Specific classification of simple phobias.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6092",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Neuroplasticity - Insights of Neural Reorganization",title:"Neuroplasticity",subtitle:"Insights of Neural Reorganization",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides comprehensive and up-to-date insights into emerging research trends on neuroplasticity with current or future treatments for neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases. The authors discuss structural and functional changes associated with cortical remapping, sensory substitution, synaptic and non-synaptic compensatory plasticity due to brain damage, brain training, chronic pain, meditation, music, exercise and related states. Key features include pathogenesis, and existing and new therapies together with a pharmacological and non-pharmacological approach in clinical treatment and management. The authors are established experts that contributed significantly to a better understanding of the etiology of neuroplasticity. This book is recommended to healthcare providers, clinical scientists, students and patients.",isbn:"978-1-78923-195-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-194-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-286-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68156",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"neuroplasticity-insights-of-neural-reorganization",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"1003fc63680b1c04e9135f3dea18a8c3",bookSignature:"Victor V. Chaban",publishedDate:"June 6th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6092.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6197,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:26,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 8th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 29th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 24th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 28th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"83427",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Chaban",slug:"victor-chaban",fullName:"Victor Chaban",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/83427/images/system/83427.jpg",biography:'Dr. Victor V. Chaban is a Professor of Medicine with dual faculty appointment at Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (CDU) and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Dr. Chaban completed his postdoctoral training in Neuroscience at UCLA and graduate studies in Clinical Research at CDU. His area of expertise is signal transduction mechanisms of nociception associated with clinical presentations of visceral pain. Currently, Dr. Chaban is an Associate Editor In Chief for the International Journal of Research in Nursing. Dr. Chaban is an author of 4 books: the most recent is "Calcium Signaling and Nervous System. Overview and Directions for Research" by Nova Medicine and Health, N.Y., 2020',institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1175",title:"Neuroplasticity",slug:"neuroplasticity"}],chapters:[{id:"59474",title:"Neuroplasticity of Primary Sensory Neurons in Visceral Nociception",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73699",slug:"neuroplasticity-of-primary-sensory-neurons-in-visceral-nociception",totalDownloads:527,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Victor V. Chaban",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59474",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59474",authors:[{id:"83427",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Chaban",slug:"victor-chaban",fullName:"Victor Chaban"}],corrections:null},{id:"58107",title:"Plastic Adaptation: A Neuronal Imperative Capable of Confounding the Goals of Stem Cell Replacement Therapy for either Huntington’s or Parkinson’s Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71790",slug:"plastic-adaptation-a-neuronal-imperative-capable-of-confounding-the-goals-of-stem-cell-replacement-t",totalDownloads:533,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Michael I. Sandstrom, Kevin A. Anderson, Naveen Jayaprakash,\nParnit K. Bhupal and Gary L. Dunbar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58107",authors:[{id:"82951",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",surname:"Dunbar",slug:"gary-dunbar",fullName:"Gary Dunbar"},{id:"84116",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Sandstrom",slug:"michael-sandstrom",fullName:"Michael Sandstrom"},{id:"219655",title:"BSc.",name:"Kevin",surname:"Anderson",slug:"kevin-anderson",fullName:"Kevin Anderson"},{id:"219656",title:"Dr.",name:"Naveen",surname:"Jayaprakash",slug:"naveen-jayaprakash",fullName:"Naveen Jayaprakash"},{id:"219657",title:"BSc.",name:"Parnit",surname:"Bhupal",slug:"parnit-bhupal",fullName:"Parnit Bhupal"}],corrections:null},{id:"57301",title:"Neuroplasticity in Young Age: Computer-Based Early Neurodevelopment Classifier",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70894",slug:"neuroplasticity-in-young-age-computer-based-early-neurodevelopment-classifier",totalDownloads:581,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Hagit Friedman, Marina Soloveichick, Shai Barak, Omer Bar-Yosef,\nSaab Raunak and Smolkin Tatiana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57301",authors:[{id:"206485",title:"Dr.",name:"Hagit",surname:"Friedman",slug:"hagit-friedman",fullName:"Hagit Friedman"},{id:"217798",title:"BSc.",name:"Moran",surname:"Moskovich",slug:"moran-moskovich",fullName:"Moran Moskovich"},{id:"217799",title:"Dr.",name:"Omer",surname:"Bar-Yosef",slug:"omer-bar-yosef",fullName:"Omer Bar-Yosef"},{id:"217800",title:"Dr.",name:"Shai",surname:"Barak",slug:"shai-barak",fullName:"Shai Barak"},{id:"217802",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",surname:"Smolkin",slug:"tatiana-smolkin",fullName:"Tatiana Smolkin"},{id:"217803",title:"Dr.",name:"Rawnak",surname:"Saab",slug:"rawnak-saab",fullName:"Rawnak Saab"},{id:"217804",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Soloveichick",slug:"marina-soloveichick",fullName:"Marina Soloveichick"}],corrections:null},{id:"60933",title:"Brain Reorganization in Late Adulthood: Rapid Left-to-Right Switch of Handedness Through Memory-Drawing Training",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76317",slug:"brain-reorganization-in-late-adulthood-rapid-left-to-right-switch-of-handedness-through-memory-drawi",totalDownloads:623,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Lora T. Likova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60933",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60933",authors:[{id:"207795",title:"Dr.",name:"Lora",surname:"Likova",slug:"lora-likova",fullName:"Lora Likova"}],corrections:null},{id:"59437",title:"Music and Brain Plasticity: How Sounds Trigger Neurogenerative Adaptations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74318",slug:"music-and-brain-plasticity-how-sounds-trigger-neurogenerative-adaptations",totalDownloads:1456,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Mark Reybrouck, Peter Vuust and Elvira Brattico",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59437",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59437",authors:[{id:"196698",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",surname:"Reybrouck",slug:"mark-reybrouck",fullName:"Mark Reybrouck"},{id:"209976",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvira",surname:"Brattico",slug:"elvira-brattico",fullName:"Elvira Brattico"},{id:"209977",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Vuust",slug:"peter-vuust",fullName:"Peter Vuust"}],corrections:null},{id:"57202",title:"Brain Dynamics and Plastic Deformation of Self Circuitries in the Dementia Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71054",slug:"brain-dynamics-and-plastic-deformation-of-self-circuitries-in-the-dementia-patient",totalDownloads:504,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Denis Larrivee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57202",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57202",authors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],corrections:null},{id:"60345",title:"Model Systems to Define Remyelination Therapies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76318",slug:"model-systems-to-define-remyelination-therapies",totalDownloads:667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Robert H. Miller, Molly Karl, Reshmi Tognatta, Ahdeah Pajoohesh-\nGanji and Mohammad Abu-Rub",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60345",authors:[{id:"214054",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Miller",slug:"robert-miller",fullName:"Robert Miller"},{id:"214568",title:"Ms.",name:"Molly",surname:"Karl",slug:"molly-karl",fullName:"Molly Karl"},{id:"214569",title:"Dr.",name:"Reshmi",surname:"Tognatta",slug:"reshmi-tognatta",fullName:"Reshmi Tognatta"},{id:"214570",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Abu-Rub",slug:"mohammad-abu-rub",fullName:"Mohammad Abu-Rub"}],corrections:null},{id:"58757",title:"Dendritic Spine Modifications in Brain Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73326",slug:"dendritic-spine-modifications-in-brain-physiology",totalDownloads:667,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Jun Ju and Qiang Zhou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58757",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58757",authors:[{id:"219938",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ju",surname:"Jun",slug:"ju-jun",fullName:"Ju Jun"},{id:"219939",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhou",surname:"Qiang",slug:"zhou-qiang",fullName:"Zhou Qiang"}],corrections:null},{id:"58530",title:"Sleep Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72831",slug:"sleep-disorders-in-multiple-sclerosis",totalDownloads:639,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Montserrat González Platas and María Yaiza Pérez Martin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58530",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58530",authors:[{id:"202099",title:"Dr.",name:"Montserrat",surname:"Gonzalez Platas",slug:"montserrat-gonzalez-platas",fullName:"Montserrat Gonzalez Platas"},{id:"231355",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Yaiza",surname:"Perez Martín",slug:"maria-yaiza-perez-martin",fullName:"Maria Yaiza Perez Martín"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5435",title:"Irritable Bowel Syndrome",subtitle:"Novel Concepts for Research and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"809b69e057dbb5ffdf5a04ec922d659a",slug:"irritable-bowel-syndrome-novel-concepts-for-research-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Victor Chaban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5435.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83427",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Chaban",slug:"victor-chaban",fullName:"Victor Chaban"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5521",title:"Synaptic Plasticity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9eea3c7f926cd466ddd14ab777b663d8",slug:"synaptic-plasticity",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6250",title:"The Hippocampus",subtitle:"Plasticity and Functions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78f1e57726307f003f39510c175c3102",slug:"the-hippocampus-plasticity-and-functions",bookSignature:"Ales Stuchlik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6250.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"207908",title:"Dr.",name:"Ales",surname:"Stuchlik",slug:"ales-stuchlik",fullName:"Ales Stuchlik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"70783",slug:"corrigendum-to-spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltat",title:"Corrigendum to: Spatial Analysis of the Erosive Hazard of Soils and Natural Risks of Reservoir Siltation",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/70783.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70783",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70783",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70783",chapter:{id:"69983",slug:"spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltation",signatures:"Rabii El Gaatib and Abdelkader Larabi",dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 8th 2019",datePublished:"December 18th 2019",book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"249619",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabii",middleName:null,surname:"El Gaatib",fullName:"Rabii El Gaatib",slug:"rabii-el-gaatib",email:"rabii_elgaatib@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"69983",slug:"spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltation",signatures:"Rabii El Gaatib and Abdelkader Larabi",dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 8th 2019",datePublished:"December 18th 2019",book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"249619",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabii",middleName:null,surname:"El Gaatib",fullName:"Rabii El Gaatib",slug:"rabii-el-gaatib",email:"rabii_elgaatib@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7802",leadTitle:null,title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This edited volume, Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking, is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters, offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of modern slavery and human trafficking. The book comprises single chapters authored by various researchers and edited by an expert active in the aforementioned research area. Each chapter is complete in itself but united under a common research study topic. This publication aims at providing a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on modern slavery and human trafficking, and opening new possible research paths for further novel developments.",isbn:"978-1-78923-854-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-853-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-483-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77619",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",numberOfPages:100,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2960,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 10th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 19th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 20th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 9th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 7th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211328/images/system/211328.jpg",biography:"Jane Reeves is an Emeritus Professor in teaching-learning and innovation at the Centre for Child Protection and was one of the founding Directors of the Centre. She is a qualified social worker. As a Co-Director of CCP she worked with many stakeholders to co-write immersive simulations that tackle complex child protection issues including sexual abuse (‘Rosie 1’); neglect (‘Rosie 2’); radicalization and extremism (‘Zak’; ‘Behind Closed Doors’); paedophilia (‘Elliot’); child sexual exploitation (‘Looking out for Lottie’); and ‘Rosie goes to court’. The simulations are widely used across the UK and internationally by professionals and young people. She has led innovative projects funded by the DfE and Innovate UK and has worked on an Erasmus project with the University of Stirling, protecting children across Europe through modernising the social work curriculum. She is currently leading a global EVAC Project on online sexual exploitation and trafficking which is designing a serious digital game for children and young people in Thailand and Cambodia.",institutionString:"Kent University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Kent",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"281",title:"Sociology",slug:"sociology"}],chapters:[{id:"67334",title:"South African Perspective on Sexual Slavery, Sex Work and Exploitation",slug:"south-african-perspective-on-sexual-slavery-sex-work-and-exploitation",totalDownloads:1452,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"274281",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",surname:"Jones",slug:"chris-jones",fullName:"Chris Jones"}]},{id:"70938",title:"The Conundrum of Human Trafficking in Africa",slug:"the-conundrum-of-human-trafficking-in-africa",totalDownloads:595,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"277412",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bello",slug:"paul-bello",fullName:"Paul Bello"},{id:"284332",title:"Prof.",name:"Adewale",surname:"Olutola",slug:"adewale-olutola",fullName:"Adewale Olutola"}]},{id:"70042",title:"Labour Trafficking and Exploitation in Rural Andalusia",slug:"labour-trafficking-and-exploitation-in-rural-andalusia",totalDownloads:223,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"296029",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldimeiry",surname:"Correa Da Silva",slug:"waldimeiry-correa-da-silva",fullName:"Waldimeiry Correa Da Silva"},{id:"296030",title:"Mrs.",name:"Carla",surname:"Cingorlani",slug:"carla-cingorlani",fullName:"Carla Cingorlani"}]},{id:"71313",title:"Slavery and Slave Codes in Overseas Empires",slug:"slavery-and-slave-codes-in-overseas-empires",totalDownloads:230,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"295297",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Patisso",slug:"giuseppe-patisso",fullName:"Giuseppe Patisso"},{id:"295300",title:"Dr.",name:"Fausto Ermete",surname:"Carbone",slug:"fausto-ermete-carbone",fullName:"Fausto Ermete Carbone"}]},{id:"71571",title:"Traffickers: Are They Business People, Psychopaths or Both?",slug:"traffickers-are-they-business-people-psychopaths-or-both-",totalDownloads:197,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"295990",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jennifer",surname:"Okeke",slug:"jennifer-okeke",fullName:"Jennifer Okeke"},{id:"295991",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosaleen",surname:"McElvaney",slug:"rosaleen-mcelvaney",fullName:"Rosaleen McElvaney"},{id:"318595",title:"Dr.",name:"Mel",surname:"Duffy",slug:"mel-duffy",fullName:"Mel Duffy"}]},{id:"70093",title:"Child Trafficking: The Construction of a Social Problem",slug:"child-trafficking-the-construction-of-a-social-problem",totalDownloads:264,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"296825",title:"Prof.",name:"Paula Cristina",surname:"Martins",slug:"paula-cristina-martins",fullName:"Paula Cristina Martins"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5810",title:"Socialization",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bfac2e9c0ec2963193e9d15d617c6a01",slug:"socialization-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo and Juri Nervo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7810",title:"Quality of Life",subtitle:"Biopsychosocial Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0392d2712c58885b729bd943f9aac37f",slug:"quality-of-life-biopsychosocial-perspectives",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Federico Durbano and Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6927",title:"Intellectual Property Rights",subtitle:"Patent",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd5884b3bce2ec6f77a8356ea384a37",slug:"intellectual-property-rights-patent",bookSignature:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu, Suriyaprakash Tnk, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6927.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6483",title:"Classes",subtitle:"From National to Global Class Formation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3666ae0858b15a8a16846d8d53b40f91",slug:"classes-from-national-to-global-class-formation",bookSignature:"Hardy Hanappi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6483.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145817",title:"Prof.",name:"Hardy",surname:"Hanappi",slug:"hardy-hanappi",fullName:"Hardy Hanappi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20542",title:"Ionic Liquids Recycling for Reuse",doi:"10.5772/23267",slug:"ionic-liquids-recycling-for-reuse",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20542.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20542",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20542",totalDownloads:6381,totalViews:344,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 25th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 20th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 10th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20542",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20542",book:{slug:"ionic-liquids-classes-and-properties"},signatures:"Samir I. Abu-Eishah",authors:[{id:"51333",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:"Ibrahim",surname:"Abu-Eishah",fullName:"Samir Abu-Eishah",slug:"samir-abu-eishah",email:"s.abueishah@uaeu.ac.ae",position:null,institution:{name:"United Arab Emirates University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"327",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Classes and Properties",fullTitle:"Ionic Liquids - Classes and Properties",slug:"ionic-liquids-classes-and-properties",publishedDate:"October 10th 2011",bookSignature:"Scott T. Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/327.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",middleName:null,surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20532",title:"1,2,3-Triazolium Salts as a Versatile New Class of Ionic Liquids",slug:"1-2-3-triazolium-salts-as-a-versatile-new-class-of-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:5276,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Zekarias Yacob and Jürgen Liebscher",authors:[{id:"52686",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Liebscher",fullName:"Jürgen Liebscher",slug:"jurgen-liebscher"},{id:"56807",title:"Prof.",name:"Zekarias Yacob",middleName:null,surname:"Fundusa",fullName:"Zekarias Yacob Fundusa",slug:"zekarias-yacob-fundusa"}]},{id:"20533",title:"Thiazolium and Benzothiazolium Ionic Liquids",slug:"thiazolium-and-benzothiazolium-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:4953,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Munawar Ali Munawar and Sohail Nadeem",authors:[{id:"50138",title:"Prof.",name:"Munawar Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Munawar",fullName:"Munawar Ali Munawar",slug:"munawar-ali-munawar"},{id:"57123",title:"Dr",name:"Sohail",middleName:null,surname:"Nadeem",fullName:"Sohail Nadeem",slug:"sohail-nadeem"}]},{id:"20534",title:"Glycoside-Based Ionic Liquids",slug:"glycoside-based-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:2597,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Robert Engel",authors:[{id:"61225",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Engel",fullName:"Robert Engel",slug:"robert-engel"}]},{id:"20535",title:"Ionic Liquids from (Meth) Acrylic Compounds",slug:"ionic-liquids-from-meth-acrylic-compounds",totalDownloads:2964,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sindt M., Mieloszynski J.L. and Harmand J.",authors:[{id:"46449",title:"Dr.",name:"Michèle",middleName:null,surname:"Sindt",fullName:"Michèle Sindt",slug:"michele-sindt"},{id:"53283",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Luc",middleName:null,surname:"Mieloszynski",fullName:"Jean-Luc Mieloszynski",slug:"jean-luc-mieloszynski"},{id:"53284",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",middleName:null,surname:"Harmand",fullName:"Julie Harmand",slug:"julie-harmand"}]},{id:"20536",title:"Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids",slug:"theoretical-description-of-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:3531,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Enrico Bodo and Valentina Migliorati",authors:[{id:"40405",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrico",middleName:null,surname:"Bodo",fullName:"Enrico Bodo",slug:"enrico-bodo"},{id:"50040",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Migliorati",fullName:"Valentina Migliorati",slug:"valentina-migliorati"}]},{id:"20537",title:"Classical Density Functional Theory of Ionic Liquids",slug:"classical-density-functional-theory-of-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jan Forsman, Ryan Szparaga, Sture Nordholm, Clifford E.Woodward and Robert Penfold",authors:[{id:"44970",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Forsman",fullName:"Jan Forsman",slug:"jan-forsman"},{id:"57139",title:"Prof.",name:"Clifford",middleName:null,surname:"Woodward",fullName:"Clifford Woodward",slug:"clifford-woodward"},{id:"57140",title:"MSc",name:"Ryan",middleName:"S.",surname:"Szparaga",fullName:"Ryan Szparaga",slug:"ryan-szparaga"},{id:"57141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sture",middleName:null,surname:"Nordholm",fullName:"Sture Nordholm",slug:"sture-nordholm"},{id:"57142",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Penfold",fullName:"Robert Penfold",slug:"robert-penfold"}]},{id:"20538",title:"Interactions and Transitions in Imidazolium Cation Based Ionic Liquids",slug:"interactions-and-transitions-in-imidazolium-cation-based-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:4127,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Madhulata Shukla, Nitin Srivastava and Satyen Saha",authors:[{id:"54025",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyen",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",fullName:"Satyen Saha",slug:"satyen-saha"},{id:"56688",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhulata",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Madhulata Shukla",slug:"madhulata-shukla"},{id:"56689",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastava",fullName:"Nitin Srivastava",slug:"nitin-srivastava"}]},{id:"20539",title:"High Pressure Phase Behavior of Two Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids, [bmim][BF4] and [bmim][PF6]",slug:"high-pressure-phase-behavior-of-two-imidazolium-based-ionic-liquids-bmim-bf4-and-bmim-pf6-",totalDownloads:3127,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yukihiro Yoshimura, Takekiyo Takekiyo, Yusuke Imai and Hiroshi Abe",authors:[{id:"17506",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Abe",fullName:"Hiroshi Abe",slug:"hiroshi-abe"},{id:"17508",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshimura",fullName:"Yukihiro Yoshimura",slug:"yukihiro-yoshimura"},{id:"56128",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Takahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Takekiyo",fullName:"Takahiro Takekiyo",slug:"takahiro-takekiyo"},{id:"56129",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuke",middleName:null,surname:"Imai",fullName:"Yusuke Imai",slug:"yusuke-imai"}]},{id:"20540",title:"Dielectric Properties of Ionic Liquids Proposed to Be Used in Batteries",slug:"dielectric-properties-of-ionic-liquids-proposed-to-be-used-in-batteries",totalDownloads:5237,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Cserjési Petra, Göllei Attila, Bélafi-Bakó Katalin and Gubicza Lászlo",authors:[{id:"18944",title:"MSc.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Cserjési",fullName:"Petra Cserjési",slug:"petra-cserjesi"},{id:"57056",title:"Mr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Göllei",fullName:"Attila Göllei",slug:"attila-gollei"},{id:"91525",title:"Prof.",name:"Katalin",middleName:null,surname:"Bélafi-Bakó",fullName:"Katalin Bélafi-Bakó",slug:"katalin-belafi-bako"},{id:"91526",title:"Prof.",name:"Laszlo",middleName:null,surname:"Gubicza",fullName:"Laszlo Gubicza",slug:"laszlo-gubicza"}]},{id:"20541",title:"Translational and Rotational Motions for TFSA-Based Ionic Liquids Studied by NMR Spectroscopy",slug:"translational-and-rotational-motions-for-tfsa-based-ionic-liquids-studied-by-nmr-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:3100,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Kikuko Hayamizu",authors:[{id:"55502",title:"Dr.",name:"Kikuko",middleName:null,surname:"Hayamizu",fullName:"Kikuko Hayamizu",slug:"kikuko-hayamizu"}]},{id:"20542",title:"Ionic Liquids Recycling for Reuse",slug:"ionic-liquids-recycling-for-reuse",totalDownloads:6381,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Samir I. Abu-Eishah",authors:[{id:"51333",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:"Ibrahim",surname:"Abu-Eishah",fullName:"Samir Abu-Eishah",slug:"samir-abu-eishah"}]},{id:"20543",title:"Ionic Liquids in Green Carbonate Synthesis",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-green-carbonate-synthesis",totalDownloads:4602,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jianmin Sun, Ruixia Liu, Shin-ichiro Fujita and Masahiko Arai",authors:[{id:"56977",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Arai",fullName:"Masahiko Arai",slug:"masahiko-arai"},{id:"56980",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianmin",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Jianmin Sun",slug:"jianmin-sun"},{id:"56981",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruixia",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Ruixia Liu",slug:"ruixia-liu"},{id:"56982",title:"Dr.",name:"Shin-Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",fullName:"Shin-Ichiro Fujita",slug:"shin-ichiro-fujita"}]},{id:"20544",title:"Ionic Liquids in Polar Diels-Alder Reactions Using Carbocycles and Heterocycles as Dienophiles",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-polar-diels-alder-reactions-using-carbocycles-and-heterocycles-as-dienophiles",totalDownloads:2292,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mancini Pedro M.E., Kneeteman María, Della Rosa Claudia, Bravo Virginia and Adam Claudia",authors:[{id:"39285",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro M.E.",middleName:null,surname:"Mancini",fullName:"Pedro M.E. Mancini",slug:"pedro-m.e.-mancini"},{id:"39803",title:"Prof.",name:"María N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kneeteman",fullName:"María N. Kneeteman",slug:"maria-n.-kneeteman"},{id:"39804",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia G.",middleName:null,surname:"Adam",fullName:"Claudia G. Adam",slug:"claudia-g.-adam"},{id:"39805",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Della Rosa",fullName:"Claudia D. Della Rosa",slug:"claudia-d.-della-rosa"},{id:"39806",title:"BSc.",name:"María V.",middleName:null,surname:"Bravo",fullName:"María V. Bravo",slug:"maria-v.-bravo"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1300",title:"Applications of Ionic Liquids in Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45c85b0f82277e20691ffd487d5fecd6",slug:"applications-of-ionic-liquids-in-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Scott Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20202",title:"Ionic Liquids in Catalytic Biomass Transformation",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-catalytic-biomass-transformation",signatures:"Zhu Yinghuai, Algin Oh Biying, Xiao Siwei, Narayan S Hosmane and John A. Maguire",authors:[{id:"39000",title:"Prof.",name:"Narayan",middleName:null,surname:"Hosmane",fullName:"Narayan Hosmane",slug:"narayan-hosmane"},{id:"48342",title:"Dr.",name:"Yinghuai",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Yinghuai Zhu",slug:"yinghuai-zhu"},{id:"48343",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Maguire",fullName:"John Maguire",slug:"john-maguire"}]},{id:"20203",title:"Biotransformation of Underutilized Natural Resource to Valuable Compounds in Ionic Liquid: Enzymatic Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Analogues from Immature Coffee Beans",slug:"biotransformation-of-underutilized-natural-resource-to-valuable-compounds-in-ionic-liquid-enzymatic-",signatures:"Atsushi Kurata, Tokio Fujita, and Noriaki Kishimoto",authors:[{id:"41239",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kurata",fullName:"Atsushi Kurata",slug:"atsushi-kurata"},{id:"137036",title:"Dr.",name:"Tokio",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",fullName:"Tokio Fujita",slug:"tokio-fujita"},{id:"137037",title:"Prof.",name:"Noriaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kishimoto",fullName:"Noriaki Kishimoto",slug:"noriaki-kishimoto"}]},{id:"20204",title:"Undeniable Contribution of Aprotic Room Temperature Ionic Liquids in the Security of Li-Ion Batteries",slug:"undeniable-contribution-of-aprotic-room-temperature-ionic-liquids-in-the-security-of-li-ion-batterie",signatures:"Claude-Montigny Bénédicte, Stefan Claudia Simona and Violleau David",authors:[{id:"39224",title:"Dr.",name:"Bénédicte",middleName:null,surname:"Claude-Montigny",fullName:"Bénédicte Claude-Montigny",slug:"benedicte-claude-montigny"},{id:"57337",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Stefan",fullName:"Claudia Simona Stefan",slug:"claudia-simona-stefan"},{id:"57338",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Violleau",fullName:"David Violleau",slug:"david-violleau"}]},{id:"20205",title:"Ionic Liquids in Charge Storage Devices: Effect of Purification on Performance",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-charge-storage-devices-effect-of-purification-on-performance",signatures:"John D. Stenger-Smith, Andrew P. Chafin, Clare F. Kline Jr., Gregory S. Ostrom and Roxanne L. Quintana",authors:[{id:"54189",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Stenger-Smith",fullName:"John Stenger-Smith",slug:"john-stenger-smith"},{id:"56030",title:"Mr",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Chafin",fullName:"Andrew Chafin",slug:"andrew-chafin"},{id:"137046",title:"Mr.",name:"Clare",middleName:null,surname:"Kline Jr.",fullName:"Clare Kline Jr.",slug:"clare-kline-jr."},{id:"137047",title:"Mr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Ostrom",fullName:"Gregory Ostrom",slug:"gregory-ostrom"},{id:"137048",title:"Ms.",name:"Roxanne",middleName:null,surname:"Quintana",fullName:"Roxanne Quintana",slug:"roxanne-quintana"}]},{id:"20206",title:"Polymers with Ionic Liquid Fragments as Potential Conducting Materials for Advanced Applications",slug:"polymers-with-ionic-liquid-fragments-as-potential-conducting-materials-for-advanced-applications",signatures:"Santiago V. Luis, Eduardo García-Verdugo, M. Isabel Burguete, Andreu Andrio, Sergio Mollá and Vicente Compan",authors:[{id:"52043",title:"Prof.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Compañ",fullName:"Vicente Compañ",slug:"vicente-compan"},{id:"71485",title:"Prof.",name:"Santiago V.",middleName:null,surname:"Luis Lafuente",fullName:"Santiago V. Luis Lafuente",slug:"santiago-v.-luis-lafuente"},{id:"71487",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"García -Verdugo",fullName:"Eduardo García -Verdugo",slug:"eduardo-garcia-verdugo"},{id:"71488",title:"Prof.",name:"María Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Burguete",fullName:"María Isabel Burguete",slug:"maria-isabel-burguete"},{id:"71490",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreu",middleName:null,surname:"Andrio Balado",fullName:"Andreu Andrio Balado",slug:"andreu-andrio-balado"},{id:"71491",title:"MSc",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Mollá Romano",fullName:"Sergio Mollá Romano",slug:"sergio-molla-romano"}]},{id:"20207",title:"Ionic Liquids for the Electric Double Layer Capacitor Applications",slug:"ionic-liquids-for-the-electric-double-layer-capacitor-applications",signatures:"Takaya Sato, Shoko Marukane and Takashi Morinaga",authors:[{id:"51962",title:"Prof.",name:"Takaya",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Takaya Sato",slug:"takaya-sato"},{id:"56542",title:"Ms.",name:"Shoko",middleName:null,surname:"Marukane",fullName:"Shoko Marukane",slug:"shoko-marukane"},{id:"56543",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Morinaga",fullName:"Takashi Morinaga",slug:"takashi-morinaga"}]},{id:"20208",title:"Ionic Liquid Used in Long-Lifetime Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells",slug:"ionic-liquid-used-in-long-lifetime-polymer-light-emitting-electrochemical-cells",signatures:"Yan Shao",authors:[{id:"39811",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Shao",fullName:"Yan Shao",slug:"yan-shao"}]},{id:"20209",title:"Ionic Liquids Gelation with Polymeric Materials: The Ion Jelly Approach",slug:"ionic-liquids-gelation-with-polymeric-materials-the-ion-jelly-approach",signatures:"Nuno M.T. Lourenço, Ana V.M. Nunes, Catarina M.M. Duarte and Pedro Vidinha",authors:[{id:"57541",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Ana Nunes",slug:"ana-nunes"},{id:"57546",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Vidinha",fullName:"Pedro Vidinha",slug:"pedro-vidinha"},{id:"57547",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuno",middleName:null,surname:"null",fullName:"Nuno null",slug:"nuno-null"},{id:"57548",title:"Prof.",name:"Catarina",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte",fullName:"Catarina Duarte",slug:"catarina-duarte"},{id:"136017",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuno",middleName:null,surname:"Lourenço",fullName:"Nuno Lourenço",slug:"nuno-lourenco"}]},{id:"20210",title:"Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles",slug:"environmentally-friendly-synthesis-of-polymer-grafted-nanoparticles",signatures:"Norio Tsubokawa",authors:[{id:"51351",title:"Prof.",name:"Norio",middleName:null,surname:"Tsubokawa",fullName:"Norio Tsubokawa",slug:"norio-tsubokawa"}]},{id:"20211",title:"Ionic Liquids as Porogens in the Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers",slug:"ionic-liquids-as-porogens-in-the-synthesis-of-molecularly-imprinted-polymers",signatures:"Katherine M Booker, Clovia I Holdsworth, Michael C Bowyer and Adam McCluskey",authors:[{id:"44482",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"McCluskey",fullName:"Adam McCluskey",slug:"adam-mccluskey"},{id:"58154",title:"Ms.",name:"Katherine",middleName:null,surname:"Booker",fullName:"Katherine Booker",slug:"katherine-booker"},{id:"58155",title:"Dr.",name:"Clovia",middleName:null,surname:"Holdsworth",fullName:"Clovia Holdsworth",slug:"clovia-holdsworth"},{id:"58156",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Bowyer",fullName:"Michael Bowyer",slug:"michael-bowyer"}]},{id:"20212",title:"Magnetorheological Elastomers Containing Ionic Liquids",slug:"magnetorheological-elastomers-containing-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Marcin Masłowski and Marian Zaborski",authors:[{id:"45159",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Zaborski",fullName:"Marian Zaborski",slug:"marian-zaborski"},{id:"47865",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Masłowski",fullName:"Marcin Masłowski",slug:"marcin-maslowski"}]},{id:"20213",title:"Concepts for the Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids",slug:"concepts-for-the-stabilization-of-metal-nanoparticles-in-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Alexander Kraynov and Thomas E. Müller",authors:[{id:"46289",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:"Ernst",surname:"Müller",fullName:"Thomas Müller",slug:"thomas-muller"},{id:"95358",title:"Dr",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kraynov",fullName:"Alexander Kraynov",slug:"alexander-kraynov"}]},{id:"20214",title:"Studies Regarding the Nickel Electrodeposition from Choline Chloride Based Ionic Liquids",slug:"studies-regarding-the-nickel-electrodeposition-from-choline-chloride-based-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Liana Anicai, Andreea Florea and Teodor Visan",authors:[{id:"53141",title:"Dr.",name:"Liana",middleName:null,surname:"Anicai",fullName:"Liana Anicai",slug:"liana-anicai"},{id:"53147",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",middleName:null,surname:"Florea",fullName:"Andreea Florea",slug:"andreea-florea"},{id:"53148",title:"Prof.",name:"Teodor",middleName:null,surname:"Visan",fullName:"Teodor Visan",slug:"teodor-visan"}]},{id:"20215",title:"Ionic Liquids as Advantageous Solvents for Preparation of Nanostructures",slug:"ionic-liquids-as-advantageous-solvents-for-preparation-of-nanostructures",signatures:"Alexandrina Nan and Jürgen Liebscher",authors:[{id:"52686",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Liebscher",fullName:"Jürgen Liebscher",slug:"jurgen-liebscher"},{id:"56805",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandrina",middleName:null,surname:"Nan",fullName:"Alexandrina Nan",slug:"alexandrina-nan"}]},{id:"20216",title:"Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-separation-techniques",signatures:"Jolanta Flieger and Anna Czajkowska-Żelazko",authors:[{id:"20797",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Flieger",fullName:"Jolanta Flieger",slug:"jolanta-flieger"},{id:"136020",title:"Prof.",name:"Czajkowska",middleName:null,surname:"Żelazko",fullName:"Czajkowska Żelazko",slug:"czajkowska-zelazko"}]},{id:"20217",title:"Ionic Liquid-Mediated Liquid-Liquid Extraction",slug:"ionic-liquid-mediated-liquid-liquid-extraction",signatures:"Qilong Ren, Qiwei Yang, Yan Yan, Huabin Xing, Zongbi Bao, Baogen Su and Yiwen Yang",authors:[{id:"55831",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Qiwei Yang",slug:"qiwei-yang"},{id:"101710",title:"Dr.",name:"Huabin",middleName:null,surname:"Xing",fullName:"Huabin Xing",slug:"huabin-xing"},{id:"101712",title:"BSc.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Yan Yan",slug:"yan-yan"},{id:"101713",title:"Dr.",name:"Zongbi",middleName:null,surname:"Bao",fullName:"Zongbi Bao",slug:"zongbi-bao"},{id:"101714",title:"Dr.",name:"Baogen",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Baogen Su",slug:"baogen-su"},{id:"101715",title:"Prof.",name:"Yiwen",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Yiwen Yang",slug:"yiwen-yang"},{id:"101716",title:"Prof.",name:"Qilong",middleName:null,surname:"Ren",fullName:"Qilong Ren",slug:"qilong-ren"}]},{id:"20218",title:"Liquid Matrices in MALDI-MS",slug:"liquid-matrices-in-maldi-ms",signatures:"Yuko Fukuyama",authors:[{id:"57153",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuko",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuyama",fullName:"Yuko Fukuyama",slug:"yuko-fukuyama"}]},{id:"20219",title:"Ionic Liquids in Separation of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-separation-of-metal-ions-from-aqueous-solutions",signatures:"Magdalena Regel-Rosocka and Maciej Wisniewski",authors:[{id:"54388",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Regel-Rosocka",fullName:"Magdalena Regel-Rosocka",slug:"magdalena-regel-rosocka"},{id:"57514",title:"Prof.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Wisniewski",fullName:"Maciej Wisniewski",slug:"maciej-wisniewski"}]},{id:"20220",title:"Inner Filter Effect in the Fluorescence Emission Spectra of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids with-β-Carotene",slug:"inner-filter-effect-in-the-fluorescence-emission-spectra-of-room-temperature-ionic-liquids-with-caro",signatures:"Krzysztof Pawlak, Andrzej Skrzypczak and Grazyna E. Bialek-Bylka",authors:[{id:"40450",title:"Prof.",name:"Grazyna",middleName:"Ewa",surname:"Bialek-Bylka",fullName:"Grazyna Bialek-Bylka",slug:"grazyna-bialek-bylka"},{id:"56670",title:"MSc.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Pawlak",fullName:"Krzysztof Pawlak",slug:"krzysztof-pawlak"},{id:"56671",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Skrzypczak",fullName:"Andrzej Skrzypczak",slug:"andrzej-skrzypczak"}]},{id:"20221",title:"Ionic Liquid Lubricant with Ammonium Salts for Magnetic Media",slug:"ionic-liquid-lubricant-with-ammonium-salts-for-magnetic-media",signatures:"Hirofumi Kondo",authors:[{id:"51270",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirofumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kondo",fullName:"Hirofumi Kondo",slug:"hirofumi-kondo"}]},{id:"20222",title:"Application of Ionic Liquids to Space Propulsion",slug:"application-of-ionic-liquids-to-space-propulsion",signatures:"Fahrat Kamal, Batonneau Yann, Brahmi Rachid and Kappenstein Charles",authors:[{id:"53845",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Kappenstein",fullName:"Charles Kappenstein",slug:"charles-kappenstein"},{id:"57522",title:"Mr.",name:"Yann",middleName:null,surname:"Batonneau",fullName:"Yann Batonneau",slug:"yann-batonneau"},{id:"57523",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Farhat",fullName:"Kamal Farhat",slug:"kamal-farhat"},{id:"57524",title:"Prof.",name:"Rachid",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Rachid Brahmi",slug:"rachid-brahmi"}]},{id:"20223",title:"The Latent Application of Ionic Liquids in Absorption Refrigeration",slug:"the-latent-application-of-ionic-liquids-in-absorption-refrigeration",signatures:"Shiqiang Liang, Wei Chen, Keyong Cheng, Yongxian Guo and Xiaohong Gui",authors:[{id:"53748",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Wei Chen",slug:"wei-chen"},{id:"54609",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Shiqiang",fullName:"Liang Shiqiang",slug:"liang-shiqiang"},{id:"56525",title:"Dr.",name:"Keyong",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Keyong Cheng",slug:"keyong-cheng"},{id:"137043",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongxian",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Yongxian Guo",slug:"yongxian-guo"},{id:"137044",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaohong",middleName:null,surname:"Gui",fullName:"Xiaohong Gui",slug:"xiaohong-gui"}]},{id:"20224",title:"Optofluidic Compound Lenses Made with Ionic Liquids",slug:"optofluidic-compound-lenses-made-with-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Sergio Calixto, Martha Rosete-Aguilar, Francisco J. Sanchez-Marin, Olga L. Torres-Rocha, E. Militza Martinez Prado and Margarita Calixto-Solano",authors:[{id:"56076",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Calixto",fullName:"Sergio Calixto",slug:"sergio-calixto"},{id:"56639",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Rosete-Aguilar",fullName:"Martha Rosete-Aguilar",slug:"martha-rosete-aguilar"},{id:"56640",title:"Ms.",name:"Margarita Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Calixto-Solano",fullName:"Margarita Sofia Calixto-Solano",slug:"margarita-sofia-calixto-solano"},{id:"56641",title:"MSc.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Rocha",fullName:"Olga Torres-Rocha",slug:"olga-torres-rocha"},{id:"93455",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Marin",fullName:"Francisco Sanchez-Marin",slug:"francisco-sanchez-marin"},{id:"93460",title:"MSc.",name:"Militza",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Prado",fullName:"Militza Martinez-Prado",slug:"militza-martinez-prado"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73414",title:"Anxiety Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93952",slug:"anxiety-disorders-1",body:'\n
Anxiety is a feeling that individuals experience at different levels throughout their lives. Anxiety is a healthy, normal response to perceived threats or unique experiences, and it is a necessary motivating force for survival. Mild anxiety is a driving force necessary for adaptation and advancement to the higher stage of spiritual development. However, when the anxiety level increases too much, it, on the contrary, serves as a hindering function [1].
\nAnxiety and fear are emotions that people are usually confused about. Fear is a response to a known threat. However, anxiety can be defined as fear, tension, uneasiness, or restlessness expected from an unidentified or unknown source. We can evaluate anxiety as a cognitive state of fear [2]. Physical symptoms of anxiety include palpitations, difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, tremors in the hands and feet, and excessive sweating. Psychological symptoms, on the other hand, include distress, excitement, sudden feeling, and fear that something terrible will happen [3].
\nAnxiety, which we consider normal (mild and moderate anxiety), plays an important role in the development of the individual. However, if the level of anxiety increases, it may lead to mental problems. A high level of anxiety, long duration, and intensification of anxiety symptoms may cause anxiety disorders. Anxiety can be evaluated as pathological when it begins to have an impact on social and occupational actions, achievement of desired goals, and emotional state [4].
\nIn short, anxiety can be deemed pathological if the following situations occur:
\nWhen anxiety is not proportional to the situation that creates anxiety,
When anxiety inhibits social, occupational, and other important functional areas.
Example: Ms. M., who was involved in a serious traffic accident a month ago, refuses to drive even to places in short distances. Her father has to take Ms. M. whenever she needs to go somewhere. Ms. M., who constantly refuses to drive, has even had to quit her job because of her anxiety about driving.
\nAnxiety disorders are the most common of all psychiatric illnesses and result in significant functional impairment and distress [5, 6]. Its prevalence per year is reported as 17.7%. This rate is 30.5% for women and 19.2% for men, and the frequency decreases with the increase in socioeconomic level [7]. In a study conducted by Özcan et al. (2006), anxiety disorder was found to be the most common diagnosis among 950 psychiatric patients, and it was mostly observed in women, housewives, married people, and people with a low education level [8].
\nIn twin studies conducted, it was concluded that genetics was a huge factor. Structural neuroimaging studies in patients with panic disorder indicate pathological involvement in the temporal lobes, especially in hippocampus [9].
\nAlthough many neurotransmitters are effective in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders, disorders in serotonin, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to be the most important. GABA has an important place among the causes of anxiety disorder. As the drugs used in the treatment of anxiety disorders increase GABA, it is thought that the insufficiency and imbalance in GABA are directly related to the anxiety experienced [3, 5]. Serotonin is another neurotransmitter linked to anxiety disorder. Deficiency or an imbalance of serotonin in the amygdala is observed in anxiety-related disorders. It is known that there is imbalance in the regions related to norepinephrine in anxiety disorders.
\nIt has been revealed that the CRF (Corticotropin-Releasing Factor) system plays an important role among the biological causes of anxiety disorders [1].
\nThe brain areas affected by anxiety disorders and the symptoms they cause are listed below:
\nAmygdala: Fear, which is especially important in panic and phobic disorders.
Hippocampus: Depends on memory which is related to fear responses.
Locus coeruleus: Vigilance
Brain stem: respiratory movement, heartbeat
Hypothalamus: activation of the stress response
Frontal cortex: Cognitive interpretations
Thalamus: Integration of sensory impulses
Basal ganglia: Tremors [10]
Freud argued that the child experiences anxiety specific to each period during the development process. These are superego anxiety, castration anxiety, fear of losing love, separation anxiety, annihilation anxiety, and disintegration anxiety.
\nIn DSM 5, anxiety disorders are divided into eleven subgroups. These are:
Separation anxiety disorder,
Selective mutism,
Panic disorder,
Agoraphobia,
Specific Phobia,
Social anxiety disorder,
Generalized anxiety disorder,
Other unspecified anxiety disorder,
Anxiety disorder related to another medical condition,
Anxiety disorder caused by substance or medication,
Anxiety disorders caused by substances and medication are unspecified anxiety disorders [12].
Separation anxiety disorder can be defined as experiencing fear and anxiety that is more than expected and repetitive in terms of developmental level resulting from separation from home or someone the person is attached to for at least four weeks in children, and for at least six months or longer in adults. It is seen that individuals with separation anxiety disorder do not want to go to school or elsewhere because of the fear of separation. The main feature of separation anxiety disorder is excessive anxiety caused by leaving the mother, father, home or familiar environment. It is seen equally in boys and girls.
\n\n
Symptoms in separation anxiety disorder differ according to the developmental period. In children aged 5-8 years, the fear of a bad event and rejection of school, intense distress during separation at the age of 9-12, school refusal in adolescents aged 13-16, and physical complaints appear as symptoms.
\n\n
\n
The most important feature of this disorder is that although the individual can speak in other situations, s/he constantly does not speak in certain specific social situations (when s/he meets people s/he does not know, etc.) where s/he is expected to speak. The disorder must last at least one month and affect the person’s education, work success, and social life. It usually occurs in the preschool period.
\n\n
\n
\n
In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) [American Psychiatric Association (APA)] it is stated that at least four of the following symptoms must be present to determine the presence of a panic attack. These are:
Palpitations, pounding heart or accelerated heart rate
Sweating
Shaking or trembling
Feeling short of breath or smothering
Choking sensation
Chest pain or discomfort
Nausea or abdominal distress
Feeling dizzy, lightheaded, unsteady or faint
Chills or hot flushes
Paresthesias (tingling and numbness sensations)
Derealization (unreal feelings) or depersonalization (feelings of being detached from oneself)
Fear of losing control and going crazy
Fear of dying [12]
Panic disorder, which is a very old disease, is a syndrome characterized by sudden and extreme anxiety with unreasonable and unpredictable panic attacks. Its most important feature is that it is accompanied by intense physical discomfort. Panic attacks can occur only once, or frequently, on a weekly, monthly or even annual basis. Panic attack disorder is usually seen in the 20s. The panic attack is an unreasonable and severe state of anxiety. During panic attacks, symptoms such as palpitations, accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling/shaking, shortness of breath, feeling of choking, breathlessness, chest pain, fainting, fear of losing control or going crazy, numbness, tingling, chills or hot flushes can be seen.
\nThe presence of a medical drum that may cause anxiety should first be investigated in a patient presenting with panic attack. All the drugs used by the individual should be questioned, and the side effects of the drugs should be considered. Below are some medical conditions that cause symptoms similar to panic attacks.
\nAlcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Cardiac arrhythmias
Hyperthyroidism
Hypoglycemia
Asthma
Cushing’s Disease
The majority of patients have challenging life events before the first panic attack occurs. Low socio-economic level, delay in treatment, presence of additional diagnoses cause a negative course in panic disorder.
\nComorbidity: Depression is seen with social phobia, specific phobia, traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism.
\nTreatment: Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors should be the first choice in the treatment of panic disorder. If the patient does not respond to treatment, switching to other specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors is recommended. If there is no response to two specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors and there is severe tolerance, it is recommended to switch to SNRI. Alprazolan is also highly effective. Drug treatment should last at least a year. Behavioral-cognitive psychotherapy is an effective method in panic disorder. This method attempts to change the patient’s perception of physical symptoms. It will be useful to teach breathing exercises to the patient [15].
\nAgoraphobia, which is shortly defined as the fear of open space, is the fear of being deprived of help or being in places where it is difficult to escape.
\n\n
It is a disorder characterized by blushing, sweating, and trembling of the hands when one believes that s/he is perceived negatively by others while sitting or talking in public. The individual is afraid of social or performance situations where embarrassment can occur and firmly believes that s/he will be subject to possible reproach by others [12]. The onset of the symptoms of this disorder often occurs in late childhood or early adolescence and becomes chronic and sometimes continues throughout life. It is equally prevalent in males and females (Puri & Treasaden, 2011). The disorder affects social or occupational functionality or causes significant distress.
\n\n
It is an excessive, illogical and meaningless fear of a specific object (snake, dog, etc.) or a situation (injection, darkness, etc.). Exposure to phobic stimulus produces compelling panic symptoms, including palpitations, sweating, dizziness and difficulty in breathing. Phobias can begin at any age. People can be phobic towards almost any object or situation. Those that start in childhood often disappear without treatment. But those that start in adulthood or are persistent often require therapeutic support. The disorder is diagnosed more often in females than in males [16]. The specific classification of simple phobias is given in Table 1.
\nClinical name | \nFeared object or situation | \n
---|---|
Acrophobia | \nHeights | \n
Agoraphobia | \nOpen spaces | \n
Claustrophobia | \nClosed spaces | \n
Hematophobia | \nBlood | \n
Zoophobia | \nAnimals | \n
Specific classification of simple phobias.
\n
It is an anxiety disorder characterized by being chronic and unrealistic, and extreme anxiety that must last at least 6 months. Symptoms can cause distress to the person in social, professional and other important areas. Individuals with this disorder are constantly worried. Restlessness, excessive excitement, fatigue, sleep disturbance and muscle tension are significant symptoms. Anxiety often results in difficulty in making self-decisions, and the person seeks constant approval from those around him. They always feel like they are going to get bad news. It usually starts in childhood and adolescence [2].
\n\n
\n
Symptoms associated with these disorders are evaluated directly as a physiological consequence of another medical condition or directly due to substance intoxication or deprivation or exposure to the drug. Many medical conditions are related to the development of anxiety symptoms. Some of these include cardiac conditions such as myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and mitral valve prolapse, endocrine conditions such as hypoglycemia, hypo/hyperthyroidism and pheochromocytoma, respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hyperventilation, and complex partial seizures, neoplasms and encephalitis [12].
\nIt is a widely used, successful and easy method in the treatment of anxiety disorders. This short-term treatment method focuses on changing the patient’s thoughts and behaviors. This treatment includes emotional and behavioral changes to help the person to adapt to the environment perceived to be dangerous, as well as the initial definition and restructuring of cognitions related to anxiety in the form of unreal interpretation of danger [9, 18, 19, 20]. In their study, Andrews et al. (2005) also found that virtual reality practice therapy is effective in treating public speaking anxiety [21].
\nIn systematic desensitization, the patient is gradually exposed to the effect of phobia stimuli in real or imaginary situations. The concept was first introduced by Joseph Wolpe in 1958 and is based on the principles of behavior conditioning. Emphasis is placed on mutual inhibition or mutual conditioning [22].
\n\n
There are two important elements in systematic desensitization by mutual inhibition:
\nPracticing relaxation techniques
Gradual exposure to fear stimuli in a relaxed state.
The individual is taught the art of relaxation by using techniques that are more effective for him/her (e.g. progressive relaxation, mental imagination, tension and relaxation, meditation). After the individual learns relaxation techniques, exposure to phobic stimuli is initiated. The patient is asked to rank hierarchically the situations that cause phobic stimuli from the most disturbing to the least disturbing. In case of maximum relaxation, the patient may be asked to visualize the phobic stimulus in his/her mind. First of all, the exposure focuses on the phobic stimulus that causes the least fear or anxiety. In subsequent sessions, the individual is exposed to the effects of increasingly more fearful stimuli. Sessions can be conducted in imaginary, real-life situations (live), or sometimes a combination of both [1].
\n\n
Relaxation exercise is a method that effectively reduces tension and anxiety. It can be used alone or in conjunction with other cognitive-behavioral techniques [25].
\nFamilies have difficulties in understanding the symptoms of their relatives with anxiety disorders and may find it hard to tolerate, and this situation can disrupt the healthy family structure. It is important to remind family members of their roles in therapy and to emphasize that support is important. Besides, it is necessary to inform them about anxiety disorder symptoms and treatments [1]. In another study conducted, it was concluded that treatments aimed at reducing symptoms only were insufficient in the treatment of anxiety disorders and that programs for improving interpersonal relationships, communication skills and anger management of the individual should be added [26].
\nBuspirone, which as an anti-anxiety agent, is effective in approximately 60% to 80% of patients with a generalized anxiety disorder [3]. The only disadvantage of buspirone is the 10-14 day delay in relieving symptoms. However, the lack of physical addiction and tolerance disadvantage of buspirone makes it the drug of choice in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders. The effects and side effects of anxiolytic agents are given in Table 2.
\nAnxiolytic agents | \nEffect | \nSide effects | \n
---|---|---|
Benzodiazepines | \nThe GABA receptor increases the affinity of GABAA. | \nSedation, dizziness, weakness, ataxia, decreased motor performance, addiction, withdrawal | \n
SSRIs | \nInhibiting serotonin reuptake at the presynaptic nerve end, increasing serotonin synaptic concentration. | \nNausea, diarrhea, headache, insomnia, sleepiness, sexual dysfunction | \n
SNRIs | \nInhibition of neural serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, mild reuptake of dopamine | \nHeadache, dry mouth, nausea, drowsiness, insomnia, weakness, dizziness, constipation, diarrhea | \n
Noradrenergic agents (propranolol, clonidine) | \nPropranolol: inhibits beta adrenergic receptor activity. Clonidine: stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors. | \nPropranolol: bradycardia, hypotension, weakness, fatigue, impotence, gastrointestinal disorder, bronchospasm | \n
Barbiturates | \nCNS depression also produces effects in the hepatic and cardiovascular systems. | \nClonidine: dry mouth, sedation, fatigue, hypotension | \n
Buspirone | \n5-HT1A receptor partial antagonist | \nDrowsiness, agitation, confusion, ataxia, dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension, constipation | \n
Anxiolytic agents.
SSRIs are effective in treating panic disorders. Paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for these purposes. The dosage of these drugs should be increased gradually, as patients with panic disorder are sensitive to overstimulation caused by SSRIs [1].
\nThe use of anti-depressants in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders is still under investigation. Some success has been reported with tricyclic, imipramine and SSRI drugs. The FDA has approved paroxetine, escitalopram, duloxetine and extended-release venlafaxine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders [28].
\nBeta blockers: Clonid and beta-blockers such as propranolol and atenolol are also used especially in maintenance treatment. These drugs are most effective in treating state anxiety [1].
\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications
",metaTitle:"Types of publications",metaDescription:"IntechOpen publishes different types of publications",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\\n\\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\\n\\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\\n\\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\\n\\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\\n\\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\\n\\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\\n\\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\\n\\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\\n\\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\\n\\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\\n\\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\\n\\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\n\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15912}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119060},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10754",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8994a915a306910a01cbe2027aa2139b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stuart Arthur Harris",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12539",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",surname:"Harris",slug:"stuart-harris",fullName:"Stuart Harris"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10756",title:"Urban Agglomeration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"65f2a1fef9c804c29b18ef3ac4a35066",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10759",title:"Gravitational Field",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c388947e68d72d8b23d5c7018112852",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Khalid S. Essa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10759.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"102766",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid S.",surname:"Essa",slug:"khalid-s.-essa",fullName:"Khalid S. Essa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10761",title:"Glaciology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd112c839a9b8037f1302ca6c0d55a2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10761.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10851",title:"Volcanology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6cfc09f959efecf9ba95654b1bb4b987",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Angelo Paone and Prof. Sung-Hyo Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10851.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10949",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44d08b9e490617fcbf7786c381c85fbc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10949.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10951",title:"Mining Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"04396c3eac82ed4aca81cf73bd404138",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Andrew Hammond, Dr. Brendan Donnelly and Dr. Nanjappa Ashwath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10951.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"259487",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Hammond",slug:"andrew-hammond",fullName:"Andrew Hammond"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10952",title:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3dbedd2099c57a24eaab114be4ba2b48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Thomas Aide and Dr. Indi Braden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10952.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10954",title:"Dark Matter - Recent Observations and Theoretical Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0fbd6ee0096e4c16e9513bf01273ab3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael L. Smith",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10954.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59479",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael L.",surname:"Smith",slug:"michael-l.-smith",fullName:"Michael L. Smith"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:44},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:10},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1384",title:"Theriogenology",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science-pathology-theriogenology",parent:{title:"Pathology",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science-pathology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:30,numberOfWosCitations:41,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:40,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science-pathology-theriogenology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5861",title:"Theriogenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5aae519c030c5492d65c181d9c0ea57",slug:"theriogenology",bookSignature:"Rita Payan Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55491",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69091",title:"Mitigation of the Heat Stress Impact in Livestock Reproduction",slug:"mitigation-of-the-heat-stress-impact-in-livestock-reproduction",totalDownloads:3481,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Govindan Krishnan, Madiajagan Bagath, Prathap Pragna,\nMallenahally Kusha Vidya, Joy Aleena, Payyanakkal Ravindranathan\nArchana, Veerasamy Sejian and Raghavendra Bhatta",authors:[{id:"89780",title:"Dr.",name:"Veerasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Sejian",slug:"veerasamy-sejian",fullName:"Veerasamy Sejian"},{id:"177210",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghavendra",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatta",slug:"raghavendra-bhatta",fullName:"Raghavendra Bhatta"},{id:"177220",title:"Dr.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Bagath",slug:"m-bagath",fullName:"M Bagath"},{id:"201967",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindan",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnan",slug:"govindan-krishnan",fullName:"Govindan Krishnan"},{id:"201968",title:"Ms.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Pr",slug:"archana-pr",fullName:"Archana Pr"},{id:"201969",title:"Ms.",name:"Pragna",middleName:null,surname:"Prathap",slug:"pragna-prathap",fullName:"Pragna Prathap"},{id:"201970",title:"Ms.",name:"Aleena",middleName:null,surname:"Joy",slug:"aleena-joy",fullName:"Aleena Joy"},{id:"201971",title:"Dr.",name:"Vidya",middleName:null,surname:"Mk",slug:"vidya-mk",fullName:"Vidya Mk"}]},{id:"55006",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68650",title:"Immunocastration as Alternative to Surgical Castration in Pigs",slug:"immunocastration-as-alternative-to-surgical-castration-in-pigs",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Marjeta Čandek-Potokar, Martin Škrlep and Galia Zamaratskaia",authors:[{id:"23161",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjeta",middleName:null,surname:"Čandek-Potokar",slug:"marjeta-candek-potokar",fullName:"Marjeta Čandek-Potokar"},{id:"198220",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Škrlep",slug:"martin-skrlep",fullName:"Martin Škrlep"},{id:"198221",title:"Prof.",name:"Galia",middleName:null,surname:"Zamaratskaia",slug:"galia-zamaratskaia",fullName:"Galia Zamaratskaia"}]},{id:"56522",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69549",title:"Role of Melatonin in Reproductive Seasonality in Buffaloes",slug:"role-of-melatonin-in-reproductive-seasonality-in-buffaloes",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Tamer Awad Ramadan",authors:[{id:"197651",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamer",middleName:"Awad",surname:"Ramadan",slug:"tamer-ramadan",fullName:"Tamer Ramadan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55491",title:"Mitigation of the Heat Stress Impact in Livestock Reproduction",slug:"mitigation-of-the-heat-stress-impact-in-livestock-reproduction",totalDownloads:3479,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Govindan Krishnan, Madiajagan Bagath, Prathap Pragna,\nMallenahally Kusha Vidya, Joy Aleena, Payyanakkal Ravindranathan\nArchana, Veerasamy Sejian and Raghavendra Bhatta",authors:[{id:"89780",title:"Dr.",name:"Veerasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Sejian",slug:"veerasamy-sejian",fullName:"Veerasamy Sejian"},{id:"177210",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghavendra",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatta",slug:"raghavendra-bhatta",fullName:"Raghavendra Bhatta"},{id:"177220",title:"Dr.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Bagath",slug:"m-bagath",fullName:"M Bagath"},{id:"201967",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindan",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnan",slug:"govindan-krishnan",fullName:"Govindan Krishnan"},{id:"201968",title:"Ms.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Pr",slug:"archana-pr",fullName:"Archana Pr"},{id:"201969",title:"Ms.",name:"Pragna",middleName:null,surname:"Prathap",slug:"pragna-prathap",fullName:"Pragna Prathap"},{id:"201970",title:"Ms.",name:"Aleena",middleName:null,surname:"Joy",slug:"aleena-joy",fullName:"Aleena Joy"},{id:"201971",title:"Dr.",name:"Vidya",middleName:null,surname:"Mk",slug:"vidya-mk",fullName:"Vidya Mk"}]},{id:"55619",title:"Ovary Differentiation and Activity in Teleostei Fish",slug:"ovary-differentiation-and-activity-in-teleostei-fish",totalDownloads:1889,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Talita Sarah Mazzoni and Irani Quagio Grassiotto",authors:[{id:"197554",title:"Dr.",name:"Irani",middleName:null,surname:"Quagio Grassiotto",slug:"irani-quagio-grassiotto",fullName:"Irani Quagio Grassiotto"},{id:"197735",title:"Prof.",name:"Talita Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzoni",slug:"talita-sarah-mazzoni",fullName:"Talita Sarah Mazzoni"}]},{id:"55324",title:"The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian Cancer",slug:"the-role-of-androgens-in-ovarian-follicular-development-from-fertility-to-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:1367,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Malgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowski and\nGabriela Gorczyca",authors:[{id:"177042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Duda",slug:"malgorzata-duda",fullName:"Malgorzata Duda"},{id:"177918",title:"Dr.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Tabarowski",slug:"zbigniew-tabarowski",fullName:"Zbigniew Tabarowski"},{id:"205391",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamil",middleName:null,surname:"Wartalski",slug:"kamil-wartalski",fullName:"Kamil Wartalski"},{id:"205392",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Gorczyca",slug:"gabriela-gorczyca",fullName:"Gabriela Gorczyca"}]},{id:"56522",title:"Role of Melatonin in Reproductive Seasonality in Buffaloes",slug:"role-of-melatonin-in-reproductive-seasonality-in-buffaloes",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Tamer Awad Ramadan",authors:[{id:"197651",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamer",middleName:"Awad",surname:"Ramadan",slug:"tamer-ramadan",fullName:"Tamer Ramadan"}]},{id:"56161",title:"The Thalassinidean Mud Shrimp Upogebia vasquezi: Life Cycle and Reproductive Traits on the Amazonian Coast, Brazil",slug:"the-thalassinidean-mud-shrimp-upogebia-vasquezi-life-cycle-and-reproductive-traits-on-the-amazonian-",totalDownloads:1286,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Danielly Brito de Oliveira, Fernando Araújo Abrunhosa and Jussara\nMoretto Martinelli-Lemos",authors:[{id:"147527",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando Araújo",middleName:null,surname:"Abrunhosa",slug:"fernando-araujo-abrunhosa",fullName:"Fernando Araújo Abrunhosa"},{id:"198331",title:"Dr.",name:"Danielly",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"danielly-oliveira",fullName:"Danielly Oliveira"},{id:"204935",title:"Dr.",name:"Jussara",middleName:null,surname:"Moretto Martinelli Lemos",slug:"jussara-moretto-martinelli-lemos",fullName:"Jussara Moretto Martinelli Lemos"}]},{id:"55696",title:"Estrus Cycle Monitoring in Wild Mammals: Challenges and Perspectives",slug:"estrus-cycle-monitoring-in-wild-mammals-challenges-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:1397,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Alexandre R. Silva, Nei Moreira, Alexsandra F. Pereira, Gislayne C.X.\nPeixoto, Keilla M. Maia, Lívia B. Campos and Alana A. Borges",authors:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva"},{id:"177090",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexsandra Fernandes",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"alexsandra-fernandes-pereira",fullName:"Alexsandra Fernandes Pereira"},{id:"177093",title:"MSc.",name:"Gislayne Christianne Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto",slug:"gislayne-christianne-xavier-peixoto",fullName:"Gislayne Christianne Xavier Peixoto"},{id:"198314",title:"Prof.",name:"Nei",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",slug:"nei-moreira",fullName:"Nei Moreira"},{id:"198315",title:"MSc.",name:"Keilla Moreira",middleName:null,surname:"Maia",slug:"keilla-moreira-maia",fullName:"Keilla Moreira Maia"},{id:"198316",title:"MSc.",name:"Lívia Batista",middleName:null,surname:"Campos",slug:"livia-batista-campos",fullName:"Lívia Batista Campos"},{id:"198317",title:"MSc.",name:"Alana Azevedo",middleName:null,surname:"Borges",slug:"alana-azevedo-borges",fullName:"Alana Azevedo Borges"}]},{id:"54974",title:"Markers for Sperm Freezability and Relevance of Transcriptome Studies in Semen Cryopreservation: A Review",slug:"markers-for-sperm-freezability-and-relevance-of-transcriptome-studies-in-semen-cryopreservation-a-re",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Leyland Fraser",authors:[{id:"199650",title:"Dr.",name:"Leyland",middleName:null,surname:"Fraser",slug:"leyland-fraser",fullName:"Leyland Fraser"}]},{id:"55006",title:"Immunocastration as Alternative to Surgical Castration in Pigs",slug:"immunocastration-as-alternative-to-surgical-castration-in-pigs",totalDownloads:1550,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",fullTitle:"Theriogenology"},signatures:"Marjeta Čandek-Potokar, Martin Škrlep and Galia Zamaratskaia",authors:[{id:"23161",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjeta",middleName:null,surname:"Čandek-Potokar",slug:"marjeta-candek-potokar",fullName:"Marjeta Čandek-Potokar"},{id:"198220",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Škrlep",slug:"martin-skrlep",fullName:"Martin Škrlep"},{id:"198221",title:"Prof.",name:"Galia",middleName:null,surname:"Zamaratskaia",slug:"galia-zamaratskaia",fullName:"Galia Zamaratskaia"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science-pathology-theriogenology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/ionic-liquids-classes-and-properties/ionic-liquids-recycling-for-reuse",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"ionic-liquids-classes-and-properties",chapter:"ionic-liquids-recycling-for-reuse"},fullPath:"/books/ionic-liquids-classes-and-properties/ionic-liquids-recycling-for-reuse",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()