Bridging the Knowledge Gap on Special Needs Learner Support: The Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Combat Digital Divide Post-COVID-19 Pandemic and beyond – A Comprehensive Literature Review

Abstract

In recent years, the use of online learning platforms, especially during and post-COVID-19 pandemic, has become increasingly common in educational institutions globally. E-learning refers to the use of electronic media to facilitate and enhance teaching and learning, often characterized by the use of multimedia resources; online AI has emerged as a powerful that can adapt and personalize learning experiences to meet the specific needs of learners, enhancing their educational outcomes and promoting inclusivity. This article is desktop research aiming to explore literature in the use of AI in supporting special needs learners, highlighting the problem statement, research questions, and providing a comprehensive literature review on the topic. The study explores literature from scholars in the field of Special Needs Education (SEN), reports, and published material. The results reveal that studies on AI are focusing less on learners with disabilities, notwithstanding the issues of digital divide and exclusion. It further reveals that AI offers opportunities to personalize learning experiences for special needs learners by adapting content, pace, assessments, and presentations according to their individual needs.

1. Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and exacerbated many inequalities in our society. One area that has been particularly affected is the support provided to special needs learners. These students have already faced unique challenges in their educational journey, but the shift to remote learning during the pandemic has widened the knowledge gap between special needs learners and their peers. However, advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) offer hope in bridging this gap and ensuring equal access to quality education for all. This article will explore the use of AI in supporting special needs learners and discuss its potential in combating the digital divide both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, Neuman [1]. In recent years, the use of online learning platforms has become increasingly common in educational institutions globally. E-learning refers to the use of electronic media to facilitate and enhance teaching and learning, often characterized by using multimedia resources, online assessment tools, and collaborative tools that enhance interaction between learners and their instructors. One of the most significant benefits of e-learning is that it allows for flexible access to knowledge and removes geographical barriers that would have otherwise limited the ability of individuals to study in traditional classroom settings. Despite these benefits, some studies suggest that online learning may not be suitable for all learners and that some individuals may benefit more from traditional classroom setups.

2. Problem statement

According to Yin [2], a problem statement is an essential component of a study that identifies and describes the issue or gap in knowledge that the research aims to address. It provides an explicit statement of the problem. In this particular study, the problem is that special needs learners SNL) encompass a diverse group of individuals, including those with intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, and sensory impairments. These learners often require additional support and accommodations to participate effectively in educational settings and achieve their full potential. Traditional educational approaches may not always address their individual needs, leading to possible gaps in their learning outcomes and limited opportunities for engagement. Developing effective strategies and interventions to support these learners is crucial to ensure their inclusion and overall success. This study aims to answer the following research questions: using comprehensive literature, the study hopes to come up with strategies on how AI can be used to personalize learning experiences for special needs learners, to determine what the benefits and limitations of using AI in supporting special needs learners (SNL) are. The study further sought to establish how AI technology can be integrated into existing educational frameworks to ensure inclusivity and accessibility.

3. Research questions

1. How can AI be used to personalize learning experiences for special needs learners?

2. What are the benefits and limitations of using AI in supporting special needs learners?

3. How can AI technology be integrated into existing educational frameworks to ensure inclusivity and accessibility?

4. Literature review

The use of AI in education, specifically for special needs learners, is an emerging field with promising results. Researchers have explored various AI techniques and applications aimed at supporting the individualized needs of these learners. One major area of focus is the development of virtual tutors or intelligent tutoring systems (ITS). These systems utilize AI algorithms to adapt the learning content, pace, and presentation based on the learner’s profile, preferences, and progress. Studies have shown that the use of virtual tutors has led to improved learning outcomes and increased engagement for special needs learners [3]. Another application of AI in supporting special needs learners is the use of wearable technologies, such as smart glasses or hearing aids, equipped with AI capabilities. These devices can provide real-time feedback, translations, and suggestions, enabling learners with sensory impairments to access information and participate in educational activities more effectively [4]. Moreover, AI-powered speech recognition and natural language processing techniques have shown potential in aiding learners with speech and language impairments by providing accurate and efficient methods of communication [5]. However, while AI presents numerous opportunities for supporting special needs learners, it is important to consider the limitations and potential ethical concerns associated with its implementation. AI algorithms heavily rely on data, and biases in the data can lead to biased outcomes or reinforce stereotypes. Hence, it is crucial to train the AI models on diverse and representative datasets to ensure fairness and inclusivity [6]. Additionally, privacy and security concerns arise when utilizing AI technologies that collect and process sensitive learner data, necessitating the development of robust policies and safeguards to protect learner privacy [7]. In responding to the Research questions that the study hopes to answer, it is vital to contextualize some of the concepts.

5. Addressing the knowledge gap in the use of AI for special needs learners: strategies to combat the digital divide

This segment explores the knowledge gap that exists in leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to support the education of special needs learners and proposes strategies to combat the digital divide in accessing and effectively utilizing AI tools. In the modern era, advancements in AI technology hold great potential to revolutionize various fields, including education. However, there exists a significant knowledge gap in utilizing AI tools effectively for special needs learners. The digital divide exacerbates this gap, as access to AI resources is often limited for these learners, hindering their educational progress. Therefore, it is crucial to address this knowledge divide and devise appropriate strategies to bridge the digital gap, enabling equitable educational opportunities for special needs learners.

5.1 Understanding the knowledge gap in AI utilization for special needs learners

Special needs learners require tailored support and accommodations to meet their unique educational needs. However, many schools and educational institutions were unprepared for the sudden transition to remote learning brought about by the pandemic. This lack of preparedness further deepened the knowledge gap between special needs learners and their typically developing peers. Furthermore, the digital divide, which refers to the gap between those who have access to technology and internet connectivity and those who do not, also disproportionately affects special needs learners. According to a report by The National Center for Education Statistics, in 2018, only 61.8% of students with disabilities had access to high-speed internet, compared to 85.3% of their peers without disabilities. This disparity in access further isolates special needs learners from essential resources and educational opportunities [8, 9]. Addressing the knowledge gap in leveraging AI technologies for special needs learners is essential for promoting inclusive education. By combating the digital divide and ensuring equitable access to AI tools, educators can harness the potential of advanced technologies to enhance the learning experiences of special needs learners. To achieve this, efforts must be made to provide comprehensive training to educators, increase the availability and affordability of AI resources, and customize these technologies to cater to the diverse needs of special education students. By bridging the knowledge gap and digital divide, we can empower special needs learners with the support and opportunities they need to thrive in the AI-driven era.

6. The impact of the digital divide on learners with special needs

Digital technologies have revolutionized the way education is delivered, transforming classrooms into virtual learning environments. However, the digital divide poses significant challenges for learners with special needs, creating a disparity in access to educational opportunities and hindering their academic, social, and personal development. This study examines the impact of the digital divide on learners with special needs, shedding light on the consequences of limited access to digital technologies and the potential marginalization of these learners.

6.1 Educational disadvantages

The digital divide exacerbates the educational disadvantages faced by learners with special needs. Without proper access to digital resources, they are often excluded from online learning platforms, educational software, and interactive multimedia that enhance learning experiences for their peers [10]. Limited access to these resources can hinder their ability to access educational content, engage in collaborative learning, and acquire important technological and digital literacy skills [11]. Consequently, learners with special needs may face difficulties in keeping up with their peers and meeting academic standards.

6.2 Social isolation and exclusion

The digital divide also contributes to social isolation and exclusion for learners with special needs. In an increasingly digital world, communication and socialization often occur online, making it essential for every individual to have access to digital platforms. However, without internet access or suitable devices, learners with special needs may be prevented from participating in online social interactions, connecting with classmates, or joining virtual communities [12]. As a result, they may experience reduced social interaction and miss out on significant opportunities for social and emotional development.

6.3 Limited independence and autonomy

Digital technologies provide learners with special needs an opportunity to develop independence and autonomy. Assistive technologies allow them to access educational resources, communicate more effectively, and manage tasks independently [13]. However, the digital divide restricts the availability of these assistive technologies, limiting the learners’ ability to become self-reliant in their learning and everyday activities [14]. This creates dependencies on others and prevents learners with special needs from fully realizing their potential.

6.4 Inequity and disempowerment

The digital divide creates a sense of inequity and disempowerment among learners with special needs. They may feel excluded, marginalized, and pushed to the margins of society due to their limited access to digital technologies [15]. This can negatively impact their self-esteem, motivation, and confidence, leading to reduced engagement and underachievement. The inability to fully participate in the digital world may also hinder their future prospects in education, employment, and social integration [16].

The digital divide poses significant challenges for learners with special needs, impacting their educational opportunities, social interactions, independence, and overall well-being. Addressing the digital divide requires concerted efforts from policymakers, educational institutions, and other stakeholders to ensure equitable access to digital technologies and appropriate support for learners with special needs. By bridging the digital divide, we can empower these learners, enhance their educational experiences, and promote their full participation in the digital age.

7. Bridging the digital divide for special needs learners: strategies and implications

The digital divide presents unique challenges for special needs learners, including individuals with physical, sensory, cognitive, or learning disabilities. Failure to address these challenges can further exacerbate their marginalization and limit their access to education, employment, and social opportunities. The digital divide refers to the disparity between individuals and communities in terms of access to, use of, and proficiency in information and communication technologies (ICTs). It encompasses both the physical access to technology and the skills and knowledge required to utilize it effectively. As technology becomes increasingly integrated into various aspects of life, including education, healthcare, and employment, bridging the digital divide has become an imperative goal for governments, organizations, and policymakers worldwide. This essay examines the strategies used to combat the digital divide, including policy interventions, infrastructure development, digital literacy programs, and public–private partnerships.

This study critically discusses strategies that can bridge the digital divide for special needs learners, considering their specific needs and ensuring inclusive participation in the digital realm.

7.1 Accessible infrastructure and assistive technologies

Ensuring accessible infrastructure and utilizing assistive technologies are critical strategies for bridging the digital divide for special needs learners. Governments and educational institutions should invest in accessible devices, assistive technologies, and adaptive software that cater to a wide range of disabilities [17]. Providing access to devices such as screen readers, screen magnifiers, speech-to-text software, and adaptive keyboards can enhance the digital experience for learners with visual impairments, dyslexia, or motor disabilities [18]. Governments should collaborate with technology companies to develop and implement standards for accessibility and adaptability in hardware and software.

7.2 Inclusive digital content and curriculum

Designing and disseminating inclusive and accessible digital content is indispensable for special needs learners. Educational institutions and content creators should ensure that their digital resources, online courses, and learning management systems are compatible with assistive technologies and follow accessibility guidelines [19]. Providing captions for video content, using alternative formats for text-based content (e.g., audio narration, braille), and adopting universal design principles can enhance the learning experience for learners with different disabilities [20].

7.3 Training and professional development

Equipping educators and support staff with the necessary skills to effectively utilize technology and assistive devices for special needs learners is crucial. Professional development programs should be provided to enhance digital literacy and familiarity with assistive technologies. These programs should focus on teaching educators how to leverage technology to customize instruction, adapt assessments, and provide targeted support to special needs learners [21]. Collaboration with local disability organizations can facilitate the provision of specialized training, networking opportunities, and access to resources.

7.4 Collaboration and partnerships

Collaboration between educational institutions, technology companies, and disability organizations is essential for bridging the digital divide for special needs learners. Partnerships can facilitate the development of innovative strategies, the sharing of best practices, and joint efforts to advocate for inclusive policies and regulations [22]. Public–private partnerships can also contribute by providing financial resources, technological expertise, and innovative solutions to address the specific needs of special needs learners.

Bridging the digital divide for special needs learners requires proactive measures that ensure accessible infrastructure, inclusive content, and appropriate training for educators. Collaborative efforts among governments, educational institutions, technology companies, disability organizations, and other stakeholders are crucial to addressing the unique challenges faced by special needs learners. By implementing these strategies, we can empower special needs learners to fully participate in the digital world, enabling them to access quality education, expand their social networks, and enhance their overall well-being. While significant progress has been made in narrowing the digital divide, much work remains to ensure universal digital inclusion. A combination of infrastructure development, affordability measures, digital skills training, content localization, and effective policy interventions are vital for bridging the divide. Implementing these strategies requires collaborative efforts among governments, private sector entities, civil society organizations, and international bodies to ensure equitable access, capabilities, and opportunities for all segments of society.

8. AI applications for personalized learning experiences in special needs education: a literature review

Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds immense potential to revolutionize education, particularly in the domain of special needs learners. This literature review aims to explore the current research on how AI can be used to personalize learning experiences for learners with special needs. By leveraging AI algorithms and data analysis techniques, educational systems can adapt and tailor teaching methods to cater to the unique requirements and abilities of special needs learners. With this literature, the researcher systematically searched various academic databases, including IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as “artificial intelligence,” “personalized learning,” “special needs,” and “education.” Articles published between 2010 and 2021 were considered for the review. The results reveal that;

8.1 Individual learning plans (ILPs)

AI-based systems facilitate the creation of individualized learning plans that cater to the needs and strengths of learners with disabilities. These plans can adjust the curriculum, teaching styles, and pace of learning to ensure optimal engagement and comprehension [23].

8.2 Adaptive learning systems

AI-powered adaptive learning systems have the ability to automatically adapt the content, difficulty, and pacing of lessons based on real-time data feedback from learners. Such systems help learners with special needs to receive targeted support while progressing through their educational journey [24].

8.3 Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS)

Intelligent tutoring systems employ AI-driven algorithms to establish a personalized tutoring experience for special needs learners. These systems analyze each learner’s performance, identify knowledge gaps, and subsequently deliver custom-made interventions and feedback [25].

8.4 Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications

AI combined with AR and VR technologies enhances the learning experiences of special needs learners by providing immersive and interactive environments tailored to their individual needs. These technologies offer personalized, engaging, and accessible learning experiences [26, 27].

8.5 Social and emotional learning (SEL) support

AI systems can recognize and interpret students’ emotions, providing personalized feedback and interventions to support their social and emotional development. Such systems contribute to the creation of a supportive and inclusive learning environment for students with special needs [28, 29].

This literature review highlights the potential of AI in personalizing learning experiences for learners with special needs. The applications discussed, including individual learning plans, adaptive learning systems, intelligent tutoring systems, AR/VR, and SEL support, demonstrate the capability of AI to address the diverse needs of special needs learners. By leveraging AI technologies, educators and policymakers can significantly enhance the learning outcomes and experiences and ensure inclusivity in special education settings.

9. The benefits and limitations of using artificial intelligence (AI) in supporting special needs learners

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can significantly benefit special needs learners by providing personalized and adaptive learning experiences, enhancing cognitive and social skills development, and promoting inclusivity. However, limitations such as ethical concerns, potential bias, and lack of human empathy must also be considered when integrating AI in special education settings [22]. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool in education, potentially transforming the way special needs learners access educational resources and support. By harnessing the power of AI technologies, educators can tailor learning experiences to address the unique requirements and abilities of individual learners. However, it is crucial to examine the advantages and limitations of implementing AI solutions to better understand their impacts on special needs education.

10. Benefits of AI in supporting special needs learners

10.1 Personalized and adaptive learning

AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify individual learning patterns, enabling the creation of tailored learning experiences for special needs learners. These personalized interventions enhance comprehension, engagement, and overall learning outcomes [30].

10.2 Cognitive skills development

AI-powered educational tools and programs provide interactive and stimulating environments that promote the development of cognitive skills. By simulating real-life scenarios and providing instant feedback, AI helps special needs learners improve their critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities.

10.3 Social skills enhancement

AI applications can support the social and emotional development of special needs learners by facilitating social interactions and strengthening communication skills. AI-powered virtual agents offer a safe space for learners to practice social interactions, reducing anxiety and improving social readiness [31].

10.4 Inclusive learning environment

AI technologies help bridge the accessibility gap by providing alternative modes of communication, curriculum adaptations, and assistive technologies. Special needs learners can access educational materials in various formats, such as audio, visual, or tactile, ensuring equal participation and promoting inclusivity [32].

11. Limitations of AI in supporting special needs learners

11.1 Ethical concerns

Integration of AI requires careful consideration of ethical aspects regarding data privacy, consent, and ownership. Special needs learners may have reduced decision-making capacity, necessitating the development of clear guidelines and ethical frameworks to protect their rights and interests [33].

11.2 Bias and lack of human empathy

AI systems may inherit biases present in the training data, potentially leading to discriminatory outcomes for special needs learners. Moreover, AI lacks human empathy, which is crucial in understanding and responding to the emotional needs of special education students [34].

11.3 Technical limitations

AI technologies may still face limitations in accurately understanding and responding to the intricacies of special needs learners’ requirements. Complex nuances in communication, emotional expressions, and individual learning styles may pose challenges for AI systems, undermining their effectiveness in providing targeted support [35].

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in supporting special needs learners offers immense benefits, including personalized learning experiences, cognitive skills development, improved social skills, and enhanced inclusivity. However, limitations such as ethical concerns, biases, and lack of human empathy must be addressed to ensure responsible and empathetic use of AI in special education contexts. Striking a balance between leveraging AI’s potential and respecting diverse abilities is crucial to maximize the positive impact on special needs learners’ educational experiences.

12. Integrating AI technology into existing educational frameworks to ensure inclusivity and accessibility

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology into existing educational frameworks holds the potential to enhance inclusivity and accessibility by providing personalized learning experiences, promoting student engagement, enabling alternative modes of communication, and fostering equal opportunities for diverse learners. However, careful considerations regarding technological infrastructure, ethical concerns, and teacher training are necessary for the responsible and effective integration of AI in education.

As technological advancements continue to reshape various aspects of society, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology into educational frameworks offers new opportunities to ensure inclusivity and accessibility for all learners. By leveraging AI, educators can address diverse learning needs, adapt instruction based on individual requirements, and provide equal access to educational resources. However, a comprehensive exploration of the advantages, challenges, and necessary considerations is essential for the responsible and effective integration of AI technology in educational settings.

13. Benefits of integrating AI technology into existing educational frameworks

13.1 Personalized learning experiences

AI technology can analyze vast amounts of student data, such as learning patterns, preferences, and performance, to create personalized learning paths. This tailored approach allows educators to meet the distinct needs of individual learners, fostering better engagement and understanding [36].

13.2 Increased student engagement

Through the implementation of AI-powered interactive learning platforms and virtual assistants, student engagement can be enhanced. AI systems can adapt to students’ progress, provide real-time feedback, and offer personalized support, leading to improved motivation and retention of information [37].

13.3 Alternative modes of communication

AI technology facilitates alternative modes of communication, enabling learners with disabilities such as visual or hearing impairments to access information and participate actively in classroom activities. Speech recognition, natural language processing, and multisensory interfaces contribute to creating an inclusive and equitable learning environment for all students [32].

13.4 Enhancing equity and equal opportunities

AI technology can remove barriers to learning by making educational resources easily accessible, irrespective of geographical location or physical disabilities. Cloud-based platforms, AI-powered chatbots, and machine learning algorithms can offer personalized support and democratize access to education, ensuring equal opportunities for all learners [38].

14. Challenges and necessary considerations

14.1 Technological infrastructure and access

Effective integration of AI technology requires robust technological infrastructure, including reliable internet connectivity, appropriate hardware, and software resources. Ensuring equitable access to these resources among students and schools is crucial to avoid exacerbating existing inequities [39].

14.2 Ethical considerations and data privacy

The integration of AI technology raises concerns regarding data privacy, security, and the ethical use of student data. Balancing the collection and utilization of data with respect for individual privacy rights is essential to maintaining trust and transparency, and protecting learner information [40].

14.3 Teacher training and support

To effectively integrate AI technology into educational frameworks, teachers need adequate training and professional development opportunities. Educators should be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to harness AI tools, interpret data insights, and maintain pedagogical control for optimal learning outcomes [41].

15. Conclusion

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology into existing educational frameworks offers immense potential to enhance inclusivity and accessibility. By providing personalized learning experiences, increasing student engagement, enabling alternative modes of communication, and promoting equal opportunities, AI technology has the capacity to create a more equitable and empowering educational experience for all learners. However, careful considerations regarding technological infrastructure, ethical concerns, and teacher training are crucial to ensure responsible integration and maximize the benefits of AI in education.

16. Recommendations

The recommendations are that AI should be used to personalize learning experiences for special needs learners and that schools should offer content that focuses on the benefits and limitations of using AI in supporting special needs learners. Today’s pedagogy should emphasize that AI technology be integrated into existing educational frameworks to ensure inclusivity and accessibility to combat the digital divide and to support learners with special education needs (SEN).