\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6850",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Crystal Growth",title:"Crystal Growth",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In this book, a variety of topics related to crystal growth is extensively discussed. The topics encompass the physics of growing single crystals of different functional materials, single-crystalline thin films, and even the features of crystallization of biofats and oils. It is intended to provide information on advancements in technologies for crystal growth to physicists, researches, as well as engineers working with single-crystalline functional materials.",isbn:"978-1-83962-675-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-674-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-676-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73360",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"crystal-growth",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"6dfc582440368fdfd9e72511c1a23f94",bookSignature:"Vadim Glebovsky",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6850.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3321,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 13th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 28th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 27th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 16th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"101945",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",middleName:null,surname:"Glebovsky",slug:"vadim-glebovsky",fullName:"Vadim Glebovsky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101945/images/system/101945.jpg",biography:"Vadim Glebovsky is a senior scientist at the Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka, Moscow district, Russia. He graduated from the Baikov Institute for Metallurgy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, where he successively worked as the Head of the Materials Science Department for about 40 years. As a multi-visiting Professor at the Technical University, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, from 1992 to 2002, together with Prof. H.H. Brongersma and his students, Prof. Vadim Glebovsky studied the bulk and surface processes on single crystals of W and Mo by Low-Energy Ion Scattering. In the period 1994-1995 he visited the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (Livermore, California, USA), where, together with Dr. M. Campbell, studied bicrystals of high-purity Mo. At the Max-Planck-Institutes fuer Metalforschung (Stuttgart, Germany), together with Prof. H. Fischmeister and Dr. P. Gumbsch, Prof. Vadim Glebovsky studied the cleavage fracture and BDT in W single crystals (1995), and later on, also in this institute, together with Dr. D. Brunner, studied the plastic properties of high-purity W single crystals (1998). His researches span various areas of the physical metallurgy of high-purity refractory metals and alloys. In particular, he is interested in both theory and practice of growing single crystals and bicrystals of transition metals, studying the crystallographically related surface properties of high-purity refractory metals of 4, 5 and 6 groups of the Periodic Table. He is an expert in the electron-beam floating zone melting technique as well as in various techniques for high-temperature processing single-crystalline and polycrystalline high-purity refractory metals and alloys. Nowadays, scientific interests of Prof. Vadim Glebovsky extends from some aspects of application his high purity refractory metals and compounds as the effective diffusion barrier layers in Very-Large-Scale Intergration (VLSI) to a new generation of high-sensitivity detectors made of low-radioactivity Ti for registration of the “Dark Matter” particles. Prof. Vadim Glebovsky has published more than 320 scientific articles and patents, 1 book in Russian on levitation melting, 5 chapters and has edited 3 books on various aspects of functional materials.",institutionString:"Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Institute of Solid State Physics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"950",title:"Solid-State Chemistry",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-solid-state-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"64240",title:"Introductory Chapter: Growing W Single Crystals by EBFZM for Studying Mechanical Behavior",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81801",slug:"introductory-chapter-growing-w-single-crystals-by-ebfzm-for-studying-mechanical-behavior",totalDownloads:373,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Vadim Glebovsky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64240",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64240",authors:[{id:"101945",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",surname:"Glebovsky",slug:"vadim-glebovsky",fullName:"Vadim Glebovsky"}],corrections:null},{id:"64886",title:"Doping of SiC Crystals during Sublimation Growth and Diffusion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82346",slug:"doping-of-sic-crystals-during-sublimation-growth-and-diffusion",totalDownloads:809,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Evgeniy N. Mokhov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64886",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64886",authors:[{id:"56559",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgenii",surname:"Mokhov",slug:"evgenii-mokhov",fullName:"Evgenii Mokhov"}],corrections:null},{id:"67610",title:"Numerical Analysis of Liquid Menisci in the EFG Technique",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86721",slug:"numerical-analysis-of-liquid-menisci-in-the-efg-technique",totalDownloads:369,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Sergei N. Rossolenko, Gleb M. Katyba, Irina N. Dolganova, Irina A. Shikunova, Dmitry O. Stryukov, Kirill I. Zaitsev and Vladimir N. Kurlov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67610",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67610",authors:[{id:"267600",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Kurlov",slug:"vladimir-kurlov",fullName:"Vladimir Kurlov"},{id:"267604",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Rossolenko",slug:"sergei-rossolenko",fullName:"Sergei Rossolenko"},{id:"303450",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Shikunova",slug:"irina-shikunova",fullName:"Irina Shikunova"},{id:"303451",title:"MSc.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Stryukov",slug:"dmitry-stryukov",fullName:"Dmitry Stryukov"},{id:"305856",title:"Dr.",name:"Gleb",surname:"Katyba",slug:"gleb-katyba",fullName:"Gleb Katyba"},{id:"305857",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Dolganova",slug:"irina-dolganova",fullName:"Irina Dolganova"},{id:"305858",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirill",surname:"Zaitsev",slug:"kirill-zaitsev",fullName:"Kirill Zaitsev"}],corrections:null},{id:"68309",title:"Growth of Single-Crystal LiNbO3 Particles by Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88323",slug:"growth-of-single-crystal-linbo-sub-3-sub-particles-by-aerosol-assisted-chemical-vapor-deposition-met",totalDownloads:324,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"José G. Murillo, José A. Ocón, Guillermo M. Herrera, José R. Murillo-Ochoa and Gabriela Ocón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68309",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68309",authors:[{id:"266498",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Murillo",slug:"jose-murillo",fullName:"Jose Murillo"},{id:"309134",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Ocón",slug:"jose-ocon",fullName:"Jose Ocón"},{id:"309135",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Herrera",slug:"guillermo-herrera",fullName:"Guillermo Herrera"},{id:"309136",title:"Mr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Murillo-Ochoa",slug:"jose-murillo-ochoa",fullName:"Jose Murillo-Ochoa"},{id:"309137",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Ocón",slug:"gabriela-ocon",fullName:"Gabriela Ocón"}],corrections:null},{id:"64923",title:"Epitaxial Growth of Thin Films",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82745",slug:"epitaxial-growth-of-thin-films",totalDownloads:700,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Daniel Rasic and Jagdish Narayan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64923",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64923",authors:[{id:"265827",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Rasic",slug:"daniel-rasic",fullName:"Daniel Rasic"},{id:"265828",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagdish",surname:"Narayan",slug:"jagdish-narayan",fullName:"Jagdish Narayan"}],corrections:null},{id:"64633",title:"Conventional and Unconventional Crystallization Mechanisms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82347",slug:"conventional-and-unconventional-crystallization-mechanisms",totalDownloads:752,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Kamila Chaves, Thaís Jordânia Silva, Maria Aliciane Fontenele Domingues , Daniel Barrera-Arellano and Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64633",authors:[{id:"270681",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Kamila",surname:"Chaves",slug:"kamila-chaves",fullName:"Kamila Chaves"},{id:"270682",title:"MSc.",name:"Thaís Jordânia",surname:"Silva",slug:"thais-jordania-silva",fullName:"Thaís Jordânia Silva"},{id:"270683",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Paula Badan",surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"ana-paula-badan-ribeiro",fullName:"Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro"},{id:"271200",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Aliciane",surname:"Fontenele Domingues",slug:"maria-aliciane-fontenele-domingues",fullName:"Maria Aliciane Fontenele Domingues"},{id:"282324",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Barrera-Arellano",slug:"daniel-barrera-arellano",fullName:"Daniel Barrera-Arellano"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5262",title:"Progress in Metallic Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34a9aa9c96c2331cd11107437163d9fc",slug:"progress-in-metallic-alloys",bookSignature:"Vadim Glebovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101945",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",surname:"Glebovsky",slug:"vadim-glebovsky",fullName:"Vadim Glebovsky"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4556",title:"Recrystallization in Materials Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce52862b34e56f0e908119add814414",slug:"recrystallization-in-materials-processing",bookSignature:"Vadim Glebovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4556.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101945",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",surname:"Glebovsky",slug:"vadim-glebovsky",fullName:"Vadim Glebovsky"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3129",title:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8635479660e93cb1129f0a92cf15a124",slug:"physics-and-technology-of-silicon-carbide-devices",bookSignature:"Yasuto Hijikata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3129.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18137",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",surname:"Hijikata",slug:"yasuto-hijikata",fullName:"Yasuto Hijikata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6215",title:"Graphene Materials",subtitle:"Advanced Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3a921aba41351ab84fd7a9b4ea63914d",slug:"graphene-materials-advanced-applications",bookSignature:"George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios Ch. Mitropoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6215.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"152296",title:"Dr.",name:"George",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6335",title:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26195f784577133f2972d538cef6f8c9",slug:"iron-ores-and-iron-oxide-materials",bookSignature:"Volodymyr Shatokha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6335.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111000",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Shatokha",slug:"volodymyr-shatokha",fullName:"Volodymyr Shatokha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6134",title:"Intermetallic Compounds",subtitle:"Formation and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d417aabc209ed4ce28dee750fd15c479",slug:"intermetallic-compounds-formation-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5722",title:"Graphene Materials",subtitle:"Structure, Properties and Modifications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ebc42323146bb1d453a4f2785ce8029",slug:"graphene-materials-structure-properties-and-modifications",bookSignature:"George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios Ch. Mitropoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5722.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"152296",title:"Dr.",name:"George",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8886",title:"Cobalt Compounds and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0241f740fc6e17cd9dc69362ef388d04",slug:"cobalt-compounds-and-applications",bookSignature:"Yasemin Yıldız and Aynur Manzak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8886.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208129",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",surname:"Yıldız",slug:"yasemin-yildiz",fullName:"Yasemin Yıldız"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74026",slug:"corrigendum-to-calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",title:"Corrigendum to: Calf-Sex Influence in Bovine Milk Production",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74026.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74026",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74026",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74026",chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7783",leadTitle:null,title:"Polyimide for Electronic and Electrical Engineering Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tPolyimide is nowadays fully acknowledged as one of the most efficient polymers in many industries for its excellent thermal, electrical and mechanical properties, as well as for its easy processability. Particularly, in the Electronic and Electrical Engineering industries, polyimide is widely used for decades thanks to its very good dielectric and insulating properties at high electric field and high temperature up to 250°C in long term-service.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tSince its discovery in the mid-50’s, a wide range of applications from low to high voltage appeared, putting polyimide as a key material to design more performing and reliable electrical devices and systems. On another hand, polyimide appears also essential for the development of new electronic devices where further considerations such as high power density, integration, higher temperature, thermal conduction management, energy storage, reliability or flexibility are required in order to sustain the growing electrical energy consumption needs of the global society.
\r\n\tConsequently, polyimide materials have and will have to face new exciting fundamental, technological and environmental challenges among which:
\r\n\t• a better understanding of its intrinsic electrical properties to identify current limitations and propose new advanced device designs,
\r\n\t• the development of innovative composites and nanocomposites structuration to tailor its physical properties by involving classical and original nanoparticles such as graphene layer, carbon nanotubes, metal, silicates, nitrides, etc.,
\r\n\t• the development of polyimide composites for energy storage, thermal management, reinforced nanodielectrics and corona-resistant nanocomposites,
\r\n\t• the development of new low and ultra-low dielectric constant polyimide for microelectronics (fluorinated polyimides, nanoporous, mesoporous),
\r\n\t• the development of new higher temperature reliable polyimide (high glass transition, high degradation temperature),
\r\n\t• the emergence of solvent-free processes to fit with environmental purposes
\r\n\tMoreover, many challenges regarding the aging mechanisms understanding under single or multiple constraints and the realistic lifetime prediction using robust physical modelling is a ubiquitous questioning in most of the electronic industries.
\r\n\tThis book will target to review both the state-of-the-art and new researches on Polyimide for Electronic and Electrical Engineering Applications. It will present interdisciplinary chapters on the state of knowledge of each topic under consideration through a combination of overviews and original unpublished research. Chapter proposals related to one of the following topics and their keywords (but not only restricted to them) are very welcome to be submitted for this book publication project:
\r\n\t• General Considerations and Technological Processes of Polyimide for Electronics and Electrical Systems
\r\n\tProcessability, Photosensitive and non-photosensitive polyimide, Curing temperature,
\r\n\tSpin-coating, Dip-coating, Extruded enameled wires, Other casting methods
\r\n\t• Polyimide in Microelectronic Applications
\r\n\tDielectric properties, Intermetal layer, Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI), Low-k dielectrics, Fluorinated polyimide, Nanoporous polyimide, Flexible substrates, Thin film transistors, LCD devices, sensors and actuators (gas, humidity, pressure, tactile…)
\r\n\t• Polyimide in Medium and High Voltage Applications
\r\n\tElectrical insulation properties (conduction, breakdown), Digital isolators, Power electronics and devices, Power modules, Power integration, Passivation, Packaging, High voltage power systems, Enameled wires for fed-inverter rotating machine
Benefit by the Moor’s law, the von Neumann computing architecture, respectively storing and processing data instructions in the memory unit and the central processing unit (CPU), was served as the major computing model in past several decades [1]. However, physical limitations of the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and the storage capacity hinder the performance development of classic computers; such classic computers can no longer double its performance every 18 months, indicating the end of Moore’s prediction [2].
\nRecently, the computing efficiency of extracting valuable information in data-intensive applications through the von Neumann computing architecture has become computationally expensive, even with super-computers [3]. The accumulated amount of energy required for the data processing through super-computers poses a query on whether the augmented performance is sustainable.
\nAs human beings, our brains are capable to analyze and memorize sophisticated information with only \n
General architecture of (a) von Neumann computing system and (b) neuromorphic computing system.
Most recent hardware implementations on neuromorphic computing systems focus on the digital computation because of its advantages in noise immunity [16]. However, real-time data information is often recorded in the analog format; thereby, power-hungry operations, such as analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversions, are needed to facilitate the digital computation. It can be observed that the digital computation results in high power consumption with a large design area.
\nIn this chapter, an overview of ANNs will be discussed in Section 2. Section 3 introduces the spiking information processing technique through the temporal code with the leaky integrate-and-fire neuron. Our fabricated spiking neural network chip along with its measurement results on the chaotic behavior will be demonstrated in Section 4, followed by the investigation on 3D-IC implementation technique with memristive synapses in Section 5. Applications on the chaotic time series predication and the image recognition are illustrated in Section 6.
\nIn the endeavor to imitate the nervous system within mammalian brains, ANNs are built by employing electronic circuits to imitate biological neural networks [17]. In general, ANN methodologies adopt the biological behavior of neurons and synapses, so-call the hidden layer, in their architecture. The hidden layer is constituted by multiple “neurons” and “synapses”, which carries activation functions that control the propagation of neuron signals. Based on the connection pattern and the learning algorithm, ANN methodologies can be classified into various categories, as depicted in Figure 2.
\nOverview of artificial neural networks.
The multilayer perceptron (MLP), a representation of feedforward neural networks (FNNs), is composed by unidirectional connections between hidden layers. MLP has become the quintessential ANN model due to its advantages in ease of implementation [18]. However, the major design challenge in the MLP is that the runtime as well as the training and learning accuracy of the system are strongly affected by the number of neurons and hidden layers. As the neural information evolved into a much more sophisticated mixed-signal evaluation, disadvantages of MLP are exposed when such a neural network is deployed for temporal-spatial information processing tasks [19]. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), successfully adopt the temporal-spatial characteristics within their hidden layer, closely mimic the working mechanism of biological neurons and synapses. However, the major design challenge is that all weights within the network need to be trained, which dramatically increases its computational complexity. In earlier 2000s, the reservoir computing, an emerging computing paradigm, exploits the dynamic behavior of conventional RNNs and computationally evolved its training mechanism [20]. Within the reservoir layer, synaptic connections are constructed by a layer of nonlinear neurons with fixed and untrained weights. In the reservoir computing, the complexity of the training process is significantly reduced, since only output weights are needed to be trained, thereby, higher computational efficiency can be achieved.
\nThe conventional reservoir computing has been fully developed in the past decade to simplify the training operation of RNNs and proven its benefits across multifaceted applications [21, 22, 23, 24]; however, the computational accuracy of the system is still highly proportional to the number of neurons within the reservoir layer. It can be observed that these enormous numbers of neurons significantly hinder the hardware development on the reservoir computing. In [25], it has been proven that the computing architecture is capable to exhibit rich dynamic behaviors during operations when the delay is employed into the system. Benefit from the embedded delay property, the training mechanism and the computing architecture of conventional reservoir computing have conceptually evolved, namely the time delay reservoir (TDR) computing [26]. In the TDR computing, the reservoir layer is built by only one nonlinear neuron with a feedback loop. In this context, time-series input data can be processed through the TDR computing by taking advantages of the feedback signal to form a short-term memory, thereby, higher computational efficiency and accuracy can be achieved.
\nIn many brain-inspired neuromorphic computing systems, the interface between modules is often influenced by the signal propagation. The major design challenge in neuromorphic computing is the difficulty in adapting raw analog signals into a suitable data pattern, which can be used in the neuronal activities. Before digging deep into the architecture of our fabricated spiking neural network chip, in this section, a temporal encoding scheme through the analog IC design technique will be discussed.
\nIn past few decades, researches on biological neurons have been fully investigated in the field of neuroscience [27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. In general, the dendrite, the soma, the axon and the synapse are four major elements of a biological neuron [33]. Within a nervous system, dendrites collect and transmit neural signal to the soma, while the soma plays an important role as the CPU to carry out the operation of the nonlinear transformation. Moreover, signals are processed and transmitted in form of a nerve impulse, also known as the spike [34]. During the operation, an output spike is formed when the input stimulus surpasses the threshold level, indicating as the firing process. Figure 3 demonstrates a typical firing and resting operation in a biological neuron. Synapses along with the axon are then transmitted the spike data patterns to other neurons.
\nAction potential of biological impulses.
The leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model plays an important role in the neuron design to convert raw analog signals into spikes [35]. Figure 4 depicts the analog electronic circuit model of a LIF neuron. The input excitation, \n
where \n
Analog electronic circuit model of a LIF neuron.
From Eq. (1), it can be observed that the integration time over the membrane capacitor can be regulated by excitation and leakage currents. Such relation can be depicted by a simple resistor model, which can be rewritten as
where \n
Neural code is used to characterize raw analog signals into neural responses. In general, there are two distinct classes to represent neural codes. One class converts analog signals into a spike train where only the number of spikes matters, knowing as the rate code. Another class converts analog signals into the temporal response structure [36] where time intervals matters, knowing as the temporal code.
\nFigure 5 demonstrates major differences between the rate code and the temporal code. In the rate code, analog signals are encoded into the firing rate within a sampling period, as shown in Figure 5a. Considering the implementation complexity, the rate encoding scheme is easier to implement through electronic circuits compared to the temporal encoding scheme; however, small variation of an analog signal in the temporal response structure are neglected, which makes the rate code inherency ambiguous in the real-time computation [36]. In [37], researches discover that neural information does not only depend on the spatial, but also the temporal structure. Time-to-first-spike (TTFS) latency code [38, 39, 40] is one of the simplest temporal encoding schemes. As demonstrated in Figure 5b, in a TTFS latency code, analog signals are encoded into a time interval between the starting point of the sampling period and the generated spike. However, the encoding error would be large if the system performs abnormally.
\nNeural codes in (a) rate code, (b) time-to-first-spike latency code, and (c) inter-spike-interval temporal code.
The inter-spike-interval (ISI) code is another branch of the temporal code, where encoded analog signals depends on the internal time correlation between spikes [41, 42], as illustrated in Figure 5c. In general, the ISI temporal encoder converts all analog signals into several inter-spike-intervals, allowing each spike to be the reference frame to others. Obviously, the ISI code is capable of carrying more information within a sampling period compared to the TTFS latency code.
\nFigure 6a demonstrates the simplified function diagram of ISI temporal encoder. The ISI temporal encoder employs an iteration architecture such that each LIF neuron operates in separate clock periods. The signal regulation layer is built by a current mirror array to duplicate the input excitation current for each LIF neuron; the neuron pool along with the signal integration layer achieve the iterative characteristic. Our ISI temporal encoder chip was fabricated through the standard GlobalFoundries (GF) \n
(a) Simplified function diagram of ISI temporal encoder and (b) die photo of our fabricated ISI temporal encoder chip [
The number of spikes in an ISI code as discussed in [32] is directly proportional to the number of neurons. Even though this linear proportional correlation is desirable, its hardware implementation is still far more challenging. On the other hand, it can be observed that the exponential relation would increase the number of spikes, thus, containing more information even with the same number of neurons. Through the iterative structured ISI temporal encoder, the number of generated spikes, \n
where \n
From Eq. (4), it can be observed that even with the same number of neurons, the ISI temporal encoder is capable to produce more spikes compared to [35]; thereby, the ISI temporal encoder has capability to carry more information. The iterative structure greatly reduces the power consumption, since a smaller number of neurons are needed to produce the equal number of spikes.
\nIn this iterative structured design, the ISI temporal encoder samples the original analog signal without using A/D and D/A conversions, and converts analog signals into several inter-spike-intervals. The expression of the inter-spike-interval can be simplified as
where \n
where \n
The general expression of each inter-spike-interval, as demonstrated in Figure 7, can be written as
ISI temporal spike train with
With the respect to the analog design of neural code, our spiking neural network chip adapts the ISI temporal encoding scheme as it pre-signal processing module, as well as the reservoir computing module with delay topology as the processing element. Our spiking neural network, named as the analog delayed feedback reservoir (DFR) system is considered as the simplification of conventional reservoir computing. By employing the delayed feedback structure within the system, our analog DFR system processes the functionality of high dimensional projection and short-term dynamic memory, whereby the behavior of biological neuron is achieved.
\nFigure 8 demonstrates the architecture of our analog DFR system, as published in [43, 44]. During the operation, the high dimensional projection within the reservoir layer, as illustrated in Figure 9, is the key module to separate input patterns into different categories [26]. For instance, with low dimensional spaces, two different objects cannot be linearly separated by a single cut-off line, as shown in Figure 9a. However, by projecting input patterns onto higher dimensional spaces, from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, the separability of the system changes accordingly. As demonstrated in Figure 9b, the same objects are linearly separated by a single cut-off plane without changing their original \n
Architecture of our analog DFR system.
(a) Nonlinear classification with low dimensional spaces and (b) linear classification with high dimensional spaces.
Die photo of our fabricated analog DFR chip.
In our analog DFR system, the dynamic behavior can be controlled by changing the total delay time within the feedback loop. Along the feedback loop, the total delay time, \n
In the conventional reservoir computing system, represented by the echo state network (ESN), the memory within the reservoir layer fades in time due to the way that neurons are sparsely connected; such fading memory limits the performance of computation [20]. With the delay-feedback topology embedded, our analog DFR system not only reduces the implementation complexity but also overcomes the drawback of fading memory limitation. Such functionality enables the knowledge transfer processing technique, allowing new incoming input data to carry information from its previous states, as depicted in Figure 11. The expression of \n
where the function, \n
Illustration of short-term dynamic memory.
Along the feedback loop, the delay time constant, \n
In general, the mathematical model of the delay time constant is represented by the values of resistance and capacitance. In the LIF delay neuron, the input impedance, \n
The feedback loop, which is constructed by multiple LIF neurons, as illustrated in Figure 12. To enable the spiking signal propagation, the output spike train from the previous neuron is utilized as the clock signal to trigger its following neuron.
\nDynamic delayed feedback loop.
In general, the phase portrait is used to visualize how solutions of a delay system would behave. In this experiment, measured phase portraits are plotted through two signals from the feedback loop where one of them is recorded with the time delay, as shown in Figure 13. As the total delay time within the feedback loop increases, the dynamic behavior of the system changes accordingly. As plotted in Figure 13b, the delayed signal repeatedly traces its initial path when the total delay time within the feedback loop maintains around \n
Measured phase portrait of dynamic system in (a)
To closely mimic functionalities of mammalian brains, electronic neurons and synapses in neural network designs need to be constructed in a network configuration, which demands extremely high data communication bandwidth between neurons and high connectivity neural network degree [45, 46]. However, these requirements are not achievable through the traditional von Neumann architecture or the two-dimensional (2D) IC design methodology. Recently, a novel 3D neuromorphic computing system that stacks the neuron and synapse vertically has been proposed as a promising solution with lower power consumption, higher data transferring rate, high network degree, and smaller design area [47, 48]. There are two 3D integration techniques that can be used in the hardware implementation of neuromorphic computing: (1) through-silicon via (TSV) 3D-IC and (2) monolithic 3D-IC. A well-known 3D integration technique is to use the TSV as vertical connection to bond two wafers. In this structure, a large capacitance that is formed by TSVs can be used to build the membrane capacitor, which is required in neuron firing behavior [49, 50, 51]. Unlike the TSV 3D-IC technique that uses separately fabrication processes, the monolithic 3D-IC technique is capable to integrate multiple layers of devices at a single wafer, thus, the monolithic 3D-IC technique is capable to provide a smaller design area with lower power consumption [52, 53].
\nIn neural network designs, the electronic circuit model of synapses can be implemented by an emerging non-volatile device, namely the memristor, which is a class of the resistive random-access memory (RRAM). In general, the memristor device is constructed in a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure, as illustrated in Figure 14a. The resistance of a memristor device can be gradually changed between its low resistance state and high resistance state as the voltage across the memristor device changes.
\n(a) Switching process of memristor device; (b) transmission electron microscopy images of dynamic evolution of conductive filaments; (c) horizontal RRAM structure; and (d) vertical RRAM structure.
Memristors are typically fabricated in a 2D crossbar structure [54], which can be further extended to 3D space, as illustrated in Figure 14c and d, respectively.
\nIn the field of ANN designs, a novel 3D neural network architecture, which combines memristors and the monolithic 3D-IC technique, has been proposed [55]. In this structure, neurons and memristor-based synaptic array are stacked vertically, as demonstrated in Figure 15 [48]. As a non-volatile device, RRAM is capable save static power consumption with small implementation area while maintaining its weighted value. With the monolithic 3D-IC technique, the memristor-based 3D neuromorphic computing can potentially reduce the length of critical path by 3X [56], increase the scalability [52], decrease the power consumption by \n
(a) Typical ANN; (b) 2D structured crossbar array; (c) 3D structured crossbar array; (d) 3D neuromorphic computing architecture by stacking synapses vertically; and (e) deploy monolithic 3D neuromorphic computing on a silicon chip.
To evaluate the precision of our analog DFR system, a chaotic time series prediction benchmark, the tenth-order nonlinear autoregressive moving average system (NARMA10), is carried out, which can be governed by the following equation
where \n
In the training phase, output weights were trained by minimizing the deviation between target and predicted outputs. Both training and testing errors were achieved by the NRMSE, which can be defined as
where \n
Target signals versus predicted signals for NARMA10 benchmark.
In this task, the application of video frame recognition is chosen to examine the performance of our analog DFR system. In this experiment, 48 images, which comprise three different persons with various face angles, were drawn from the Head Pose Image dataset [58], as demonstrated in Figure 17a. Twenty images were used for the training, while another 24 images were used for the testing. In the training phase, the face angle changes from 0 to 75° horizontally. In the testing phase, the rotational angle of face follows the training phase but with additional 15° applied vertically.
\n(a) Training database with three subjects and (b) testing dataset with various salt-and-pepper noise levels.
As illustrated in Section 4.3, our fabricated analog DFR chip is capable to operate at the edge-of-chaos region as the delay changes. To demonstrate the importance of delay, our model was evaluated through several delayed time constants. As depicted in Figure 18, it can be observed that the recognition rate changes with regard to the delay time. For instance, the recognition rate maintains above 98% when the system operates at the edge-of-chaos regime (\n
Recognition rate with respect to various dynamic behavior.
In this chapter, the design aspect of our analog DFR system with the analogue electronic circuit model of biological neuron is discussed. By mimicking how human beings process information, our analog DFR system adapts the spiking temporal information processing technique and a nonlinear activation function to project input patterns onto higher dimensional spaces. From measurement results, our analog DFR system demonstrates richness in dynamic behaviors, closely mimicking the biological neurons with delay property. By naturally perform these neuron-like operations, our analog DFR system is capable to nonlinearly project input patterns onto higher dimensional spaces for the classification while operating at the edge-of-chaos region with merely \n
Unsubscribe unsuccessful, no matching records found in our database.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Unsuccessful",metaDescription:"Unsubscribe unsuccessful, no matching records found in our database.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-unsuccessful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"1175"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"207",title:"Engineering Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-engineering-physics",parent:{title:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:325,numberOfWosCitations:886,numberOfCrossrefCitations:366,numberOfDimensionsCitations:999,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-engineering-physics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7275",title:"Phonons in Low Dimensional Structures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44dcc59564ae4c4a8884353195112a95",slug:"phonons-in-low-dimensional-structures",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Stavrou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7275.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99725",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasilios N.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavrou",slug:"vasilios-n.-stavrou",fullName:"Vasilios N. Stavrou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4722",title:"Quantum Dots",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"459966a20183c34738c03bd25831af22",slug:"quantum-dots-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Stavrou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4722.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99725",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasilios N.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavrou",slug:"vasilios-n.-stavrou",fullName:"Vasilios N. Stavrou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3859",title:"Modern Electrochemical Methods in Nano, Surface and Corrosion Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d16a35ef79fcec1ea47f0174cca555c",slug:"modern-electrochemical-methods-in-nano-surface-and-corrosion-science",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3859.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3287",title:"Advances in Nanofibers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6402b81edb992cdf50d6709f37972aed",slug:"advances-in-nanofibers",bookSignature:"Russell Maguire",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155859",title:"Dr.",name:"Russel",middleName:null,surname:"Maguire",slug:"russel-maguire",fullName:"Russel Maguire"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3071",title:"Updates in Advanced Lithography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c30b9539af2e12af0a8227b0fdb8ccb3",slug:"updates-in-advanced-lithography",bookSignature:"Sumio Hosaka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3071.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5524",title:"Prof.",name:"Sumio",middleName:null,surname:"Hosaka",slug:"sumio-hosaka",fullName:"Sumio Hosaka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2094",title:"Macro To Nano Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ab1da8af4d1105f8eaa755b5ee33b",slug:"macro-to-nano-spectroscopy",bookSignature:"Jamal Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2094.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"126741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamal",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"jamal-uddin",fullName:"Jamal Uddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2258",title:"State-of-the-Art of Quantum Dot System Fabrications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c3411fdccdb578237b103a7b7fc877ff",slug:"state-of-the-art-of-quantum-dot-system-fabrications",bookSignature:"Ameenah Al-Ahmadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2258.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25229",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameenah",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ahmadi",slug:"ameenah-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Ameenah Al-Ahmadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1501",title:"Smart Nanoparticles Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9360fdc75621662ac2971d7472f1f164",slug:"smart-nanoparticles-technology",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1501.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"334",title:"Recent Advances in Nanofabrication Techniques and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a5d8d54b0af2f820664a57d2a763b5c",slug:"recent-advances-in-nanofabrication-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Bo Cui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/334.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49496",title:"Prof.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",slug:"bo-cui",fullName:"Bo Cui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46807",doi:"10.5772/58422",title:"Polymer Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery",slug:"polymer-nanoparticles-for-smart-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:10880,totalCrossrefCites:36,totalDimensionsCites:93,book:{slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",fullTitle:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery"},signatures:"Devasier Bennet and Sanghyo Kim",authors:[{id:"170171",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanghyo",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sanghyo-kim",fullName:"Sanghyo Kim"},{id:"170816",title:"Dr.",name:"Devasier",middleName:null,surname:"Bennet",slug:"devasier-bennet",fullName:"Devasier Bennet"}]},{id:"46983",doi:"10.5772/58459",title:"Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug Delivery",slug:"liposomes-as-potential-drug-carrier-systems-for-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:12979,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:90,book:{slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",fullTitle:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery"},signatures:"Melis Çağdaş, Ali Demir Sezer and Seyda Bucak",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"},{id:"129638",title:"Prof.",name:"Seyda",middleName:null,surname:"Bucak",slug:"seyda-bucak",fullName:"Seyda Bucak"}]},{id:"47116",doi:"10.5772/58673",title:"Nanoemulsions — Advances in Formulation, Characterization and Applications in Drug Delivery",slug:"nanoemulsions-advances-in-formulation-characterization-and-applications-in-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:6895,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:85,book:{slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",fullTitle:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery"},signatures:"S.A. Chime, F.C. Kenechukwu and A.A. Attama",authors:[{id:"142947",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Attama",slug:"anthony-attama",fullName:"Anthony Attama"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"46877",title:"Enhancement of Photoelectrocatalysis Efficiency by Using Nanostructured Electrodes",slug:"enhancement-of-photoelectrocatalysis-efficiency-by-using-nanostructured-electrodes",totalDownloads:5935,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"modern-electrochemical-methods-in-nano-surface-and-corrosion-science",title:"Modern Electrochemical Methods in Nano, Surface and Corrosion Science",fullTitle:"Modern Electrochemical Methods in Nano, Surface and Corrosion Science"},signatures:"Guilherme Garcia Bessegato, Thaís Tasso Guaraldo and Maria\nValnice Boldrin Zanoni",authors:[{id:"170107",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Valnice",middleName:null,surname:"Boldrin Zanoni",slug:"maria-valnice-boldrin-zanoni",fullName:"Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni"},{id:"170354",title:"Dr.",name:"Thais Tasso",middleName:null,surname:"Guaraldo",slug:"thais-tasso-guaraldo",fullName:"Thais Tasso Guaraldo"},{id:"170747",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Bessegato",slug:"guilherme-garcia-bessegato",fullName:"Guilherme Garcia Bessegato"}]},{id:"46983",title:"Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug Delivery",slug:"liposomes-as-potential-drug-carrier-systems-for-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:12982,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:90,book:{slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",fullTitle:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery"},signatures:"Melis Çağdaş, Ali Demir Sezer and Seyda Bucak",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"},{id:"129638",title:"Prof.",name:"Seyda",middleName:null,surname:"Bucak",slug:"seyda-bucak",fullName:"Seyda Bucak"}]},{id:"47025",title:"Nanoparticles for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery",slug:"nanoparticles-for-dermal-and-transdermal-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:9096,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:67,book:{slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",fullTitle:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery"},signatures:"Okoro Uchechi, John D. N. Ogbonna and Anthony A. Attama",authors:[{id:"142947",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Attama",slug:"anthony-attama",fullName:"Anthony Attama"}]},{id:"47116",title:"Nanoemulsions — Advances in Formulation, Characterization and Applications in Drug Delivery",slug:"nanoemulsions-advances-in-formulation-characterization-and-applications-in-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:6896,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:85,book:{slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",fullTitle:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery"},signatures:"S.A. Chime, F.C. Kenechukwu and A.A. Attama",authors:[{id:"142947",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Attama",slug:"anthony-attama",fullName:"Anthony Attama"}]},{id:"46800",title:"Prodrugs for Masking the Bitter Taste of Drugs",slug:"prodrugs-for-masking-the-bitter-taste-of-drugs",totalDownloads:2876,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",fullTitle:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery"},signatures:"Rafik Karaman",authors:[{id:"169319",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafik",middleName:null,surname:"Karaman",slug:"rafik-karaman",fullName:"Rafik Karaman"}]},{id:"45828",title:"Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (ECSTM) – From Theory to Future Applications",slug:"electrochemical-scanning-tunneling-microscopy-ecstm-from-theory-to-future-applications",totalDownloads:3231,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"modern-electrochemical-methods-in-nano-surface-and-corrosion-science",title:"Modern Electrochemical Methods in Nano, Surface and Corrosion Science",fullTitle:"Modern Electrochemical Methods in Nano, Surface and Corrosion Science"},signatures:"Ajay Kumar Yagati, Junhong Min and Jeong-Woo Choi",authors:[{id:"170087",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeong",middleName:null,surname:"Woo Choi",slug:"jeong-woo-choi",fullName:"Jeong Woo Choi"},{id:"170088",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajay Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Yagati",slug:"ajay-kumar-yagati",fullName:"Ajay Kumar Yagati"}]},{id:"46863",title:"Preventing of Cathode Passivation/Deposition in Electrochemical Treatment Methods – A Case Study on Winery Wastewater with Electrocoagulation",slug:"preventing-of-cathode-passivation-deposition-in-electrochemical-treatment-methods-a-case-study-on-wi",totalDownloads:3163,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"modern-electrochemical-methods-in-nano-surface-and-corrosion-science",title:"Modern Electrochemical Methods in Nano, Surface and Corrosion Science",fullTitle:"Modern Electrochemical Methods in Nano, Surface and Corrosion Science"},signatures:"Murat Eyvaz, Ercan Gürbulak, Serdar Kara and Ebubekir Yüksel",authors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"},{id:"170084",title:"Dr.",name:"Ercan",middleName:null,surname:"Gürbulak",slug:"ercan-gurbulak",fullName:"Ercan Gürbulak"},{id:"170085",title:"Dr.",name:"Ebubekir",middleName:null,surname:"Yüksel",slug:"ebubekir-yuksel",fullName:"Ebubekir Yüksel"},{id:"170086",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Kara",slug:"serdar-kara",fullName:"Serdar Kara"}]},{id:"45776",title:"Chitin Nanofibers, Preparations and Applications",slug:"chitin-nanofibers-preparations-and-applications",totalDownloads:2614,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"advances-in-nanofibers",title:"Advances in Nanofibers",fullTitle:"Advances in Nanofibers"},signatures:"Shinsuke Ifuku, Zameer Shervani and Hiroyuki Saimoto",authors:[{id:"54478",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ifuku",slug:"shinsuke-ifuku",fullName:"Shinsuke Ifuku"}]},{id:"47076",title:"Nanoflora — How Nanotechnology Enhanced the Use of Active Phytochemicals",slug:"nanoflora-how-nanotechnology-enhanced-the-use-of-active-phytochemicals",totalDownloads:3347,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",fullTitle:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery"},signatures:"Fadwa Odeh, Hala Al-Jaber and Dima Khater",authors:[{id:"169318",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadwa",middleName:null,surname:"Odeh",slug:"fadwa-odeh",fullName:"Fadwa Odeh"},{id:"171763",title:"Dr.",name:"Hala",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Jaber",slug:"hala-al-jaber",fullName:"Hala Al-Jaber"},{id:"171905",title:"Ms.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Khater",slug:"dima-khater",fullName:"Dima Khater"}]},{id:"47114",title:"Organic Nanotubes: Promising Vehicles for Drug Delivery",slug:"organic-nanotubes-promising-vehicles-for-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:2444,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",fullTitle:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery"},signatures:"Utpal Bhadra, Manika Pal Bhadra, Jagannadh Bulusu and J.S. Yadav",authors:[{id:"169328",title:"Dr.",name:"Utpal",middleName:null,surname:"Bhadra",slug:"utpal-bhadra",fullName:"Utpal Bhadra"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-engineering-physics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/biometrics-unique-and-diverse-applications-in-nature-science-and-technology/biometric-data-mining-applied-to-on-line-recognition-systems",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"biometrics-unique-and-diverse-applications-in-nature-science-and-technology",chapter:"biometric-data-mining-applied-to-on-line-recognition-systems"},fullPath:"/books/biometrics-unique-and-diverse-applications-in-nature-science-and-technology/biometric-data-mining-applied-to-on-line-recognition-systems",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()