Abstract
Partially coherent vortex beam exhibits some unique and interesting properties, for example, correlation singularities (i.e., ring dislocations) exist in its correlation function, and one can determine the magnitude of the topological charge of the vortex phase from the number of the ring dislocations. Modulating the coherence of a vortex beam provides a convenient way for shaping its focused beam spot, which is useful for material processing and optical trapping. Furthermore, a partially coherent vortex beam has an advantage over a partially coherent beam without vortex phase for reducing turbulence‐induced scintillation, which will be useful in free‐space optical communications. We introduce recent theoretical and experimental developments on partially coherent vortex beams.
Keywords
- partially coherent vortex beam
- generation
- propagation
- application
1. Introduction
Coherence is an important property of a light beam, which has been investigated widely in the past few decades [1]. Coherence can be regarded as a consequence of correlations between the components of the fluctuating electric field at two or more points. Light beam with low coherence is called partially coherent beam, and such beam has an advantage over a coherent beam in many applications, such as optical imaging [2–4], optical trapping [5, 6], free‐space optical communications [7, 8], laser radar systems [9, 10] and remote sensing [11]. Before 2000, most literatures on partially coherent beam were focused on the conventional partially coherent beam named Gaussian Schell‐model (GSM) beam [12–16], whose intensity and degree of coherence satisfy Gaussian distributions. Since 2000, partially coherent beams with prescribed phase, state of polarization and degree of coherence were investigated widely due to their extraordinary properties and potential applications [17–31].
Phase is another important property of a light beam, which is characterized by the wavefront on propagation. Conventional Gaussian beam carries customary quadratic phase with spherical wavefront. Vortex beam, such as Laguerre‐Gaussian beam, carries a vortex phase with helical wavefront. The intensity in the vortex beam center is zero while the phase is undefined, and this point is called phase singularity. In 1992, Allen et al. found that the vortex beam carries an orbital angular momentum (OAM) of
Vortex beam with low coherence is called partially coherent vortex beam, which was first proposed by Gori et al. [43]. Later, various partially coherent vortex beams were introduced [44–54]. Partially coherent vortex beam differs in many aspects from a coherent vortex beam, and it exhibits some unique interesting properties, for example, correlation singularities (i.e., ring dislocations) exist in its correlation function (i.e., cross‐spectral density or degree of coherence) [47, 55–59]. Here the correlation singularity is defined as the point where the value of the cross‐spectral density or degree of coherence equal zero, while the corresponding phase is undefined. Recently, more and more attention is being paid to partially coherent vortex beams [60–73], more interesting and useful results are being revealed. In this chapter, we will introduce recent theoretical and experimental developments on partially coherent vortex beams.
2. Theoretical models for various partially coherent vortex beams
There are different types of partially coherent vortex beams, such as partially coherent beam with helicoidal modes [43], partially coherent vortex beam with a separable phase [44, 45], Gaussian Schell‐model vortex (GSMV) beam [46], partially coherent LG0
A scalar partially coherent beam can be characterized by the cross‐spectral density (CSD) in the space‐frequency domain or mutual intensity in the space‐time domain [1]. For a GSMV beam, its CSD in the source plane is expressed as follows [46]:
where
The CSD of a partially coherent LG
where
As a typical kind of special correlated partially coherent vortex beam, the CSD of a Laguerre‐Gaussian correlated Schell‐model vortex (LGCSMV) beam in the source plane is expressed as [51]:
When
A vector partially coherent beam can be characterized by the CSD matrix in space‐frequency domain or the beam coherence‐polarization matrix in the space‐time domain [17]. The elements of the CSD matrix of a vector partially coherent vortex beam with uniform state of polarization named electromagnetic Gaussian Schell‐model vortex (EGSMV) beam in the source plane are given as [53]:
where
The elements of the CSD matrix of a vector partially coherent vortex beam with non‐uniform state of polarization named radially polarized partially coherent vortex beam in the source plane are expressed as [54]:
with
3. Propagation of partially coherent vortex beams
Propagation of a partially coherent vortex beam in free space can be studied with the help of the well‐known Huygens‐Fresnel integral, and propagation of a partially coherent vortex beam through a paraxial ABCD optical can be studied with the help of the following generalized Collins formula [74]:
where
Propagation of a partially coherent vortex beam through turbulent atmosphere can be studied with the help of the following generalized Huygens‐Fresnel integral [75]
Here
The average intensity and the degree of coherence of a partially coherent vortex beam in the receiver plane are obtained as:
Coherent vortex beam displays dark hollow beam profile in the source plane or on propagation in free space. For a partially coherent vortex beam, it also displays dark hollow beam profile in the source plane, while its beam profile varies on propagation due to the degradation caused by the source spatial coherence, and one can shape the beam spot of a partially coherent vortex beam in the focal plane through varying the initial coherence width, for example, the beam profile of the focused beam spot gradually transforms from a dark hollow beam profile to a flat‐topped beam profile and finally to a Gaussian beam profile when the coherence width gradually decreases (see Figure 1 ). Furthermore, when the initial coherence width is fixed, one also can shape the beam spot of a partially coherent vortex beam through varying its initial topological charge because the topological charge plays a role of anti‐degradation caused by the coherence [46].
For a vector partially coherent beam with nonuniform state of polarization (i.e., radially polarized partially coherent beam), it is known that such beam always displays radial polarization on propagation (see
Figure 2(a1)
–
(e1)
) although its degree of polarization varies. For a radially polarized partially coherent vortex beam, one finds from [54] that the vortex phase induces changes of not only the degree of polarization but also the state of polarization (see
Figure 2(a2)
–
(e2)
and
(a3)
–
(e3)
) besides rotation of the beam spot, that is, radial polarization disappears and elliptical polarization appears on propagation. The state of polarization displays left‐handed elliptical polarization around the beam center and right‐handed elliptical polarization outside of the beam center for
Coherent vortex beam carries phase singularity in the source plane and on propagation. Phase singularity is defined as the point where the intensity is zero while the phase is undefined. When the spatial coherence of a vortex beam is reduced, the dark hollow beam profile disappears on propagation due to the degradation caused by the coherence (see
Figure 3(a)
–
(c)
). Thus, a partially coherent vortex beam does not carry phase singularity on propagation, while an interesting correlation singularity named ring dislocation appears (see
Figure 3(d)
–
(f)
). Here the correlation singularity is defined as the point where the amplitude of the cross‐spectral density
The study of optical beam propagation in turbulent atmosphere is a venerable subject. It is known that the turbulence induces scintillation (i.e., intensity fluctuations), beam wander and deformation of laser beam, which impedes the applications of free‐space optical communications, optical imaging and remote sensing. Propagation properties of a partially coherent beam in turbulent atmosphere have been investigated in detail in the past few decades, and it was found that a GSM beam has an advantage over a coherent Gaussian beam for reducing turbulence‐induced scintillation and degradation [7, 8]. The scintillation index of a beam in turbulent atmosphere is defined as follows:
where
Is it possible to further reduce turbulence‐induced scintillation compared to GSM beam? Recently, propagation properties of a partially coherent vortex beam in turbulent atmosphere have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally [60–62]. It was shown in [62] that a GSMV beam has an advantage over a GSM beam for further reducing turbulence‐induced scintillation (see
Figure 4
). From
Figure 4
, one sees that the scintillation index of a GSMV beam or a GSM beam decreases with the decrease of initial coherence width
4. Generation of partially coherent vortex beams
Up to now, many different methods have been developed to generate a coherent vortex beam, such as spiral phase plate [76], transverse mode selection [77], holographic grating [78], spatial light modulator [79], helical optical fiber [80] and uniaxial crystal [81], while only few papers were devoted to generation of partially coherent vortex beams [46–48, 51, 53, 54, 73].
One can generate a GSMV beam in experiment with the help of a rotating ground‐glass disk, Gaussian amplitude filter and a spiral phase plate [46]. As shown in Figure 5 , a focused laser beam generated by a He‐Ne laser is reflected by a mirror and then illuminates a RGGD, producing a partially coherent beam with Gaussian statistics. The thin lens L2 is used to collimate the transmitted light, and the GAF is used to transform the intensity of the transmitted light into a Gaussian profile. The transmitted light behind the GAF is a GSM beam. The coherence width of the GSM beam is determined by the focused beam spot size on the RGGD, which is controlled by the varying the distance between lens L1 and RGGD. After passing through a SPP located just behind the GAF, the GSM beam becomes a GSMV beam. It is true that the beam spot of the generated GSMV beam in the focal plane is shaped by varying its coherence width (see Figure 6 ).
One can generate a partially coherent LG
Figure 8
shows the experimental setup for generating a LGCSMV beam [25]. A beam emitted from the He‐Ne laser passes through a beam expander, and then it goes toward a SLM. The first order of the beam from the SLM is a dark hollow beam and is selected out by a circular aperture. The generated dark hollow beam illuminates a RGGD, producing an incoherent beam with dark hollow beam profile. After passing through free space with length
In a similar way, experimental generation of an EGSMV beam and a radially polarized partially coherent vortex beam were reported in [53, 54], respectively. It was shown that the vortex phase induces not only the rotation of the beam spot, but also the changes of the beam shape, the degree of polarization and the state of polarization. Furthermore, it was revealed that the vortex phase plays a role of resisting the coherence‐induced degradation of the intensity distribution and the coherence‐induced depolarization.
More recently, a new experimental technique is developed in [81] to generate partially coherent vortex beams with arbitrary azimuthal index using only a spatial light modulator (see Figure 10 ). This technique is based on digitally simulating the intrinsic randomness of broadband light passing through a spiral phase plate, and it provides control over the transverse coherence length, which will be useful for study of vector singularities in partially coherent fields or in the fields of optical communications and imaging systems where coherence plays a key role.
5. Determination of the topological charge of a partially coherent vortex beam
It is known that a vortex beam carries an OAM of
For a coherent vortex beam, it is known from [88] that the number of dark rings in the Fourier transform of the intensity of a coherent vortex beam equals to the magnitude of the topological charge, thus one can determine the magnitude of the topological charge once we obtain the information of the intensity of a vortex beam. With the decrease of initial coherence width, the hollow profile of the intensity distribution of a vortex beam in the focal plane or in the far field disappears gradually and finally becomes a Gaussian beam profile (see
Figure 11(a‐1)
–
(a‐4)
), and the dark rings of the Fourier transform of the intensity distribution disappear (see
Figure 11(b‐1)
–
(b‐4)
). Then how to determine the topological charge of a partially coherent vortex beam? It is shown in [47] that the correlation function of a partially coherent vortex beam (i.e., partially coherent LG
Abovementioned literatures are confined to measure the magnitude of the topological charge of a partially coherent vortex beam. In fact, the sign of the topological charge of vortex phase also plays an important role in practical applications, for example, the sign of the vortex phase provides an additional degree of freedom for optical storage and communication [89, 90]. Recently, a simple method for simultaneous determination of the sign and the magnitude of the topological charge of a partially coherent LG0
6. Application of partially coherent vortex beams
Due to their extraordinary propagation properties, partially coherent vortex beams are useful in many applications, such as material processing, optical trapping, free‐space optical communications and optical imaging.
It was shown in [46] that one can shape the beam profile of a focused partially coherent vortex beam through varying its initial spatial coherence width, and one can obtain flat‐topped beam profile, dark hollow beam profile and Gaussian beam profile in the focal plane. The formed flat‐topped beam profile is useful in material processing [91], and in trapping a Rayleigh particle whose refractive index is larger than that of the ambient [92], and the formed dark hollow beam profile is useful in trapping a Rayleigh particle whose refractive index is smaller than that of the ambient [72].
It is known that atmosphere turbulence induces scintillation of laser beam, which impedes the application of free‐space optical communications. It was shown in [93] that partially coherent beam can be used to reduce turbulence‐induced scintillation, and is useful in free‐space optical communications [7, 8]. In [62], it was demonstrated experimentally a partially coherent vortex beam has an advantage over a partially coherent beam without vortex phase for reducing turbulence‐induced scintillation, thus is expect to be useful in free‐space optical communication.
Finally, we know that both partially coherent beam and vortex beam are useful in super‐resolution imaging [94, 95], one may expect that partially coherent vortex beam has an advantage over partially coherent beam and vortex beam in super‐resolution imaging. What is more, partially coherent vortex beam carries correlation singularities, and one may apply correlation singularities for information encoding, transfer and decoding.
7. Summary
We have presented on a review on recent theoretical and experimental developments on partially coherent vortex beam. The theoretical models, propagation properties, and generation methods for various partially coherent vortex beams have been illustrated in detail. Partially coherent vortex beams display many unique and interesting properties, and are useful in some applications, such as material processing, optical trapping, free‐space optical communications and optical imaging. We believe this field will grow further and expand rapidly, and more and more interesting results and potential applications will be revealed.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar under Grant no. 11525418, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant no. 11404234 and 11274005, and the Project of the Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
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