Payment matrix of the participants in the ‘balancing’ game with example.
\r\n\tIn order to understand the detailed content, these parameters are also divided into different classes such as inert, readily biodegradable, soluble COD, etc. However, still we do not possess detailed knowledge on organics in water sources or wastewater streams. Therefore, during the last decade, scientists tried to divide organics into different classes and understand their treatment potential and natural pathways. This book aims to fill out a very significant gap in this research field. Different treatment processes, monitoring and water determination chapters on dissolved organics, emerging organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors, emerging disinfection by-products, microplastic etc. in water or wastewater are welcome to this book project.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"358ff11fd43b59f3a36498ef0494189d",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Taner Yonar",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8934.jpg",keywords:"COD, BOD, TOC, treatment, toxicity, fire retardents, bioacumulaion, treatment, pesticides, hormones, sources of microplastics, effects on health",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 11th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 2nd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 31st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 18th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"190012",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Yonar",slug:"taner-yonar",fullName:"Taner Yonar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190012/images/system/190012.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Taner Yonar is a Professor of Uludag University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department. He has received his B.Sc. (1996) degree from the Environmental Engineering Department, Uludag University. He received his M.Sc. (1999) and Ph.D. (2005) degrees in Environmental Technology from Uludag University, Institute of Sciences. He did his post-doctoral research in the UK, at Newcastle University, Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department (2011). He teaches graduate and undergraduate level courses in Environmental Engineering on water and wastewater treatment and advanced treatment technologies. He works on advanced oxidation, membrane processes, and electrochemical processes. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"66800",title:"Introductory Chapter: Banana Nutrition - Function and Processing Kinetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85884",slug:"introductory-chapter-banana-nutrition-function-and-processing-kinetics",body:'\nBananas (
Pre- and postharvest technologies invariably affect the carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other composition like the bioactives of plant foods. To increase the postharvest shelf life and quality of banana fruit, appropriate postharvest handling procedure ensures the freshness of the produce considering effects of climate change on crops. The conversion into intermediate and other products ensures the versatility in value addition. Also, conversion into value added products can reduce huge amount of postharvest losses. The aspects of transgenic technology in banana complement the advances in banana biotechnology, giving rise to product development strategies. As highly perishable fruit, bananas require robust preservation processes (natural and artificial) including minimal processing, refrigeration and dehydration (both thermal and nonthermal drying processes). The models of drying kinetics in predicting the drying behaviour and in optimising the drying parameters of banana fruits are all important food engineering applications. Also, integrating digitalisation systems into banana value chain/processing will benefit the banana industry as Siemens recently created consistent automation with its digital enterprise. In addition, integrating text mining and network analysis of published articles on banana sensory characteristics reveal factors such as chemical additives, ontology and other intrinsic attributes needed by food processors in meeting the expectation of consumers. The food industries are poised to improve customers’ health and expectation on nutritious food products. The advocacy by some food professionals about the benefits of plant foods is seen in the focus of key food companies on health food and products. Recently in 2018, Cargill addressed health issues for food manufacturers at Gulfood Manufacturing: heart health, for example, its latest CoroWise® Plant Sterols and Prolía® Soy Flour are fast gaining popularity among food manufacturers. Most of these innovations are also backed by an FDA health claim.
\nResearch investigations have continued on the nutritional benefits of banana; such that scientists have created ‘vitamin-A rich fruit that could save hundreds of thousands of children’s lives’. In the Newsweek of July 10, 2017 was the publication by Hannah Osborne ‘vitamin-A rich GMO banana [2], which could fight malnutrition in Africa, ready for field trials’. Scientists in Australia have created golden-orange-fleshed bananas rich in pro-vitamin A that could save the lives of children who die from a deficiency of this vitamin every year. The ‘biofortified’ bananas were developed by taking genes from a species of banana from Papua New Guinea, which is high in provitamin A but only produces small bunches, and combined it with that of a the high-yielding specie, Cavendish banana. Provitamin A is converted by the body into vitamin A. In research findings published in Wiley’s Plant Biotechnology Journal, the team presented results from proof of concept field trial in Australia, in which they had aimed to achieve a specific level of provitamin A within the fruits produced. They found they had exceeded the target with one line of bananas more than doubling it.
\nEnvironmental challenges sometimes regarded as climate change, such as persistent drought, and other conditions (poor soils, prevalent crop diseases and pests) are some of the reasons for genetic modification technology. It is known that four major diseases in bananas causing very serious concerns and losses are (i)
Significant research in genetic engineering has resulted in nutritionally rewarding bananas. It is known that bananas were domesticated over the past 7000 years. The wild banana before GMO, usually contain big, hard seeds and have a little amount of flesh. They have been selectively bred to have tiny, non-fertile seeds. ‘Without using selective breeding, bananas would have been almost inedible’. With all the benefits and ethical considerations of biotechnology/genetic engineering, it continues to advance every area of human nutrition. The question has been asked: Are GMO bananas the next ‘superfood’; is there a need for a ‘super banana’? The ‘super banana’ is set to start clinical trials in the United States. Scientists hope to start distributing it to African growers by 2020. Also, scientists from the Queensland University of Technology have created bio-fortified bananas having higher levels of vitamin A capable of preventing vitamin A deficiency (VAD) induced blindness and death among the millions of malnourished children. It is known that VAD is one of the most easily cured illnesses, and is treated with a simple vitamin supplement. ‘Good science can make a massive difference here by enriching staple crops such as Ugandan bananas with pro-vitamin A and providing poor and subsistence-farming populations with nutritionally rewarding food’, said the project leader, Professor James Dale. The other areas of advances in plant biotechnology include ‘Transgenic Cavendish bananas with resistance to
Banana cultivation is affected by various diseases; the most serious being the bunchy top disease caused by the banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and
Control of diseases that are major constraint to banana cultivation and consumption worldwide.
Few of the GM bananas have qualified for field studies and some are currently undergoing nutritional human trials.
Improving the nutritional value of bananas is a prime target.
Increasing banana fruit shelf life.
Enhancing bananas as a technologically functional food, for instance, producing banana fruit with increased levels of minerals and vitamins, especially precursors of certain vitamins.
The principal aim of function and processing technologies is to develop safe, technologically functional and nutritious food, especially the staples by the best available and productive technology. The book ‘Banana Nutrition—Function and Processing Kinetics’, is one covering trend topics on banana plant and fruit. Various processing methods converting this fruit into value-added and healthful products are highlighted. All sections contain recent advances in banana biotechnology that will appeal to farmers, plant breeders, food industry, investors and consumers. Also, the information contained will be beneficial for researchers to further harness this crop in controlling many diseases and especially non-communicable nutrition-related human illnesses. The book therefore contains substantial scientific information written in a form that is easy to understand.
\nGeneralised and developed solutions to the problems of synthesis and ensuring the stability of the operation of automatic control and protection algorithms for a class of objects with a tunable internal structure. At the present stage of development, it is necessary to operate with information flows at a higher level of abstraction than traditional methods of building networks. The concept of information flow refers to a set of demodulated signal parameters from transient signals (transients) in an object. Connected network elements are considered as dynamic facilities (objects) of the control and protection (OCP). Within the framework of the smart grid concept, all the necessary algorithms for relay protection and automation (RPA) devices are in the foreground, and the equipment that controls the operation of the OCP (Figure 1) is at the second level. It implies the possibility of describing the properties of OCP electrical circuits through control algorithms [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Such a structural-informational (SI) method is developed by the author further [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. The methods of applying the available results of the SI method to describe the internal structure of high-voltage equipment of the OCR network are shown.
\nUnified circuit of smart grid
In the traditional construction of networks, a great deal of experience has been gained in describing and calculating OCP [6, 7]. Usually it is enough to indicate the established terminology and mathematical description of the OCP in the technical literature [15, 16, 17, 18]. A method is necessary for describing the transient process in the OCP from the place of formation to the resulting text messages at a more abstract level, without loss of information and with the possibility of engaging the achievements of the traditional description. This allows a compact description of the problem and a focus on control algorithms [9, 10, 11].
\nThe task was posed in a series of published works [7, 8, 9, 10, 11], based on the results achieved by improving recognition algorithms in devices for protection against single-phase earth faults in networks with a Petersen’s coil. Studies show [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13] that, for example, to maintain the stability of the operation of RPA device algorithms in distribution networks with a voltage of 6–35 kV, the amount of input information is insufficient [6, 8, 13, 16]. Faults are often and continuously present in externally operable high-voltage distribution networks, and information about the occurrence of such a situation cannot be distinguished during visual observation by the means currently available at substations [11, 13, 15]. Identification of the causes of situations is difficult and is associated with the lack of reliable information about the actual state of the network sections among consumers, configuration, state of high-voltage equipment, deviations in the technological processes of network load operation, etc. [15, 16, 17, 18].
\nReplenishment of the lack of information is drawn from the capabilities of intelligent search algorithms for pattern recognition, which are able to extract semantic states from transient signals occurring in networks [5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16].
\nFurther, when developing the SI method, the patterns of structural diagrams, which are stages in solving the problems of synthesis of automatic control and protection algorithms, are summarised in a general sequence [5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16], namely, from information structures describing transients in a network, through a formal presentation of information in high-voltage network equipment, then dynamically changing network operating modes, to the synthesis of the necessary algorithms for structural processing of information in automatic devices.
\nThe tasks of numerical assessment of the sufficiency of the signal information volume for automatic decision-making on shutting down a damaged part of an object are analysed (Figure 2). Algorithms for controlling the amount of information are implemented in the VCR, with built-in general purpose software information sensors and an arbitration function of RPA algorithms. The device is located in each OCP cell [7, 8, 9, 15, 16]. A method is proposed for obtaining the necessary additional information based on the sequence of steps of the SI method, namely, structured separation of information, control of the passage of elementary information components according to the structural diagrams of the control and OCP protection object, then through relay protection and automation devices RPA, and to the output of the SCADA control system [5, 11].
\nDiagram of a smart grid that is unique to a local measure and a signal
Dynamic OCP management and control objects are those in which their internal information state develops sequentially in time, a new state replacing the previous one. We will call the elementary state the semantic situation
The OCP is characterised primarily by a change in time of the internal structure. Parametric changes are the result of such a change. For example, the task of adjusting the coordinate parameter
Structural scheme OCP (LZSC) with a Petersen’s coil
An analysis is made of the methods for describing well-known typical schemes of RPA systems to justify the possibility of operating with such a concept. So, on well-known typical schemes, a single-line OCP scheme, EU executive bodies, measuring transformers and the measuring part of the relay are indicated (Figure 3). The relay output was initially replaced with a multiple control result—from immediate shutdown to alarm.
\nIn RPA tasks, the perturbation control principle is common. It is known that this principle is characterised by the presence of fatal errors and is relevant in the event of catastrophic failures in the OCP equipment. But most of the insulation damage to the network (75–98%), according to well-known statistics, can self-destruct. To do this, RPA algorithms must steadily determine such a transition process. Case studies have found that, in such
The SI method is universal enough to describe various tasks and implement modern concepts of technology development [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. It consists of a description of the sequence of patterns as steps to solve the problem. The steps are due to the dynamic development of processes, control algorithms and moments of issuing control commands. Patterns are generalised equivalent structure (GES) schemes. They allow us to uniformly describe known and new devices within the framework of network development concepts (Figure 4). The GES scheme consists of automata A—morphological MorphA, syntactic (SyntA) and semantic (SemA). The SyntA machine controls the correct sequence of primary terminal symbols (TS) in the TS chains in the input information. SyntA states are nonterminal symbols (NTS) that appear when TS chains are known to SyntA recognition engines. The basis of GES circuits is the sensing S-detector introduced. It detects the semantic signal
Diagram of the GESASNOM of system stabilisation ASNOM based on
The quality of processing dynamic information flows in RPA systems in energy networks is controlled by the semantic signal
Formation of a signal with an
The relationship of TS and NTS in the GES scheme is described by the rules
where
GESCOMAND scheme. Illustration of change of a signal
The GES scheme is mathematically described by a list—grammar
where
The OCP is presented on a single information field of elementary information components of TS. From these TS, an
The SI method allows you to describe
Thus, the structure of the OCP can be described by a set of GESRPA schemes, i.e. the sum of Σ components and their GO grammars, namely,
\nThe OCP objects are managed within the ASNOM system (Figure 4). Stabilisation is achieved by the criterion of the minimum deviation of the power of the semantic signal
\nFigure 6 shows the GESCOMAND diagram as a command generation template in the ASNOM system. Teams manage not only the settings but primarily the structure of the OCP. Therefore, the ASNOM system differs from adaptive systems, which are characterised by a change in the parameters or structure of the controller depending on changes in the parameters of the object or external disturbances.
\nThe operation of technological and other processes in the network is considered further along the OCP–SCADA chain, where GSCADA = ΣGASNOM (Figure 4).
\nIdentifying the site or location of damage in the OCP from the indicated types of damage is a difficult task to put into practice (Figures 2 and 3).
\nSelective relays from the main phase to ground faults are separately available in large numbers. Relays are widespread but are characterised by instability. By device stability, we mean the quality of recognition of
The flow of information develops sequentially in the object and can be interrupted and resumed for various reasons. This property of the object during operation can lead the ASNOM stabilisation system to instability.
\nStudies show that recognising RPA algorithms is often built on the analysis of only one or several
The reasons for the instability of the work are insufficient information to make a decision on the management of OCP, the similarity in structure and content of the main situations of
If, when modelling in CAD on a joint model of information sensors TS and an object, it turns out that the signal
Studies show that a residual amount of information is present in the situation recognition tree [16, 17, 18]. Information is captured by the FIX unit and evaluated by other algorithms. In the case of continued development of the processes in the OCP, algorithms for additional recognition of information in the DOP block are involved (Figure 4). Additional algorithms are also used to clarify the recognition and completion of the amount of information as well as for self-monitoring and partial diagnostics of the object, evaluating its performance, equipment and algorithms that make up the ExS expert system.
\nThe purpose of further study is to obtain an additional amount of information from the OCP for its use in the GESRPA recognition tree to increase the stability of RPA algorithms. To do this, the passage of the elementary component of interest is tracked along the template structures, which are the GESOCP, GESSN, GESASNOM schemes, a separate
There are several types of description of object models OCP:
Only by electrical parameters. The description of the models is based on the coordinates of currents, voltages, conductivities, etc. It is typical for him to study the parameters of movements in time using mathematical dependencies and identification by
A structural-operator (SO) method. It establishes a connection between electrical and information parameters [7]. It is used to describe network circuits as a control object and control algorithms for the network zero sequence circuit. However, when solving related problems, namely, RPA, it turned out that the means of this method are not enough.
A structural-informational (SI) method that works only with informational semantic components. The establishment of interconnections between elementary information components (terminal symbols, TS) is considered, which can be detected from electrical parameters. The movements in dynamics are considered, similarly to the automaton model, as transitions between states. Modelling leads to visual methods for displaying the results in the form of attractors and hodographs. Equilibrium points of solutions can be found by the game theory method. This allows you to work with electric power OCP on a more abstract level. The use of the SI method of pattern recognition removes such restrictions on the processing of only information without the participation of parametric components.
Studies show that the first two methods for describing OCP models are limited to obtaining a parametric OCP control system.
\nFuzzy logic and neural network methods are well known. Common to these methods are the following actions: the decomposition of information into elementary components; multiplication by weights; summation of the result; and comparison of the result with many threshold values. However, the extent to which these methods are used is limited by the specifics of the tasks they are to solve, for example, the dynamic development of the transition process in an OCP.
\nAccording to the SI method, the OCP structure is represented by transient signals [11, 12, 13]. The description is based on the fact that the total amount of information is supplied by all of the oscillatory circuits. These circuits constitute the OCP (Figure 7). Such an OCP model allows one to operate only on semantic components while improving RPA device algorithms. The OCP also appears to be a list of
Equivalent structural scheme of GESOCP with division of movements by frequencies.
An
According to the SI-method, all available information about the OCP is monitored. First of all, the OCP is replaced by oscillatory circuits with the corresponding frequency components (FC), that is, from the HFC to the super-LFC (Figure 7). Low-quality contours, in which only one half-wave of oscillation develops, are also vibrational. It is known that in RPA and SCADA devices, input information is sampled by time in the ADC block. The sampling frequency of the ADC is selected based on the presence of the highest-frequency component in the OCP. So, the ADC block will fix in the input signal all the components with a lower natural frequency (i.e. all the LFCs). So with the well-known operator description of the OCP,
This record allows you to highlight the presence of super-LFC in the OCP using the signals of emergency files of RPA devices. Such frequency components are generated in the OCP (Figure 7) by input shock effects of overvoltage, short circuit, OPG, operational switching, etc. Motions in super-LFC circuits of the OCP can be in different time ranges—second, monthly, annual and so on, for example, envelope industrial frequency response (e-LFC). e-LFC mathematically summarises signal circuits in OCP. s-LFC is only an information loop.
\nThe OCP structure is represented by the GESOCP scheme in the common field of TS information sensors that recognise
Extending the discussion about the presence of information loops to the features of higher-frequency loops, we can separate the signal description of processes in the OCP from the information description of the essence of the processes. This implies the task of searching for vibrational components in the ranges of the LFCs of super-LFCs by means of analysis in CAD of the frequency components of the alarm file signals. Solving the problem of separating parametric and information loops will help fill the lack of information when recognising
It is proposed to implement the stable working of recognition devices based on an algorithm for the selective search (SP) for a sufficient amount of information to perform RPA functions. The amount of information is accumulated based on the control of a number of information components, for example, the type of damage, the steadiness of the development of damage, the location of the damage, the presence of selective and blocking signs for damaged and undamaged areas, the absence of extraneous semantic situations, etc.
\nFurther, attention is paid to the formation of OCP grammar for the tasks of improving the algorithms of RPA devices. It is necessary to develop consistent structural trees of OCP and RPA with respect to the semantic signal
The SI method is based on the application of sequential graphic transformations from a circuit diagram based on electrical parameters and the transition to a circuit based on information components. The structural-operator method is involved for the formal description of the OCP by parametric components [7]. Then the transition to the description of the SI method is carried out only by information components. The transition is performed by introducing terminal symbol sensors at the control points of the OCP scheme (Figure 9). In the internal OCP scheme, these can be imaginary points, since most of the structure of the OCP is not divided into control parts.
\nFor example, Figure 8 shows the SO description in the form of electrical parameters of one of the elements of the OCP—transformer. Information flows are generated by inertial fields and are described by the operators
Hardware example diagram.
This allows you to build a mathematical model of OCP in CAD for the selective search algorithm SP to reach the maximum amount of information. Functional modelling in CAD will provide an additional amount. The passage of the informational components of the
\n
\n
\n
Structural schemes of ownership, prompted by the operator method.
GESOCP scheme for dividing
The OCP model is built on the basis of a bundle relative to the internal adder. In the IIR filter scheme, each rule
Scheme of the ‘GESOCP by the
By dividing the movements according to frequencies, we mean to clarify the number and parameters of the oscillatory circuits in the OCP (Figure 7). Based on the descriptions obtained by the structural-operator method [7], it is possible to represent the structure of the OCP definition tree in the form of the relationship of a number of oscillatory or inertial circuits (Figures 7 and 9). The method of dividing movements by frequencies from the point of view of the SI method is as follows.
\nAccording to the SI method, when frequency motions are divided, all the frequency circuits of the OCP are controlled [9, 10, 11]. If the selective GESRPA part (synchronous detector) controls one circuit (Figure 7), then the blocking part of the GESRPA monitors the other circuits. For information to appear in the slowest OCP loop, a series of events in the transition process must occur, and a sufficiently large amount of information should have accumulated. But the goal of the RPA is to minimise the development of events in the OCP. As a result of this, movement in super-slow circuits rarely occurs; the appearance of transient information in the OCP can be interrupted. This leads to the indicated conflicts ‘a’ to ‘c’.
\nFor the OCP scheme: (A) The number and parameters of the oscillatory circuits in the OCP are determined from the mathematical descriptions and signals of the emergency files (Figures 7 and 8). (B) An OCP is drawn up in the form of an IIR filter (Figure 9). (C) The GESOCP scheme is compiled in the form of an FIR filter as the inverse of the GESRPA scheme according to GOCP ≈ ΣGRPA relative to
Such a volume of simultaneously solved problems leads to a limited capability to divide movements by frequencies for modelling in the OCP and solving smart grid problems.
\nTree scripting
Within the framework of the SI method, we can talk about the method of separating movements by frequencies as an additional preliminary hierarchical level of the method of separating movements by meaning. The application of the above methods can be as follows—structural-operator, identification, separation of movements by frequencies to describe the OCP and then the SI method with structural-morphological, structural-syntactic and structural-semantic steps.
\nThe parameters of the electrical signals are only the
The OCP scheme can be in dynamic consideration in one of the semantic situations of
The
A special role in the operation of the OCP is the situation of
Structural schemes of GESSN semantic situation
Characteristic
In the dynamics, a sequential change of the elementary
Thus, the recognition algorithm determines not only the
The task associated with RPA and OCP management has the peculiarity of intersecting
In a real OCP, there are third-party processes unrelated to typical
The combined scheme in Figure 14 allows one to obtain a high-quality
Structural schemes of GESOCP and GESRPA by signal
The minimum information for constructing an OCP model are two elements of the
A ‘balancing’ task arises when considering GES schemes (Figure 14). According to
In the ‘balancing’ game, the competitors are the two root weights,
Thus, there are four game options. These appear more pronounced in a difficult
In the ‘grammar
Let us designate the parameters of the ‘balancing’ game as damage from injury
← | \n↓ | \n\n | \n|
---|---|---|---|
\n | \n\n | \n\n \n | \n\n \n | \n
\n | \n\n \n | \n\n \n | \n\n \n | \n
Payment matrix of the participants in the ‘balancing’ game with example.
\n
Similarly, for the
\n
The graphs of these equations in the
Graph of the winning line of the participants in the ‘balancing’ game.
Ω = 75–112.5 × z = 30–35 × z, z = 45/77.5 = 0.58.
\nIn Figure 15, we choose the reliability point zRELIABILITY = 0.8 × z = 0.8 × 0.58 = 0.464. At this point, we put
\n
An object is considered to be managed when it can be transferred from any initial state using an input action to a given state within a finite time. In this case, the ASNOM system stability requirement must not be violated. Stability of operation is understood as the ability of the system to return to the initial
A latent malfunction should lead to exceeding, by one or several components of the vector of parameters Ξ, the limits acceptable for the normal operation of the OCP. The fact of exceeding by Ξ the boundaries of the parameters will be considered a sign of a latent or developing
In dynamics, some
It can be proposed to use ‘additional’ information components in the selective search algorithm SP of sufficient information in cases where there are no ‘main’ information components, despite the fact that this proposal tends to solve the problem in the direction of ‘complicating’ the devices. For this, additional rules for the recognition of
All the variety and ‘complexity’ of real-world network signals is controlled by the high-frequency emergency files of RPA device registrars. These registrars supply emergency files for outsourcing analysis. [8, 11, 15]. To solve the control problems and eliminate the instability of the algorithms, we will continue to use the dynamic synthesis method in CAD. A presentable sample of signals from the OCP emergency files is used. In the synthesis and development of real-time algorithms in CAD systems, real circuit diagrams are used. The physical implementation of tasks is monitored in a continuous improvement mode, from ‘simple’ to ‘essential’.
\nA model is being developed in
The purpose of the simulation is to develop ways to search for additional information. The modelling problems were solved by dividing the project into hierarchically subordinate computational parts with the result reduced in the generalising part [11, 12, 13]. Each part is calculated separately. Groups of preparatory, main and resulting elements are allocated. Each subsequent group is less active and does not consume computing resources. The more elements in the circuit, the more computing parts it can be divided into. As a result, the time required for a single calculation is reduced while maintaining the stability of the calculation. For example, the group of preparatory elements (MorphA) may include the signal sources, both generating and controlling, of measuring transformers, etc. In the group of basic elements (SyntA) are the inertial circuits of equipment, etc. (Figure 4). The resulting group (SemA) includes elements of the executive bodies, of operational switching, etc. Thus, in addition to modelling, first a certain third-party algorithm for preparing the project for calculation follows. Such an algorithm can be automated. The main general synchronising parameters for the separation of movements are the well-known preliminary settings of the CAD project—the calculation time and control points for displaying information.
\nThe practical significance of the work comes from solving the problems of protection against earth faults in medium-voltage networks of 6–35 kV [7, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18]. The results are used to improve the ASNOM system devices (Figures 1–4), namely, a selective search for the SP of a damaged part of the ‘P-VCR-SP’ network with the functions of a high-frequency recorder VCR, an RPA terminal ‘T-LZSC-ARC’ with the function of auto-compensation of ARC capacitive currents and a widget ‘W-LZSC’ for a window graphically representing of the terminal information on the computer display of the automatic control system.
\nAn analysis of the waveforms of the real high-frequency transient emergency files in the OCP shows that as the transient develops, the ASNOM system will in most cases enter a state of information sufficiency [11, 12, 13]. Therefore, if the ASNOM system is not blocked in the case of insufficient information, as is usually done in known devices, and continues to work according to the appropriate algorithms, then the solution of the problems will be achieved.
\nKnown management conflicts for OCP are: (A) The requirement to quickly disconnect the damaged section of the OCP and realise the network’s ability to isolate itself for self-repair; (B) The possibility of damage to the weakened isolation area of high-voltage equipment caused by a voltage increase in healthy phases in cases of the malfunctioning of protective equipment, and the recorded efficiency of the resonant network’s neutral tuning; (C) Automation of the control algorithms of technological processes and the forced opening (transfer to alarm) of the output of an unstable selective relay protection; (D) The tradition of full control over the operation of the network, but a lack of control over the long-term effectiveness and correct functioning of the protective equipment of the network and of the devices that implement the selected type of neutral grounding in the tasks under consideration. Here are some examples of resolving some conflicts:
\nConflict resolution A: ‘temporary compromise’. This is based on the formulation of the general problem of stabilising the normal operating mode of the OCP (Figure 16). It is based on a change in the response time
Method for automatically resolving a temporary conflict between SP devices and resonant tuning of a network zero sequence loop (LZSC).
Changes in time
Conflict resolution C: ‘automation of algorithms’. Analysis of the solution of the problem at the modelling stage shows that for correct and effective working of the operational staff in the event of the appearance of
Conflict resolution D: ‘on the coincidence of exits’. A method is proposed for the selective search of the required amount of information to detect equipment failures, failures in RPA devices and then through the RPA devices OCP faults (Figures 4 and 15). The algorithm generalises the functions of self-monitoring, monitoring and diagnostics ‘under voltage’. The criteria of active and passive selective SP search are used with the control of natural and artificial transient processes in the OCP [11, 13]. For example, the active methods may include phase-voltage imbalance in a network with a resonantly tuned neutral or phase shunting to ground in a network with an isolated neutral (Figure 3).
\nAn outsourcing method for investigating
The SI method is universal enough for tasks that can be reduced to informational. Information flows can describe the control and protection algorithms of various control objects not only in the energy sector but also in other areas of control. The problems of automatic control in the classical setting are being solved. For example, coordinate control, search, extreme, adaptive, optimal, automatic, automated, expert, dispatch control systems, etc. The problems of pattern recognition in linguistics are solved: decision-making tasks based on morphological features, for example, biological, mechanical, etc., and recognition of information carried by sound vibrations, for example, cochlear and sound pattern recognisers in medicine.
\nThe SI method allows to improve control systems with a lack of initial information in situations that are difficult in meaning when operating the control object. When the input information is changed, impulse rarely appears, consisting of separate diverse components.
\nConsistent application of SI method templates allows you to not ignore the necessary stages of obtaining results when solving management problems. The statement of management is carried out in the dynamics of the development of processes with the issuance of management commands, for example, up-down, buy-sell, etc. So, first, when solving problems, a workplace is built that allows you to realise the final desired result in CAD, for example, a device issuing commands and receiving input signals. The final result is immediately controlled. In case of its inconsistency, part of the control algorithm changes. Further, as the problem is solved, control algorithms are improved. The development of algorithms proceeds along the path of improvement: ‘from the simple to the necessary’.
\n\n
A class of dynamic control and protection objects has been allocated for solving problems of improving control algorithms. The development of the SI method for dynamic objects with minimal reference to the specifics of objects is shown. A generalisation of the results is carried out for application to a wider range of tasks in relation to the initial electrical tasks.
Problem-solving is obtained using the instrument of formation and control of a semantic signal. It allows you to operate with a minimum of information but to control the necessary amount of information and solve problems at a more abstract level as well as simulate the operation of specific recognition algorithms, taking into account the specific operation of objects.
A sequence of patterns is presented that allows one to obtain solutions of problems by the SI method. Templates are the reference points for the solution. By templates, you can explore the passage of information components as on navigation charts through interconnected structures. Examples are considered for OCP, individual equipment, transient recognition algorithms and automatic control systems, which can be reduced to dynamic ones.
A method of restructuring the general task of describing the OCP into elementary information components is shown. The principles of the separation of movements by frequencies and meaning for the analysis of the flow of information through the elements of the OCP and recognition algorithms by discrete steps are shown. Operating the structure of information flows will help to improve recognition algorithms and ensure the stability of their work.
Solving the problems of analysing the operation of algorithms and recognising situations is performed at the workplace in CAD in two ways—by functional modelling and by using game theory. The functional modelling takes into account the inertia of movements in the contours of the object as well as the movement of information in the recognition algorithms. Real-time algorithms are presented on a temporary scan of alarm file signals received by device registrars from real objects. Situations make up a library of test signals. An album of the results of modelling emergency files with the results of ‘hacking’ algorithms and countering ‘hacking’ is accumulating. Game theory makes it possible to get a static solution on the points of equilibrium and recognition, which may be the recognition algorithm. This also applies to the object of control and protection. A computing module for use in relay protection and automation tasks is described. The methodology for generating information for the module should prevent misuse of the module and facilitate the interpretation of the results.
According to the SI method, control algorithms are synthesised based on the equality of the GES forming and recognising grammars. The chapter focuses on the formative grammar of the OCP, high-voltage equipment, the structure of the
The general algorithm for the automatic control of dynamic objects is developed in the form of the selective search for sufficient information for recognition. The SP algorithm makes it possible to synthesise new and analyse well-known algorithms for relay protection and automatic control of ‘complex’ objects with a tunable structure, distributed parameters and the spontaneous development of damage.
It is possible to compensate for the lack of information in difficult semantic situations through new ways of obtaining information, additional information sensors and increasing their intellectual capabilities. Separate sensors are required for all the parameters of the input signals—frequency, phase, transit time and the ratio of special moments in the transient signals in the network.
Several practical examples of the application of the theoretical part of the description are given. This is, first of all, the solution of known conflict situations of automatic control, manifested in the dynamics of the development of semantic situations, namely: (A) The operating time of the automatic system for compensating capacitive currents and the operation of selective relays can and should be variable according to the volume of the semantic signal. (B) Distinguishing between a working and a faulty system in the absence of output commands can be based on analysis of the semantic situations under natural and test influences. (C) Recognition systems need to be built as a dynamic sequence of the opening ‘windows of selectivity’ as one of the moves through the semantic situation tree and the situation scenario tree.
The approach considered is proposed for the joint analysis and synthesis not only of algorithms and software products of semantic processing of information at different levels of the hierarchy of control systems but also for constructive technical solutions. In this analysis, the method is applied in the ‘bottom-up’ direction, that is, starting from the processing of information by a multitude of information sensors; next, the processing of information is concentrated in the ‘branches’ of the processing of the structural-semantic relationships and then in the ‘root’ of automatic decision-making on the outcome. It is clear that, for synthesis problems, this method is best applied ‘bottom-up’.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). 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