Organic, Economical and Environment Friendly Clean, Green, Ethical (CGEEE) Strategy in Livestock

Abstract

“Throughout the ages, our farming ancestors have chosen system with a high output per unit of land that no longer contain enough of certain needed nutrients such as essential minerals and natural immune-enhancing secondary plant metabolites (phytochemicals)”. Balanced Nutrition is a basic source for the Excellent “Immunization Vaccine, Hormone, Antimicrobial Agent” and that is, Natural Self-Cure is the best modern method of health care clean, green, ethical, economical and environment friendly (CGEEE) strategy considered to be the most appropriate means to counteract as an immunomodulatory substances sidesteps these concerns by controlling the proper nutritional status effectively during the nutritional mismanagement and microbial susceptibility. The ascending inflammatory multifactorial complex diseases and metabolic disorders of lactating livestock treatment routes, with antimicrobial agents with or without non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, hormones, low intensity radiation, enzymes, multivalent vaccines, disinfectants, are available but the results did not demonstrate any beneficial effect on clinical cure rate, inflammatory parameters or elimination of bacteria, metabolic disorders, infertility, and reduction GHG production. Animal husbandry has entered the era when the use of antibiotics or other pharmaceutical products is increasingly unwelcome as antimicrobial-resistant pathogens which may endanger both the animal and public health and farm land.

1. Introduction

Historically it has been universally accepted that “Food is our most basic need, the very stuff of life and first born amongst all beings” [1]. Human beings are nature’s wonderful creature who never thought about the planet and its resources are for all including themselves but tried hard to destroy at any cost by different means such as agricultural land, food source, food quality, natural survival system (pollution, resource depletion, extinction of species), clean air, water, etc., by intervention (anthropogenic influences) instead of knowing nature’s self-cure system to strengthen internal immunity to prevent susceptibility to changes. It is well known that “Nutrition is the best vaccine” [2] and “balanced nutrition is the excellent immunization vaccine, antimicrobial agent and hormone”, i.e. Natural Self-Cure is the best modern method of treatment.

It has been scientifically observed that there has been a dramatic reduction or elimination of critical and essential minerals and natural immune-enhancing secondary plant metabolites (phytochemicals) from fields due to convention industrial agriculture produces, over harvesting as well as by using highbred seeds, chemical fertilizers, and other harmful farming practices; stripping soil’s minerals show proportionally lower mineral concentrations in varieties bred for higher yields [3] and at rising environment temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Most of the beneficial phytonutrients have bitter, sour or astringent taste. Conventional farming system favored plants that were relatively low in fiber and C, H, O based high energy dense sugar, starch and oil, are responsible for poor crops and in turn for pathological conditions in animals’ health that fed such crop [The New York Times explains it well]. Dr. Linus Pauling, two-time Nobel Prize winner stated that “You can trace every sickness, every disease and every ailment to a mineral deficiency.” “Sick soils mean sick plants, sick animals and sick people.” “Our Immunity Very Much Parallels the Immunity of the Land” — Empty Harvest by Dr. Jensen. Crops grown with malnutrition, attack by insects, bacteria and fungi, weed takeover and general loss of mental acuity in the population, leading to degenerative metabolic disease and early death [4]. Feed or food crops deficient in essential nutritional composition might exacerbate the problem of ‘hidden hunger’ around the world [5] starving us -no matter how much we eat of them even if they consume enough calories [6].

Grazing livestock are eating a diverse array of plants on pasture, additional health-promoting phytonutrients—terpenoids, phenols, carotenoids, and anti-oxidants—found in meat and milk known to have beneficial anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and cardioprotective effects are absent in monoculture pastures. Therefore, the importance of medicinal plants and their products is increasingly recognized and the public confidence in their use is constantly strengthened [7].

The large-scale production of animals, crops, and forages [8] uses synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers while in livestock production uses vaccines, antibiotics, medicated feeds, and growth hormones which may endanger the animal health and also contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions, loss of plant biodiversity, soil organic matter, degradation of natural resources, natural water bodies, and public health [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].

Nutritional imbalances, deficiencies, or erratic management of feeding programs for dairy cows can create large numbers and various metabolic diseases. Compounding the problem are the ever-changing nutritional needs of the cow, her lactation/dry period needs, feed quality changes, and the producer’s personal management practices. Clean, green, ethical, economical and environment friendly (CGEEE) dietary methods for the treatment, prevention, and control of disproportional energy metabolism (fatty liver, ketosis, subacute, acute ruminal acidosis); disturbed mineral utilization (milk fever, sub-clinical hypocalcaemia); and perturbed ascending inflammatory disorder’s immune function (retained placenta, metritis, mastitis) and cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis etc. Nutritional management (Ketosis and acidosis) are often blamed for the etiology for innate immunity, metritis, mastitis, milk fever, lameness, abomasal ulcers, gastrointestinal disorders, ruminal bloat and lesions, diarrhea, displaced abomasum, liver abscesses, pulmonary hemorrhage, poor pregnancy rate, retained placenta, abortions, uterine prolapsed, sperm quality, laminitis, milk quantity and quality, heat stress is in need of the present situation. Current methods are of high cost, not always reliable, labor-intensive, require skill and experience and have negative impact on a dairy farmer’s profitability.

Considering the antimicrobial resistance and failure of the current treatment therapy, author has tried his best in explain new dietary feed supplement with mineral source, non-protein nitrogen source and salt (NaCl) and nutrient source as Clean, Green, Ethical, Economical And Environment Friendly Self- Cure strategy considered the most appropriate means to counteract (i.e. “prevention is better than cure”)as an immunomodulatory substance sidesteps these concerns by controlling the negative energy balance and enhanced innate -immunity.

2. Role and importance secondary metabolites from plant in human and animals

Since ancient times, plants were the only source of medicine for all organisms. Today, various pharmaceutical combinations (antibiotics, pain killers, fever reducers, etc.) are derived from plants that produce these chemicals naturally. Several reviews describe the many health promoting properties of (plant secondary metabolites) PSMs to animals, including humans [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. The opportunity is to reconsider the fundamentally important roles these compounds played in health before the advent of modern medicine, [20] while integrating plants with diverse PSMs back into our crops and forages. In that context, improved valorization of grassland secondary metabolites (GSMs) is of interest [21, 22, 23]. Secondary metabolites named by A. Kossel in 1891 have got great attention due to their potential role in human nutrition, cosmetics, drugs and their indispensable role in plant defense. British Nutrition Foundation [24] classified grassland secondary metabolites into Terpenoids (e.g., carotenoids, sterols, cardiac glycosides and plant volatiles etc.), Phenolics (e.g., lignans, phenolic acid, tannins, coumarins, lignins, stilbenes and flavonoids etc.), Nitrogen containing compounds (e.g., non-protein amino acids, cyanogenic glucosides and alkaloids etc.) and Sulfur containing compounds (e.g., GSH, GSL, phytoalexins, thionins, defensins and lectins etc.) [25, 26].

A detailed study of PSMs, functional roles in agroecology, may help producers better manage their soil quality, reduce inputs, and minimize negative environmental impacts. In pastures and rangelands, animal health benefits and production increases when animals ingest forages with different PSMs (plant secondary metabolites), which has implications for enhancing the biochemical richness of meat and dairy products for human consumption. Balanced nutrition is essential in preventing metabolic disorders, such as bloat (pathology often associated with feeding highly fermentable protein-rich forages to ruminants) and acidosis (increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues due to incorrect diet or feeding). Bloat generally occurs when plants degrade too fast in the rumen [27]. For example, Rosaceae, Onagraceae, Polygonaceae, and Dipsacaceous plants source fodder controls the production of CH4 and NH3-N (marker of nitrogen use efficiency) [28], bloat by tannins (CTs) [29] SMs (secondary metabolites) e.g., saponins or essential oils helps to improve N metabolism by manipulation of rumen microflora [30, 31].

Historically, researchers and producers have focused on wheat, maize and rice etc. like species which contribute the most to intake of energy and protein for livestock, but grazing animals will eat without any limitations and have maximum secondary metabolites available in a meal, and play crucial and important role for the health of livestock and humans through the meat and dairy products we derive from them [32]. Some PSMs are poisonous potential to animals, therefore herbivores respond by reducing their intake because of concentration of the metabolites in plants [32, 33, 34]. As Paracelsus (1493–1541) wrote, “All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison, their right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.” e.g., many alkaloids are bitter in taste, can be toxic to ruminants [35, 36, 37, 38]. However, by offering animals either supplement [39, 40, 41] or diverse forages containing different PSMs, [42, 43, 44, 45, 46] biochemical complementarities can reduce the negative effects of alkaloids in plants either by binding or through other diluting or other suitable known methods [47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. Phenolic compounds have antioxidative and anticarcinogenic benefits that also aid digestion [53, 54]. Condensed tannins reduce internal parasites and nematodes in ruminants and, due to their protein binding characteristics, also enhance the absorption of amino acids in the small intestine, analogous to by-pass proteins popular in ruminant nutrition [55, 56]. Like tannins, saponins can precipitate proteins [57] while lowering cholesterol in animals [58]. Saponins may improve growth and feed efficiency, reduce protozoa in the rumen, and increase efficiency of rumen-microbial protein synthesis [59]. The emphasis on planting monocultures, combined with the influence of PSMs on reducing intake of any one forage, is why these metabolites have historically been bred out of plants used for crops and forages. Diverse plant species with differing PSMs enhance balanced eating habits while also offering health benefits to herbivores and humans [60, 61, 62]. Foraging animals eat more and perform better when offered a variety of forages with different kinds and amounts of PSMs [62, 63, 64] which at appropriate doses offer numerous health benefits to foraging animals [65, 66, 67, 68] including biochemical richness, flavor, and quality of cheese, milk, and meat for human consumption [69, 70, 71, 72]. Our health is thus linked with the diets of livestock through the chemical characteristics of the plant species they eat and play a crucial role as PSMs have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-parasitic properties, which protect livestock and humans against diseases and pathogens [73]. Those compounds may confer the same benefits to us as to livestock, dampening oxidative stress and inflammation linked with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome.

The current agricultural systems, agriculture scientists with the good intentions to feed the exponentially growing human population by cultivation of monoculture high yielding seeds, and using synthetic chemical to protect the plants has produced various negative impacts too numerous to overlook [74, 75, 76, 77] resulting in a need for change. Increasing multicrop agricultural systems offers ecosystem benefits from the soil, to plants and animals, to the atmosphere, enhancing agroecological sustainability. PSMs play a crucial role in defending belowground against root -eating larvae while tannins and terpenes slow mineralization and soil microbial biomass thus increasing carbon sequestration potential in agriculture soil. Aboveground, PSMs aid plants and act as insecticides when defoliation pressure develops. Recent results suggest that the concentration of tannins in cattle defecates is proportional to the concentration of tannins in the forage consumed [78]. Further, methane emissions are reduced when cattle graze forages containing tannins [79, 80, 81, 82, 83]. Thus, planting forages containing different PSMs may reduce greenhouse gasses by influencing rumen fermentation and soil mineralization [72, 84].

It has been scientifically confirmed that if the plant is under stressed management practices, reducing inputs of water, fertilizers and insecticides to prevent herbivory by insects can increase the production of functional plant secondary metabolites which typically increase with environmental stressors [85, 86, 87]. It is ironic that we have selected against PSMs in crop and pasture plants that we are now intent on genetically engineering back into plants [62]. Enhancing plant biodiversity and associated phytochemical diversity offers a logical progression to improve agricultural resilience while providing ecosystem services that also benefit the health of herbivores and humans. Natural sources of secondary metabolites (SMs) from permanent grasslands might contribute to limit pharmaceutical input and improve animal health. In that context, especially grassland those with high dicotyledonous plant species, present a large, pharmacologically active reservoir of secondary metabolites (GSMs) (e.g., phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, carotenoids, and quinones) [88] could offer an alternative way to support to livestock health. The improvement of livestock breeding diets has focused on primary metabolites for rapid production and simplification of agricultural practices [89]. The term “forage quality” encompasses nutritive value, including high digestibility or metabolizable energy, crude protein content [90, 91] and amounts of fiber and minerals, as well as forage sanitary status linked to the absence of dust, allergens, noxious weeds, nitrates, prussic acid, ergot alkaloids, and insect infestation.

Numerous studies have shown the involvement of GSMs, have wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, cardio-protective, neuro-protective, anti-osteoporotic, estrogenic/anti-estrogenic, anxiolytic, analgesic, and anti-oxidant activities in laboratory animals and/or herbivores [92, 93]. A new focus of the study grassland species for animal health concerns their anti-oxidant activity. In fact, current breeding conditions are well known to create unbalanced oxidative stress [94] and complications in metabolic pathologies that have been linked to many diseases [95]. It is currently accepted that intake of phenolic anti-oxidants improves health by reduce oxidative stress [96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102].

3. Balanced minerals as source of feed supplement and its applications in controlling metabolic disorders and ascending inflammatory diseases

The dietary compositions for the treatment, prevention, and control of disproportional energy metabolism (fatty liver, ketosis, ruminal acidosis); disturbed mineral utilization (milk fever, sub-clinical hypocalcaemia); and perturbed immune function (retained placenta, metritis, cervicitis, pneumo-vaginitis, mastitis, cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis etc.). Lactating livestock are fed a ration including roughage, and concentrates. The nutritional composition of the ration varies considerably over a period of time, harvesting time, crop growing season, losses in nutrients during storage, and the wide variation in soil nutrient contents. During the physiological state of negative energy balance, the animals meet out their normal requirements by mobilization from its body reserves for a shorter period. For longer duration of nutritional imbalances, deficiencies or in excess or erratic management of feeding programs can create large numbers of various types of health problems generally categorized as metabolic diseases like fatty liver syndrome, clinical ketosis, and displaced abomasum, retained placenta, metritis, and mastitis through impaired immune function etc [103, 104]. There are no nutritional supplements or technologies currently available that will be maintaining cattle in proper nutritional status effectively during the nutritionally mismanaged cattle. There is a need for nutrition strategies which reduce susceptibility to production diseases and our understanding of the interactions between nutrition and immunity remains superficial [105]. Veterinary therapeutic treatment with antibiotics or other pharmaceutical products is increasingly unwelcome as antimicrobial resistant pathogens which may endanger both the animal and public health and farm land. Ruminal Microorganisms must have energy and carbohydrates to use urea to make protein. Therefore, it is important to have ammonia released simultaneously with available energy and carbon skeletons for ammonia to be converted to microbial protein. Urea with starch or cereal grains are included in rations in the rumen for good use of urea by bacteria.

The dietary feed supplement mineral source, non-protein nitrogen source, salt (NaCl) and energy source as SELF CURE strategy considered to control infections and metabolic disorders of livestock particularly domesticated ruminant animals and non-domesticated animals. The present author explained about compositions and the methods for the treatment, prevention, and control of disproportional energy metabolism (fatty liver, ketosis, subacute, acute ruminal acidosis); disturbed mineral utilization (milk fever, sub-clinical hypocalcaemia); and perturbed immune function (retained placenta, metritis, mastitis) and cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis etc.

Therapeutic treatment with antibiotics or other pharmaceutical products is not preferred in animal husbandry as antimicrobial resistant pathogens which may endanger both the animal and public health and environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to have replacement therapeutic method to and cure by CGEEE strategic method to provide balanced feed supplement with plant secondary metabolites to the cattle. This synergic combination which helps to provide healthy atmosphere in rumen. Rumen micro-flora must have energy and carbohydrates, ammonia simultaneously to be converted to microbial protein. The dietary feed supplement mineral source, non-protein nitrogen source, salt (NaCl) and energy source as SELF CURE strategy considered to control infections and metabolic disorders of livestock particularly domesticated ruminant animals and non-domesticated animals. The present author explained about compositions and the methods for the treatment, prevention, and control of disproportional energy metabolism (fatty liver, ketosis, subacute, acute ruminal acidosis); disturbed mineral utilization (milk fever, sub-clinical hypocalcaemia); and perturbed immune function (retained placenta, metritis, mastitis) and cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis etc.

3.1 Therapeutic methods and its impact

The ascending (clinical/subclinical) inflammatory multi-factorial complex diseases of lactating livestock (cattle and buffaloes etc.) are caused by aerobes and anaerobes, gram +/− bacteria, including mycoplasmas, viruses, fungi/yeast, and algae. These ascending inflammatory complex diseases such as local or systemic with antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics with or without non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, hormones, low intensity radiation, enzymes, multivalent vaccines, and disinfectants are available but the results did not demonstrate any beneficial effect on clinical cure rate, inflammatory parameters or elimination of bacteria, fertility and metabolic disorders. In such a clinical state, the body of the cow is under sever immunity suppressed and may not be strong enough to fight new infections [106, 107, 108, 109]. Antimicrobial peptides (APs, bacteriocins) in vivo activity is decreased and are cytotoxic to mammalian eukaryotic cell and are considered to be poor drug candidates and their synthesis is often challenging with high associated research and inventory costs [110, 111]. Antimicrobial resistance is threatening humans and animals worldwide [112, 113, 114, 115] and animal husbandry has entered the era when the use of antibiotics or other pharmaceutical products is increasingly unwelcome as antimicrobial resistant pathogens which may endanger both the animal and public health. Additionally, the presence of antibiotic residues in the environment, associated with overuse of antimicrobial agents, may adversely influence the manure treatment systems by inhibition of biogas production and the soil beneficial community to establish persistent reservoirs of resistant bacteria [116].

3.2 Effect of parenteral administration of trace minerals

The parenteral nutrition administration the ruminal interactions can be bypassed entirely by supplementing TM, through injectable TM, which provides TM directly to the tissues. This treatment is beneficial in severe and acute deficiency, and restores normal concentrations rapidly to a functional level in the animal’s tissues. Advocate parenteral treatments if alimentary absorption is impaired or at times of increased mineral demand, such as late pregnancy, but is wary of toxicity [117] and antagonistic with other mineral elements and the clinical signs may vary from poor growth and feed utilization to neurologic disorders [118]. Due to the complicated interactions/antagonistic effect between minerals and trace minerals, it is not recommended that trace elements are supplemented separately [119]. Repeated trace mineral injections during development and gestation may increase trace mineral status and milk production and benefits for immunity-related parameters; however, also contributed to the decrease in digestive efficiency. The average productive life of dairy cows in the United States decreased from 35.0 to 28.2 months between 1970 and 2013 [120] no improvement in beef calf health and performance, and resulted in decreased AI pregnancy rates [121, 122] and health did not translate into improved growth performance and reduced mortality [123].

The success of the modern dairy industry in achieving high production is offset by its dismal record of animal health and longevity. Most dairy cows do not live long enough to complete two lactations and 50% calve with either an infectious disease or a metabolic disorder such as ketosis and clinical or subclinical milk fever [124]. There is also lack of proper acts and regulations for monitoring their quality for commercial marketing [125]. Commonly almost all minerals interfere with other mineral utilization and bioavailability. An excess of Calcium may interfere with the utilization of Zinc. Two major elements, Calcium and phosphorus, affect the utilization of most other elements. A high intake of calcium decreases intestinal zinc absorption, while an excess intake of zinc can decrease copper absorption. Similarly, selenium bioavailability is reduced by dietary sulfur, high dietary molybdenum in combination with moderate to high dietary sulfur results in formation of thiomolybdates in rumen. Thiomolybdates greatly reduce copper absorption. Independent of molybdenum, high dietary sulfur reduces copper absorption and high dietary iron also reduces copper bioavailability. Manganese is poorly absorbed in ruminants, and limited research suggests that high dietary calcium and phosphorus may reduce manganese absorption [126].

It has been well established thought that all the living organisms required balanced nutrition at various stages of life cycle. The large-scale production of animals, crops, and forages uses synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers while in livestock production uses vaccines, antibiotics, medicated feeds, and growth hormones which may endanger the animal health and also contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions, loss of plant biodiversity, soil organic matter, degradation of natural resources, natural water bodies, and public health. Therefore, there is an urgent need of the well balanced nutritional dietary supplement itself has a capacity to control the negative energy balance and related metabolic and infectious disorders with the low-cost static feeding in a period of short duration.

Infertility is the single largest reason for culling female animals from a herd in India with 41% of total animals being culled due to infertility [127, 128]. Currently, the average meat intake for someone living in a high-income country is 200–250 g a day, far higher than the 80–90 g recommended by the United Nations. Switching to a more plant-based protein diet could save $1.5 trillion by 2050 per year [129]. According to the World Organization for Animal Health, 30% of the production of animal products is currently lost due to diseases, infectious or not, at the farm level in Europe as well as around the world [130]. The average annual herd cull rate remains at approximately 36% and cow longevity is approximately 59 months [131]. The OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) estimates that morbidity and mortality due to animal diseases cause the loss of approximately $300 billion globally per year [132]. During ascending inflammatory disease of mammary gland, bacterial toxins released influence the production of PGF2α, which subsequently causes luteal regression, thus, potentially causing the loss of an established pregnancy and due to hormonal imbalance, the probability of conception decreased by 44%, by 73%, and by 52% when mastitis occurred the week before, the week and the week after insemination respectively. The daughters born to such suffering during gestation have reduced reproductive efficiency and in non-pregnant cows could decrease the number of healthy follicles in the developing fetus and compromise future fertility. Anti-Mullerian hormone, a reliable bio-marker for potential fertility, is severely decreased in the developing fetus as the number of mastitis events during gestation of their dams increase [133]. In an estimate from the USA, it is reported that each case of metritis leads to loss of $304 to $354 to the producer due to losses in production and performance. In buffaloes, it has been reported that the milk yield decreased by 239 kg in retained fetal membrane, 181 kg in stillbirth, 173 kg in dystocia, and 98 kg in metritis in a single lactation with increased number of services per conception [134].

The most interesting observation with regards to the occurrence of metabolic disorders is that they are highly associated with each other in the subclinical state of the animal when it is negative energy state. For example, cows affected by milk fever are more prone to mastitis, retained placenta, metritis, LDA, dystocia, udder edema, and ketosis; cows affected by acidosis are more prone to laminitis, LDA, milk fever, mastitis, and fatty liver. Although these associations have been known for years by animal scientists, the reason behind these associations is not very well understood. All these cascades of disorders are commonly occurring in nutritionally mismanaged cattle.

3.3 Treatment of ascending inflammatory diseases and its sequel

Feed supplement composition for regular feeding to sequel and enhance immunity and control metabolic disorders after treatment:

Mineral source and non-protein nitrogen = 73 wt.% Mineral source and salt (NaCl) = 81.37 wt.% Non –protein nitrogen source and salt (NaCl) = 45.63 wt.%.

Feed supplement composition for treating and controlling Ascending Inflammatory Disease:

Mineral Source and Non-Protein Nitrogen = 71 wt.%; Mineral source and salt (NaCl) = 68 wt.%; Non –protein nitrogen source and salt (NaCl) = 67.90 wt.%.

3.4 General method for feeding the dairy or beef cattle

50.00 g of feed supplement based on the animal condition and physical state formulation product mixed with approximately ≈1.0 kg feed concentrate minimum. and mixed properly for uniform distribution with or without molasses etc. sweetening agents like if necessary and or this whole mixed with feed/fodder also in wet or dry conditions two to three times daily for static or regular maintenance of the animal in good health conditions depending on the health status and milk yield.

For regular feeding the above feed supplement premix as directed, assists in controlling following disorders successfully. India will save total economic loss (Tn₹) 1.14328791 from dairy industry as shown in Table 1:

• Buffering agent, improve rumen micro-flora, excessive salivation, gastrointestinal disorders, low fiber acidosis (SARA), bloat ketosis, control heat stress, pica, anorexia, displaced abomasum, colic, bloat, liver abscesses, fatty liver, jaundice, red urine etc.

• Muscular-Skeletal deformities and stiffness, stunted growth, debility, downers syndrome, lameness, laminitis, digital dermatitis and with abnormal eating habits (stone and soil eating, urine drinking etc.), etc.

• Pre-pubertal uterine development, infantile genital, reduction in voluntary waiting period, polycystic ovary, recto-genital prolapsed, cyst control, regularizing uterine tuning, after insemination healthy uterus.

• Milk quality and milk yield enhancer, hypocalcemia (milk fever), hypomagnesemia (grass tetany), udder edema, SCC and mastitis teat muscle relaxing.

• Para tuberculosis, diarrhea, dysentery, coccidiosis, deworming agent etc.

• Build up overall immunity towards heat stress, SARA, Jaundice, downers syndrome, FMD and sequel, BQ etc.

SN	Particulars	Amount
1	Milk produced in 2013 (132.4Mn tonnes)	−0-
2	1Milk loss due to anoestrus& repeat breeding Cr. (₹59/kg)	123507.47
3	Number of Female animals after loss of 30–40% (303.310 Mn)	−0-
4	Total number of female animals (505.502Mn)	−0-
5	Total number of infertile females’ animals culled (202.210Mn)	−0-
6a	Economic value of total healthy fertile females (₹65,000/animal)	1314365.00
6b	Economic value of total culled females (₹16,500/animal)	333645.50
6c	Economic loss to the country	980718.50
7	Economic loss due to mastitis (clinical & subclinical)	13163.74
8	2FMD production loss + vaccine	320.0
9	Thermal stress milk loss (3.2Mn tonnes)	5000.00
10	Stray animals	11607.00
11	Total economic losses for country (India) approximately(2 + 6c + 7 + 8 + 9 = 10 + 11) (Cr)	1143287.91
12	Total economic loss to dairy Industry (Tn₹)	1.14328791

Table 1.

Estimated economic loss due to health status in India (₹) 2022 year.

¹

Cattle and buffalo 30–40% of total population of the cattle i.e., 20–30 mn tonnes = 50000 Cr (National Academy of Agricultural Science New Delhi June 2013).

²

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105318.

For the treatment of inflammatory productive and reproductive diseases in broad view (inflammatory complex diseases such as cystitis, cervicitis, metritis, endometritis, pyometra pneumo-vaginitis, mastitis, and kidney disease for seven days, and the animal is getting improved physically with the health progress with increased daily dry matter intake and milk yield (see Table 1).

4. Conclusion

This article describes the various implications and effects of dairy cow metabolic disorders, their effect on clinical and subclinical ascending inflammatory diseases, and management recommendations for prevention. More than 36% the cattle are culled globally as non-productive animals within 59 months of productive life due failure to achieve as the target set by human, not by natural lifespan of the animal. As the industrialization for over production in quantity with negatively impact on health and immunity of the animals by using synthetic medicines, growth promoting hormones and energy dense feed irrespective of the health status of the animal. Antimicrobial resistance is threatening humans and animals worldwide and animal husbandry has entered the era when the use of antibiotics or other pharmaceutical products is increasingly unwelcome as antimicrobial resistant pathogens which may endanger both the animal, public health and environment. Additionally, the presence of antibiotic residues in the environment, may adversely influence the manure treatment systems by inhibition of biogas production and the soil biomass community to establish persistent reservoirs of resistant bacteria. Here we tried to enhance the health and immunity of the cattle by using balanced phytometabolites and minerals supplements in proper proportion with feed concentrate keeping the rumen micro-flora at its best level to have better digestion and absorption of the nutrient absorption at proper pH without metabolic disorders, therefore having best quality of animal-based protein and milk products and other by-products.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported for field trials by the farmers of Karnataka State India.

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

Note

The product details of CGEEE strategy in livestock will be provided to concerned after request.