Coefficients of cross-correlations (p < 0.05) between the monthly (01.01.1985–31.12.1989) values of the morbidity.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83962-547-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-546-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-548-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",bookSignature:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",keywords:"Managing Urbanization, Managing Development, Managing Resource Use, Drought Management, Flood Management, Water Quality Monitoring, Air Quality Monitoring, Ecological Monitoring, Modeling Extreme Natural Events, Ecological Restoration, Restoring Environmental Flows, Environmental Management Perspectives",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 12th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 10th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 28th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"21 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A geospatial scholar working at the interface of natural and human systems, collaborating internationally on innovative studies about hazards and environmental challenges. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published more than 200 papers on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73876/images/system/73876.jfif",biography:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher (Ph.D., Rutgers, 1992) is a professor of Geography at Texas State University. His research has focused on various aspects of hazards and environmental management. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine. More recently his work pertains to spatial adaptation to climate change, spatial responses in wine growing regions to climate change, the geographies of viticulture and wine, artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict patterns of natural processes and hazards, historical ethnic enclaves in American cities and regions, and environmental adaptations of 19th century European immigrants to North America's landscapes.",institutionString:"Texas State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Texas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"600",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",subtitle:"Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e97caba8487382025a1e70eb85e4e390",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"865",title:"Perspectives on Nature Conservation",subtitle:"Patterns, Pressures and Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a4d39cf2a0c2a9416049331b508aa88",slug:"perspectives-on-nature-conservation-patterns-pressures-and-prospects",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/865.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3054",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",subtitle:"Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d6576de4f4c7fc7b8db5e91cba6dc28",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3054.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9846",title:"Spatial Variability in Environmental Science",subtitle:"Patterns, Processes, and Analyses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfa4fa7b982bbff46ffbe6fbdbffbdf1",slug:"spatial-variability-in-environmental-science-patterns-processes-and-analyses",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher and Davod Poreh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9389",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"435d35b33ec04fe921640a514feb19e4",slug:"global-warming-and-climate-change",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9389.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8011",title:"Natural Hazards",subtitle:"Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43ca8c43ab0963f6c43350764f696b63",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-exposure-response-and-resilience",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"69119",title:"The Effect of Space Weather on Human Body at the Spitsbergen Archipelago",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85021",slug:"the-effect-of-space-weather-on-human-body-at-the-spitsbergen-archipelago",body:'\nThe Spitsbergen archipelago is located in the Arctic Ocean, between 76° 26‘ and 80° 50’ north latitude and 10 and 32° east longitude. A geophysical feature of the arch. Spitsbergen is its location in the cusp region [1]—a kind of funnel on the dayside of the magnetosphere with near zero magnetic field magnitude, where, under certain conditions, the solar wind (CW) can burst through powerful plasma jets (Figure 1, [2]). The open field lines of the cusp is connected with those of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), which allows the shocked solar wind plasma of the magnetosheath to enter the magnetosphere and to penetrate the ionosphere [3].
\nEarth’s protective shield: magnetosphere is that area of space, around a planet, that is controlled by the planet’s magnetic field, whose shape is the direct result of being blasted by solar wind; a supersonic shock wave is created sunward of earth called the Bow shock; the magnetosheath is the region of space between the magnetopause (the outer boundary of Earth’s confined geomagnetic field) and the Bow shock; the plasmasphere, or inner magnetosphere, is a region of the Earth’s magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma; the ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth’s upper atmosphere; the polar cusps are funnel-shaped regions in the frontal part of the magnetopause at geomagnetic latitudes of ~75°.
The Earth’s magnetosphere is a highly dynamic structure that responds dramatically to solar variations [4, 5], especially in the cusp region [6]. The upper atmosphere at high latitudes, associated with cusp, is also called the “Earth’s window to outer space.” Through various electrodynamic coupling processes as well as through direct transfer of particles, many geophysical effects displayed that there are direct manifestations of phenomena occurring in the deep space. In the polar cusps, the solar wind plasma has also direct access to the upper atmosphere. The polar regions are thus of extreme importance when it comes to understanding the physical processes in the near space and their effect on our environment” [6].
\nIn the cusp areas, the impacts of the solar wind (SW) on the Earth’s magnetosphere manifest most strongly, and multiple phenomena originating as consequences of such interactions are referred to as space weather. It can be truly said that space weather affects everybody, either directly or indirectly. Space weather is defined by the U.S. National Space Weather Program (NSWP) as “conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems and can endanger human life or health” [7, 8].
\nSpace weather begins at the sun. The sun exhibits an 11-year cycle of sunspots that are visible manifestations of increased solar magnetic field. Certain larger flares produce solar radio bursts of broadband noise from 10 MHz to 10 GHz that may directly affect GPS receivers on the dayside of the earth. Terrestrial effects are the result of three general types of conditions on the Sun: eruptive flares, disappearing filaments, and coronal holes facing Earth [9], on which the nature of magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions depends. The magnetosphere and the ionosphere of the Earth are sources of electromagnetic oscillations and waves, many of which are detected in the form of radiation outside the region of generation, in particular, on the surface of the Earth. The electromagnetic radiation range of the magnetosphere and ionosphere overlaps in frequency by many orders of magnitude—from the lowest frequencies of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves (f ~ 5–10−3 Hz) to X-rays of energetic electrons in the upper atmosphere (f ~ 1018 Hz) [10]. The complexity and diversity of physical phenomena associated with solar activity and transmitted to earth through solar-terrestrial connections make the issue of identifying bioeffective agents in the space weather phenomenon nontrivial and rather complicated. Some of the cosmophysical phenomena, as attributes of space weather, are most pronounced and specific for high latitudes and for the polar cusp [11, 12, 13, 14].
\nThe unique data characterizing morbidity of the residents in the Russian settlements of the Barentsburg (1985–1993), including the females, were used in the study. The statistics on the complications about pregnancy and the postpartum period in women, who lived in the archipelago during the time of the former USSR, provide invaluable information that allows assessing the effect of space weather associated with the polar cap and the polar cusp on pregnant women. Today, such research is extremely difficult, because the residence of pregnant women in the Spitsbergen archipelago is undesirable.
\nThe monthly statistical reports on the morbidity structure in the Barentsburg mine hospital (1985–1993) were basis for analysis [15]. All data of morbidity were normalized on 1000 people of residents in the Barentsburg. The average number of inhabitants in each Russian settlement (Barentsburg and Pyramid) was about 1000, where one third were women. The average monthly data characterizing the CA were selected in the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC): Solar Data Services (
The bioefficiency of geocosmic agents is manifested in synchronous dynamics of the functional state of resident’s organism in the high latitudes [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21] or in the coherency of morbidity dynamics of the population in the Arctic territories [22] with variations of the geocosmic agents on the time scales with different resolution (day, month, and year).
\nThe coefficients of cross-correlations between the monthly (01.01.1985–31.12.1989) values on the curves, smoothed by 5 points, of the morbidity and the solar radio flux f10.7_index are demonstrated inTable 1.
\nCoefficients of cross-correlations (p < 0.05) between the monthly (01.01.1985–31.12.1989) values of the morbidity.
The incidence of the mental disorders (MD); the diseases of the eye and its appendages (DEA); the diseases of arteries, arterioles and veins (DAAV); the incidence of the inflammatory processes of the female pelvic organs and other diseases of the female genital organs (IFGO); the infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (ISST); diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (DMSSCT); the injuries and poisoning on the way to and from work (IP) and the solar radio flux with wavelength 10.7 cm (f10.7-index). Significant correlations are marked by red color.
The synchronism of the incidence diseases follows from the cross-correlation coefficients shown in Table 1, where one can see that the monthly values of the incidence of the mental disorders (MD) have significant correlation coefficients with injuries and poisonings (IP) and with f10.7-index. However, IP correlates with other diseases (Table 1): with DEA), with DAAV, with IFGO, with ISST, and with the fluxes of solar radio emission (f10.7-index).
\nOne can see certain concordance between the curves of the average monthly angular parameters of the solar wind (sigma-phi-V, deg.,), the monthly dynamics of incidence of the mental disorders (MD), the injuries, and poisoning (IP) in Figure 2A. Coefficient correlations between sigma-phi-V and the MD, sigma-phi-V, and IP are r = 0.32, r = 0.44, and p < 0.05, respectively. In this case, the MD and the IP diseases are not only interconnected by connection with the solar radio emission (Table 1, f10.7-index), but also with the parameters of the solar wind (sigma-phi-V, deg). This suggests that the solar wind could generate such conditions in the cusp area, when the physical agents might affect the mental state, and through it, the predisposition to the appearance of the injury.
\nCoherent dynamics of the average monthly values of the parameters of geocosmic agents and the monthly values of morbidity. A. Parameter of solar wind “sigma-phi-V, deg” (1, graph area—cyan), the incidence of the mental MD (2), incidence of the injuries and poisoning on the way to and from work, IP (3). B. Solar radio emission with wavelength 10.7 cm (1, graph area—cyan), incidence of the diseases of arteries, arterioles, and veins (2), sigma-theta-V, deg. (3), pc (N) index (4). X axis: The months of the year from January 1985 to December 1989; Y axis: the normalized values of the all parameters.
In Figure 2B, one can see concordance between curves of average monthly variations of the solar radio flux at 10.7 cm, dynamics of monthly diseases of arteries, arterioles, and veins and (DAAV), average monthly values of the sigma-theta-V, deg. and average monthly values of the Pc (N)-index. Correlation coefficients between f-10.7-index, sigma-theta-V, deg., Pc (N), and DAAV are r = 0.40; r = 0.29; r = 0.27; and p < 0.05, respectively. The positive relationship between the incidence of DAAV, the f-10.7-index, and PC(N) means that with increasing solar activity and associated geomagnetic disturbances, the morbidity of DAAV also increases. The connection between PC and the DAAV demonstrates the effect of the space weather on the vascular system of human organism.
\nFigure 3A shows the connection between the dynamics of monthly pregnancy complications (IFGO), the parameter of space weather (hydrodynamic pressure of the solar wind), and the ap-index reflecting the local geomagnetic activity. The connection between the dynamics of monthly inflammatory processes of the female pelvic organs and other diseases of the female genital organs (IFGO), the F10.7-index, and PC(N) are shown in Figure 3B. Correlation coefficients between IFGO, flow pressure, and ap-index are r = 0.34; r = 0.29, respectively, p < 0.05. Correlation coefficients between IFGO, F10.7-index, and PC(N) are −r = 0.34; r = 0.29, respectively, p < 0.05.
\nCoherency dynamics of the monthly values of morbidity and the monthly average values of the parameters of geocosmic agents. A. Incidences of the complications of pregnancy and the postpartum period, CPP (1); flow pressure of the solar wind, (nPa) (2); and ap-index (3). B. Incidences of the inflammatory processes of the female pelvic organs and other diseases of the female genital organs, IFGO(1), the solar radio emission with wavelength 10.7 cm (2), PC(N)-index. X axis: the months of the year from January 1985 to December 1989; Y axis: the normalized values of the all parameters.
One can again remark that morbidity, even specific such as diseases of the female genital system, is associated with solar and geomagnetic activity, expressed by the ground indicators of local geomagnetic storm conditions PC(N), ap-index), and the agents in the near Earth space (F10.7-index, variations of the angle velocity of solar wind—sigma-phi-V, sigma-teta-V, deg., flow pressure). The fluctuations of the monthly values of morbidity of the somatic diseases, the mental disorders, and the frequency of injuries and poisoning, as well as the coherency of the diseases among themselves and with the space weather indicators suggest that space weather controls the state of the human body in Svalbard.
\nThe source of physical phenomena, some of them could have a pronounced bioefficiency, is the magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction, reflecting the interaction of the solar plasma with the earth’s magnetosphere in the polar cusp region. Since the properties of the ionosphere are largely determined by Solar X-rays and UV radiation as well as fluctuations in the concentration of particles associated with magnetic disturbances, the properties of the ionosphere in the polar cusp region should differ during the polar day and in the polar night.
\nIonospheric differences during the polar day and the polar night are also confirmed by differences in the electrical current systems in the summer season and in the winter due to current vortex, which is most noticeable in the summer season [23]. The total electron content (TEC) exhibits significant spatial and temporal variations, when the minimum level of TEC observed in the high latitude of the northern hemisphere in the mid polar night (December) and the maximum level—in the mid polar day [24]. A characteristic feature of geomagnetic disturbances in all hours is the presence of pulsations with large amplitudes and periods of several minutes. And some of them practically disappear during the polar night [14, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29].
\nTo appreciate the significance of the space weather agents (geocosmic agents) affecting the human health in the polar days and in the polar night, the monthly data sets of the morbidity in the settlement of Barentsburg were sorted in two groups. In the first group was included the monthly values of morbidity in the polar day (from March to September, n = 35) and in the second group—the monthly values of morbidity in the polar night (from October to February, n = 25). This sorting was performed due to the duration of the dark time (122 days) from 21 October to 20 February at 80 degrees north latitude [30]. Significant differences between the incidence of the population during the polar day and the polar night, as well as differences in the values of geophysical indicators, have been estimated by using the nonparametric (the Mann-Whitney U test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion) and the parametric T-criterion.
\nIt turned out that the monthly values of incidence during the polar day and night significantly differ only in cases of intestinal infections (yersiniosis) and the inflammatory processes of the female pelvic organs and other diseases of the female genital organs (IFGO). During the polar day and the polar night, incidences of intestinal infections were 0.05 ± 0.21 and 0.25 ± 0.49, respectively, p < 0.05; incidences of IFGO were 1.89 ± 2.58 and 3.70 ± 3.62 in the polar day and in the polar night (according to the Mann-Whitney U-test T-criterion). The geophysical indices differed only in the monthly average values of atmospheric pressure (992.36 ± 4.01 and 987.58 ± 7.70, p < 0.005, mb), in the Bulk flow latitude (2, 24 ± 0.67 and 1.16 ± 0.93, p < 0.001, degrees), in the DST index (−16.07 ± 12.79 and − 22.16 ± 8.91, nT, p < 0.025), and in the PC (N) index (0.96 ± 0.35 and 1.14 ± 0.24, p < 0.005), respectively, in the polar day and in the polar night. That is, in fact, the incidence rate on the polar day and on the polar night, with a few exceptions, just as the monthly average of geophysical agents, with the exception of 2 indices characterizing geomagnetic activity, does not differ.
\nHowever, when correlations between the monthly values of morbidity and the monthly average values of geophysical agents corresponding to the polar day and to the polar night periods were compared, it turned out that there are large differences between them. These differences indicate that during the polar day and during the polar night, the roles of similar geophysical agents are different.
\nOne can see above (Table 1) that the monthly values of the incidences of the MD, DEA, DAAV, IFGO, ISST, DMSSCT, and IP are associated with solar radio flux with a wavelength of 10.7 cm (f10.7_index), characterizing the solar activity (SA). This means that the Sun is the source of causal relationships, starting with SA and ending with the morbidity of the population on the Earth. But at the same time, the cause of the morbidity can be other bioeffective agents associated with SA, whose contribution to the morbidity can depend on multiple reasons, including the properties of the ionosphere during periods of the polar day and the polar night.
\nA comparative analysis of the correlations of the same classes of morbidity with geophysical indices, separately for the polar day and for the polar night, showed that there are both general and particular trends in the nature of the relationship between the morbidity and geocosmic agents. There are correlations, which appear only during the polar day: mental disorder (MD), diseases of the arteries, arterioles, and veins (DAAV), the gastritis, the kidney and urinary tract diseases, the complications of pregnancy and the postpartum period, and other diseases. Diseases such as the pneumonia, the ischemic heart disease, and other forms of heart disease without hypertension are correlated with geocosmic agents only during the polar night. There are diseases with a mixed nature of the connections with geocosmic agents during the polar day and the polar night.
\nFigure 4 shows that during the period of the polar day, dynamics of the monthly values of incidences of the mental disorders, MD, and dynamics of the monthly values of incidences of the diseases of arteries, arterioles, and veins (DAAV) are associated with variations of solar wind parameters such as “sigma-phi-V” and the solar radio emission with wavelength 10.7 cm. Along with these parameters of geocosmic agents, other parameters of IMF and SW, as well as, possibly, their combination and interaction, can make a certain contribution to the modulation of cases of mental disorders (Table 2).
\nThe relationship between morbidity and geocosmic agents, which appears only in the period of the polar day. A. Dynamics of the monthly values of incidences of the mental disorders, MD (1). B. Dynamics of the monthly values of incidences of the diseases of arteries, arterioles, and veins, DAAV (1); A, B. Dynamics of the monthly average magnitudes of the solar wind parameters “sigma-phi-V” (2) and the solar radio emission with wavelength 10.7 cm (3). X axis: the months of the year from January 1985 to December 1989, where months from March to September are included in the period of the polar day (A, B); Y axis: all normalized parameters.
Period | \nM ± δ | \nNM | \nPres | \nBz | \nPr-Den | \nδ phi | \nR | \nf10.7 | \nPC(N) | \nMakh | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD | \n1.21 ± 1.20 | \n|||||||||
PN | \n1.08 ± 1.08 | \n−0.04 | \n−0.06 | \n0.02 | \n0.07 | \n0.13 | \n0.13 | \n0.16 | \n−0.06 | \n−0.26 | \n
Correlation coefficients between monthly values of incidents of the mental disorders (MD) and monthly average magnitudes of the parameters of geocosmic agents during the polar day (PD) and polar night (PN).
NM—count rate of ground based on neutron monitor (counts/s); Pres—atmospheric pressure (mb); Bz-BzGSE—Bz component of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the geocentric solar-ecliptic coordinate systems, nT; Pr-Den—proton density in the solar wind, N/cm3; δ ph—sigma-phi-V—solar wind angle parameter, deg.; R—sunspot number; f10.7-index of the solar radio flux with wavelength 10.7 cm in solar flux units (s.f.u.), (10−22), Watts/meter sq/hertz; PC(N)—Index of geomagnetic activity in the high latitude; Makh—Magnetosonic mach number = V/Magnetosonic speed. Coefficient values marked in red color correspond to the level of significance p < 0.05.
The same can be seen in Table 3, which shows the links of the diseases of arteries, arterioles, and veins (DAAV) with variations of geocosmic agents, reflecting the complex nature of the effects of physical agents on the diseases of blood vessels.
\nPeriod | \nM ± δ | \nNM | \nδ-By | \nδ-Bz | \nNa/Np | \nδ-phi | \nδ-theta | \nR | \nf10.7 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD | \n0.70 ± 0.79 | \n||||||||
PN | \n0.61 ± 0.81 | \n−0.20 | \n−0.22 | \n−0.06 | \n−0.06 | \n0.04 | \n0.24 | \n0.26 | \n0.31 | \n
Correlation coefficients between monthly values of incidents of the diseases of arteries, arterioles, and veins (DAAV) and the monthly average magnitudes of the parameters of geocosmic agents during the polar day (PD) and polar night (PN).
NM—count rate of ground based on neutron monitor (counts/s); δ-By—sigma By—variability of By-component of IMF, nT; δ-Bz—sigma Bz—variability of Bz-component of IMF, nT; Na/Np—alpha/proton ratio in the solar wind; δ phi, δ-theta—sigma-phi-V, sigma-theta-V—solar wind angle parameters, deg.; R—sunspot number; f10.7-index of the solar radio flux with wavelength 10.7 cm in solar flux units (s.f.u.), (10−22), Watts/meter sq/hertz. Coefficient values marked in red color correspond to the level of significance p < 0.05.
In general, it can be seen that cases of mental disorders and vascular morbidity are associated with SA, manifested by variability of the solar wind (SW) and IMF during the polar day period. This may mean that, as a result of the interaction of the SW and IMP with the Earth’s magnetosphere, physical phenomena generated in the polar cusp region during polar day could contribute to an unstable mental state and vascular disorders.
\nOne can assume that these phenomena have an electromagnetic and wave nature, which determines their bioefficiency. One of the most likely candidates in a wide range of physical phenomena detected in the cusp region is low-frequency pulsations [14].
\nThe pulsations in the spectral range (1–5 mHz) with different morphological properties and, accordingly, with different physical nature are observed at high latitudes (Φ > 70°). It is established that the long-period (T ~ 4–60 min) geomagnetic pulsations observed both in daytime and nighttime hours are typical phenomena on the polar cusp latitudes. The most typical fluctuations of the daytime cusp observed on the earth’s surface are specific broadband irregular pulsations of the Pc5 range (f ~ 1.5–5.0 mHz) with an amplitude of the order of 15–60 nT, named by V.А. Troitskaya ipcl (irregular pulsation cusp latitudes). Pulsations of the ipcl type are observed almost daily, but their intensity is 3–4 times higher in the summer than in the winter. This fact indicates that the source of ipcl pulsations is, in essence, a current generator, which creates the greatest disturbance in the illuminated ionosphere [14].
\nThe daytime geomagnetic pulsations ipcl are divided into at least two classes [29]: np pulsations having a noise-like character (P = 6–15 min), and relatively regular vlp (very long period) pulsations (P = 20–40 min) occurring near the equatorial cusp boundary [29]. In the winter, as a rule, vlp pulsations are not detected [14, 29].
\nIn the higher frequency range, the broadband noises from Pc3–4 (10–40 mHz) to ELF choirs (0.3–3.0 kHz) are often observed in the high latitude. The intensity of the Pc3–4 waves in the polar cusp depends on the ionospheric conductivity, which causes a sharp weakening of the waves during the polar night [28, 31, 32].
\nSummarizing the descriptions of physical phenomena associated with the processes of the interaction of the solar wind and IMF with the earth’s magnetosphere in the polar cusp region, one can see that the polar day differs from the polar night by more diverse geocosmic events. These events are dependent on ionospheric conductivity, which determines diverse phenomena, including amplitude and frequency characteristics of high latitude pulsations.
\nIt has now been established [33, 34, 35, 36] that brain rhythms include ultra-slow frequency oscillations (USFO), which are usually not detected by standard electroencephalogram measurements. The frequency range of these oscillations corresponds to very low-frequency pulsations Pc3–4 characteristic of a polar cusp. Among the ultra-slow fluctuations, the rhythm with a period of 15–40 s is remarkable in that the human brain is accompanied by transitions of levels of consciousness, for example, transitions to the hypnotic state. The fluctuations in the decasecond range correspond to the period of fluctuations of the pulsations Pc3, the amplitude and intensity of which are significantly higher during the polar day than in the polar night. It is not excluded that Pc3–4 pulsations can contribute, along with other factors, to the unstable mental state of the residents of arch. Spitsbergen.
\nSignificance (p < 0.05) of correlation coefficients between MD and DAAV (r = 0.40), between MD and DAAV and solar activity (Tables 2 and 3) in the polar day and the absence of significance of correlations between these morbidity and SA indices (R, F10.7) during the polar night indicate common causes, which determine the relationship between the morbidity and geophysical agents in the polar day. We assume that such common causes may be geophysical agents associated with the illuminated ionosphere during the polar day. It is possible that geomagnetic pulsations, in the ultralow frequency range, most pronounced during the polar day, could modulate brain and vascular functional activity and, accordingly, certain mental states. In particular, they might suppress the cognitive processing and promote switching of the brain to its noncognitive “idling” state or activation of default cortical networks whose activity is suppressed during cognitive processing [37, 38].
\nThe different significance of physical agents for different systems of the body can be seen on the basis of the mutually exclusive nature of the connections with similar geocosmic agents in the polar day and in the polar night (Figure 5, Table 4).
\nThe mutually exclusive nature of the connections with similar geocosmic agents of the various diseases in the polar day (A) and in the polar night (B). A. Dynamics of the monthly values of incidences of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (DMSSCT) (1), the monthly average magnitudes of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), nT (2), the monthly average magnitudes of the alpha/proton ratio in the solar wind (Na/Np), (3); B. Dynamics of the monthly values of incidence of the infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (ISST) (1), the monthly average magnitudes of IMF (2), the monthly average magnitudes of the Na/Np (3). X axis: the months from January 1985 to December 1989, where months from March to September are included in the spans of the polar day (A); the months from October to February are included in the spans of the polar night (B); Y axis: all normalized parameters.
Period | \nM ± δ | \nNM | \nIMF | \nFV|<B>| | \nBz,GSM | \nδ-B | \nδ-By | \nδ-Bz | \nNa/Np | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (DMSSCT) | \n|||||||||
PD | \n3.66 ± 2.48 | \n||||||||
PN | \n3.42 ± 2.95 | \n−0.25 | \n0.26 | \n0.31 | \n−0.21 | \n0.15 | \n0.17 | \n0.21 | \n0.16 | \n
The infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (ISST) | \n|||||||||
PD | \n1.83 ± 1.61 | \n−0.20 | \n0.23 | \n0.25 | \n−0.12 | \n0.16 | \n0.13 | \n0.12 | \n0.15 | \n
PN | \n1.76 ± 1.27 | \n
Correlation coefficients between monthly values of incidents of the diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (DMSSCT), the infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (ISST), and the monthly average magnitudes of the parameters of geocosmic agents during the polar day (PD) and polar night (PN).
NM—count rate of ground based on neutron monitor (counts/s); IMF—field magnitude Avg, <F>, nT; FV|<B>|—magnitude of average, field vector, |<B>|, nT; Bz, GSM-Bz—component INF in the geocentric solar-magnetospheric coordinate systems; δ-B—variability of the magnetic field strength; δ-By—Sigma By—variability of By—component of IMF, nT; δ-Bz—Sigma Bz—variability of Bz—component of IMF, nT; Na/Np—alpha/proton ratio in the solar wind. Coefficient values marked in red color correspond to the level of significance p < 0.05.
The only difference in the nature of the connections between these diseases and geocosmic agents is the connection with the Bz-component of IMF. This connection has a negative sign with the incidence of DMSSCT and positive sign with the incidence of ISST in the polar day. Since the negative value of the Bz-component characterizes a high GMA, it can be assumed that GMA, along with other factors, including ultraviolet irradiation, contributes to the incidence of the DMSSCT in the polar day.
\nOn the other hand, excessive irradiation of ultraviolet light during the polar day can inhibit the growth of pathogenic microflora, which causes skin diseases (ISST). But in the polar night, in the absence of ultraviolet light, the growth of pathogenic microflora can increase under the influence of factors associated with the variability of the SW and IMF [39].
\nThe importance of SA for human behavior manifests in the correlations with the cases of injury and poisoning on the way to and from work of the residents of arch. Spitsbergen (Figure 6, Table 5). Most likely, this definition hides injuries caused by the state of altered consciousness under the influence of alcohol.
\nThe stable links between injury rates and poisoning on the way to work and from work with similar geocosmic agents during the polar day (A) and the polar night (B). A, B. Dynamics of the monthly values of incidence of the injury and poisoning on the way to work and from work (1), the monthly average magnitudes of the solar radio emission with wavelength 10.7 cm (2), and the solar wind parameter “sigma-phi-V”(3). X axis: the months from January 1985 to December 1989, where months from March to September are included in the period of the polar day (A); the months from October to February are included in the period of the polar night (B); Y axis: all normalized parameters.
Period | \nM ± δ | \nNM | \nδ phi- | \nδ theta | \nPl beta | \nAMN | \nKp * 10 | \nR | \nf10.7 | \nPC(N) | \nMMN | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD | \n1.75 ± 1.97 | \n0.26 | \n|||||||||
PN | \n1.26 ± 1.07 | \n
Correlation coefficients between monthly values of incidents of the injury and poisoning on the way to work and from work and the monthly average magnitudes of the geocosmic agents during the polar day (PD) and polar night (PN).
NM—count rate of ground based on neutron monitor (counts/s); δ phi, δ-theta—sigma-phi-V, sigma-theta-V—solar wind angle parameters, deg.; Pl beta—plasma beta (Beta = [(T * 4.16/105) + 5.34] * Np/B2; AMN—Alfven mach number (Ma = (V * Np0.5)/20 * B); Kp * 10-index of geomagnetic activity (GMA); R—sunspot number; f10.7-index of the solar radio flux with wavelength 10.7 cm in solar flux units (s.f.u.), (10−22), Watts/meter sq/hertz; PC(N)—high latitude index of GMA; MMN—magnetosonic mach number = V/Magnetosonic_speed. Coefficient values marked in red color correspond to the level of significance p < 0.05.
It can be assumed that an increase in SA is accompanied by the neuropsychic arousal, the anxiety, the decrease in health, and the mood, which can be causes provoking the need for alcohol in a certain category of persons. Since the level of SA in the summer and winter periods does not differ significantly, the connection of the frequency of injuries and poisonings on the way to work and from working with SA appears equally on a polar day and on a polar night according to the level of the solar activity.
\nMonitoring of the daily psycho-emotional state of the healthy volunteers in the settlement Barentsburg (arch. Spitsbergen) during polar day revealed correlations between situational anxiety, mood, activity, and indices of SA of proton fluxes with energy >10 MeV [40, 41]. It was also found that health, the activity, and the mood decreased and the situational anxiety increased under increase of SA and GMA [40, 41]. Thus, one of the causes for the increase in injuries and poisoning could be an arising of the psycho-emotional instability associated with increase in SA.
\nThe revealed differences in the nature of the links between the morbidity of the population in the Barentsburg during the polar day and the polar night show that the diverse diseases are associated with a combination of separated characteristics of the SV, MMP, GMA, and SA, the significance of which for the morbidity varies with the season.
\nA geophysical feature of the arch. Spitsbergen is its location in the cusp region—a kind of funnel on the dayside of the magnetosphere with near zero magnetic field magnitude. The open field lines of the cusp are connected with those of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), which allows the shocked solar wind plasma of the magnetosheath to enter the magnetosphere and to penetrate the ionosphere.
\nIn the cusp areas, the impacts of the solar wind (SW) on the Earth’s magnetosphere manifest most strongly, and multiple phenomena originating as consequences of such interactions are referred to as the space weather. The magnetosphere and the ionosphere of the Earth are sources of electromagnetic oscillations and waves, many of which are detected in the form of radiation outside the region of generation, in particular, on the surface of the Earth.
\nThe feature of the cusp is the existence of the geomagnetic pulsations not only in the period of geomagnetic disturbances but also during the quiet period. One can see that narrow band waves at frequencies 0.2 to 3 Hz are a permanent feature in the vicinity of the polar cusp. The waves have been found in the magnetosphere adjacent to the cusp (both poleward and equatorward of the cusp) and in the cusp itself. It is an established fact that the daytime polar cusp latitudes are typically characterized by long-period (T ~4–60 min) geomagnetic pulsations observed both in daytime and nighttime hours. Diverse radiation (from ULF to VHF) and waves in the field of polar cusp, covering the entire range of the body rhythms, give credit for studying the effects of space weather in the field of polar cusp. The study of the dependence cases of diseases on effects of space weather has shown that diverse forms of morbidity varied synchronously and they are associated with variations of space weather agents. Assessment of the relationship between the dynamics of the monthly morbidity in Russian settlements and indicators of space weather revealed that, practically, all forms of morbidity are associated with solar activity: with F10.7 index, with variations of solar wind parameters, and with indices characterizing the local geomagnetic activity in the polar cusp.
\nIt has been found that mental disorders are associated with the variability of the solar wind and the radio emission of the Sun, as well as the frequency of injuries and poisoning at the work and at the home. A high degree of association of the diseases of arteries, arterioles, and veins with the parameters of the solar wind and the geomagnetic indices, characterizing the local geomagnetic activity in the polar cusp, was shown.
\nA high sensitivity of the female organism to variations of space weather in the polar cusp was revealed. This phenomenon is manifested in the increase of pregnancy complications, cases of inflammation of the genital organs, etc., according to the increase in geomagnetic activity in the polar cusp.
\nThe revealed differences in the nature of the links between the morbidity of the population in the Barentsburg during the polar day and the polar night show that the diverse diseases are associated with a combination of separated characteristics of the SV, MMP, GMA, and SA, the significance of which for the morbidity varies with the season.
\nHowever, it has been found that certain diseases are associated only with the polar day or with the polar night. This allows selecting the physical agents that could modulate morbidity rate in the alternative season. In particular, agents such as long-period oscillations, with the frequency range that coincides with the range of the ultraslow fluctuations of the constant potential (USFCP) in the brain, could modulate the morbidity of the MD and DAAV in the polar day.
\nThe absence of solar radiation during the polar night, such as UV radiation, and the association of the incidence of the inflectional diseases of skin with GMA only during the polar night indicate the role of UV in suppressing the growth of pathogenic microflora. Correlations of the inflectional diseases of skin with GMA in the absence of UV radiation demonstrate the significance of GMA for the microorganism growth.
\nIn general, it should be noted that, probably, many of the bioeffective agents associated with CA were left out of consideration. The health of the population most likely depends on a combination of geophysical agents, some of which are simply not registered and are not reflected in the indicators of the database (OMNI). On the other hand, the state of the human body during the periods of the polar day and the polar night may also differ in sensitivity to the effects of geophysical agents. In general, the polar day is characterized by a larger number of influencing physical agents on the human body, than the polar night.
\nThe found links between the morbidity of the population and the peculiarities of space weather will make it possible to develop prognoses of the morbidity for preventive measures aimed at reducing the morbidity in high latitudes.
\nThe task of studying the labor activity in the difficult arctic conditions demands the need to develop criteria for determining the mental state of a person and his working capacity, as well as predicting a shift in the functional state of the CNS. The solution of such a problem should take into account the possibility of modulation of the mental and of the physiological state of people of the dangerous professions by the high latitude geocosmic agents, the effects of which might also express in the seasonal manifestation of morbidity.
\nMycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) is an acid fast bacilli that is the causative agent of leprosy disease which mainly effects the skin and peripheral nerves. In olden times leprosy was common in temperate climates (e.g. Europe), today it is mainly confined to tropical and subtropical regions. Mode of transmission in leprosy is mainly through inhalation of droplets containing the bacteria. But skin contact is also claimed by many leprologists. The disabilities and deformities associated with leprosy due to neuropathy leads to long-term consequences, including. This in turn is associated with stigma.
The immunity of the host plays an important role in disease progress and control. Thus, fortunately 95% of patients exposed to M. leprae will not develop this disease. The variation in incubation period ranges from 2 to 20 years, or even longer.
Leprosy has been successfully eliminated as a public health problem in 2000 globally and at the national level in 113 countries out of 122 by 2005 [1]. Elimination of leprosy is defined by World Health Organization as a point prevalence below 1 per 10,000 population [2]. However, the number of new patients diagnosed with leprosy is still significant, at more than 200,000 in 2016 globally. The new case detection rate of the disease (NCDR) is only slowly declining (Figure 1) [3].
Trend in case detection and case detection rate, by WHO region, 2006–2016 [3].
The long incubation period, silent symptoms, long duration MDT and unavailability of effective vaccine makes this disease difficult to identify, treat and eradicate. To add to the misery the stigma associated with the disease is another challenge. In such circumstances, prevention and control of disease gains utmost importance.
In 2017, 192,713 patients were on treatment globally which makes the prevalence rate of 0.25 per 10,000 population [4]. Total of 210,671 new cases were reported in same year from 150 countries making NCDR of 2.77 per 100,000 population. Figure 2 below shows the trends over the past decade (2008–2017) in new case detection of leprosy cases globally in the reporting countries of World Health Organization (WHO) [4].
Country-wise trends of detection of new leprosy cases from 2008 to 2017 [4].
The three main goals of control of leprosy are
To detect the pathology early and treat the patient completely.
To prevent the transmission to the others.
To prevent the disabilities and other complications.
Thus the following modalities are adopted to control leprosy:
Medical measures
Social support
Program management
Evaluation
The control of leprosy starts with the estimation of size and magnitude of the problem. Most common epidemiological survey method of collection of data is “Quick random sample survey.” Information about the prevalence of leprosy, age and sex-wise distribution, various forms of leprosy and the health facilities available should be gathered. Roughly the total prevalence of leprosy in an area would be about 4 times that of the cases found among school children [5, 6]. These estimates are essential to plan, implement and to evaluate the results of the control program.
The objective is to detect all the cases as early as possible and to register them. Active case finding is important as the disease is symptomless in the early stages. Cases can be detected by the Contact surveys, Group surveys and Mass surveys. Contact surveys consists of examination of all household contacts with a lepromatous case, particularly children, in areas with prevalence less than 1 per 1000. Contact surveillance of households is recommended for a minimum period of 10 years after case is declared bacteriologically negative, and for 5 years in households with a non-lepromatous case from the time of diagnosis of the index case. Group surveys are done in areas where prevalence of leprosy is more than 1 in 1000 population. This consists of screening certain groups such as school children, slum dwellers, military recruits, industrial workers, etc. through “Skin camps.” Lastly, mass surveys consists of examination of each and every individual by house-to-house visits in hyperendemic areas (prevalence – 10 or more per 1000 population). These are generally carried out by repeated annual examinations of school children which yield better results at relatively low cost [5, 6]. The data of each case is entered in the standardized proforma developed by WHO.
Since an effective vaccine is unavailable for leprosy the secondary prevention (early treatment) becomes more important. Until 1981, Dapsone (Diamino Diphenyl Sulphone—DDS) was used to treat leprosy which resulted in the development of resistance and relapse, making leprosy control difficult.
Multidrug Therapy: In 1982, WHO recommended Multidrug Therapy (MDT) for all leprosy patients. Introduction of MDT has opened a new avenue in the control of leprosy in the world. Aim of MDT is to convert the infectious case into noninfectious as soon as possible, so as to reduce the reservoir of infection in the community.
The main objectives of MDT are:
To ensure early detection of the cases.
To interrupt the transmission of infection.
To prevent drug resistance, relapse and reaction.
The advantages of MDT over dapsone monotherapy are:
Shorter duration of treatment,
Better patient compliance,
High cure rate,
Cost-effectiveness and
Ease in health delivery system.
There are two types of MDT regimens used depending on the symptoms and signs shown by the patients - Paucibacillary (PB) and Multibacillary (MB). Recommended Regimens are discussed below [3, 5, 6, 7]:
i. Multibacillary leprosy:
MDT is recommended for following groups of patients:
All smear positive cases.
Skin lesions more than five in number.
More than one nerve trunk thickening.
All cases of relapse/reactivation and all cases who have been treated with Dapsone monotherapy earlier.
The drugs used in Multibacillary MDT and dosages are:
Rifampicin: 600 mg once monthly, supervised.
Dapsone: 100 mg daily, self administered.
Clofazimine: 300 mg once monthly, supervised and 50 mg daily, self administered.
Duration of treatment for Multibacillary leprosy is 12 months, can be extended to 18 months and continued where possible up to smear negativity. Sometimes LL/BL patients with high bacilli may need 2–3 years or more of MDT for achieving bacteriological negativity.
ii. Paucibacillary leprosy:
The drugs and dose schedule is:
Rifampicin 600 mg once a month for 6 months supervised.
Dapsone 100 mg daily for 6 months self administered.
Paucibacillary leprosy is treated for 6 months.
MDT is not contraindicated in patients with HIV infection.
Each MDT blister pack contains tablets for 4 weeks treatment. For easy identification color coding of the blister pack is done, that is, with different colors for multibacillary and paucibacillary cases both in adults and children.
The treatment in both PB and MB cases varies depending on the age of the patient. The patients between 10 to 14 years are treated as paediatric cases, while >14 years are considered adult. The standard treatment regimen for MB leprosy in adults is given for 12 months. The drugs in each blister pack are (Figure 3):
Two capsules of Rifampicin of 300 mg (600 mg once a month) to be taken as single dose under supervision.
Clofazimine 3 capsules of 100 mg each to be consumed once a month as single dose under supervision and 50 mg daily for next 28 days.
Dapsone 100 mg as single dose and then daily once for 1 month.
MDT for adult MB type of leprosy [2, 7].
The standard adult treatment regimen for PB leprosy is (Figure 4):
Rifampicin: 600 mg once a month.
Dapsone: 100 mg daily.
Duration: 6 months (6 blister packs of 28 days each).
MDT for adult PB type of leprosy [2, 7].
Treatment regimen for MB leprosy in children (ages 10–14 years) is (Figure 5):
Rifampicin: 450 mg once a month.
Clofazimine: 150 mg once a month, and 50 mg every other day.
Dapsone: 50 mg daily.
Duration: 12 months (12 blister packs of 28 days each).
MDT for pediatric MB type of leprosy [2, 7].
Treatment regimen for PB leprosy in children (ages 10–14 years) is (Figure 6):
Rifampicin: 450 mg once a month.
Dapsone: 50 mg daily.
Duration: 6 months (6 blister packs of 28 days each).
MDT for pediatric PB type of leprosy [2, 7].
MDT is provided free-of-charge globally through an agreement between a pharmaceutical company and WHO. WHO manages distribution of MDT to countries in coordination with national leprosy programs.
Clinical surveillance of the patients after completion of treatment is an important part of MDT to ensure complete cure. For paucibacillary cases follow up for at least once a year for 2 years after completion of treatment and for multibacillary cases at least once a year for 5 years [3, 4, 5].
Early diagnosis of cases, aggressive treatment and proactive measures to avoid complications and disabilities is the backbone for the success of any comprehensive program. In addition to accurate reporting and control measures, effective preventions will be needed to achieve elimination. Search for an effective vaccine either to be used alone or in combination with a drug has been going for a long time.
Presently BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) is the only vaccine that has shown some protection against M. leprae bacillus. A single dose of BCG gives 50 percent or higher protection against the disease. It is the most widely used vaccine in the world, yet the degree of protection it confers is not yet confirmed. The meta-analysis of many experimental studies concludes that the vaccine gives approximately 26% protection against leprosy. But the protection level decreases with time. To overcome this problem more than one dose of vaccine is advised.
Other variants of vaccination are also suggested.
Adding killed M. leprae to BCG: Various modifications have been suggested, such as the addition of killed M. leprae to BCG. This method almost doubles the vaccine efficacy in some populations as concluded by few studies. But the same cannot be said for patients below 15 years.
Vaccination with M. indicus pranii (Mycobacterium W): This strain discovered in India. Testing of the MIP vaccine took place in 2005 and showed that it was effective for seven to 8 years, after which a booster dose would be needed to maintain the immunity. Recently the vaccine was approved by the Drug Controller General of India to be rolled out in a project involving five districts in the states of Bihar and Gujarat, where there are high rates of leprosy. Leprosy patients and their close contacts will benefit from this project, making India the first country in the world to have a large-scale leprosy vaccination initiative [8].
Another milestone in prevention of leprosy is the discovery of the vaccine candidate, called LepVax. Scientists at Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), along with national and international collaborators including the National Hansen’s Disease Program and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, with financial support from American Leprosy Missions, have developed this leprosy vaccine. Based on the preclinical studies, the LepVax, has progressed to Phase I clinical testing in the United States, the first stage of safety testing in human volunteers. The clinical trial is focused not only on safety but also evaluates the immune response of the individual to the vaccine.
Indian cancer research center (ICRC) bacilli: Another variant belonging to the M. avium intracellulare group, the ICRC bacilli are thought to induce lepromin conversion in lepromatous leprosy patients and in lepromin-negative leprosy-free individuals. Its efficacy was reported to be 65.5 percent [8].
M. vaccae: The studies with this soil-dwelling mycobacterial species combined with BCG showed to provide greater protection against leprosy, but a Vietnamese trial contradicted the results [8].
M. Habana: This bacilli has been reported to induce lepromin conversion when used as a live vaccine in monkeys, and protected mice against the development of leprosy [8].
Chemoprophylaxis alone provides two-year protective window while effective immunization will provide a much broader protective window. Thus many studies and research is going on to provide both chemoprophylaxis and immunization for immediate and short-term protection and longer-term protection respectively. This strategy could have better impact and distinct appeal in controlling and preventing leprosy. Such trials could also provide a gateway for the assessment and implementation of new emerging vaccines (Figure 7).
Locations of leprosy vaccine testing.
Chemoprohylaxis using effective antibiotics focuses on providing protection to people at risk such as close contacts – family members, neighbors, co-workers, health care providers for lepers etc. Due to the stigma of disease the leprosy cases are found in clusters in all endemic regions, rather than being evenly dispersed over the whole area. Thus these high risk people can be identified and prophylaxis provided along with secondary prevention strategies. The process includes focused surveillance, contact tracing, early diagnosis and treatment. This helps in reducing the incidence and breaking the chain of transmission.
Chemoprophylaxis, as recommended by WHO Guideline Development Group (GDG), is done using single dose rifampicin (SDR) for contacts of leprosy patients both in adults and children of 2 years of age and above. Before starting the drug leprosy and TB disease are to be excluded. There should be no contraindications also for the use of rifampicin.
Other important considerations for the implementation of this chemoprophylaxis by programs are:
Adequate management of contacts.
Consent of the index case to disclose his/her disease.
An RCT found that SDR reduces risk of leprosy over 5–6 years in leprosy contacts. For every 1000 contacts treated with SDR, there were four leprosy cases prevented after 1–2 years and three cases prevented after 5–6 years.
Recommended dosage schedules for SDR are given in Table 1.
Age/weight | Rifampicin single dose |
---|---|
Adults (≥15 years) | 600 mg |
10–14 years | 450 mg |
Children 6–9 years (weight ≥ 20 kg) | 300 mg |
Children <20 kg (≥2 years) | 10–15 mg/kg |
Rifampicin dose for chemoprophylaxis [3].
The limitations of this approach are:
The protection is approximately for only 2 years.
High bacillary load cannot be eliminated using single dose.
Specific screening test needed to distinguish between contacts with high and low bacillary load.
Among communicable diseases, leprosy remains a leading cause of peripheral neuropathy and disability in the world, despite extensive efforts to reduce the disease burden. It is an important aspect of leprosy control. It means the medical, surgical, social, educational, and vocational restoration as far as possible of treated patients to normal activity so that they resume their place in the home, in society and industry [5, 6, 7]. Early treatment helps in disability limitation.
Rehabilitation: WHO has defined rehabilitation as “the combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures for training and retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability.”
Preventive rehabilitation consists of prevention of development of disabilities in a leprosy patient by early diagnosis and prompt treatment. But once the patient becomes handicapped and suffers from the damage caused, should be trained and retrained to the maximum functional ability so that the patient becomes useful to self, to the family and to community at large by various measures such as medical (physical), surgical, psychological, vocational and social rehabilitation (Flow chart 20.10).
Health education is given to the patient, to the family and to the community at large about leprosy. The education should be directed to ensure general public and patients help them develop their own actions and efforts to change the perception about the disease and seeking professional help whenever required. Early recognition of symptoms, prompt diagnosis, health seeking behavior, personal care, treatment adherence and rehabilitation are important aspects of health education. The key messages included are about the cause of disease and the complete cure available to encourage people for early diagnosis and treatment. It also aims at helping people to change their attitude and behavior by removing the misunderstandings and misconceptions. Mass Health education also helps to eradicate social stigma, social ostracism and social prejudice associated with leprosy which is the biggest hindrance for the eradication of disease.
The complications of the disease cause disfigurement and disabilities which in turn gives way to the stigma and strong discrimination of these patients. This results not only in physical and social isolation also financial dependency, ultimately forcing the leprosy patients to beg on streets for their survival. To address this issue WHO introduced the strategy of community-based rehabilitation (CBR). This intended to enhance the quality of life for lepers with disabilities through community initiatives. Community participation and using local resources to support the rehabilitation of people with disabilities within their own communities is the foundation of this concept [9, 10].
“Enhanced Global Strategy for Further Reducing the Disease Burden due to Leprosy for 2011–2015” was launched in 2009 by the World Health Organization. The target of the program was to reduce Grade 2 Disability rate (G2DR) in leprosy patients by at least 35% by the end of 2015 (G2DR is the number of new cases with grade 2 disability per 100,000 population). Since the elimination of leprosy in 2005, the prevalence is very less and thus G2DR has been proposed as an indicator. The advantage of G2DR as indicator is that, it is less susceptible to operational factors such as detection delay and is a more robust marker for mapping cases of leprosy in any country. This will also help the program implementers to focus on interventions that reduce visible deformities by enhancing early detection and treatment of leprosy patients and ultimately reduce the number of new leprosy cases in the population. However by the end of 2015, only Thailand was able to achieve this target [11].
In 2016, WHO launched the “Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world” [9].
The program aims to reinvigorate efforts to control leprosy and avert disabilities, especially among children still affected by the disease in endemic countries.
The strategy is built around three major pillars:
Strengthen government ownership and partnerships;
Stop leprosy and its complications; and
Stop discrimination and promote inclusion.
The strategy of this program is:
To sustain expertise and increase the number of skilled leprosy staff;
To improve the participation of affected persons in leprosy services;
To reduce visible deformities and stigma associated with the disease;
To call for renewed political commitment and enhanced coordination among partners;
To highlight the importance of research and improved data collection and analysis.
The key interventions needed to achieve these targets include:
Early case detection especially in children before visible disabilities occur thus reduce transmission;
In highly endemic areas or communities detection of disease among higher risk groups through campaigns;
Improving health care coverage and access for marginalized populations such as poor patients, patients in the difficult to reach areas and the areas of conflicts.
Customization of the strategic interventions in endemic countries is permitted to suit the national plans to meet the new targets. E.g. Screening all close contacts of persons affected by leprosy; initiating a shorter and uniform treatment regimen; and incorporating specific interventions against stigmatization and discrimination.
Its ultimate goal of this program is to further reduce the global and local leprosy burden, that is, (a) zero disabilities in children with leprosy-affected, (b) G2DR less than one per million population and (c) repeal of laws that discriminate leprosy patients of their rights.
Author declares no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
",metaTitle:"Access policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All IntechOpen published chapters are available OPEN ACCESS can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\\n\\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\\n\\nThe full content of chapters can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\\n\\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\\n\\nIntechOpen chapters are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\\n\\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\\n\\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\\n\\nAll IntechOpen books are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2021-02-26
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All IntechOpen published chapters are available OPEN ACCESS can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\n\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\n\nThe full content of chapters can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\n\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\n\nIntechOpen chapters are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\n\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\n\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\n\nAll IntechOpen books are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2021-02-26
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5228},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10370},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15790}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118192},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{gb:"1"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Ms. Katja Lakota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9662",title:"Vegetation Index and Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0abf2a59ee63fc1ba4fb64d77c9b1be7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Eusebio Cano Carmona, Dr. Ricardo Quinto Canas, Dr. Ana Cano Ortiz and Dr. Carmelo Maria Musarella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9667",title:"Neuroimmunology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9cf0e8203ce088c0b84add014fd8d382",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Robert Weissert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9667.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"79343",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Weissert",slug:"robert-weissert",fullName:"Robert Weissert"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9816",title:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365bb9762ba33db2d07e677690af1772",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salim Surani and Dr. Venkat Rajasurya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9816.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10270",title:"Fog Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"54853b3034f0348a6157b5591f8d95f3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Dr. Nelson Muga, Dr. Qin Xin and Dr. Paulo P. Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10270.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"208236",title:"Dr.",name:"Isiaka",surname:"Alimi",slug:"isiaka-alimi",fullName:"Isiaka Alimi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:193},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5238},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1196",title:"Epileptology",slug:"epileptology",parent:{title:"Pharmacology",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-pharmacology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:72,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:32,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"epileptology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5710",title:"Seizures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9489465a94b61e4e1c39ae0f9556af48",slug:"seizures",bookSignature:"Humberto Foyaca Sibat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"142346",title:"Prof.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Foyaca Sibat",slug:"humberto-foyaca-sibat",fullName:"Humberto Foyaca Sibat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5152",title:"Epileptology",subtitle:"The Modern State of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3cd008df10046135bfaa4f329e83af7f",slug:"epileptology-the-modern-state-of-science",bookSignature:"Vladimir V. Kalinin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5152.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31572",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir Kalinin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3825",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dbccaab3d464db86cf3adacf8252052c",slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",bookSignature:"Faik Atroshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3825.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65639",title:"Dr.",name:"Faik",middleName:null,surname:"Atroshi",slug:"faik-atroshi",fullName:"Faik Atroshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46825",doi:"10.5772/57368",title:"Bioelements and Bioelementology in Pharmacology and Nutrition: Fundamental and Practical Aspects",slug:"bioelements-and-bioelementology-in-pharmacology-and-nutrition-fundamental-and-practical-aspects",totalDownloads:2869,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"A.V. Skalny",authors:[{id:"103626",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Skalny",slug:"anatoly-skalny",fullName:"Anatoly Skalny"}]},{id:"46531",doi:"10.5772/58235",title:"Use of Trace Elements and Halotherapy in the Treatment of Human Diseases",slug:"use-of-trace-elements-and-halotherapy-in-the-treatment-of-human-diseases",totalDownloads:2537,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"Vincent S. Gallicchio",authors:[{id:"169299",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Gallicchio",slug:"vincent-gallicchio",fullName:"Vincent Gallicchio"}]},{id:"46661",doi:"10.5772/58416",title:"Copper Deficiency a New Reason of Androgenetic Alopecia?",slug:"copper-deficiency-a-new-reason-of-androgenetic-alopecia-",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"Margarita G. Skalnaya",authors:[{id:"170800",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita G.",middleName:null,surname:"Skalnaya",slug:"margarita-g.-skalnaya",fullName:"Margarita G. Skalnaya"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51298",title:"Focus Laterality and Interface Between Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy",slug:"focus-laterality-and-interface-between-depression-and-anxiety-in-patients-with-temporal-lobe-epileps",totalDownloads:1171,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"epileptology-the-modern-state-of-science",title:"Epileptology",fullTitle:"Epileptology - The Modern State of Science"},signatures:"Vladimir V. Kalinin, Elena V. Zheleznova, Lyudmila V. Sokolova,\nAnna A. Zemlyanaya and Kirill Subbotin",authors:[{id:"31572",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir Kalinin"},{id:"188038",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Zheleznova",slug:"elena-zheleznova",fullName:"Elena Zheleznova"},{id:"188061",title:"Dr.",name:"Lyudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Sokolova",slug:"lyudmila-sokolova",fullName:"Lyudmila Sokolova"},{id:"188068",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Zemlyanaya",slug:"anna-zemlyanaya",fullName:"Anna Zemlyanaya"},{id:"188069",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirill",middleName:null,surname:"Subbotin",slug:"kirill-subbotin",fullName:"Kirill Subbotin"}]},{id:"46540",title:"Impact of CoQ10, L-Carnitine and Cocktail Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress Markers in HIV Patients — Mini Review and Clinical Trial",slug:"impact-of-coq10-l-carnitine-and-cocktail-antioxidants-on-oxidative-stress-markers-in-hiv-patients-mi",totalDownloads:1396,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"M Sauka, G Selga, A Skesters, A Silova, T Westermarck, A Latvus and\nF Atroshi",authors:[{id:"65639",title:"Dr.",name:"Faik",middleName:null,surname:"Atroshi",slug:"faik-atroshi",fullName:"Faik Atroshi"},{id:"169297",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuomas",middleName:null,surname:"Westermarck",slug:"tuomas-westermarck",fullName:"Tuomas Westermarck"}]},{id:"46349",title:"Green Tea: Just a Drink or Nutraceutical",slug:"green-tea-just-a-drink-or-nutraceutical",totalDownloads:2409,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"Sakaewan Ounjaijean, Suthat Fucharoen and Somdet\nSrichairatanakool",authors:[{id:"169580",title:"Dr.",name:"Somdet",middleName:null,surname:"Srichairatanakool",slug:"somdet-srichairatanakool",fullName:"Somdet Srichairatanakool"},{id:"170543",title:"Dr.",name:"Suthat",middleName:null,surname:"Fucharoen",slug:"suthat-fucharoen",fullName:"Suthat Fucharoen"}]},{id:"46539",title:"Nutrition, Sleep and Sleep Disorders – Relations of Some Food Constituents and Sleep",slug:"nutrition-sleep-and-sleep-disorders-relations-of-some-food-constituents-and-sleep",totalDownloads:2480,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"Markku Partinen, Tuomas Westermarck and Faik Atroshi",authors:[{id:"65639",title:"Dr.",name:"Faik",middleName:null,surname:"Atroshi",slug:"faik-atroshi",fullName:"Faik Atroshi"},{id:"169298",title:"Dr.",name:"Markku",middleName:null,surname:"Partinen",slug:"markku-partinen",fullName:"Markku Partinen"},{id:"169302",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuomas",middleName:null,surname:"Westermarck",slug:"tuomas-westermarck",fullName:"Tuomas Westermarck"}]},{id:"46500",title:"The Nutritional Status of Children with Suspected Abuse",slug:"the-nutritional-status-of-children-with-suspected-abuse",totalDownloads:1193,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"Eileen Harper, Shirley Ekvall, Valli Ekvall and Wei Pan",authors:[{id:"169302",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuomas",middleName:null,surname:"Westermarck",slug:"tuomas-westermarck",fullName:"Tuomas Westermarck"},{id:"170826",title:"Dr.",name:"Shirley",middleName:null,surname:"Ekvall",slug:"shirley-ekvall",fullName:"Shirley Ekvall"}]},{id:"51792",title:"Benign Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes",slug:"benign-childhood-epilepsy-syndromes",totalDownloads:1745,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"epileptology-the-modern-state-of-science",title:"Epileptology",fullTitle:"Epileptology - The Modern State of Science"},signatures:"Tamer Rizk",authors:[{id:"170531",title:"Prof.",name:"Tamer",middleName:null,surname:"Rizk",slug:"tamer-rizk",fullName:"Tamer Rizk"}]},{id:"46825",title:"Bioelements and Bioelementology in Pharmacology and Nutrition: Fundamental and Practical Aspects",slug:"bioelements-and-bioelementology-in-pharmacology-and-nutrition-fundamental-and-practical-aspects",totalDownloads:2865,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"A.V. Skalny",authors:[{id:"103626",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Skalny",slug:"anatoly-skalny",fullName:"Anatoly Skalny"}]},{id:"46368",title:"Adaptive Behaviour Change and Health in Adults with Down Syndrome: A Prospective Clinical Follow-Up Study",slug:"adaptive-behaviour-change-and-health-in-adults-with-down-syndrome-a-prospective-clinical-follow-up-s",totalDownloads:1617,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"T. Määttä, T. Tervo-Määttä, A. Taanila, M. Kaski and M. Iivanainen",authors:[{id:"170478",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus",middleName:null,surname:"Kaski",slug:"markus-kaski",fullName:"Markus Kaski"},{id:"170550",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuomo",middleName:null,surname:"Maatta",slug:"tuomo-maatta",fullName:"Tuomo Maatta"},{id:"170858",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuula",middleName:null,surname:"Tervo-Määttä",slug:"tuula-tervo-maatta",fullName:"Tuula Tervo-Määttä"},{id:"170859",title:"Dr.",name:"Anja",middleName:null,surname:"Taanila",slug:"anja-taanila",fullName:"Anja Taanila"},{id:"170860",title:"Dr.",name:"Maati",middleName:null,surname:"Iivanainen",slug:"maati-iivanainen",fullName:"Maati Iivanainen"}]},{id:"46818",title:"Dietary Aspects in Cancer Prevention — A Mini-Review",slug:"dietary-aspects-in-cancer-prevention-a-mini-review",totalDownloads:1304,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"pharmacology-and-nutritional-intervention-in-the-treatment-of-disease",title:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease",fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease"},signatures:"Mohamed Abdulla and Sangeeta Shukla",authors:[{id:"169303",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulla",slug:"mohamed-abdulla",fullName:"Mohamed Abdulla"}]},{id:"56714",title:"Self-Reporting Technologies for Supporting Epilepsy Treatment",slug:"self-reporting-technologies-for-supporting-epilepsy-treatment",totalDownloads:645,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"seizures",title:"Seizures",fullTitle:"Seizures"},signatures:"Jonathan Bidwell, Eliana Kovich, Cam Escoffery, Cherise Frazier and\nElizabeth D. Mynatt",authors:[{id:"197101",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Bidwell",slug:"jonathan-bidwell",fullName:"Jonathan Bidwell"},{id:"197915",title:"Dr.",name:"Cherise",middleName:null,surname:"Frazier",slug:"cherise-frazier",fullName:"Cherise Frazier"},{id:"205271",title:"Mrs.",name:"Eliana",middleName:null,surname:"Kovich Thropp",slug:"eliana-kovich-thropp",fullName:"Eliana Kovich Thropp"},{id:"205272",title:"Prof.",name:"Cam",middleName:null,surname:"Escoffery",slug:"cam-escoffery",fullName:"Cam Escoffery"},{id:"205273",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth E",middleName:null,surname:"Mynatt",slug:"elizabeth-e-mynatt",fullName:"Elizabeth E Mynatt"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"epileptology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change/the-effect-of-space-weather-on-human-body-at-the-spitsbergen-archipelago",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",chapter:"the-effect-of-space-weather-on-human-body-at-the-spitsbergen-archipelago"},fullPath:"/books/arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change/the-effect-of-space-weather-on-human-body-at-the-spitsbergen-archipelago",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()