Vegetation, in general, and forest systems, in particular, are of primordial importance in several ecosystem products and services, as well as in their mitigation of greenhouse gas effects and landscape restoration. The vegetation distribution, ecosystems, and forest systems in the world have a wide variability in terms of species, stand structures, management, products, and services. They have also different dynamics due to both natural and artificial disturbances which in turn affect the stand structure, their products and services, diversity, and sustainability. A comprehensive understanding of ecosystems, including forest, agroforestry systems, and riparian systems dynamics, both at stand and landscape levels and their assessment, facilitates the formulation of strategic management alternatives to foster long-term sustainability. The objectives of this book are to address the scientific areas that enable the characterisation of the dynamics of vegetation of forest systems at ecosystem and landscape levels. It encompasses vegetation distribution considering climate, topography, soils, disturbances, and native, exotic, and invasive species; forest, agroforestry, and riparian systems and their management, modelling at tree and area levels; assessment of diversity and its dynamics, including ecological corridors and habitat fragmentation; assessment and monitoring of vegetation and forest dynamics, data, methods and uncertainties related to vegetation and forest evaluation, disturbances both natural and artificial; forest reproductive materials, conservation, restoration in what concerns soil, water, species, habitats, erosion, and climate change and its mitigation; and the management of the ecosystems and forest systems towards their sustainability and that of their products and services.