The major microalgal species, products, and application.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-648-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-647-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-649-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b05fa99bbd2c8e02d48dc740c0efbf9c",bookSignature:"Dr. Amjad Zaki Almusaed",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10986.jpg",keywords:"Environmental Housing, Ecological Housing, Climate Change and Housing, Low Energy Housing Design, Recycling Materials, Human Sheltering, Human Mobility, Accessibility and Housing Units, Economic Theory and Housing, Land Administration in Habitat Zone, Decentralization in Housing Area, Private Housing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 5th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 2nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 1st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 20th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 19th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"15 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Almusaed is focused on sustainability in architecture and urban planning and design. He has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work as well as several studies in the aforementioned areas with over 170 published international academic works in different languages.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110471/images/system/110471.png",biography:"Amjad Almusaed was born in 1967. He holds a PhD degree in Architecture (Environmental Design) from Ion Mincu University, Bucharest, Romania. He completed postdoctoral research in 2004 on sustainable and bioclimatic houses, from the School of Architecture in Aarhus, Denmark. His research expertise is sustainability in architecture and urban planning and design. He has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work, and has performed several studies in the above-mentioned areas. He has edited many international books and is an active member of many worldwide architectural associations. He has published more than 170 international academic works (papers, research, books, and book chapters) in different languages.",institutionString:"Jönköping University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:{name:"Jönköping University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"259492",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Gojević-Zrnić",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259492/images/7469_n.png",email:"sara.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5289",title:"Landscape Ecology",subtitle:"The Influences of Land Use and Anthropogenic Impacts of Landscape Creation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"354db0cb765007d8e48728a1356f2b75",slug:"landscape-ecology-the-influences-of-land-use-and-anthropogenic-impacts-of-landscape-creation",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5124",title:"Insulation Materials in Context of Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca203e467e6f6fc2ece46fab2da10bbc",slug:"insulation-materials-in-context-of-sustainability",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5124.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6066",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd4ff3f5b34fb2ee8089dc8da74a843a",slug:"landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and-applications",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7205",title:"Housing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"efb431be41bf8bf41facd7b4a183225e",slug:"housing",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6378",title:"Sustainable Buildings",subtitle:"Interaction Between a Holistic Conceptual Act and Materials Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bc977aee58593c6aeecb1941cae1a0e",slug:"sustainable-buildings-interaction-between-a-holistic-conceptual-act-and-materials-properties",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6378.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2005",title:"Effective Thermal Insulation",subtitle:"The Operative Factor of a Passive Building Model",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7c6c5a9dfad00a32efaa72b9f163e71",slug:"effective-thermal-insulation-the-operative-factor-of-a-passive-building-model",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2005.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5889",title:"Grasses",subtitle:"Benefits, Diversities and Functional Roles",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"605047fa783d21860951085f83b84f47",slug:"grasses-benefits-diversities-and-functional-roles",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Sammera Mohamed Salih Al-Samaraee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5889.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6882",title:"Sustainable Cities",subtitle:"Authenticity, Ambition and Dream",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba808740ddb346ea58d759f6570c8c6d",slug:"sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"12677",title:"Ultrashort, Strongly Focused Laser Pulses in Free Space",doi:"10.5772/12930",slug:"ultrashort-strongly-focused-laser-pulses-in-free-space",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/12677.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12677",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12677",totalDownloads:2500,totalViews:239,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 11th 2010",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 30th 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/12677",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/12677",book:{slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission"},signatures:"Alexandre April",authors:[{id:"13499",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"April",fullName:"Alexandre April",slug:"alexandre-april",email:"alexandre.april.1@ulaval.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"10",title:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",publishedDate:"December 30th 2010",bookSignature:"F. J. Duarte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-242-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4538-7",editors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12556",title:"Electrically-Pumped Organic-Semiconductor Coherent Emission: a Review",slug:"electrically-pumped-organic-semiconductor-coherent-emission-a-review",totalDownloads:2738,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"F. J. Duarte",authors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte"}]},{id:"12557",title:"Coherence of XUV Laser Sources",slug:"coherence-of-xuv-laser-sources",totalDownloads:2489,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sebastian Roling and Helmut Zacharias",authors:[{id:"14275",title:"Dr.",name:"Helmut",middleName:null,surname:"Zacharias",fullName:"Helmut Zacharias",slug:"helmut-zacharias"}]},{id:"12558",title:"Laser Technology for Compact, Narrow-bandwidth Gamma-ray Sources",slug:"laser-technology-for-compact-narrow-bandwidth-gamma-ray-sources",totalDownloads:3313,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miro Shverdin, Fred Hartemann, Felicie Albert, Mike Messerly, David Gibson, Craig Siders and Chris Barty",authors:[{id:"13649",title:"Dr.",name:"Miro",middleName:null,surname:"Shverdin",fullName:"Miro Shverdin",slug:"miro-shverdin"},{id:"14313",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",middleName:null,surname:"Hartemann",fullName:"Fred Hartemann",slug:"fred-hartemann"},{id:"23647",title:"Dr.",name:"Felicie",middleName:null,surname:"Albert",fullName:"Felicie Albert",slug:"felicie-albert"},{id:"23648",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Messerly",fullName:"Mike Messerly",slug:"mike-messerly"},{id:"23649",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Gibson",fullName:"David Gibson",slug:"david-gibson"},{id:"23650",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Siders",fullName:"Craig Siders",slug:"craig-siders"},{id:"23652",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Barty",fullName:"Chris Barty",slug:"chris-barty"}]},{id:"12559",title:"Quantum Manipulations of Single Trapped-Ions beyond the Lamb-Dicke Limit",slug:"quantum-manipulations-of-single-trapped-ions-beyond-the-lamb-dicke-limit",totalDownloads:1987,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miao Zhang and L.F. Wei",authors:[{id:"23983",title:"Dr.",name:"Miao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Miao Zhang",slug:"miao-zhang"}]},{id:"12675",title:"Coherent Optical Phonons in Bismuth Crystal",slug:"coherent-optical-phonons-in-bismuth-crystal",totalDownloads:2621,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Davide Boschetto and Antoine Rousse",authors:[{id:"13438",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Boschetto",fullName:"Davide Boschetto",slug:"davide-boschetto"},{id:"14591",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoine",middleName:null,surname:"Rousse",fullName:"Antoine Rousse",slug:"antoine-rousse"}]},{id:"12560",title:"Quantum Interference Signal from an Inhomogeneously Broadened System Excited by an Optically Phase-Controlled Laser-Pulse Pair",slug:"quantum-interference-signal-from-an-inhomogeneously-broadened-system-excited-by-an-optically-phase-c",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shin-ichiro Sato and Takayuki Kiba",authors:[{id:"14246",title:"Prof.",name:"Shin-ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Shin-ichiro Sato",slug:"shin-ichiro-sato"}]},{id:"12561",title:"Quantum Control of Laser-driven Chiral Molecular Motors",slug:"quantum-control-of-laser-driven-chiral-molecular-motors",totalDownloads:1981,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Masahiro Yamaki, Kunihito Hoki, Yuichi Fujimura and Sheng H. Lin",authors:[{id:"13778",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujimura",fullName:"Yuichi Fujimura",slug:"yuichi-fujimura"},{id:"13779",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamaki",fullName:"Masahiro Yamaki",slug:"masahiro-yamaki"},{id:"13780",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihito",middleName:null,surname:"Hoki",fullName:"Kunihito Hoki",slug:"kunihito-hoki"},{id:"37785",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"H. Lin",fullName:"Sheng H. Lin",slug:"sheng-h.-lin"}]},{id:"12562",title:"Energy Approach to Atoms in a Laser Filed and Quantum Dynamics with Laser Pulses of Different Shape",slug:"energy-approach-to-atoms-in-a-laser-filed-and-quantum-dynamics-with-laser-pulses-of-different-shape",totalDownloads:1727,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Alexander Glushkov, Olga Khetselius, Andrey Svinarenko and Georgy Prepelitsa",authors:[{id:"13795",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"V.",surname:"Glushkov",fullName:"Alexander Glushkov",slug:"alexander-glushkov"},{id:"14495",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Svinarenko",fullName:"Andrey Svinarenko",slug:"andrey-svinarenko"},{id:"48675",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Prepelitsa",fullName:"George Prepelitsa",slug:"george-prepelitsa"},{id:"207215",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Khetselius",fullName:"Olga Khetselius",slug:"olga-khetselius"}]},{id:"12563",title:"Second Harmonic Generation under Strong Influence of Dispersion and Cubic Nonlinearity Effects",slug:"second-harmonic-generation-under-strong-influence-of-dispersion-and-cubic-nonlinearity-effects",totalDownloads:3079,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sergey Mironov, Vladimir Lozhkarev, Vladislav Ginzburg, Ivan Yakovlev, Grigory Luchinin, Efim Khazanov, Alexander Sergeev and Gerard Mourou",authors:[{id:"5015",title:"Prof.",name:"Efim",middleName:null,surname:"Khazanov",fullName:"Efim Khazanov",slug:"efim-khazanov"},{id:"13347",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Mironov",fullName:"Sergey Mironov",slug:"sergey-mironov"},{id:"14449",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Lozhkarev",fullName:"Vladimir Lozhkarev",slug:"vladimir-lozhkarev"},{id:"14450",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Ginzburg",fullName:"Vladislav Ginzburg",slug:"vladislav-ginzburg"},{id:"14451",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Yakovlev",fullName:"Ivan Yakovlev",slug:"ivan-yakovlev"},{id:"14452",title:"Prof.",name:"Grigory",middleName:null,surname:"Luchinin",fullName:"Grigory Luchinin",slug:"grigory-luchinin"},{id:"14453",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Sergeev",fullName:"Alexander Sergeev",slug:"alexander-sergeev"},{id:"14454",title:"Dr.",name:"Gérard",middleName:null,surname:"Mourou",fullName:"Gérard Mourou",slug:"gerard-mourou"}]},{id:"12760",title:"Temporal Stretching of Laser Pulses",slug:"temporal-stretching-of-laser-pulses",totalDownloads:6067,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Rajeev Khare and Paritosh K. Shukla",authors:[{id:"13328",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Khare",fullName:"Rajeev Khare",slug:"rajeev-khare"},{id:"14363",title:"Prof.",name:"Paritosh K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Paritosh K. Shukla",slug:"paritosh-k.-shukla"}]},{id:"12564",title:"Ultrafast Laser Pulse Synchronization",slug:"ultrafast-laser-pulse-synchronization",totalDownloads:4069,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Wenxue Li, Qiang Hao, Yao Li, Ming Yan, Hui Zhou and Heping Zeng",authors:[{id:"14193",title:"Prof.",name:"Heping",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Heping Zeng",slug:"heping-zeng"},{id:"14196",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenxue",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Wenxue Li",slug:"wenxue-li"},{id:"14197",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiang",middleName:null,surname:"Hao",fullName:"Qiang Hao",slug:"qiang-hao"},{id:"14198",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yao Li",slug:"yao-li"},{id:"14199",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Ming Yan",slug:"ming-yan"},{id:"14200",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Hui Zhou",slug:"hui-zhou"}]},{id:"12565",title:"Carrier-Envelope Phase Stablization of Grating Based High-Power Ultrafast Laser",slug:"carrier-envelope-phase-stablization-of-grating-based-high-power-ultrafast-laser",totalDownloads:2004,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shouyuan Chen, Yi Wu, Kun Zhao and Zenghu Chang",authors:[{id:"15015",title:"Prof.",name:"Shouyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Shouyuan Chen",slug:"shouyuan-chen"},{id:"15017",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Yi Wu",slug:"yi-wu"},{id:"15018",title:"Dr.",name:"Kun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Kun Zhao",slug:"kun-zhao"},{id:"15019",title:"Prof.",name:"Zenghu",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Zenghu Chang",slug:"zenghu-chang"}]},{id:"12566",title:"The Generation and Characterisation of Ultrashort Mid-Infrared Pulses",slug:"the-generation-and-characterisation-of-ultrashort-mid-infrared-pulses",totalDownloads:3068,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jens Biegert, Olivier Chalus and Philip Bates",authors:[{id:"13988",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens",middleName:null,surname:"Biegert",fullName:"Jens Biegert",slug:"jens-biegert"},{id:"13989",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Chalus",fullName:"Olivier Chalus",slug:"olivier-chalus"},{id:"13990",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Bates",fullName:"Philip Bates",slug:"philip-bates"}]},{id:"12567",title:"Contrast Improvement of Relativistic Few-Cycle Light Pulses",slug:"contrast-improvement-of-relativistic-few-cycle-light-pulses",totalDownloads:2021,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Laszlo Veisz",authors:[{id:"13500",title:"Prof.",name:"Laszlo",middleName:null,surname:"Veisz",fullName:"Laszlo Veisz",slug:"laszlo-veisz"}]},{id:"12568",title:"Modeling the Interaction of a Single-Cycle Laser Pulse with a Bound Electron without Ionization",slug:"modeling-the-interaction-of-a-single-cycle-laser-pulse-with-a-bound-electron-without-ionization",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ufuk Parali and Dennis Alexander",authors:[{id:"13269",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",middleName:null,surname:"Alexander",fullName:"Dennis Alexander",slug:"dennis-alexander"},{id:"13933",title:"Prof.",name:"Ufuk",middleName:null,surname:"Parali",fullName:"Ufuk Parali",slug:"ufuk-parali"}]},{id:"12677",title:"Ultrashort, Strongly Focused Laser Pulses in Free Space",slug:"ultrashort-strongly-focused-laser-pulses-in-free-space",totalDownloads:2500,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Alexandre April",authors:[{id:"13499",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"April",fullName:"Alexandre April",slug:"alexandre-april"}]},{id:"12569",title:"Interaction of Short Laser Pulses with Gases and Ionized Gases",slug:"interaction-of-short-laser-pulses-with-gases-and-ionized-gases",totalDownloads:4104,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Stephan Brückner, Wolfgang Viöl and Stephan Wieneke",authors:[{id:"13598",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Wieneke",fullName:"Stephan Wieneke",slug:"stephan-wieneke"},{id:"13823",title:"MSc.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Brückner",fullName:"Stephan Brückner",slug:"stephan-bruckner"},{id:"13824",title:"Dr.",name:"Wolfgang",middleName:null,surname:"Viöl",fullName:"Wolfgang Viöl",slug:"wolfgang-viol"}]},{id:"12570",title:"Characterisation and Manipulation of Proton Beams Accelerated by Ultra-Short and High-Contrast Laser Pulses",slug:"characterisation-and-manipulation-of-proton-beams-accelerated-by-ultra-short-and-high-contrast-laser",totalDownloads:2489,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sargis Ter-Avetisyan, Matthias Schnürer and Peter Victor Nickles",authors:[{id:"13571",title:"Dr.",name:"Sargis",middleName:null,surname:"Ter-Avetisyan",fullName:"Sargis Ter-Avetisyan",slug:"sargis-ter-avetisyan"},{id:"14238",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Schnürer",fullName:"Matthias Schnürer",slug:"matthias-schnurer"},{id:"14239",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Nickles",fullName:"Peter Victor Nickles",slug:"peter-victor-nickles"}]},{id:"12571",title:"Picosecond Laser Pulse Distortion by Propagation through a Turbulent Atmosphere",slug:"picosecond-laser-pulse-distortion-by-propagation-through-a-turbulent-atmosphere",totalDownloads:3072,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivan Prochazka, Lukas Kral and Josef Blazej",authors:[{id:"14960",title:"Dr.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Blazej",fullName:"Josef Blazej",slug:"josef-blazej"},{id:"14967",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Prochazka",fullName:"Ivan Prochazka",slug:"ivan-prochazka"},{id:"14968",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukas",middleName:null,surname:"Kral",fullName:"Lukas Kral",slug:"lukas-kral"}]},{id:"12678",title:"Comparison between Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method and Experimental Results for Femtosecond Laser Pulse Propagation",slug:"comparison-between-finite-difference-time-domain-method-and-experimental-results-for-femtosecond-las",totalDownloads:2391,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Shinki Nakamura",authors:[{id:"4143",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",fullName:"Shinki Nakamura",slug:"shinki-nakamura"}]},{id:"12572",title:"Non Perturbative Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory, TDDFT: Study of Ionization and Harmonic Generation in Linear Di-(N₂) and Tri-(CO₂, OCS, CS₂) Atomic Molecules with Ultrashort Intense Laser Pulses-Orientational Effects",slug:"non-perturbative-time-dependent-density-functional-theory-tddft-study-of-ionization-and-harmonic-gen",totalDownloads:2201,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Andre D Bandrauk and Emmanuel Penka Fowe",authors:[{id:"14146",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre D.",middleName:null,surname:"Bandrauk",fullName:"Andre D. Bandrauk",slug:"andre-d.-bandrauk"},{id:"14147",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Penka Fowe",fullName:"Emmanuel Penka Fowe",slug:"emmanuel-penka-fowe"}]},{id:"12679",title:"Femtosecond Fabrication of Waveguides in Ion-Doped Laser Crystals",slug:"femtosecond-fabrication-of-waveguides-in-ion-doped-laser-crystals",totalDownloads:2118,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Andrey Okhrimchuk",authors:[{id:"13399",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Okhrimchuk",fullName:"Andrey Okhrimchuk",slug:"andrey-okhrimchuk"}]},{id:"12573",title:"Heat Absorption, Transport and Phase Transformation in Noble Metals Excited by Femtosecond Laser Pulses",slug:"heat-absorption-transport-and-phase-transformation-in-noble-metals-excited-by-femtosecond-laser-puls",totalDownloads:2478,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wai-lun Chan and Robert Averback",authors:[{id:"14122",title:"Dr.",name:"Wai-Lun",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",fullName:"Wai-Lun Chan",slug:"wai-lun-chan"},{id:"14123",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Averback",fullName:"Robert S. Averback",slug:"robert-s.-averback"}]},{id:"12574",title:"Probing Ultrafast Dynamics of Polarization Clusters in BaTiO₃ by Pulsed Soft X-Ray Laser Speckle Technique",slug:"probing-ultrafast-dynamics-of-polarization-clusters-in-batio-by-pulsed-soft-x-ray-laser-speckle-tech",totalDownloads:2047,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kai Ji and Keiichiro Nasu",authors:[{id:"14564",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",fullName:"Kai Ji",slug:"kai-ji"},{id:"14599",title:"Prof.",name:"Keiichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Nasu",fullName:"Keiichiro Nasu",slug:"keiichiro-nasu"}]},{id:"12575",title:"Two-Photon Polymerization of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polymers as Scalable Technology Using Ultra-Short Laser Pulses",slug:"two-photon-polymerization-of-inorganic-organic-hybrid-polymers-as-scalable-technology-using-ultra-sh",totalDownloads:2960,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Houbertz, Ruth, Steenhusen, Sönke, Stiche, Thomas1, and Sext, Gerhard",authors:[{id:"14099",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",middleName:null,surname:"Houbertz",fullName:"Ruth Houbertz",slug:"ruth-houbertz"}]},{id:"12576",title:"Several Diffractive Optical Elements Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Pulses Writing Directly",slug:"several-diffractive-optical-elements-fabricated-by-femtosecond-laser-pulses-writing-directly",totalDownloads:2275,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhongyi Guo, Lingling Ran, Shiliang Qu and Shutian Liu",authors:[{id:"15733",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongyi",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Zhongyi Guo",slug:"zhongyi-guo"}]},{id:"12577",title:"Sub-Wavelength Patterning of Self-Assembled Organic Monolayers via Nonlinear Processing with Femtosecond Laser Pulses",slug:"sub-wavelength-patterning-of-self-assembled-organic-monolayers-via-nonlinear-processing-with-femtose",totalDownloads:1841,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nils Hartmann",authors:[{id:"13736",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils",middleName:null,surname:"Hartmann",fullName:"Nils Hartmann",slug:"nils-hartmann"}]},{id:"12578",title:"Application of Short Laser Pulses",slug:"application-of-short-laser-pulses",totalDownloads:2208,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"S. Mehdi Sharifi and Abdossamad Talebpour",authors:[{id:"13471",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharifi Kalahroudi",fullName:"Seyed Mehdi Sharifi Kalahroudi",slug:"seyed-mehdi-sharifi-kalahroudi"}]},{id:"12579",title:"Ultrashort Laser Pulses Applications",slug:"ultrashort-laser-pulses-applications",totalDownloads:3323,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ricardo Samad, Lilia Courrol, Sonia Baldochi and Nilson Vieira",authors:[{id:"13815",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Samad",fullName:"Ricardo Samad",slug:"ricardo-samad"},{id:"14327",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Courol",fullName:"Lilia Courol",slug:"lilia-courol"},{id:"14328",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Baldochi",fullName:"Sonia Baldochi",slug:"sonia-baldochi"},{id:"14329",title:"Dr.",name:"Nilson Dias",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira Junior",fullName:"Nilson Dias Vieira Junior",slug:"nilson-dias-vieira-junior"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"356",title:"Laser Pulse Phenomena and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0326c656c0dd5480c2dd15d22a772d18",slug:"laser-pulse-phenomena-and-applications",bookSignature:"F. J. Duarte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12537",title:"Pulse-Laser Powered Orbital Launcher",slug:"pulse-laser-powered-orbital-launcher",signatures:"Hiroshi Katsurayma, Kimiya Komurasaki and Yoshihiro Arakawa",authors:[{id:"14407",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Katsurayama",fullName:"Hiroshi Katsurayama",slug:"hiroshi-katsurayama"},{id:"14409",title:"Prof.",name:"Kimiya",middleName:null,surname:"Komurasaki",fullName:"Kimiya Komurasaki",slug:"kimiya-komurasaki"},{id:"14410",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Arakawa",fullName:"Yoshihiro Arakawa",slug:"yoshihiro-arakawa"}]},{id:"12680",title:"'Impulsar': New Application for High Power High Repetition Rate Pulse-Periodic Lasers",slug:"impulsar-new-application-for-high-power-high-repetition-rate-pulse-periodic-lasers",signatures:"Victor Apollonov",authors:[{id:"13259",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Apollonov",fullName:"Victor Apollonov",slug:"victor-apollonov"}]},{id:"12538",title:"The Effect of the Time Structure of Laser Pulse on Temperature Distribution and Thermal Stresses in Homogeneous Body with Coating",slug:"the-effect-of-the-time-structure-of-laser-pulse-on-temperature-distribution-and-thermal-stresses-in-",signatures:"Aleksander Yevtushenko and Malgorzata Rozniakowska-Klosinska",authors:[null]},{id:"12539",title:"High-order Harmonic Generation",slug:"high-order-harmonic-generation",signatures:"Krzysztof Jakubczak",authors:[{id:"13731",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Jakubczak",fullName:"Krzysztof Jakubczak",slug:"krzysztof-jakubczak"}]},{id:"12540",title:"Burst Mode Q:switched Laser Pulses for Plasma Excitation in LIBS Analysis",slug:"burst-mode-q-switched-laser-pulses-for-plasma-excitation-in-libs-analysis",signatures:"Luis Ponce, Lesther Moreira, Eduardo de Posada, Miguel Arronte, Teresa Flores and Eugenio Rodriguez",authors:[{id:"14171",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Ponce",fullName:"Luis Ponce",slug:"luis-ponce"}]},{id:"12541",title:"Numerical Simulations of Temperature-dependence on Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) and Performance Analyses for Proton-Implant/Oxide Confined VCSEL: Comparison with Transmission Matrix, Matrix Calculating Methods and Macleod Model",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-temperature-dependence-on-distributed-bragg-reflector-dbr-and-performance-a",signatures:"Tzu-chiang Chen",authors:[{id:"4131",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiang-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Shiang-Feng Tang",slug:"shiang-feng-tang"}]},{id:"12542",title:"Various Ambiguities in Generating and Reconstructing Laser Pulse Parameters",slug:"various-ambiguities-in-generating-re-constructing-laser-pulse-parameters-",signatures:"Chandrasekhar Roychoudhuri",authors:[{id:"13273",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandrasekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Roychoudhuri",fullName:"Chandrasekhar Roychoudhuri",slug:"chandrasekhar-roychoudhuri"}]},{id:"12543",title:"Infrared Thermo-Electric Photodetectors",slug:"infrared-thermo-electric-photodetectors",signatures:"Johan Stiens, Cathleen De Tandt, Gennady Shkerdin, Vladimir Kotov, Roger Vounckx and Werner Vandermeiren",authors:[{id:"14014",title:"Dr.",name:"Werner",middleName:null,surname:"Vandermeiren",fullName:"Werner Vandermeiren",slug:"werner-vandermeiren"},{id:"14082",title:"Prof",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Stiens",fullName:"Johan Stiens",slug:"johan-stiens"},{id:"14083",title:"Prof.",name:"Cathleen",middleName:null,surname:"De Tandt",fullName:"Cathleen De Tandt",slug:"cathleen-de-tandt"},{id:"14084",title:"Prof",name:"Gennady",middleName:null,surname:"Shkerdin",fullName:"Gennady Shkerdin",slug:"gennady-shkerdin"},{id:"14085",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Kotov",fullName:"Vladimir Kotov",slug:"vladimir-kotov"},{id:"14086",title:"Prof",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Vounckx",fullName:"Roger Vounckx",slug:"roger-vounckx"}]},{id:"12555",title:"Laser Pulses Characterization with Pyroelectric Sensors",slug:"laser-pulses-characterization-with-pyroelectric-sensors",signatures:"Lorenzo Capineri and Marina Mazzoni",authors:[{id:"14284",title:"Prof.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Capineri",fullName:"Lorenzo Capineri",slug:"lorenzo-capineri"}]},{id:"12544",title:"Time-gated Single Photon Counting Lock-in Detection at 1550 nm Wavelength",slug:"time-gated-single-photon-counting-lock-in-detection-at-1550-nm-wavelength",signatures:"Liantuan Xiao, Xiaobo Wang, Guofeng Zhang and Suotang Jia",authors:[{id:"13260",title:"Prof.",name:"Liantuan",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Liantuan Xiao",slug:"liantuan-xiao"}]},{id:"12545",title:"Laser Beam Diagnostics in a Spatial Domain",slug:"laser-beam-diagnostics-in-a-spatial-domain",signatures:"Tae Moon Jeong and Jongmin Lee",authors:[{id:"14353",title:"Prof.",name:"Jongmin",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jongmin Lee",slug:"jongmin-lee"},{id:"14608",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae Moon",middleName:null,surname:"Jeong",fullName:"Tae Moon Jeong",slug:"tae-moon-jeong"}]},{id:"12546",title:"Intensity Effects and Absolute Phase Effects in Nonlinear Laser-Matter Interactions",slug:"intensity-effects-and-absolute-phase-effects-in-nonlinear-laser-matter-interactions",signatures:"Sandor Varro",authors:[{id:"13256",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandor",middleName:null,surname:"Varro",fullName:"Sandor Varro",slug:"sandor-varro"}]},{id:"12547",title:"Multiphoton Selective Excitation and Analytical Control of Small Molecules in Intense Laser Fields: an Algebraic Model",slug:"multiphoton-selective-excitation-and-analytical-control-of-small-molecules-in-intense-laser-fields-a",signatures:"Yujun Zheng",authors:[{id:"13337",title:"Prof.",name:"Yujun",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Yujun Zheng",slug:"yujun-zheng"}]},{id:"12548",title:"Laser Plasma Accelerators: towards High Quality Electron Beam",slug:"laser-plasma-accelerators-towards-high-quality-electron-beam",signatures:"Victor Malka",authors:[{id:"13828",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Malka",fullName:"Victor Malka",slug:"victor-malka"}]},{id:"12549",title:"Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Formation by Laser Ablation",slug:"mechanisms-of-nanoparticle-formation-by-laser-ablation",signatures:"Tatiana Itina",authors:[{id:"13419",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Itina",fullName:"Tatiana Itina",slug:"tatiana-itina"}]},{id:"12550",title:"Ablation of 2-6 Compounds with Low Power Pulses of YAG:Nd Laser",slug:"ablation-of-2-6-compounds-with-low-power-pulses-of-yag-nd-laser",signatures:"Maciej Oszwaldowski, Janusz Rzeszutek and Piotr Kuswik",authors:[{id:"14481",title:"Prof.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Oszwaldowski",fullName:"Maciej Oszwaldowski",slug:"maciej-oszwaldowski"},{id:"14485",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Rzeszutek",fullName:"Janusz Rzeszutek",slug:"janusz-rzeszutek"},{id:"14486",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Kuswik",fullName:"Piotr Kuswik",slug:"piotr-kuswik"}]},{id:"12551",title:"Photoinduced Structural Changes of Doped SiO₂ Glasses using Ultraviolet Laser Pulses",slug:"photoinduced-structural-changes-of-doped-sio2-glasses-using-ultraviolet-laser-pulses",signatures:"Hiroaki Nishiyama and Junji Nishii",authors:[{id:"13754",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Nishiyama",fullName:"Hiroaki Nishiyama",slug:"hiroaki-nishiyama"}]},{id:"12552",title:"Hot Chemistry with Cold Molecules",slug:"hot-chemistry-with-cold-molecules-",signatures:"Debabrata Goswami and Tapas Goswami",authors:[{id:"12562",title:"Prof.",name:"Debabrata",middleName:null,surname:"Goswami",fullName:"Debabrata Goswami",slug:"debabrata-goswami"},{id:"23398",title:"Dr.",name:"Tapas",middleName:null,surname:"Goswami",fullName:"Tapas Goswami",slug:"tapas-goswami"}]},{id:"12553",title:"UV-Laser and LED Fluorescence Detection of Trace Organic Compounds in Drinking Water and Distilled Spirits",slug:"uv-laser-and-led-fluorescence-detection-of-trace-organic-compounds-in-drinking-water-and-distilled-s",signatures:"Anna Sharikova and Dennis Killinger",authors:[{id:"14480",title:"Prof.",name:"Dennis",middleName:"K.",surname:"Killinger",fullName:"Dennis Killinger",slug:"dennis-killinger"},{id:"14484",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Sharikova",fullName:"Anna Sharikova",slug:"anna-sharikova"}]},{id:"12554",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography: Development and Applications",slug:"optical-coherence-tomography-development-and-applications",signatures:"Anderson Freitas, Marcello Amaral and Marcus Raele",authors:[{id:"13431",title:"Dr.",name:"Anderson",middleName:"Zanardi",surname:"Freitas",fullName:"Anderson Freitas",slug:"anderson-freitas"},{id:"13432",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Amaral",fullName:"Marcello Amaral",slug:"marcello-amaral"},{id:"13433",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcus",middleName:null,surname:"Raele",fullName:"Marcus Raele",slug:"marcus-raele"}]},{id:"12681",title:"High Resolution Biological Visualization Techniques",slug:"high-resolution-biological-visualization-techniques",signatures:"Pavlina Pike, Christian Parigger and Robert Splinter",authors:[{id:"13520",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Parigger",fullName:"Christian Parigger",slug:"christian-parigger"},{id:"13521",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavlina",middleName:null,surname:"Pike",fullName:"Pavlina Pike",slug:"pavlina-pike"},{id:"13522",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Splinter",fullName:"Robert Splinter",slug:"robert-splinter"}]},{id:"12682",title:"CO₂ Laser Pulse-Evoked Nocifensive Behavior Mediated by C-Fibers",slug:"co-laser-pulse-evoked-nocifensive-behavior-mediated-by-c-fiber",signatures:"Bai Chuang Shyu",authors:[{id:"13258",title:"Dr.",name:"Bai Chuang",middleName:null,surname:"Shyu",fullName:"Bai Chuang Shyu",slug:"bai-chuang-shyu"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70090",title:"Microalgae and Its Use in Nutraceuticals and Food Supplements",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90143",slug:"microalgae-and-its-use-in-nutraceuticals-and-food-supplements",body:'\nMicroalgae are a large diverse group of microorganisms comprising photoautotrophic protists and prokaryotic cyanobacteria—also called as blue-green algae. These microalgae form the source of the food chain for more than 70% of the world’s biomass [1]. Microalgae are single-celled, microscopic photosynthetic organisms, found in freshwater and marine environment. They produce compounds such as protein, carbohydrates, and lipids. Mostly, microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms; it does not contain cell organelles unlike land plants. They use the carbon from air for energy production.
\nMicroalgae can be cultivated photosynthetically using CO2, solar energy, and water. It can be cultivated in shallow lagoons, marginal ponds, raceway ponds, or artificial tanks. The use of plastic tubes/reactors in pond system can achieve up to seven times the production efficiency compared to open culture system [2].
\nThere are more than 300,000 species of microalgae, out of which around 30,000 are documented. They live in complex natural habitats and can adapt rapidly in extreme conditions (in variation of extreme weather conditions). This ability makes them capable to produce secondary metabolites, with novel structure and biologically active functions.
\nMicroalgae produce some useful bio-products including β-carotene, astaxanthin, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), bioactive and functional pigments, natural dyes, polysaccharides, antioxidants, and algal extracts. The first commercial cultivation of
Application of microalgae in various fields.
Algae are classified into many major groups, based on pigment composition, storage compound, and diversity in features of its ultrastructure. However, advance molecular biology-based techniques are nowadays used to check the relation between taxonomic groups and families of the specific class.
\nThe global market value of microalgae is estimated to be around US$ 6.5 billion, out of which about US$ 2.5 billion is generated by the health food sector, US$ 1.5 billion by the production of DHA, and US$ 700 million by aquaculture. The annual production of microalgae is approximately 7.5 million tons.
\nThe diversity of microalgae is vast and represents an intact resource. The scientific literature indicates the existence of 200,000 to several million species of microalgae when compared to about 250,000 species of higher plants [4].
\nGreen microalgae usually grow in freshwater and seawater, whereas several other species of microalgae grow in extremely saline environments, such as the Great Salt Lake in UT, USA, and the Dead Sea in Israel. Within these aqueous habitats, some algae grow inside the deeper waters, others populate the subsurface water column, and a few grow at the limits of the photic zone, 200–300 m below the water surface [5, 6, 7, 8]. The microalgae are small in size (mostly 5–50 μm) and characterized by a simple morphology, usually unicellular. Accordingly, most of the species are not observed as an individual cell/specimen but become noticeable only when it generates large colony, specially in the form of green, black, red, or brown patches on the water surface. Coastlines between 45 and 30°N are suitable regions for algal farming, in particular in those territories at the south of the Mediterranean that experience warmer climates and whose temperature does not go too much below 15°C throughout the year [2]. This type of warmer climate of the Mediterranean region can facilitate the algal growth in the open or closed pond system.
\nThe environmental parameters favorable for mass scale culture are explored by many counties. For example, Israel and few Mediterranean countries have explored specific parameters for each economically important alga and cultivating it by maintaining them artificially for mass scale production. Few advance countries have started culturing several microalgal strains of biofuel production, while countries like Libya, Cyprus, and Turkey also have plenty of marginal lands to harvest algae. For these countries a limited water resource is not a constraint as they are using recycled brackish or saline water. With the high temperatures in the Mediterranean region, the open or closed pond system would probably be the most efficient and suitable to grow algae.
\nTerrestrial microalgae belong primarily to three diverse evolutionary pedigrees: the blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria), the green algae (Chlorophyta and Streptophyta), and the diatoms (Bacillariophyceae, Ochrophyta) [9]. However, the species of green and blue-green algal group are the majorly studied group, taxonomically as well as with economical perspective. Nevertheless, the understanding of the patterns of geographical distribution in terrestrial algae is inadequate, mainly due to poor understanding of the diversity of these organisms [10].
\nMicroalgae have a wide range of industrial applications, in food industries, wastewater purification, and pharmaceutical formulations [11]. Microalgae can also be used for high-value food, health food for human, polysaccharides, food and fodder additives, cosmetics, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory objects, dyes and feed for aquaculture, and preparation of biofilms [3, 12, 13].
\nThe most widely used microalgae include Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae), Chlorophyceae (green algae), Bacillariophyceae (including diatoms), and Chrysophyceae (including golden algae). Table 1 highlights some major microalgal species, products, and their application.
\nGroup/species | \nExtract | \nUse/application | \n
---|---|---|
Phycocyanin, biomass | \nHealth food, cosmetics | \n|
Protein, vitamin B12 | \nAntioxidant capsule, immune system | \n|
Protein, essential fatty acids, β-carotene | \nHealth food, food supplement | \n|
Biomass, carbohydrate extract | \nAnimal nutrition, health drinks, food supplement | \n|
Carotenoids, β-carotene | \nHealth food, food supplement, feeds | \n|
Carotenoids, astaxanthin | \nHealth food, food supplement, feeds | \n|
Fatty acids, EPA | \nPharmaceuticals, cosmetics, anti-inflammatory | \n|
Polysaccharides | \nPharmaceuticals, cosmetics | \n|
Fatty acids | \nAnimal nutrition | \n|
Lipids, fatty acids | \nNutrition, fuel production | \n|
Immune modulators | \nPharmaceuticals, nutrition | \n|
DHA and EPA | \nFood, beverage, and food supplement | \n|
DHA | \nBrain development, infant health and nutrition | \n|
Biomass | \nFood for larval and juvenile marine fish | \n
Since the last 20 years, biotechnological and nutraceutical application of microalgae has focused specifically on four major microalgae: (a)
Spirulina is a prokaryotic cyanobacterium that has been commercially produced for over 30 years for uses including fish food, vitamin supplements, food dyes, aquaculture, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals [15, 16].
Amino acids (g kg−1) | \n||
---|---|---|
Alanine | \n47 | \n48 | \n
Arginine | \n43 | \n36 | \n
Aspartic acid | \n61 | \n52 | \n
Cysteine | \n6 | \n4 | \n
Glutamic acid | \n91 | \n63 | \n
Glycine | \n32 | \n34 | \n
Histidine | \n10 | \n13 | \n
Isoleucine | \n35 | \n26 | \n
Leucine | \n54 | \n53 | \n
Lysine | \n29 | \n35 | \n
Methionine | \n14 | \n15 | \n
Phenylalanine | \n28 | \n31 | \n
Proline | \n27 | \n29 | \n
Serine | \n32 | \n28 | \n
Threonine | \n32 | \n27 | \n
Tryptophan | \n9 | \n6 | \n
Tyrosine | \n30 | \n21 | \n
Valine | \n40 | \n36 | \n
Photoautotrophic culture of
Composition content (% of DW) | \nGreen stage | \nRed stage | \n
---|---|---|
Proteins | \n29–45 | \n17–25 | \n
Lipids (% of total) | \n20–25 | \n32–37 | \n
Neutral lipids | \n59 | \n51.9–53.5 | \n
Phospholipids | \n23.7 | \n20.6–21.1 | \n
Glycolipids | \n11.5 | \n25.7–26.5 | \n
Carbohydrates | \n15–17 | \n36–40 | \n
Carotenoids (% of total) | \n0.5 | \n2–5 | \n
Neoxanthin | \n8.3 | \nn.d | \n
Violaxanthin | \n12.5 | \nn.d | \n
β-carotene | \n16.7 | \n1 | \n
Lutein | \n56.3 | \n0.5 | \n
Zeaxanthin | \n6.3 | \nn.d | \n
Astaxanthin (including esters) | \nn.d | \n81.2 | \n
Adonixanthin | \nn.d | \n0.4 | \n
Adonirubin | \nn.d | \n0.6 | \n
Canthaxanthin | \nn.d | \n5.1 | \n
Echinenone | \nn.d | \n0.2 | \n
Chlorophylls | \n1.5 | \n2 0 | \n
Component | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | \n63 | \n7.4 | \n23.6 | \n64.5 | \n1.0 | \n
Fat | \n4.3 | \n7.0 | \n13.8 | \n10.0 | \n3.0 | \n
Carbohydrate | \n17.8 | \n29.7 | \n38.0 | \n15.0 | \n23.0 | \n
Chlorophyll | \n1.15 | \n2.2 | \n0.4 (red) 1.1 (green) | \n5.0 | \n1.8 | \n
Magnesium | \n0.319 | \n4.59 | \n1.14 | \n0.264 | \n0.2 | \n
B-carotene | \n0.12 | \n1.6 | \n0.054 | \n0.086 | \n0.42 | \n
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) | \n0.001 | \n0.0009 | \n0.00047 | \n0.0023 | \n0.004 | \n
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | \n0.0045 | \n0.0009 | \n0.0017 | \n0.005 | \n0.0006 | \n
Vitamin B3 (niacin) | \n0.0149 | \n0.001 | \n0.0066 | \n0.025 | \n0.025 | \n
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) | \n0.0013 | \n0.0005 | \n0.0014 | \n0.0019 | \n0.0008 | \n
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | \n0.00096 | \n0.0004 | \n0.00036 | \n0.0025 | \n0.0013 | \n
Vitamin B9 (folic acid) | \n0.000027 | \n0.00004 | \n0.00029 | \n0.0006 | \n0.0001 | \n
Vitamin B12 (cobalamine) | \n0.00016 | \n0.000004 | \n0.00012 | \n0.000008 | \n0.0006 | \n
Summary of referenced biochemical constitutions of average nutritional compositions (g per 100 g DW).
Adopted from [16].
As the human population continues to increase, the demand for nutritive food and health products increases concomitantly. The sources of nutritive biomass that can meet this demand are pursued rampantly. Their wide diversity, fast growth, and diverse uses make them easily accepted for commercial culture. Microalgae require much fewer resources as compared to other crops. The role of algae in human health and nutrition will continually increase with additional research in the areas of health benefits and culturing. The usage of currently produced algae primarily includes food, food additives, aquaculture, colorants, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. Very few algal species are being cultivated for human use. There are likely more species of algae that have not been identified than ones that have and those still numbers in the thousands. Therefore, the potential for algal use in the realms of food consumption, health supplements, energy production, and many more is likely to intensify in the years to come.
\nBook - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5820},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10546},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15932}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119318},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"22"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ba81d792368b0fc77e6076df1b9bc8d5",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c03adb67c699df0f07449af0fbf7e43",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10659",title:"Search and Rescue Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b629899b814461c43bbb721b04b4370a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski and Dr. Karol Majek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10659.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bf915895c5372e30c213b65ad1a62322",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Edgar Alonso Martínez García",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"84958",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",surname:"Martínez García",slug:"edgar-martinez-garcia",fullName:"Edgar Martínez García"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:48},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5327},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"459",title:"Education",slug:"globalization-education",parent:{title:"Globalization",slug:"globalization"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:99,numberOfWosCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitations:54,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"globalization-education",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2922",title:"Globalization",subtitle:"Education and Management Agendas",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"68cb740dac25a7b8096685d2aa71943d",slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",bookSignature:"Hector Cuadra-Montiel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2922.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31673",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadra-Montiel",slug:"hector-cuadra-montiel",fullName:"Hector Cuadra-Montiel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"470",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08e011d059a55b7a904787039b394b29",slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",bookSignature:"Piotr Pachura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33832",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Pachura",slug:"piotr-pachura",fullName:"Piotr Pachura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3590",title:"Globalization",subtitle:"Today, Tomorrow",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63d2eefe753f6b341adc052fbca3d766",slug:"globalization--today--tomorrow",bookSignature:"Kent G. Deng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"125761",title:"Dr.",name:"Kent",middleName:null,surname:"Deng",slug:"kent-deng",fullName:"Kent Deng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38271",doi:"10.5772/47800",title:"Human Resource Management and Performance: From Practices Towards Sustainable Competitive Advantage",slug:"human-resource-management-and-performance-from-practices-towards-sustainable-competitive-advantage",totalDownloads:19336,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Asta Savaneviciene and Zivile Stankeviciute",authors:[{id:"146659",title:"Prof.",name:"Asta",middleName:null,surname:"Savaneviciene",slug:"asta-savaneviciene",fullName:"Asta Savaneviciene"},{id:"148268",title:"MSc.",name:"Zivile",middleName:null,surname:"Stankeviciute",slug:"zivile-stankeviciute",fullName:"Zivile Stankeviciute"}]},{id:"38270",doi:"10.5772/48702",title:"Internationalization and Globalization in Higher Education",slug:"internationalization-and-globalization-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:7318,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Douglas E. Mitchell and Selin Yildiz Nielsen",authors:[{id:"148079",title:"Prof.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"douglas-mitchell",fullName:"Douglas Mitchell"},{id:"148080",title:"Dr.",name:"Selin",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"selin-nielsen",fullName:"Selin Nielsen"}]},{id:"38274",doi:"10.5772/50305",title:'"Red Light" in Chile: Parents Participating as Consumers of Education Under Global Neoliberal Policies',slug:"-red-light-in-chile-parents-participating-as-consumers-of-education-under-global-neoliberal-policies",totalDownloads:1581,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Verónica López, Romina Madrid and Vicente Sisto",authors:[{id:"145167",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"veronica-lopez",fullName:"Verónica Lopez"},{id:"148106",title:"Ms.",name:"Romina",middleName:null,surname:"Madrid",slug:"romina-madrid",fullName:"Romina Madrid"},{id:"148107",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Sisto",slug:"vicente-sisto",fullName:"Vicente Sisto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73290",title:"Indian Education: Ancient, Medieval and Modern",slug:"indian-education-ancient-medieval-and-modern",totalDownloads:351,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",fullTitle:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology"},signatures:"Mangesh M. Ghonge, Rohit Bag and Aniket Singh",authors:[{id:"326283",title:"Dr.",name:"Mangesh",middleName:null,surname:"Ghonge",slug:"mangesh-ghonge",fullName:"Mangesh Ghonge"},{id:"326411",title:"Mr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Bag",slug:"rohit-bag",fullName:"Rohit Bag"},{id:"326412",title:"Mr.",name:"Aniket",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"aniket-singh",fullName:"Aniket Singh"}]},{id:"17523",title:"The Importance of Globalization in Higher Education",slug:"the-importance-of-globalization-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:9129,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Patricia Fox and Stephen Hundley",authors:[{id:"29989",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Lynn",surname:"Fox",slug:"patricia-fox",fullName:"Patricia Fox"},{id:"45640",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Hundley",slug:"stephen-hundley",fullName:"Stephen Hundley"}]},{id:"17540",title:"The Impact of Globalization Determinants and the Health of the World’s Population",slug:"the-impact-of-globalization-determinants-and-the-health-of-the-world-s-population",totalDownloads:12105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Mario J. Azevedo and Barbara H. Johnson",authors:[{id:"31127",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",slug:"mario-azevedo",fullName:"Mario Azevedo"},{id:"45668",title:"Dr",name:"Barbara",middleName:"H.",surname:"Johnson",slug:"barbara-johnson",fullName:"Barbara Johnson"}]},{id:"38267",title:"The Impact of Globalization on Cross-Cultural Communication",slug:"the-impact-of-globalization-on-cross-cultural-communication",totalDownloads:24626,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Lowell C. Matthews and Bharat Thakkar",authors:[{id:"148763",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharat",middleName:"S.",surname:"Thakkar",slug:"bharat-thakkar",fullName:"Bharat Thakkar"},{id:"149061",title:"Dr.",name:"Lowell",middleName:"Christopher",surname:"Matthews",slug:"lowell-matthews",fullName:"Lowell Matthews"}]},{id:"17529",title:"Sport in Asia: Globalization, Glocalization, Asianization",slug:"sport-in-asia-globalization-glocalization-asianization",totalDownloads:5360,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Peter Horton",authors:[{id:"42366",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Horton",slug:"peter-horton",fullName:"Peter Horton"}]},{id:"12110",title:"Globalization or Americanization: Implication for Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"globalization-or-americanization-implication-for-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:5907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"globalization--today--tomorrow",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Today, Tomorrow"},signatures:"Jones Michael Jaja",authors:null},{id:"38265",title:"The Rise of Transportation and Logistics in Europe 1950 - 2000",slug:"the-rise-of-transportation-and-logistics-in-europe-1950-2000",totalDownloads:1817,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Richard Vahrenkamp",authors:[{id:"149150",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Vahrenkamp",slug:"richard-vahrenkamp",fullName:"Richard Vahrenkamp"}]},{id:"38270",title:"Internationalization and Globalization in Higher Education",slug:"internationalization-and-globalization-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:7316,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Douglas E. Mitchell and Selin Yildiz Nielsen",authors:[{id:"148079",title:"Prof.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"douglas-mitchell",fullName:"Douglas Mitchell"},{id:"148080",title:"Dr.",name:"Selin",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"selin-nielsen",fullName:"Selin Nielsen"}]},{id:"36547",title:"The Company's Logistic Activity in the Conditions of Current Globalisation",slug:"the-company-s-logistic-activity-in-the-conditions-of-current-globalisation",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Ioan-Constantin Dima, Mariana Man and Ştefan Vlăduţescu",authors:[{id:"146984",title:"PhD.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Ioan Constantin",slug:"dima-ioan-constantin",fullName:"Dima Ioan Constantin"}]},{id:"17543",title:"Globalization and Global Public Goods",slug:"globalization-and-global-public-goods",totalDownloads:2954,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Bernur Açıkgöz Ersoy",authors:[{id:"43498",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernur",middleName:null,surname:"Açıkgöz",slug:"bernur-acikgoz",fullName:"Bernur Açıkgöz"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"globalization-education",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission/ultrashort-strongly-focused-laser-pulses-in-free-space",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",chapter:"ultrashort-strongly-focused-laser-pulses-in-free-space"},fullPath:"/books/coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission/ultrashort-strongly-focused-laser-pulses-in-free-space",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()