting during the past decade. Her expertise is in bacterial and parasitic vector-borne zoonoses, especially in blood parasites. Dr. Savić has published over 100 publications so far as a leading author or as a co-author, in different scientific journals and proceedings from different scientific meetings.",institutionString:"Scientific Veterinary Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"909",title:"Parasitology",slug:"parasitology"}],chapters:[{id:"65273",title:"Introductory Chapter: Vectors and Vector-Borne Pathogens around Us",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84276",slug:"introductory-chapter-vectors-and-vector-borne-pathogens-around-us",totalDownloads:560,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sara Savić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65273",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65273",authors:[{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic"}],corrections:null},{id:"63773",title:"Aedes: What Do We Know about Them and What Can They Transmit?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81363",slug:"aedes-what-do-we-know-about-them-and-what-can-they-transmit-",totalDownloads:706,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Biswadeep Das, Sayam Ghosal and Swabhiman Mohanty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63773",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63773",authors:[null],corrections:[{id:"65669",title:"Corrigendum to: Aedes: What Do We Know about Them and What Can They Transmit?",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-aedes-what-do-we-know-about-them-and-what-can-they-transmit",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"64079",title:"Ixodes ventalloi Gil Collado, 1936: A Vector Role to be Explored",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81615",slug:"ixodes-ventalloi-gil-collado-1936-a-vector-role-to-be-explored",totalDownloads:584,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Ana Sofia Santos and Maria Margarida Santos-Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64079",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63519",title:"Sandfly-Borne Viruses of Demonstrated/Relevant Medical Importance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81023",slug:"sandfly-borne-viruses-of-demonstrated-relevant-medical-importance",totalDownloads:848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Nazli Ayhan and Remi N. Charrel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63519",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64068",title:"An Overview of Leishmaniasis: Historic to Future Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81643",slug:"an-overview-of-leishmaniasis-historic-to-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:558,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mümtaz Güran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64068",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64206",title:"Vector-Borne Infections in Bulgaria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81916",slug:"vector-borne-infections-in-bulgaria",totalDownloads:658,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Iva Christova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64206",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64098",title:"Use of Artificial Intelligence on the Control of Vector-Borne Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81671",slug:"use-of-artificial-intelligence-on-the-control-of-vector-borne-diseases",totalDownloads:790,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Daniel da Silva Motta, Roberto Badaró, Alex Santos and Frank Kirchner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64098",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64098",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6179",title:"Antibiotic Use in Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"330ad6b360324a533411aa736563fbee",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-animals",bookSignature:"Sara Savic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6179.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1692",title:"Parasitology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b2110e81c765897e4ffdfbd340495e25",slug:"parasitology",bookSignature:"Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1692.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94128",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Manjur",surname:"Shah",slug:"mohammad-manjur-shah",fullName:"Mohammad Manjur Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5527",title:"Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d705be119e74a50305952521b2b5ece0",slug:"natural-remedies-in-the-fight-against-parasites",bookSignature:"Hanem Khater, M. Govindarajan and Giovanni Benelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5527.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8806",title:"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514ab85661e01a47575e845792ef5bdc",slug:"biology-of-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-",bookSignature:"Wanderley De Souza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161922",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanderley",surname:"De Souza",slug:"wanderley-de-souza",fullName:"Wanderley De Souza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9025",title:"Parasitology and Microbiology Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9a211396d44f07d2748e147786a2c8b",slug:"parasitology-and-microbiology-research",bookSignature:"Gilberto Antonio Bastidas Pacheco and Asghar Ali Kamboh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"238219",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto Antonio",surname:"Bastidas Pacheco",slug:"gilberto-antonio-bastidas-pacheco",fullName:"Gilberto Antonio Bastidas Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6979",title:"Parasites and Parasitic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f55304c8bd1d92268e33689c368f9e33",slug:"parasites-and-parasitic-diseases",bookSignature:"Gilberto Bastidas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6979.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"238219",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto Antonio",surname:"Bastidas Pacheco",slug:"gilberto-antonio-bastidas-pacheco",fullName:"Gilberto Antonio Bastidas Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66064",slug:"corrigendum-to-textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high",title:"Corrigendum to: Textured BST Thin Film on Silicon Substrate: Preparation and Its Applications for High Frequency Tunable Devices",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66064.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66064",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66064",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66064",chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7342",leadTitle:null,title:"Manifolds II",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Differential geometry is a very active field of research and has many applications to areas such as physics, in particular gravity. The chapters in this book cover a number of subjects that will be of interest to workers in these areas. It is hoped that these chapters will be able to provide a useful resource for researchers with regard to current fields of research in this important area.",isbn:"978-1-83880-310-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-309-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-716-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75217",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"manifolds-ii-theory-and-applications",numberOfPages:146,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97f5bd89a6e5006ea10d90df5a6df5a5",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",publishedDate:"May 22nd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7342.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2797,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 19th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 18th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92883/images/system/92883.JPG",biography:"Professor Paul Bracken is currently a Professor in the Department of Mathematics, at the University of Texas RGV in Edinburg, TX. He obtained his BSc degree from the University of Toronto and holds a Ph.D. from the University of Waterloo in Canada. His research interests include mathematical problems from the area of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, differential geometry, a study of partial differential equations as well as their overlap with other problems in physics. He has published more than 160 papers in journals and books and has given many talks at different levels over the years. This is the seventh volume he has worked on with IntechOpen publishers.",institutionString:"The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"9",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"165",title:"Geometry & Topology",slug:"geometry-and-topology"}],chapters:[{id:"65349",title:"The Generalized Weierstrass System in Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space",slug:"the-generalized-weierstrass-system-in-three-dimensional-euclidean-space",totalDownloads:436,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}]},{id:"63626",title:"On Conformal Anti-Invariant Submersions Whose Total Manifolds Are Locally Product Riemannian",slug:"on-conformal-anti-invariant-submersions-whose-total-manifolds-are-locally-product-riemannian",totalDownloads:384,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"62804",title:"Recent Advances of Manifold Regularization",slug:"recent-advances-of-manifold-regularization",totalDownloads:571,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63130",title:"Manifold Learning in Medical Imaging",slug:"manifold-learning-in-medical-imaging",totalDownloads:547,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63747",title:"Trajectory Tracking Control of Parallel Manipulator with Integral Manifold and Observer",slug:"trajectory-tracking-control-of-parallel-manipulator-with-integral-manifold-and-observer",totalDownloads:452,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63611",title:"Manifold-Based Robot Motion Generation",slug:"manifold-based-robot-motion-generation",totalDownloads:415,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"250240",firstName:"Nino",lastName:"Popovic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250240/images/7088_n.png",email:"nino@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3513",title:"Advances in Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bbea1c081216f267a4480707f4ead9cf",slug:"advances-in-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3513.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5488",title:"Manifolds",subtitle:"Current Research Areas",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1193790ca2c8027d4ffc6911dd24365",slug:"manifolds-current-research-areas",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5213",title:"Research Advances in Quantum Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"15678b0555c714101f8d707a46b4ac60",slug:"research-advances-in-quantum-dynamics",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5213.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10076",title:"Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78f2b316d6bb97464dbbf9b683164aff",slug:"quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7776",title:"Research Advances in Chaos Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9646ec4b2bff873ce958ed4d5ad7248",slug:"research-advances-in-chaos-theory",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"68992",title:"Simple Preparations for Plasmon-Enhanced Photodetectors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89251",slug:"simple-preparations-for-plasmon-enhanced-photodetectors",body:'Photodetectors are one of the most important devices in photonic chips, which show a great potential in optical communication, flame sensing, environmental monitoring, and astronomical studies [1]. A lot of semiconductors have been exploited for photodetection such as silicon, GaN, PbS, InGaAs and HgCdTe, operating from ultraviolet to far-infrared region [2]. It is significant to decrease the dimension of photodetectors down to the sub-nano scale for the next generation highly integrated photonic chips.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attractive electronic and optical properties such as flexibility, transparency and metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Tungsten disulfide (WS2), a typical member of the TMDs group, has a higher carrier mobility than other TMD materials due to smaller electron effective mass [8]. Moreover, WS2 enjoys excellent thermal stability for extensive applications [9]. Hence, WS2-based high stable photodetectors can be used in many attractive applications such as extreme environment detection. Furthermore, Two-dimensional stacked molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has attracted many research interests for applications in optoelectronic devices, due to its outstanding merits of electronic and optical properties, especially photodetectors. But the few layers 2D material-based photodetectors suffer from low photoresponsivity mainly due to the poor optical absorption in the atomic layered materials.
A number of 2D material-based photodetectors have been enhanced using resonance microcavity, PbS quantum dots, tunneling effect, heterojunctions or perovskite [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. The narrow band absorption or complex preparation process limits the application of these attractive methods. Recently, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-enhanced photodetector has been demonstrated, and we have also provided effective ways to enhance the efficiency of light-harvesting [15, 16, 17]. LSPR can be excited by Ag or Au nanoparticles (NPs) such as deep metallic grating, nanodisk array, bowtie array, hybrid antenna and fractal metasurface [18, 19, 20]. Furthermore, patterning 2D materials into periodic structure can also excite plasmon resonance [21]. The methods for preparing the nanostructure involve electron beam lithography, hydrothermal synthesis, and template-based electrochemical method, which are generally complicated, expensive and may deleterious to the device.
For the current existing problems, we have demonstrated two methods for easy-preparation and high-performance 2D material-based photodetectors [22, 23]. (i) Au NPs solution was directly spun coated onto WS2-based photodetectors. The performance has been enhanced by the LSPR of Au NPs, and reach quite high responsivity of 1050 A/W at the wavelength of 590 nm. The diameters and distance of Au NPs will affect the resonant wavelength and absorption of the device. (ii) We have demonstrated a MoS2 plasmonic photodetector by depositing Au NPs on MoS2 sheet using magnetron sputtering without need of template, which shows a significant improvement of photo-response in near-infrared region. The spectral response of pure MoS2 was in visible light and which was extended to near-infrared region (700–1600 nm). Furthermore, the responsivity reaches up to 64 mA/W when the incident light is 980 nm. Detailed preparation and discussion of the mechanism are performed in the chapter.
The WS2 film was grown on sapphire substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and transferred to Si/SiO2 substrate by wet transfer method. The molecular configurations of WS2 are shown in Figure 1a. Raman spectra (Figure 1b), PL spectrum (Figure 1c) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) files (Figure 1d) reveal monolayer feature of WS2 film.
The microscopic molecular structures and characterization of monolayer WS2 film [
The 3D and cross-section view of the photodetector is shown in Figure 2a,b, respectively. The light incident normally from the top of the device. The fabrication was carried out by the following steps. First of all, a 200-nm-thick molybdenum (Mo) layer was deposited and patterned on WS2 layer. Afterwards, the WS2 was patterned (size: 30 × 100 μm) by photolithography and plasma etching to form active area. Finally, Au NPs solution was spun coating onto the channel and dried in air. Nearly spherical Au NPs can be seen in the low-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image (Figure 2c). The mean diameter of Au NPs is ~20 nm (Figure 2d) as shown in the statistical analysis of the TEM images. Typical low-resolution (Figure 2e) and high-resolution (Figure 2f) scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the Au NPs are also presented. The Au NPs are well distributed on the top of the WS2 film.
Characterization of the fabricated photodetector [
The drain-source current (
Visible to NIR light response of the fabricated photodetector [
The current gain is defined as
where
To explain the mechanism of the enhancement by Au NPs, we take finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to investigate the distribution of electric field of Au NPs. According to the Förster’s expression for energy
where
The resonant wavelength can be acquired by SPPs dispersion equation.
where
where
The results for the illumination at λ =590, 740, and 850 nm are shown in Figures 4a–c, respectively. It is clear that the intense electromagnetic fields were introduced by LSPR of Au NPs. The electric field near the Au NPs was significantly enhanced and stronger than the rest region, revealing that electromagnetic energy was compactly confined by the Au NPs. The electromagnetic field was enhanced more significant when the illumination was under λ = 590 nm. The enhanced electric fields could excite the generation of the carriers in the WS2 film, resulting a prominent photoresponse. The highest responsivity obtained at λ = 590 nm (Figure 3b,d) is consistent with the most intense LSPR at λ = 590 nm (Figure 4a). The generation and transportation of the electrons are shown in Figure 4d. The photons were absorbed by WS2 film and the excited electrons were driven by the drain-source voltage. There are more electrons around the Au NPs as Figure 4d shows.
LSPR and carrier transfer of the presented enhanced photodetector [
Figure 5a,b shows the schematic and optical image of our designed MoS2 plasmonic photodetector by introducing Au NPs, respectively. The few-layered MoS2 sheet was obtained using mechanical exfoliation method. Then, we transferred the exfoliated MoS2 to the SiO2/Si substrate which contacted with Au/Ni electrodes. Next, we fabricated the Au NPs on exfoliated MoS2 sheet using magnetron sputtering technique. This facile method offers the convenience of without need of template compared with other reported MoS2 plasmonic photodetectors.
(a) Schematic and (b) optical image of MoS2 photodetector decorated with Au NPs [
Figure 6 shows the morphology of as-prepared materials was characterized using an AFM. As shown in Section A1 in Figure 6a, b, it indicates the thickness of exfoliated bare MoS2 is just about 6 nm (about 10 folds). In comparison, the surface morphology of the MoS2 after depositing with Au NPs by magnetron sputtering was shown in Figure 6c–f. It clearly exhibits the physical size and particle distribution of Au NPs can be easily tuned by sputtering technique. When the sputtering current increased from 30 mA (LPP1, Figure 6d) to 35 mA (HPP1, Figure 6e) with deposition period fixed to 1 s, we obtained the controllable Au NPs with lateral size increasing from ~3 to ~5 nm and vertical height increasing from ~5 to ~8 nm, respectively. For another, if we fixed the applied current to 30 mA and prolonged the deposit period to 2 s (LPP2, Figure 6f), the Au NPs maintain almost same physical size as LPP1 but the gap of adjacent deposited Au NPs sharply drops compared with LPP1.
AFM images of as-prepared bare MoS2 and MoS2 modified with Au NPs [
In order to investigate chemical composition of the prepared materials, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed. As shown in Figure 7, The peaks at 229.2 and 232.3 eV correspond to the doublet of Mo 3d5/2 and Mo 3d3/2, respectively. And the peaks of 226.3, 162.1 and 163.2 eV of the binding energy attach to the S 2s, S 2p3/2 and S 2p1/2, respectively [26, 27]. For Au 4f, the peak positions of 83.6 and 87.2 eV bind to the Au 4f7/2 and Au 4f5/f, indicating the Au NPs are directly introduced into the exfoliated MoS2 sheet [28]. More importantly, the banding energies of Mo and S in Au decorated MoS2 maintain the same values as that of bare MoS2 sheet, indicating the introduction of Au NPs has non-influence on the crystal structures of exfoliated MoS2 sheet.
XPS plots of bare MoS2 and Au NPs decorated MoS2 [
Further, we used Raman spectroscopy of 532 nm laser to confirm the structural properties of the fabricated devices. For MoS2, the difference of E12g and A1g, Δ, corresponding to in-plane and out of plane energy vibrations, is used to index the layer number of obtained MoS2. Figure 8a shows the Δ of bulk MoS2 and our exfoliated MoS2 are 27.8 and 25.3 cm−1, respectively, indicating that the thickness of bare MoS2 is about 10 layers [29], which is highly consistent with the AFM results. After decorating Au NPs with MoS2, it exhibits the Δ maintains nearly same as bare MoS2 but the intensities obviously increase, shown in Figure 8b, c.
Raman spectroscopy of the prepared materials. (a) Typical spectra of bulk MoS2 and exfoliated MoS2. Raman shift of exfoliated bare MoS2 sheet and Au NPs decorated MoS2 with different (b) sputtering electric current (LPP1, HPP1) (c) deposition period (LPP1, LPP2) [
The photoelectric performance of the fabricated photodetector was studied at room temperature, which applied a 980 nm laser source with controllable incident power. In order to produce the laser beam pulses, we combined an oscilloscope to the incident laser source. Figure 9a shows the photocurrent plots of photodetector, where the illumination power and bias voltage are 1.60 mW and 2 V, respectively. Obviously, the Au NPs/MoS2 heterostructure-based photodetector exhibits an ultra-high photocurrent (8.6 nA) compared with that of bare MoS2-based photodetector (0.59 nA).
Photoelectrical performances of Au NPs/MoS2-based photodetector [
Figure 9b shows the plots of photocurrent vs. applied bias voltage ranging from 0.1 to 15 V. We obtained a photocurrent up to ~480 nA, when the applied incident laser power and bias voltage were 7.50 mW and 15 V, yielding an improved responsibility of 64 mA/W. Moreover, the
With respect to the stability of the photodetector, we performed the extended duration photocurrent measurements by periodically switching the incident laser under illumination of 3.20 mW at bias of 5 V, and the periods of both on and off state are 5 s. Figure 9d shows the photocurrents over 500 circles of continuous operation, exhibiting a well stability. Moreover, in order to characterize the response time for detecting infrared wavelengths of our designed device, we applied an oscilloscope in the process of laser excitation to produce laser pulses with a duration of 10 ms. Figure 9e shows the time-response of Au decorated MoS2-based device under illumination of 7.50 mW at bias of 15 V. It indicates that the rise time (
In order to study the potential mechanism of our fabricated photodetector, we simulated the electric field distribution of Au decorated MoS2 using finite element method in the infrared region. We assumed that the Au NPs with a gap of 6 nm and a diameter of 5 nm under illumination of a linearly polarized plane wave with an electric field amplitude of 1 Vm−1 for the simulated model. And the thicknesses of MoS2 sheet and incident laser wavelength were 6 and 980 nm, respectively. Figure 10a, b shows the cross-section of the simulated electric field distribution of Au NPs decorated MoS2. Benefiting from the LSPR effect excited by the Au NPs, when the diameter matched to the incident wavelengths, the intensities of electric field at interfaces of air/Au/MoS2, up to ~3.96 × 105 V/m, are obviously higher than other districts. In comparison, interfaces of air/MoS2 show a poor intensity of electric field, only about 6.72 × 104 V/m. This tendency can be also observed in the recent researches of Au NPs guided MoS2 sheets for photo-detection [30]. We further experimentally proved the absorption by using UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy analysis. Figure 10c shows the absorption spectrum of bare MoS2 sheet Au NPs decorated MoS2. The normalized absorptance plots indicate that the Au NPs/MoS2 is obviously enhanced than that of bare MoS2 ranging from 700 to 1600 nm.
Cross-section of the simulated electric field distribution for (a) Au NPs/MoS2 sensing layer and (b) air/Au/MoS2 interfaces. (c) Absorptance plots of bare MoS2 sheet and Au NPs decorated MoS2 using sputtering method. The solid and dashed lines correspond to the experimental and fitted results, respectively. (d) Schematic representation for the operational mechanism of the fabricated Au NPs/MoS2 device [
The above results and discussion clearly unveil the introduction of Au NPs plays a key role in enhancing the light matter interactions of MoS2 with infrared wavelengths. The significantly improved sensitivity of the fabricated photodetector could be attributed to the LSPR effect, shown in Figure 10d, induced by the periodically aligned Au NPs, resulting in obvious improvement of local electric field. When the incident infrared wavelengths highly confined by the deposited Au NPs, the local electric field at the interface of Au/MoS2 is greatly improved by the surface plasmon waves. Firstly, the Au surface plasmons effectively excite a coupling effect at the interface of Au/MoS2 for absorbing photons, yielding a much more photo-induced carriers to improve the photo sensing [30, 31]. Moreover, the additional local electric field generated by the LSPR effect of Au NPs accelerates the photogenerated carriers to separate for producing photocurrent [32, 33]. This facile method, tuning Au NPs by sputtering method to excite LSPR effect for fabricating the unique device structure, is expected to be practical applications in other 2D materials such as WS2 and MoSe2 [34, 35, 36], thus offers a new route on a variety of high-performance optoelectronic devices.
High performance photodetectors are very important in a lot of applications. We have successfully developed two simple methods to prepare plasmon-enhanced photodetectors. (i) Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) solution were directly spun coated onto the WS2-based photodetectors. The performance has been enhanced by the LSPR of Au NPs, and reached an excellent high responsivity of 1050 A/W at the wavelength of 590 nm. (ii) Au NPs were deposited on MoS2 by magnetron sputtering. The spectral response of pure MoS2 was located in visible light and which was extended to near-infrared region (700–1600 nm) by Au NPs. Further, the responsivity reaching up to 64 mA/W when the incident light is 980 nm. These photodetectors achieved excellent responsivity and response speed. The results not only promote the development of high-performance photodetectors, but also provide a simplified method for the fabrication of other hybrid structure devices.
The project was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2015CB351905), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFA 0302300, No. 2016YFA0200400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61306105).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Our planet, the earth, is a wonderful place and has been suitable to live on its surface for thousands of years; it obliges us to preserve and nurture it. As investment volumes continue to grow in the globalized economy, environmental shadows are intersecting more and more on this planet. The concept of sustainable development, which generally means meeting the needs of the present without assaulting the rights of future generations, is addressed and implemented by many countries to manage the environment in an equal manner. However, there are some nations that achieve growth for their economies without regard to the adverse effects on the open environment. Nuclear and related applications became available everywhere to solve many problems of humanity. These applications, if not managed correctly, may lead to adverse effects of contaminating our environment by adding radioactive materials to already existing radioactivity of natural origin. So that our future generations and we will not be the victims of the various contaminations with hazards, we must preserve our environment. Many models arise when large companies offer their products without paying attention to long-term effects on human health or environmental stability. Some states allow the export of banned products or remainders inside the country because they are not safe in domestic use. In that regard, there are some talk about agreements to bury dangerous waste (e.g., radioactive waste in deserts). We recognize this by developing appropriate solutions and standards to perform the required tasks. These procedures often require the availability of accurate information and must be much easier to facilitate making decisions. The environmental radiation monitoring, for example, requires a variety of measurements, so it needs development of equipment capable of performing fast and accurate measurements on demand in addition to training of people that deals with radioactive materials.
In nature, there are important components that cast a shadow over the existing development of humankind such as uranium, which contributed greatly to the generation of electricity around the world. This element, in addition to other natural radionuclides, believed to be originated during the supernova explosion millions of years ago and/or alien to the earth where it was formed in the fusion of neutron stars, eventually makes its way into the earth crust. Natural radioactivity is a term used to describe the levels of naturally occurring radionuclides in different environmental compartments, originated either from cosmic (e.g., 14C and 3H) or terrestrial radiation. In addition to radioactive potassium (40K), the terrestrial radionuclides include those contained in four known decays series, namely, uranium, thorium, actinium, and neptunium, which start with 238U, 232Th, 235U, and 237Np, respectively. They comprise 18, 11, 16, and 12 radionuclides, respectively. The most abundant in significant levels in our environment are those from 238U and 232Th series. It is believed that in the history of the earth, the crust was enriched in uranium in the beginning; then, the rise of oxygen had oxidized uranium leading to the transfer of huge amount to the oceans and by some natural processes back to the mantle [1, 2]. The processes involved led to spatial distribution of uranium and its decay products. No matter how these theories and assumptions are exact, they give a picture of the approach we can only prove their validity by experiments.
Natural environmental radioactivity arises primarily not only from uranium, as mentioned above, but includes also other nuclides, such as thorium series and potassium, which occur at trace levels in all formations. These radionuclides are believed to be formed by the process of nucleosynthesis in stars and are characterized by half-lives that are comparable to the age of the earth.
It has been recognized that there are some places with large inhabitants that encompass high levels of background radiation in environmental compartments. Great interest given worldwide for the study of naturally occurring radionuclides has led to the performance of broad investigations in many countries [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Investigators attempted to correlate the distributions of natural radionuclides with some settings such as geology, soil characteristics, etc. Such surveys can be useful for both the assessment of dose rates and the exploit of epidemiological studies, as well as to keep reference-data histories and to determine possible changes in the environmental radioactivity due to nuclear, industrial, or any other practices. What matters to us is to deal with the current reality of taking advantage of natural resources without disruption and tampering with our environment. The accurate determination of isotopes in environmental media presents a significant contest. Thanks to the technology that offered today many nuclear and related techniques for evaluating isotopes in the environment in efficient manner. Depending on the isotope, the analytical technique is selected (alpha, beta, or gamma emitter).
Gamma radiation emitted from naturally occurring radioisotopes, also called terrestrial background radiation, represents the main external source of irradiation of the human body. Natural environmental radioactivity and the associated external exposure due to gamma radiation depend primarily on the geological and geographical conditions, as reported at different levels in the soils of different regions around the world [11, 12, 13]. The specific levels of terrestrial environmental radiation are related to the geological composition of each lithologically separated area and to the content in thorium (Th), uranium (U), and potassium (K) of the rock from which the soils originate in each area.
This topic received some interests by many researchers in the field. Regardless of the general situation of safety and exposures, there are a number of conceptual issues, which remain open. That may include better revision of the protection concepts to cope with conditions of long-term chronic exposure resulting from natural sources. Developing real-world methodologies for the assessment and regulation of situations where there is a potential of exposure and addressing long-term safety aspects of radioactive waste of natural origin deem necessary. For decades, several studies have been conducted on the behavior of radionuclides in the environment and their transfer to humans through ecological and food chains. Most research focused on the contamination of the food chain release to the environment and development of mathematical models to describe environmental transport and assessment of general exposure. Continuing basic biological research is of particular importance to progress in protecting human, animal, and the environment from the hazards of radiation, so it should be strongly supported. However, it is also important to allow epidemiology, especially studies of low-dose populations, and to improve understanding of environmental phenomena as they relate to radiation protection, so as not to throw our hands at risk.
Many practices nowadays may increase the risk of surface contamination by radioactivity which needs control, such as oil exploration leading to NORMs, phosphate fertilizers, and illegal disposal of radioactive wastes in remote areas. Environmental monitoring can afford valuable means for understanding the distribution of natural worries of the ecological system. It is therefore importantly needed to increase our knowledge of the system by better means and offer adequate information to regulators, decision-makers, and the public. Authorities and investigators make baseline data such as risk maps to identify areas with low or high concentrations of certain radioactive and nonradioactive elements.
Environmental sample includes anything on the earth (soil, rocks, plants, water, sediments, air, etc.). It is important that samples taken from any place have to be representative to that place and care necessity be taken not to cross-contaminate samples. These precautions include also storing samples in a safe place to prevent conditions that could change the properties of the sample. Samples shall be kept sealed during long-term storing or transport. Before sampling a protocol, sampling strategy has to be set and all records of field sampling are written in a certain logbook. Simple logbook contains basic information of samples and sampling (date/time, coordinates, climate conditions, dose rate readings, etc.) It may contain additional information such as where and how samples are taken. As an example, soil samples can be taken using auger with depths up to 20 cm (after removing the top 2–3 cm). Locations of samples have to be pre-defined on approximate map, and from each location, a set of triplicate samples (as shown in Figure 1) could be taken. Samples are then prepared for measurements in standard procedures (drying, grinding, sieving, etc.). Details about sample preparation are described elsewhere such as the IAEA Technical Report Series No. 295 [14].
Part of soil sampling area where triplicate samples are found from each location in the area.
Among other types of radiation, gamma rays are the most penetrating radiation that are emitted from natural and manufactured sources. This property made gamma rays easy to detect and measure. Measurements can be made in two manners: total measurements that record gamma rays emitted at different energies from various sources. These modes are generally used to evaluate the gross levels of the gamma radiation in fields and to detect the presence of abnormalities in the environment. Laboratory analyses, on the other hand, measure both the intensity and energy of radiation, which enables identification of the source of the radiation.
Gamma radiation monitoring is applied in several fields of science including geological, geochemical, and mineral exploration, related epidemiological studies, and environmental science. It allows the interpretation of regional features over large areas. The monitoring is useful to estimate and assess the terrestrial radiation dose to the human population and to recognize regions of probable natural radiation hazard. Radioactive potassium and the uranium and thorium decay series are relatively abundant in the natural environment. They produce gamma rays of sufficient energies and intensities to be detected by a simple gamma ray spectrometry. Average crustal abundances of these elements quoted in the literature are in the range 2–2.5%, 2–3 ppm, and 8–12 ppm for potassium, uranium, and thorium, respectively [12].
Regional monitoring provides a base against which contamination from artificial sources be estimated. For example, regular measurements are conducted around nuclear facilities such as power plants, hospitals, and mining, industrial, and even radiowaste sites to provide a baseline against which any unintentional release of radioactive material can be detected. The gamma ray techniques have been fruitfully applied to mapping the fallout from nuclear accidents [15].
Gamma spectrometry is a system that is equipped with various types of detectors (HPGe, BEGe, LEGe, NaI, etc.), which characterized its specifications for radioactivity measurements. Germanium detectors are powerful systems used to measure the radioactivity in environmental samples. They have many advantages compared to other techniques as, for example, they distinguish many radionuclides in one single measurement without destruction or chemical modification of the sample. Simultaneous identification of many radionuclides with specific gamma energy and high-energy resolution of the germanium detectors allows measurements of complex combinations of gamma emitters. Figure 2 shows typical gamma spectrum taken for environmental sample.
A typical gamma measurement spectrum obtained using HPGe system.
It is important to know what counting statistics is used to optimize counting times in view of the influence of background. Depending on detector characteristics, the minimum detectable activity (MDA) at specific energy E is an important parameter to be calculated for field measurements; this may be given using Eq. (1):
where R(E), B(E), and ε(E) are resolution of the detector (keV), background (counts/keV), and total efficiency at the specific energy E, respectively.
Measurements are generally carried out using various radiation survey meters that can have different detection abilities. The choice of field measuring devices usually depends on how sensitive these devices are to different energies of different concentrations of radionuclides in the environment. Quality control has to be conducted by researcher and investigators to make sure these devices are reliable, accurate, and precise.
An example of the reliability of field, compared to the laboratory measurements, will be given here. In a recent survey, a portable dose rate meter device (Radiogem2000 with probe [16]) was set to measure dose rates, DF (μSv/h) at 1 meter above the ground while at the same time taking soil samples from the same locations for laboratory analyses of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the collected samples. Ambient dose rates (DC) are calculated from the measurements using Eq. (2):
where AU, ATh, and AK are the activity concentrations (Bq/kg) of 238U, 232Th, and 40K, respectively [11].
As shown in Figure 3, a very good linear relationship between field and laboratory measurements (calculated absorbed dose) was clearly perceived for about 100 data points with moderate dose rates (DC ≈ 0.7DF, R2 = 0.97). Of course, this result could be validated with more measurements. The most important outcome of that investigation is that at normal situations where the absorbed dose is up to 300 nGy/h, the field measurements have good agreement with laboratory measurements. It is therefore safe to rely on the portable devices for routine monitoring. The implication of that is that many measurements could be performed in a field mission (as the measurement takes only few minutes long). If levels are high, then sampling and laboratory measurements force itself.
Relationship between field (ambient dose) and laboratory measurements (absorbed dose).
The level of background radiation can be used as a consideration in remedial actions if contamination occurs. If measured constantly, it gives info about the trends with time and impact of man-made activities. Hence, it is important to carry out systematic investigations on ambient gamma dose throughout to establish a baseline database for future control assessment where it acts as early warning system.
The early warning system is composed of detectors installed at different locations and connected to central server over available communication system. Any type of detector or survey meters could be installed and used to fulfill the requirements. The advantage of this system is that the authority can create a national radiation map, showing environmental radiation levels (gross count of the radioactivity) throughout certain area updated in real time. It allows the citizen (or anyone) to see what radiation levels are within that specific area at any instance.
In a simple form, GIS is defined as a set of computer hardware and software designed to acquire, store, manipulate, display, and report geographically referenced information for a particular purpose in space. The space is presented by geographic coordinate systems. Therefore, GIS defines the relationships between various database information and geographical locations within the location system. Together with geostatistical tools, GIS is useful to interpolate scatter data by converting measured points into continuous surfaces. There are several methods available, the choice of which depends on the data itself. Among these methods it is worth to mention two methods, namely, inverse distance weighting (IDW) and kriging.
In this interpolator, the data points are weighted during process so that the impact of points relative to each other is a function of inverse distance. Weighting is calculated to data via the use of a weighting power and the radius object. Larger power means that the adjacent points have the larger influence. Searching radius could be fixed or variable (with typical values of power around two). This flexibility allows controlling the interpolation, which may depend on the number of samples and how they are spatially distributed. One of the drawbacks using this method is that maxima and minima are always among data points since the inverse distance weighted interpolation is a smoothing technique by definition. On the other hand, it is a powerful interpolation technique which leads to reasonable predictions with no problem with results exceeding the range of meaningful values. Simple or advance GIS software could be employed to interpolate and validate the results. Validations are normally expressed as root mean squares error in the correlation between the predicted and actual values.
This is an advance method that makes a surface from scattered points. It is sometimes called weighted moving averaging method because it is derived from regionalized variable theory. It assumes that the variation of a parameter is statistically correlated all over the area. Kriging derives weights from semivariogram functions that depict the degree of spatial correlation between data points as a function of distance and directions between points. The semivariogram adjusts the way kriging weights are allocated to each data point during interpolation. The semivariogram γ(h) function is given by Eq. (3):
where xi + h and xi are sampling position separated by a vector h, Z(xi) is a random variable at fixed position xi, and N(h) is the number of data pairs separated by a vector h. Ordinary kriging is a type of kriging that uses the sampled main variable to estimate values at unsampled locations. Cokriging, on the other hand, allows secondary variables to be incorporated in the model assuming that both primary and secondary variables are correlated [17, 18].
Figure 4 shows a typical example to predict unsampled places from randomly scattered data points of measured ambient dose (figure to the left). Both interpolator methods IDW and kriging were used to create continuous surface of this parameter as shown in middle and right figures, respectively. These maps (easy to visualize if there are trends) could be used as a guide for any future studies; it can be improved and updated.
Converting scattered measured ambient dose to continuous surface using inverse distance weighting (IDW) and kriging geostatistical methods.
Radon is a naturally occurring radionuclide that is found in the environment as a member of the natural decay series of uranium. The 222Rn, including its progeny, is one of the most significant natural sources from a viewpoint of human radiation exposure to the population. Exposure to high concentrations of radon has been correlated to lung cancers, although the effect of low radiation doses is not well defined. The importance of environmental 222Rn data were pointed out in the UNSCEAR reports [11, 12, 13]. As an alpha emitter, the indoor 222Rn can be measured using detectors that estimate alpha particles or via its decay products that emit alpha, beta, or gamma rays. Many techniques have been developed to measure radon in the environment. Charcoal canister technique and solid-state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) are common methods in use to evaluate radon in passive mode. The radiation doses due to radon inhalation are calculated according to the ICRP assumption of equilibrium factor (the quotient of the equilibrium equivalent concentration to the 222Rn concentration) of 0.4 and assuming 5700 h spent indoors annually.
In addition to absorbed dose calculated from Eq. (2), the following additional hazard index parameters are, generally, evaluated using field or laboratory measurements to assess the risk of exposure due to natural radioactivity.
The annual effective dose is a quantity that is introduced in the field of radiation protection for dose limitation, defined as organ or tissue weighted sum of equivalent dose in 1 year (averaged for the whole body) considering type of radiation. It represents the stochastic risk (probability of getting cancer [estimated as 5 × 10−2 per sievert] and genetic defects). For people living in a certain area, the annual effective dose could be calculated using Eq. (4) [12]:
where 0.7 is the absorbed/ambient dose conversion factor and 0.2 is the outdoor occupancy.
Example 1: About 100 soil samples were collected from an area, measured by gamma spectrometry which showed the following average results: 80 ± 7, 91 ± 21, and 573 ± 89 (Bq/kg) for 238U, 232Th, and 40K, respectively. Estimate the annual effective dose for people living in this area spending 60% of their time indoor.
Solution: First we calculate the absorbed dose using Eq. (2):
D = 0.461x80 + 0.623x91 + 0.0414x573 = 117 nGy/h
This can then be converted into annual effective dose using Eq. (4):
E ≈ 0.3 mSv/y
This index is calculated using Eq. (5) [19]:
Example 2: In example 1 above, calculate the external hazard index.
Solution:
less than unity (the recommended limit for external exposure).
Cancer risk can be estimated using Eq. (6) [12, 20]:
where DL is the life expectancy (in years) and RF is the cancer risk factor for each sievert [21], which is of order 0.05 for the public.
Example 3: In example 1 above, estimate cancer risk for a person living in that area.
Solution:
Assuming the average life expectancy of people in this area is 65 years, then using Eq. (6) the lifetime cancer risk is calculated as
ELCR = 0.3 × 10−3 × 65 × 5 × 10−2 = 9.8 × 10−4 ≈ 10−3
The chapter describes the importance of radioactivity monitoring to preserve our environment. It sheds the light on methods designated for the measurement of natural radionuclides in the environment and assessment of radiation exposure to human in different situations. In addition to measurements and surveys, the chapter presents a summary of some methods of radiation dose calculations that the individual may be exposed to. As is difficult to measure everywhere, the chapter also presents methods for estimating and predicting the spatial distribution of radiological quantities. The use of a geographical information system, GIS, and geostatistical methods to create maps facilitates the evaluation and assessment of radioactivity in the environment. Environmental measurements may be costly and time-consuming practices; hence, thoughts to reduce time and efforts are given in this chapter where at normal levels portable simple equipment proved useful.
Part of the data presented in this chapter is prepared with the support of the “Environmental group of Sudan Atomic Energy Commission.” The author would like to thank all members of this group for their collaboration during field missions, laboratory analyses, and reporting.
The author discloses no potential conflicts of interest.
General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"1175"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",parent:{title:"Gastroenterology",slug:"gastroenterology"},numberOfBooks:56,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1687,numberOfWosCitations:492,numberOfCrossrefCitations:385,numberOfDimensionsCitations:921,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7888",title:"Hepatitis A and Other Associated Hepatobiliary Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e027bb08025546d9beb242d55e87c84c",slug:"hepatitis-a-and-other-associated-hepatobiliary-diseases",bookSignature:"Costin Teodor Streba, Cristin Constantin Vere, Ion Rogoveanu, Valeria Tripodi and Silvia Lucangioli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin Teodor",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-teodor-streba",fullName:"Costin Teodor Streba"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8330",title:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0f8ff2a0673b7be22f7e7c531a2e410",slug:"nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-an-update",bookSignature:"Emad Hamdy Gad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222727",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emad Hamdy",middleName:null,surname:"Gad",slug:"emad-hamdy-gad",fullName:"Emad Hamdy Gad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8838",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",subtitle:"Debates and Current Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17163eb18a082da0fe70ccc20b7fe69a",slug:"liver-cirrhosis-debates-and-current-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6718",title:"Hepatitis C",subtitle:"From Infection to Cure",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7448805e61bfa52ce552c427ad6f16fc",slug:"hepatitis-c-from-infection-to-cure",bookSignature:"Imran Shahid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6718.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6663",title:"Management of Chronic Liver Diseases",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"833ebcb9a2596f81deff0246ed7c9642",slug:"management-of-chronic-liver-diseases-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Xingshun Qi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6663.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6440",title:"Liver Research and Clinical Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4bbd66ccead286ab737f23feb053cf8",slug:"liver-research-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6073",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"Molecular Bases, Prevention and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6141320881651ddc40a3f35893c209e7",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-molecular-bases-prevention-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5931",title:"Stomach Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"489f823dd49e3fa397e477a8101ca4ff",slug:"stomach-disorders",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5714",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"132a5e5097b78a76535fde4196596ac9",slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6061",title:"Ascites",subtitle:"Physiopathology, Treatment, Complications and Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ead9b3e5c36413f9ff2c3129fbc57574",slug:"ascites-physiopathology-treatment-complications-and-prognosis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6014",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b812442f63938a061f1c84b2338bb187",slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",bookSignature:"Martina Smolic, Aleksandar Vcev and George Y. Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6014.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:56,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:85,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"22945",doi:"10.5772/17640",title:"Pathophysiology of Gastric Ulcer Development and Healing: Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Options",slug:"pathophysiology-of-gastric-ulcer-development-and-healing-molecular-mechanisms-and-novel-therapeutic-",totalDownloads:11792,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"peptic-ulcer-disease",title:"Peptic Ulcer Disease",fullTitle:"Peptic Ulcer Disease"},signatures:"Matteo Fornai, Luca Antonioli, Rocchina Colucci, Marco Tuccori and Corrado Blandizzi",authors:[{id:"28973",title:"Prof.",name:"Corrado",middleName:null,surname:"Blandizzi",slug:"corrado-blandizzi",fullName:"Corrado Blandizzi"},{id:"44227",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Fornai",slug:"matteo-fornai",fullName:"Matteo Fornai"},{id:"44229",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Antonioli",slug:"luca-antonioli",fullName:"Luca Antonioli"},{id:"44230",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocchina",middleName:null,surname:"Colucci",slug:"rocchina-colucci",fullName:"Rocchina Colucci"},{id:"44231",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Tuccori",slug:"marco-tuccori",fullName:"Marco Tuccori"}]},{id:"35446",doi:"10.5772/47946",title:"Delivery of Probiotic Microorganisms into Gastrointestinal Tract by Food Products",slug:"delivery-of-probiotic-microorganisms-into-gastrointestinal-tract-by-food-products",totalDownloads:5861,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"new-advances-in-the-basic-and-clinical-gastroenterology",title:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology",fullTitle:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology"},signatures:"Amir Mohammad Mortazavian, Reza Mohammadi and Sara Sohrabvandi",authors:[{id:"97458",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mortazavian",slug:"amir-m.-mortazavian",fullName:"Amir M. Mortazavian"},{id:"99974",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Sohrabvandi",slug:"sarah-sohrabvandi",fullName:"Sarah Sohrabvandi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45493",title:"Biliary Dyspepsia: Functional Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders",slug:"biliary-dyspepsia-functional-gallbladder-and-sphincter-of-oddi-disorders",totalDownloads:5553,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"dyspepsia-advances-in-understanding-and-management",title:"Dyspepsia",fullTitle:"Dyspepsia - Advances in Understanding and Management"},signatures:"Meena Mathivanan, Liisa Meddings and Eldon A. Shaffer",authors:[{id:"165693",title:"Dr.",name:"Eldon",middleName:null,surname:"Shaffer",slug:"eldon-shaffer",fullName:"Eldon Shaffer"}]},{id:"56262",title:"Anatomy of Esophagus",slug:"anatomy-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:2872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu and Taner Kıvılcım",authors:[{id:"200126",title:"M.D.",name:"Murat Ferhat",middleName:null,surname:"Ferhatoglu",slug:"murat-ferhat-ferhatoglu",fullName:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu"},{id:"206240",title:"Dr.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Kivilcim",slug:"taner-kivilcim",fullName:"Taner Kivilcim"}]},{id:"56068",title:"Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy",slug:"minimally-invasive-esophagectomy",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Rafael Cholvi Calduch, Isabel Mora Oliver, Fernando Lopez Mozos\nand Roberto Martí Obiol",authors:[{id:"203292",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"fernando-lopez",fullName:"Fernando Lopez"},{id:"203687",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Martí",slug:"roberto-marti",fullName:"Roberto Martí"},{id:"204943",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Cholvi",slug:"rafael-cholvi",fullName:"Rafael Cholvi"},{id:"204944",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Mora",slug:"isabel-mora",fullName:"Isabel Mora"}]},{id:"21425",title:"Histopathological Diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",slug:"histopathological-diagnosis-of-non-alcoholic-and-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease",totalDownloads:2948,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"liver-biopsy-in-modern-medicine",title:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine",fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine"},signatures:"Andrea Tannapfel and Berenike Flott-Rahmel",authors:[{id:"34863",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tannapfel",slug:"andrea-tannapfel",fullName:"Andrea Tannapfel"},{id:"53108",title:"Prof.",name:"Berenike",middleName:null,surname:"Flott-Rahmel",slug:"berenike-flott-rahmel",fullName:"Berenike Flott-Rahmel"}]},{id:"55879",title:"Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy (PHG)",slug:"portal-hypertensive-gastropathy-phg-",totalDownloads:1115,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"stomach-disorders",title:"Stomach Disorders",fullTitle:"Stomach Disorders"},signatures:"Samia Ali Gamie",authors:[{id:"204157",title:"Prof.",name:"Samia",middleName:null,surname:"Ali Abdo Gamie",slug:"samia-ali-abdo-gamie",fullName:"Samia Ali Abdo Gamie"}]},{id:"57005",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life in Antiviral-Treated Chronic Hepatitis C Patients",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-in-antiviral-treated-chronic-hepatitis-c-patients",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",fullTitle:"Update on Hepatitis C"},signatures:"Aleksandar Včev, Jelena Jakab, Lucija Kuna and Martina Smolić",authors:[{id:"154595",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:null,surname:"Vcev",slug:"aleksandar-vcev",fullName:"Aleksandar Vcev"},{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"},{id:"204953",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucija",middleName:null,surname:"Kuna",slug:"lucija-kuna",fullName:"Lucija Kuna"},{id:"205159",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Jakab",slug:"jelena-jakab",fullName:"Jelena Jakab"}]},{id:"55818",title:"Tissue Engineering of Esophagus",slug:"tissue-engineering-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Yabin Zhu, Mi Zhou and Ruixia Hou",authors:[{id:"40618",title:"Prof.",name:"Yabin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yabin-zhu",fullName:"Yabin Zhu"}]},{id:"55045",title:"Hemodynamic Optimization Strategies in Anesthesia Care for Liver Transplantation",slug:"hemodynamic-optimization-strategies-in-anesthesia-care-for-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:1298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"liver-cirrhosis-update-and-current-challenges",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",fullTitle:"Liver Cirrhosis - Update and Current Challenges"},signatures:"Alexander A. Vitin, Dana Tomescu and Leonard Azamfirei",authors:[{id:"201176",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Vitin",slug:"alexander-vitin",fullName:"Alexander Vitin"},{id:"202442",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:null,surname:"Tomescu",slug:"dana-tomescu",fullName:"Dana Tomescu"},{id:"202600",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Azamfirei",slug:"leonard-azamfirei",fullName:"Leonard Azamfirei"}]},{id:"56177",title:"Nutritional Management of Esophageal Cancer Patients",slug:"nutritional-management-of-esophageal-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Dimitrios Schizas, Irene Lidoriki, Demetrios Moris and Theodore\nLiakakos",authors:[{id:"203349",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Schizas",slug:"dimitrios-schizas",fullName:"Dimitrios Schizas"},{id:"204000",title:"MSc.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Lidoriki",slug:"irene-lidoriki",fullName:"Irene Lidoriki"},{id:"204001",title:"Dr.",name:"Demetrios",middleName:null,surname:"Moris",slug:"demetrios-moris",fullName:"Demetrios Moris"},{id:"204002",title:"Prof.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Liakakos",slug:"theodore-liakakos",fullName:"Theodore Liakakos"}]},{id:"46479",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/nanoplasmonics/simple-preparations-for-plasmon-enhanced-photodetectors",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"nanoplasmonics",chapter:"simple-preparations-for-plasmon-enhanced-photodetectors"},fullPath:"/books/nanoplasmonics/simple-preparations-for-plasmon-enhanced-photodetectors",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()